419
DARK ALLIANCE The CIA, the CONTRAS, and the CRACK COCAINE EXPLOSION GARY WEBB SEVEN STORIES PRESS New York PROLOGUE When I came to work in the sprawling newsroom of the Cleveland Plain Dealer in the early 1980s, I was assigned to share a computer terminal with a tall middle-aged reporter with a long, virtually unpronounceable Polish name. To save time, people called him Tom A. To me, arriving from a small daily in Kentucky, Tom A. was the epitome of the hard-boiled big-city newspaperman. The city officials he wrote about and the editors who mangled his copy were "fuckinjerks." A question prompting an affirmative response would elicit "fuckin-a-tweetie" instead of "yes." And when his phone rang he would say, "It's the Big One," before picking up the receiver. No matter how many times I heard that, I always laughed. The Big One was the reporter's holy grail—the tip that led you from the daily morass of press conferences and cop calls on to the trail of The Biggest Story You'd Ever Write, the one that would turn the rest of your career into an anticlimax. I never knew if it was cynicism or optimism that made him say it, but deep inside, I thought he was jinxing himself. The Big One, I believed, would be like a bullet with your name on it. You'd never hear it coming. And almost a decade later, long after Tom A., the Plain Dealer, and I had parted company, that's precisely how it happened. I didn't even take the call. It manifested itself as a pink While You Were Out message slip left on my desk in July 1995. There was no message, just a woman's name and a phone number, somewhere in the East Bay. I called, but there was no answer, so I put the message aside. If I have time, I told myself, I'll try again later. Several days later an identical message slip appeared. Its twin was still sitting on a pile of papers at the edge of my desk. This time the woman was home. "I saw the story you did a couple weeks ago," she began. "The one about the drug seizure laws. I thought you did a good job." "Thanks a lot," I said, and I meant it. She was the first reader who'd

Dark Alliance

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Dark Alliance by Gary Webb

Citation preview

DARK ALLIANCEThe CIA, the CONTRAS, and the CRACK COCAINE EXPLOSIONGARY WEBBSEVEN STORIES PRESSNew YorkPROLOGE When I!a"e to work#nthe$%rawn' new$roo" o( the C&e)e&andP&a#n Dea&er #n the ear&* +,-.$,I wa$a$$#'ned to $hare a !o"%/ter ter"#na& w#th a ta&& "#dd&e0a'ed re%orter w#th a &on', )#rt/a&&* /n%rono/n!ea1&e Po$hna"e2 To $a)e t#"e, %eo%&e !a&&ed h#" To" A2To"e, arr#)#n'(ro"a $"a&& da#&*#nKent/!k*, To"A2 wa$ the e%#to"e o( the hard01o#&ed1#'0!#t*new$%a%er"an2 The !#t* o((#!#a&$ he wrote a1o/t and the ed#tor$ who "an'&ed h#$ !o%* were 3(/!k#n4erk$23 A 5/e$t#on%ro"%t#n' an a((#r"at#)e re$%on$e wo/&d e!#t 3(/!k#n0a0tweet#e3 #n$tead o( 3*e$23 And when h#$ %hone ran' he wo/&d$a*, 3It6$ the B#' One,3 1e(ore %#!k#n' /% the re!e#)er2No "atter how "an* t#"e$ I heard that, I a&wa*$ &a/'hed2 The B#' One wa$ the re%orter6$ ho&* 'ra#&7the t#%that &ed *o/ (ro" the da#&* "ora$$ o( %re$$ !on(eren!e$ and !o% !a&&$ on to the tra#& o( The B#''e$t Stor* Yo/6d E)erWr#te, the one that wo/&d t/rn the re$t o( *o/r !areer #nto an ant#!"a82 I ne)er knew #( #t wa$ !