Data Book II

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Acknowledgement

Wolverine Tube Inc.wishes to express its appreciation to

Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller

for authorship of this manual.

Acknowledgement is made in the text for

material which has been used

from other sources.

2001, electronic distributionby Wolverine Tube, Inc.Research and Development Team

1984, original paper distributionby Wolverine Division of UOP Inc.

All rights reserved.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer

Section 1 Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Conduction 6

Single Phase Convection 8

Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow 11

Condensation 14

Vaporization 17

Radiation 19

Section 2 Basic Heat Exchanger Equations

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 21

The Design Integral 23

Section 3 The Mean Temperature Difference

The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 25

Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD 27

Section 4 Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers

Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger? 32

Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 32

Provisions for Thermal Stress 35

Mechanical Stresses 37

The Vibration Problem 37

Erosion 38

Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 38

Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger 39

Section 5 Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers

The Concept of the Controlling Resistance 40

Types of Extended Surface 40

Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts 41

The Fin Resistance Method 43

Some Applications of Finned Tubes 45
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Section 6 Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Typical Fouling Resistances 45

Types of Fouling 45

Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer 46

Materials Selection for Fouling Services 46

Removal of Fouling 47

Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer

Section 1 Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

Areas of Application 58

Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin 59

Section 2 Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design

The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 60

Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance 61

Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors 62

Section 3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes

Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks 72

Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes 74

Effect of Fouling on Trufin 76

Section 4 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes 77

Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes 83

Section 5 Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Basic Principles of Design 85

Preliminary Design Decisions 86

Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation 89

Section 6 Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Introduction 96

Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters 97

Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation 106

Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation 107
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Section 7 Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Design of a Compressor After-cooler 116

Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger 122

Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer

Section 1 Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer

Modes of Condensation 142


Types of Tubes Available 143

Section 2 Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 144

Condensation Heat Transfer 154

Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation 162

Section 3 Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications 166

The Basic Design Equations 172

Mean Temperature Difference 173

Condensation of a Superheated Vapor 173

Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side 174

Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes 178

Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks 180

Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation 181

Section 4 Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell

and Tube Condensers

Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem 182

Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem 192

Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers

Section 1 Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes


High-Finned Trufin 209

Description of Equipment 210
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Section 2 Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency 215

Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin 217

Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes 218

Section 3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks

Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow 219

Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow 221

Pressure Drop in Cross-flow 223

Other Air-Side Pressure Effects 225

Section 4 Preliminary Design Procedures

Principles of the Design Process 226

Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters 226

Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design 228

Section 5 Final Design 235

Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer

Section 1 Boiling Theory

Pool Boiling Curve 240

Nucleation 242

Nucleate Boiling Curve 243

Maximum or Critical Heat Flux 244

Film Boiling 245

Boiling Inside Tubes 246

Sub-cooling and Agitation 246

Section 2 Vaporizers - Types and Usage

General 248

Boiling Outside Tubes 248


Other Types of Evaporators 252

Section 3 Boiling Heat Transfer

Pool Boiling - Single Tube 254

Single Tube in Cross Flow 258

Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle 258
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Boiling of Mixtures 263

Section 4 Falling Film Heat Transfer

Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer 266

Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer 267

Dry Spots - Film Breakdown 267

Section 5 Special Surfaces

Boiling on Fins 268

Mean Temperature Difference 269

Section 6 Pressure Drop

Tube-Side Pressure Drop 271

Shell-Side Pressure Drop 273

Section 7 Fouling 275

Section 8 Design Procedures

Selection of Re-boiler Type 278

Pool Type Re-boilers 278

In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers 279

Section 9 Special Considerations

Examples of Design Problems 283

Section 10 Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer

Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler 284

In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem 287

Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem 292
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Data Book II