Upload
shana-atkins
View
232
Download
6
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Universe
Mass within Sun’s orbit:
1011 MSun
Observable stars and gas clouds: ~few 109 MSun
Dark Matter: An undetected form of mass that emits little or no photons, but we know it must exist because we observe the effects of its gravity
Dark Energy: An unknown form of energy that is causing the universe to expand faster over time
Dark matter and dark energy
• “Normal” Matter: ~ 4.4%– Normal Matter inside stars: ~ 0.6%
– Normal Matter outside stars: ~ 3.8%
• Dark Matter: ~ 25%• Dark Energy ~ 71%
What is the Universe made of?
Spiral galaxies all tend to have flat rotation curves indicating large amounts of dark matter
The visible portion of a galaxy lies deep in the heart of a large halo of dark matter
measure the velocities of galaxies in a cluster from their Doppler shifts
Mass is 50 x larger than the mass in stars!
Clusters contain large amounts hot gas: emits x rays
Temperature of hot gas tells us cluster mass:
85% dark matter 13% hot gas 2% stars
Gravitational lensing of background galaxies also tells us the mass
• Ordinary Dark Matter (MACHOS)– Massive Compact Halo Objects:
dead or failed stars in halos of galaxies
• Extraordinary Dark Matter (WIMPS)– Weakly Interacting Massive Particles:
mysterious neutrino-like particles
The Best Bet
What is dark matter made of?
MACHOs do not cause enough lensing events to explain all the dark matter
• There’s not enough ordinary matter
• WIMPs could be left over from Big Bang
• Models involving WIMPs explain how galaxy formation works
Why Believe in WIMPs?
Gravity of dark matter is what caused protogalactic clouds to contract early in time
WIMPs don’t contract to center because they don’t emit photons, so they can not radiate away their orbital energy
Maps of galaxy positions reveal extremely large structures: superclusters and voids
WIMP models agree better with observations
Critical density of matter
Not enough dark matter
Fate of universe depends on the amount of dark matter
Lots of dark matter
Amount of dark matter is ~25% of the critical density suggesting fate is eternal expansion
Not enough dark matter
But expansion appears to be speeding up!
Not enough dark matter
Dark Energy?
Brightness of distant white-dwarf supernovae tells us how much universe has expanded since they exploded
Accelerating universe is best fit to supernova data