*n#!#$" or o%t#"#$"that "ade h#" $a* #t, 1/t dee% #n$#de, I tho/'ht he wa$ 4#n8#n' h#"$e&(2The B#' One, I 1ee)ed, wo/&d 1e ke a 1/&&et w#th *o/r na"e on #t2 Yo/6d ne)er hear #t !o"#n'2 And a&"o$t ade!ade &ater, &on' a(ter To" A2, the P&a#n Dea&er, and I had %arted !o"%an*, that6$ %re!#$e&* how #t ha%%ened2 I d#dn6te)en take the !a&&2It "an#(e$ted #t$e&( a$ a %#nk Wh#&e Yo/ Were O/t "e$$a'e $% &e(t on "* de$k #n 9/&* +,,:2There wa$ no "e$$a'e, 4/$t a wo"an6$ na"e and a %hone n/"1er, $o"ewhere #n the Ea$t Ba*2I !a&&ed, 1/t there wa$ no an$wer, $o I %/t the "e$$a'e a$#de2 I( I ha)e t#"e, I to&d "*$e&(, I6&& tr* a'a#n &ater2Se)era& da*$ &ater an #dent#!a& "e$$a'e $% a%%eared2 It$ tw#n wa$ $t#&& $#tt#n' on a %#&e o( %a%er$ at the ed'e o("* de$k2Th#$ t#"e the wo"an wa$ ho"e23I $aw the $tor* *o/ d#d a !o/%&e week$ a'o,3 $he 1e'an2 3The one a1o/t the dr/' $e#;/re &aw$2 I tho/'ht *o/d#d a 'ood 4o1233Thank$ a &ot,3 I $a#d, and I "eant #t2 She wa$ the (#r$t reader who6d !a&&ed a1o/t that $tor*, a (ront0%a'e %#e!e#n the San 9o$e ran!#$!o#n"#d09/&*, awa*(ro"the%hone$ and the ed#tor$2 And, who know$, there wa$ an o(( !han!e $he wa$ te&n' the tr/th23Oka*, (#ne,3 I $a#d2 3B/t 1r#n' $o"e o( tho$e re!ord$ w#th *o/, oka*@ I !an &ook thro/'h the" wh#&e I6" $#tt#n'there #n !o/rt23She &a/'hed2 3Yo/ don6t tr/$t "e, do *o/@ Yo/ %ro1a1&* 'et a &ot o( !a&&$ ke th#$233Not "an* ke th#$,3 I $a#d2>%%#n' on "* !o"%/ter, I &o''ed #nto the D#a&o' data1a$e, wh#!h !onta#n$ (/&&0te8t e&e!tron#! )er$#on$ o("#&on$ o( new$%a%er and "a'a;#ne $tor#e$, %ro%ert* re!ord$, &e'a& (#n'$, *o/ na"e #t2 I( *o/6)e e)er 1een wr#ttena1o/t or done $o"eth#n' $#'n#(#!ant #n !o/rt, !han!e$ are D#a&o' w#&& (#nd *o/2Oka*2 Let6$ $ee #( Ra(ae& Corne4o e)en e8#$t$2A "e$$a'e (&a$hed on the $!reenB 3Yo/r $ear!h ha$ retr#e)ed ++ do!/"ent$2 D#$%&a*@3 So (ar $o 'ood2I!a&&ed/%the"o$t re!ent one, anew$%a%er$tor*that hada%%eareda*ear1e(ore#ntheSan>ran!#$!oChron#!&e2 ran!#$!o E8a"#ner $tor*2The (o/r "en were !har'ed w#th %&ann#n' to /$e C0D %&a$t#! e8%&o$#)e$ to 1&ow o/t a %r#$on w#ndow and w#th"ak#n' a ,0#n!h 3$hank3 that !o/&d 1e /$ed to !/t a '/ard6$ 3'/t$ o/t3 #( he tr#ed to 1&o!k the#r r/n to the %r#$on *ard2On!e #n the *ard, the* a&&e'ed&* wo/&d 1e %#!ked /% 1* a he!o%ter and (&own to a Pana"an#an !ar'o $h#% #n thePa!#(#!, (edera& o((#!#a&$ $a#d2The re"a#n#n' $tor#e$ de$!r#1ed Corne4o6$ arre$t and #nd#!t"ent #n +,,G, the re$/&t o( an e#'hteen0"onth >BI#n)e$t#'at#on2 S/$%e!ted dr/' k#n'%#n2 Aead o( a &ar'e !o!a#ne d#$tr#1/t#on r#n' on the We$t Coa$t2 A&&e'ed&* #n)o&)ed#n a "a4or !o!a#ne %#%ene that ran (ro" Ca, Co&o"1#a, to $e)era& We$t Coa$t !#t#e$2 I"%ort#n' "#&on$ o( do&&ar$worth o( !o!a#ne )#a San D#e'o and Lo$ An'e&e$ to the Ba* Area2That6$ $o"e 1o*(r#end $he6$ 'ot there, I "/$ed2 The new$%a%er $tor#e$ "ake h#" $o/nd ke A& Ca%one2 And hewant$ to $#t down and ha)e a !hat@ That6&& 1e the da*2 When I %/$hed o%en the door$ to the )a$t !o/rtroo" #n the San >ran!#$!o (edera& !o/rtho/$e a (ew week$ &ater,I (o/nd a $!ene (ro" BI a'ent$ on the !a$e2 The wo"an #$ Aa&&6$ 1o$$, Tere$a Cane%a2She6$ the 1#t!h who6$ 'ot #t #n (or Ra(ae&23A$$hewa$%o#nt#n'e)er*oneo/t, the>BI a'ent$wh#$%eredtoea!hother andthenta%%edAa&& onthe$ho/&der2 A&& three t/rned and &ooked at "e23What6$ w#th the"@33The* %ro1a1&* th#nk *o/6re "* h#t "an23 She $"#&ed, and the a'ent$ (rowned 1a!k2 3Oh, the* 4/$t hate "e2 I!a&&ed the !o%$ on the" on!e, *o/ know23I &ooked at her2 3Yo/ !a&&ed the !o%$ on the >BI233We&&, the* were &/rk#n' aro/nd o/t$#de "* ho/$e a(ter dark2 The* !o/&d ha)e 1een ra%#$t$ or $o"eth#n'2 Aowwa$ I $/%%o$ed to know@3I '&an!ed 1a!k o)er at the (edera& ta1&e and $aw that the ent#re 'ro/% had now t/rned to $tare2 I wa$ !erta#n&*"ak#n' a &ot o( (r#end$23Can we 'o o/t #n the ha&& and ta&k (or a "#n/te@3 I a$ked her2We $at on a 1en!h 4/$t o/t$#de the door2 I to&d her I needed to 'et !a$e n/"1er$ $o I !o/&d a$k (or the !o/rt(#&e$2 And, 1* the wa*, d#d $he 1r#n' tho$e do!/"ent$ $he6d "ent#oned@She rea!hed #nto her 1r#e(!a$e and 1ro/'ht o/t a $ta!k an #n!h th#!k2 3I6)e 'ot three 1anker$6 1o8e$ (/&& 1a!k atho"e, and *o/6re we&!o"e to $ee a&& o( #t, 1/t th#$ #$ the $t/(( I wa$ te&n' *o/ a1o/t !on!ern#n' the w#tne$$23I (%%ed thro/'h the do!/"ent$2 BI E.G$,e)er* %a'e 1ear#n' 1#' 1&a!k &etter$ that $a#d, 3 2S2GOVERNe1r/ar* E, +,,D23I wh#$t&ed2 3>edera& 'rand 4/r* tran$!r#%t$@ I6" #"%re$$ed2 Where6d *o/ 'et the$e@33The 'o)ern"ent t/rned the" o)er /nder d#$!o)er*2 Da)e Aa&& d#d2 I heard he rea&&* 'ot rea"ed o/t 1* theDEA when the* (o/nd o/t a1o/t a&& the $t/(( he 'a)e /$23I &ooked thro/'h the tran$!r#%t and $aw %art$ that had 1een 1&a!ked o/t23Who d#d th#$@33That6$ how we 'ot #t2 Ra(ae&6$ &aw*er #$ a$k#n' (or a !&ean !o%*2 A$ *o/6&& $ee, the* a&$o !/t o/t a 1/n!h o($t/(( on the DEA0H$2 There6$ a hear#n' on h#$ "ot#on !o"#n' /%23I $k#""ed the th#rt*0n#ne0%a'e tran$!r#%t2 Whate)er e&$e th#$ B&andIn (e&&ow "a* ha)e 1een, he wa$ %rett*"/!h the wa* Corne4o6$ '#r&(r#end had de$!r#1ed h#"2 A 1#'0t#"e tra((#!ker who6d dea&t do%e (or "an* *ear$J $tartedo/t dean' (or the Contra$, a r#'ht0w#n' N#!ara'/an '/err#&&a ar"*,#n Lo$ An'e&e$2 Ae6d /$ed dr/' "one* to 1/*tr/!k$ and $/%%e$2 At $o"e %o#nt a(ter Rona&d Rea'an 'ot #nto %ower, the CIA had de!#ded h#$ $er)#!e$ a$ a (/nd0ra#$er were no &on'er re5/#red, and he $ta*ed #n the dr/' 1/$#ne$$ (or h#"$e&(2What "ade the $tor* $o !o"%e&n' wa$ that he wa$ a%%ear#n' 1e(ore the 'rand 4/r* a$ a 2S2 'o)ern"entw#tne$$2 Ae wa$n6t /nder #n)e$t#'at#on2 Ae wa$n6t tr*#n' to 1eat a ra%2 Ae wa$ there a$ a w#tne$$ (or the %ro$e!/t#on,wh#!h "eant that the 2S2 9/$t#!e De%art"ent wa$ )o/!h#n' (or h#"2B/t whowa$the'rand4/r*#n)e$t#'at#n'@E)er*t#"ethete$t#"on*&ed#nthat d#re!t#on, word$7"o$t&*na"e$7were 1&a!ked o/t23Who #$ th#$ (a"#&* the* kee% a$k#n' h#" a1o/t@33Ra(ae& $a*$ #t6$ ran!#$!o Chron#!&e and had 1een theran!#$!o, and Sa!ra"ento2 Wehad a 'ood work#n' re&at#on$h#% and had 1roken a n/"1er o( award0w#nn#n' $tor#e$2 nke "an* ed#tor$ I6d workedw#th, Dawn !o/&d $#;e /% a $tor*6$ new$ )a&/e (a#r&* 5/#!k&*2I read her $e)era& %ort#on$ o( B&andIn6$ 'rand 4/r* te$t#"on*23Weren6t there $o"e $tor#e$ a1o/t th#$ 1a!k #n the +,-.$@3 $he a$ked23See, that6$ what I tho/'ht2 I re"e"1er $o"eth#n', 1/t I !an6t %&a!e the $o/r!e233ree a$a 1#rd2 Ae6d wa&ked o/t o( 4a#& Se%te"1er +,, +,,D, on the ar" o( an INS a'ent, Ro1ert Te&&e;2 Ae6d done twent*0e#'ht"onth$ (or ten *ear$ o( !o!a#ne tra((#!k#n'2The &a$t %a'e o( the (#&e to&d "e wh*2 It wa$ a "ot#on (#&ed 1* 2S2 Attorne* O6Nea&e, a$k#n' the !o/rt to /n$ea&B&andIn6$ %&ea a'ree"ent and a !o/%&e o( #nterna& 9/$t#!e De%art"ent "e"orand/"$2 3D/r#n' the !o/r$e o( th#$ !a$e,de(endant O$!ar Dan#&o B&andIn !oo%erated w#th and rendered $/1$tant#a& a$$#$tan!e to the n#ted State$,3 O6Nea&ewrote2 At the 'o)ern"ent6$ re5/e$t, h#$ 4a#& $enten!e had 1een $e!ret&* !/t tw#!e2 O6Nea&e then %er$/aded the 4/d'e to&et B&andIn o/t o( 4a#& !o"%&ete&*, te&n' the !o/rt he wa$ needed a$ a (/&&0t#"e %a#d #n(or"ant (or the 2S2 De%art"ento( 9/$t#!e2 S#n!e he6d 1e /nder!o)er, O6Nea&e wrote, he !o/&dn6t )er* we&& ha)e %ro1at#on a'ent$ !he!k#n' /% on h#"2Ae wa$ re&ea$ed on /n$/%er)#$ed %ro1at#on2A&& o( th#$ #n(or"at#on had on!e 1een $e!ret, I not#!ed, 1/t $#n!e B&andIn wa$ 'o#n' to te$t#(* #n a !a$e #nnorthern Ca(orn#a =the Corne4o !a$e, I %re$/"ed?, O6Nea&e had to ha)e the %&ea a'ree"ent and a&& the re!ord$ re&at#n'to h#$ $enten!e red/!t#on$ /n$ea&ed and t/rned o)er to de(en$e !o/n$e&2I wa&ked 1a!k to "* hote& !on)#n!ed that I wa$ on the r#'ht tra!k2 Now there were two $e%arate $o/r!e$ $a*#n'7#n !o/rt7that B&andIn wa$ #n)o&)ed w#th the Contra$ and had 1een $e&n' &ar'e a"o/nt$ o( !o!a#ne #n Lo$ An'e&e$2And when the 'o)ern"ent (#na&&* had a !han!e to %/t h#" awa* (ore)er, #t had o%ened /% the !e&& door$ and &et h#"wa&k2 I needed to (#nd B&andIn2 I had a "#&on 5/e$t#on$ on&* he !o/&d an$wer2I 1e'an !a&n' the de(en$e attorne*$ #n)o&)ed #n the +,,G !on$%#ra!* !a$e, ho%#n' one o( the" wo/&d knowwhat had1e!o"eo( h#"2 I $tr/!ko/t w#the)er*!a&&2 Oneo( the&aw*er$wa$o/t o( town2 There$t o( the"re"e"1ered ne8t to noth#n' a1o/t the !a$e or the#r !ent$2 3It wa$ a&& o)er $o 5/#!k&* I 1are&* had t#"e to o%en a (#&e,3one $a#d2 The !on$en$/$ wa$ that on!e B&andIn (%%ed, h#$ !o"%adre$ $!ra"1&ed to 'et the 1e$t dea& the* !o/&d, andno one %re%ared (or tr#a&2 D#$!o)er* had 1een "#n#"a&2B/t one th#n' wa$n6t !&ear2 What had the 'o)ern"ent 'otten o/t o( the dea& that wa$ worth '#)#n' B&andIn andh#$ !rew $/!h an ea$* r#de@ O6Nea&e !&a#"ed he6d '#)en #n(or"at#on a1o/t a "/rder #n the Ba* Area, 1/t (ro" what I!o/&d$ee(ro"h#$DEAand>BI#nter)#ew$, he6d"ere&*to&dthe'o)ern"ent that the"anhad1een"/rdered7$o"eth#n' the %o!e a&read* knew2Ba!k #n Sa!ra"ento, I d#d $o"e !he!k#n' on the tar'et$ o( the +,,D 'rand 4/r* #n)e$t#'at#on7the #ne2 Wh* do *o/ a$k@33We&&, when Br#an and I were do#n' the$e $tor#e$ we 'ot o/r 1ra#n$ 1eat o/t23 Parr* $#'hed2 3Peo%&e (ro" thead"#n#$trat#on were !a&n' o/r ed#tor$, te&n' the" we were !ra;*, that o/r $o/r!e$ were no 'ood, that we d#dn6t knowwhat we were wr#t#n' a1o/t2 The 9/$t#!e De%art"ent wa$ %/tt#n' o/t (a&$e %re$$ re&ea$e$ $a*#n' there wa$ noth#n' toth#$, that the*6d #n)e$t#'ated and !o/&d (#nd no e)#den!e2 We were 1e#n' atta!ked #n the Wa$h#n'ton T#"e$2 The re$t o(the Wa$h#n'ton %re$$ !or%$ $ort o( %ooh0%oohed the who&e th#n', and no one e&$e wo/&d to/!h #t2 So we ended /% 1e#n'o/t there a&& 1* o/r$e&)e$, and e)ent/a&&* o/r ed#tor$ 1a!ked awa* !o"%&ete&*, and I ended /% 5/#tt#n' the AP2 It wa$%ro1a1&* the "o$t d#((#!/&t t#"e o( "* !areer23Ae %a/$ed2 3BI re%ort a1o/t B&andIn that a&&/ded to a %o!e ra#d and re%orted that B&andIn6$attorne*, Brad Br/non, had !a&&ed the L2A2 Co/nt* Sher#((6$ O((#!e a(terward and !&a#"ed that the CIA had 3w#nked3 atB&andIn6$ a!t#)#t#e$2 I a&$o o1ta#ned +,-F >BI #nter)#ew$ w#th a San >ran!#$!o Contra $/%%orter, Denn#$ A#n$worth, #nwh#!h he to&d o( h#$ d#$!o)er* that Norw#n en$ter and the other de(en$e &aw*er$ "ade another (/t#&e atte"%t to (#nd o/t deta#&$ a1o/t the 'o)ern"ent6$#n(or"ant, $o the* !o/&d 1e'#n %re%ar#n' the#r de(en$e$2 A$$#$tant 2S2 Attorne* O6Nea&e re(/$ed to %ro)#de a th#n'2The*6d 'et what the* were ent#t&ed to, he %ro"#$ed, ten da*$ 1e(ore tr#a&23See what I "ean@3 >en$ter a$ked "e on h#$ wa* o/t2 3It6$ ke the tr#a& #n A!e #n Wonder&and23I $%ent ho/r$ w#thRo$$ at the#nd&a*, Oh#o, #t $ee"ed ke the "ed#a wa$ he&&01ent on '&a"or#;#n' !o!a#ne2G/*er, an /&tra!on$er)at#)e (ond o( &o/d $/#t$ and wh#te %atent &eather $hoe$, wa$ the !ha#r"an o( the Co!a#neTa$k >or!e o( the Ao/$e Se&e!t Co""#ttee on Nar!ot#!$ A1/$e and Contro&, and he wa$n6t 4/$t 'o#n' to $tand 1* andwat!h23Re!ent de)e&o%"ent$ !on!ern#n' the $tate o( !o!a#ne ha)e !o"e to "* attent#on, wh#!h !a&& (or de!#$#)e and#""ed#atea!t#onC3G/*erth/ndereda$heo%enedh#$!o!a#nehear#n'$#n9/&*+,F,2 3Thea)a#&a1#t*, a1/$e, and%o%/&ar#t* o( !o!a#ne #n the n#ted State$ ha$ rea!hed %ande"#! %ro%ort#on$2 2 22 Th#$ #$ a dr/' wh#!h, (or the "o$t %art,ha$ 1een #'nored, and #t$ #n!rea$ed /$e #n o/r $o!#et* ha$ !a/'ht /$ /n%re%ared to !o%e e((e!t#)e&* w#th th#$ "ena!e23B/t #( G/*er wa$ (een' "ena!ed 1* !o!a#ne, not too "an* other$ were2ernandoCa1#e$e$, who %ro%o$ed $o"e !oo%erat#)e re$ear!h on !o!a#ne2 At the t#"e, the Per/)#an 'o)ern"ent wa$ !ra!k#n'downon!o!a!hew#n'andCa1#e$e$1ee)edtheInd#an$were1e#n'hara$$ed/n(a#r&*2 Aewa$&ook#n'(or$o"e$!#ent#(#!e)#den!eto1a!k/%h#$ar'/"ent$thattheInd#an$6 $o!#a& !/$to"$$ho/&d1e&e(ta&one2 BothB*!kandCa1#e$e$kedPa&*6$#dea, andthePer/)#ana'reedto%ro)#dethe&a1(a!#t#e$, te$t $/14e!t$, tran$%ortat#on, anda$$#$tant$2Soon a de'hted Pa&* wa$ w#n'#n' h#$ wa* to So/th A"er#!a to $%end h#$ $/""er a"on' the Ind#an$ #n the"o/nta#n$ o( Per/2 Ca1#e$e$ $5/#red the *o/n' Yae aro/nd L#"a and #ntrod/!ed h#" to h#$ (r#end$ #n the art$ and$!#en!e$2 One "an Pa&* "et thro/'h Ca1#e$e$ wa$ Dr2 Ra/& 9er#, who &at!hed onto h#" and 1e'an te&n' h#" o( h#$re$ear!h #nto !o!a#ne $"ok#n'2 9er#, who wa$ a&$o a 'enera& #n the Per/)#an "#tar* %o!e, #n$#$ted on $how#n' Pa&*the wret!hed )#!t#"$ o( th#$ new dr/' ha1#t he6d d#$!o)ered2 ree01a$e %art#e$ ha)e 1e!o"e #n!rea$#n'&* %o%/&ar and the %ra!t#!e ha$ $%read(ro" Ca(orn#a to Ne)ada, Co&orado, New York, So/th Carona and >&or#da23S#e'e&6$ &etter a%%eared #n the 9o/rna& #n >e1r/ar* +,F,2 >#)e "onth$ &ater, #n 9/&*, he, a&on' w#th Pa&*, B*!k,9er#, and other !o!a#ne re$ear!her$, (o/nd the"$e&)e$ to'ether #n L#"a (or an #nternat#ona& $*"%o$#/" on !o!a#ne2 Itwa$ the (#r$t !han!e North A"er#!an and So/th A"er#!an dr/' re$ear!her$ had had to !o"%are note$ and d#$!/$$ the#r&ate$t work2Wh#&e the e8%ert$ $%t on what to do a1o/t %owder !o!a#ne, tho$e who6d 1een $t/d*#n' !o!a#ne $"ok#n' were/nan#"o/$ a1o/t the#r (#nd#n'$B there wa$ a "on$ter &oo$e, a dr/' !a%a1&e o( tota&&* en$&a)#n' #t$ /$er2At the L#"a !on(eren!e, the $tor#e$ !ont#n/ed to %o/r #n2 Two Bo)#an %$*!h#atr#$t$ (ro" La Pa;, Gre'or#oAra"a*o and ran!#$!o$"ok#n'the$/1$tan!e2 Aere#$a!han!e(orthe(edera&'o)ern"ent to en'a'e #n an ed/!at#ona& !a"%a#'n to %re)ent a dr/' a1/$e e%#de"#!23 The 'o)ern"ent needed to dothree th#n'$ 3a$ ra%#d&* a$ %o$$#1&e2 N/"1er one, (#nd o/t a1o/t #t2 N/"1er two, e$ta1$h $o"e k#nd o( !o&&a1orat#onw#th the "ed#aJ and n/"1er three, $how what ha%%en$ when th#$ dr/' #$ /$ed, $o that we don6t 'et an e%#de"#!2 Weneed o/r 1e$t "#nd$ to (#'/re o/t how to do th#$ w#tho/t ad)ert#$#n' the dr/'23B/t the !on're$$"en weren6t #ntere$ted #n d#$!/$$#n' ed/!at#ona& !a"%a#'n$ or %/1! $er)#!e anno/n!e"ent$2That wo/&dn6t 'et an* !o!a#ne o(( the $treet$2 What the* wanted to know wa$ th#$B What a1o/t the DEA6$ %&an to a$kthe Per/)#an$ and Bo)#an$ to %&ea$e 5/#t 'row#n' !o!a %&ant$@B*!k $!o((ed2 3I don6t th#nk *o/ !an e"#nate the 'row#n' o( !o!a #n Per/ and !o/ntr#e$ wh#!h ha)e had #t (ortho/$and$ o( *ear$233Not w#th K!ro%L $/1$t#t/t#on$@3 G/*er a$ked23I don6t th#nk $o233That #$ not 'o#n' to work@3 G/*er %er$#$ted23It !an6t work,3 B*!k $a#d, 3#( *o/ !on$#der the$e are !ro%$ 'rown on the $&o%e$ o( "o/nta#n$ near 4/n'&e, and'rown 1* %eo%&e (or the#r own /$e (or G,... *ear$2 And ta&k#n' a1o/t w#%#n' #t o/t@ Yo/ ha)e a 1etter !han!e o( w#%#n'o/t to1a!!o #n V#r'#n#a233We6&& !o"e 1a!k to th#$,3 G/*er %ro"#$ed, and the Co!a#ne Ta$k >or!e h/rr#ed (ro" the roo" (or a 1reak2The* ne)er !a"e 1a!k to B*!k6$ warn#n'$2Whenthehear#n'$re$/"ed, the!on're$$"en%e%%eredthew#tne$$e$w#th$/!h5/e$t#on$a$whetherthe*tho/'ht Ao&&*wood !o!a#ne /$e wa$ !ontr#1/t#n' to the deter#orat#on o( 5/at* TV $how$ =a$ one o( the" had heardre!ent&*ontheSLNKtheSand#n#$ta$Lwerewe&&0(o/nded, 1/tother$were"ored/1#o/$23B/twhentheInter0A"er#!anCo""#$$#ononA/"anR#'ht$, a1ran!ho(theOr'an#;at#ono( A"er#!anState$ =OAS?, d#d #t$ own #n$%e!t#on #n &ate +,F-, the Lat#n A"er#!an tea", o1$er)er$ (ro" other !o/ntr#e$, $aw th#n'$#n "/!h "ore 'ra%h#! ter"$ than had the A"er#!an$2The* $%oke to a "other who to&d o( %#!k#n' 1od* %art$ o/t o( the d/$t to rea$$e"1&e her (#)e0*ear0o&d da/'htera(ter the '#r& wa$ h#t 1* an a#r0to0'ro/nd "#$$#&e2 The* ta&ked w#th $/r)#)or$ o( 3O%erat#on DN d#dn6t o((#!#a&&* !o"e #nto e8#$ten!e /nt#& "#d0+,-+, $o #( B&andIn wa$ ra#$#n' "one* (or Contra(#'hter$ a$ ear&*a$ he$a*$7#n+,F,P-.7hewa$ do#n'#t on1eha&( o( the>DN6$ %rede!e$$orB theLe'#ono(Se%te"1er +:, a )#o&ent 1and o( e80G/ard#a "en then 1a$ed #n G/ate"a&a2 The &e'#on, a terror#$t or'an#;at#on $tarted1* (or"er So"o;a 1od*'/ard$ $oon a(ter So"o;a6$ (a&&, wa$ to 1e!o"e the hard !ore o( the >DN a(ter the CIA "er'ed#t #nto two $"a&&er re$#$tan!e 'ro/%$ #n A/'/$t +,-+2B&andIn6$ Contra (/nd0ra#$#n' e((ort$ 1ore tt&e (r/#t at (#r$t2 3At the 1e'#nn#n', we $tarted do#n' $o"e %art#e$,*o/ know, $o"e7how do *o/ !a&&7$o"e a!t#)#t#e$ #n the %ark, /nt#& +,-. and 6-+,3 he $a#d2 3We ha)e to ha)e $o"era&e$ or whate)er23 The (/nd0ra#$er$ were d#$a%%o#nt#n', tho/'h, 1r#n'#n' #n on&* 3a (ew tho/$and$ or $o"eth#n'23 Ana!5/a#ntan!e re%orted that B&andIn a&$o hawked !o%#e$ o( So"o;a6$ 1#tter "e"o#r$, N#!ara'/a Betra*ed, and he&%ed%/t o/t an ant#0Sand#n#$ta new$&etter that wa$ %r#nted at a tt&e $ho% owned 1* a $*"%athet#! N#!ara'/an2A1o/t the$a"et#"ethat B&andInandh#$!o"%atr#ot$1e'anthe#r(/nd0ra#$#n'e((ort$#nL2A2, So"o;a6$!o/$#n, L/#$ Pa&&a#$ De1a*&e, 1e'an "ak#n' the ro/nd$ o( the )ar#o/$ e8#&e 'ro/%$ #n the n#ted State$ and Centra&A"er#!a to $ee #( an*one wa$ #ntere$ted #n he&%#n' So"o;a (#'ht h#$ wa* 1a!k #nto %ower2Pa&&a#$ !onta!ted h#$ !o/$#n #n Para'/a*, and the e80d#!tator %ro"#$ed to k#!k #n M+ "#&on to $tart a re$#$tan!e"o)e"ent2 It wa$a%ro"#$ehene)er ke%t2 OnSe%te"1er +F, +,-.,Ar'ent#nere)o&/t#onar#e$1&a$tedaro!ket0%ro%e&&ed 'renade and a ha#& o( DN2In +,-+ CIA a'ent Enr#5/e Ber"Ode; %a#d B&andIn6$ tt&e 'ro/% #n L2A2 a )#$#t2 3Ber"Ode; !a"e to a "eet#n'o( the 'ro/% to '#)e a %e% ta&k and to a$k that the 'ro/% kee% the #dea o( a (ree and de"o!rat#! N#!ara'/a a)e 1*%/1!#;#n' the Contra !a/$e #n the n#ted State$,3 B&andIn to&d CIA #n$%e!tor$2 The !o&one& a$ked the 'ro/% 3to ado%tthe !o&or$ and the (&a' o( the >DN,3 and, a(ter that, the CIA #n$%e!tor$ wrote, 3B&andIn and other "e"1er o( the 'ro/%!a&&ed the"$e&)e$ >DN and /$ed the >DN6$ !o&or$, (&a' and &etterhead23The* a&$o 'ot an a$$#'n"ent, B&andIn te$t#(#ed2 3It !a"e, *o/ know, that we had to %ro)#de $o"e !ar$ and we'ot #n)o&)ed #n another th#n' to 'et $o"e "one*23 B* then B&andIn had 1een work#n' #n L2A2 &on' eno/'h to e$ta1$ha !red#t h#$tor*, $o he a%%ed (or an a/to &oan23ARN M:.,..., 1/tBa&todano $a#d the "one* 3wa$ 4/$t to !o)er a1$o&/te ne!e$$#t#e$2 One !an hard&* 1/#&d a "o)e"ent w#th M:.,...2 We!o/&d %a* (or o/r tr#% w#th that "one*23B* "#d0+,-+ Ar'ent#ne "#tar* ad)#$er$ were $e!ret&* $%%#n' #nto Aond/ra$ and ARN had the 1e$t !onne!t#on$ w#th the Aond/ran !a%#ta& andw#th the Aond/ran "#tar* and 'o)ern"ent,3 $a#d (or"er DN0>ARN !o""ander Ba&todano2Ba&todano6$ 'ro/% wanted noth#n' to do w#th Ber"Ode;6$ 1r/t#$h o/t(#t, re$#$t#n' the CIA6$ de$#re that #t 4o#n(or!e$ w#th the &e'#on2 The Cha"orro$ re'arded "an* o( the e80G/ard#a "en o( the &e'#on to 1e war !r#"#na&$ who!o/&d ne)er w#n %o%/&ar $/%%ort 1a!k ho"e2 3The Le'#on wa$ ent#re&* !o"%o$ed o( e80Nat#ona& G/ard$2 Nat/ra&&* one!o/&dn6t "ake a 1#' $%&a$h w#th that #n N#!ara'/a,3 Ba&todano $a#d2 There were a&$o #nd#!at#on$ that Ber"Ode; wa$%er$ona&&* !orr/%t2 In +,-+ a 'ro/% o( &e'#on o((#!er$ )oted to e8%e& h#" (ro" the or'an#;at#on (or "#$/$e o( (/nd$ and&*#n'2 The "/t#n* wa$ %/t down 1* Ber"Ode;6$ Ar'ent#ne 1a!ker$2TheCIAe)ent/a&&* 'ot #t$wa*2A(terto%CIAo((#!#a&$"etw#th the#r a&e$ #n the Aond/ran"#tar*, theAond/ran$w#thdrewthe#r$/%%orto(theCha"orro$6 'ro/%and1a!kedBer"Ode;6$&e'#on#n$tead2 I(DN0>ARNwanted to $ta* #n the Contra 1/$#ne$$, #t wo/&d ha)e to "er'e w#th Ber"Ode;6$ e80G/ard#a "en2And #( #t d#dn6t want to "er'e7we&&, #t wo/&d "er'e an*wa*2An odd k#nd o( 3/n#t*3 "eet#n' wa$ he&d #n A/'/$t +,-+ #n the /%$ta#r$ re! roo" o( the &e'#on6$ rented $a(eho/$e #n G/ate"a&a C#t*2 W#th an Ar'ent#ne "#tar* o((#!er &ook#n' on, Ber"Ode; $#'ned a one0%ara'ra%h do!/"ent$tat#n' that the Le'#on o( Se%te"1er +: and DN0>ARN 3a'ree to 4o#n e((ort$ and !on$t#t/te a $#n'&e or'an#;at#on thatw#&& 1e !a&&ed the N#!ara'/an De"o!rat#! >or!e$ =>DN? #n order to (#'ht a'a#n$t the Sand#n#$ta$23The Cha"orro 1rother$ 1o*!otted the "eet#n' rather than $#t #n the $a"e roo" w#th Ber"Ode;, wh#!h wa$ (#new#th Ber"Ode;, who re'arded the Cha"orro$ a$ !&o$et Co""/n#$t$2The&e'#on"o)edtoAond/ra$, andthe>DNwa$o((#!#a&&*1orn2 Q/#!k&*theDN0>ARNContra$were%/$hed #nto the 1a!k'ro/nd and a$$#'ned to $/1ord#nate ro&e$2 The to% 4o1$ were (#&&ed 1* Ber"Ode; and h#$ "/rdero/$!rew (ro" the Le'#on o( Se%te"1er +:2 3B* !hoo$#n' to $/%%ort Co&one& Ber"Ode; and the >DN o)er other Contra(a!t#on$, then#ted State$threw#n#t$ &ot w#th the $#n'&e "o$tdete$ted'ro/% o( N#!ara'/an$,3(or"erNew YorkT#"e$ re%orter Ste%hen K#n;er, who !o)ered the Contra$, wrote #n +,,+2 3A"er#!an %&anner$ ne)er $ee"ed to 'ra$%the$#"%&e (a!t that N#!ara'/an$hated theNat#ona& G/ard and wo/&d ne)er $/%%ortan #n$/r'en!* d#re!ted 1* e80G/ard$"en23The CIA6$ ro&e #n the >DN6$ !reat#on7h#dden at the t#"e7wa$ $%e&&ed o/t 1* (or"er >DN d#re!tor Ed'arCha"orro #n an a((#da)#t (#&ed w#th the Wor&d Co/rt #n the Aa'/e #n +,-:2 Cha"orro, a (or"er ad)ert#$#n' e8e!/t#)eand d#$tant re&at#)e o( the DN0>ARN Cha"orro 1rother$, $a#d the CIA %a#d (or the "eet#n', rented the 1/#&d#n', anddra(tedthea'ree"ent2 3Thena"eo(theor'an#;at#on, the"e"1er$o(the%ot#!a& 4/ntaandthe"e"1er$o(the'enera& $ta(( were a&& !ho$en or a%%ro)ed 1* the CIA23A$&/!kwo/&dha)e#t, theCIA$e&e!tedanother oneo(Norw#nro"&ate+,-+thro/'h"o$t o(+,-D, thea'en!*ranthe$howd#re!t&*, don'o/t wea%on$ and"one*, h#r#n'$/1!ontra!tor$, (err*#n'$/%%e$, %&ann#n'$trate'* and ta!t#!$, and kee%#n' ta1$ on #t$ h#ren'$2 A$ the N#!ara'/an$ $oon &earned, the#r ro&e wa$ to (#'ht and too1e* order$2 So"eone e&$e, /$/a&&* an A"er#!an CIA a'ent or an Ar'ent#ne "#tar* tra#ner, wo/&d do the th#nk#n' (orthe"2 One order the N#!ara'/an$ were re%eated&* '#)en wa$ to )ehe"ent&* den* an* !onne!t#on to the CIA2Ber"Ode; %&a*ed that ro&e to the h#&t, an'r#&* 1r/$h#n' o(( an* %re$$ $/''e$t#on$ that the 2S2 'o)ern"ent hada hand #n r/nn#n' the >DN2 3We wo/&d ne)er a!!e%t the ro&e o( A"er#!an "er!enar*,3 Ber"Ode; h/((ed2>or"er >DN d#re!tor Ed'ar Cha"orro !&a#"ed that CIA ad)#$er$ %re%%ed the" (or the#r %re$$ !on(eren!e$ andto&d the" to den* the* had re!e#)ed an* "one* (ro" the 2S2 'o)ern"ent2 3It wa$ %art#!/&ar&* #"%ortant that we den*ha)#n' "et w#th an* 2S2 'o)ern"ent o((#!#a&$,3 Cha"orro re!o/nted #n h#$ 1ook Pa!ka'#n' the Contra$2B&andIn $a#d that when he 1e'an $e&n' dr/'$ (or the >DN #n Lo$ An'e&e$, he wa$ aware the 2S2 'o)ern"enthad $o"ehow 1e!o"e #n)o&)ed w#th h#$ or'an#;at#on 1/t $aw no d#re!t e)#den!e o( #t h#"$e&(2 3BI that B&andIn wa$ /na1&e to /n&oad a&&the !o!a#ne ran!#$!o2 Ae wa$ a&$o "ak#n'#nroad$#ntoOak&and6$1&a!k!o""/n#t*, $e&n'toa!o/%&eo( A(r#!an0A"er#!andea&er$there2 n(ort/nate&*, the'rowth o( h#$ 1/$#ne$$ wa$ "ak#n' #t #n!rea$#n'&* d#((#!/&t (or h#" to d#$'/#$e what he wa$ do#n'2When a$ked, Na)a&a $a#d he worked a$ a 1/*er (or $o"e $/%er"arket$ #n Co$ta R#!a, wh#!h he&%ed !o)er h#$(re5/ent tra)e&$ to or the ne8t *ear, Ca1e;a$ $a#d, he and other$ "ade re'/&ar tr#%$ to BI re!ord$ $how Na)a&a "ade a "one*0ha/n' tr#% to Co$ta R#!a #n ear&* +,-G, and $a#d the a"o/nt he wa$ !arr*#n'wa$ a 5/arter "#&on do&&ar$2 The >BI wa$ #n(or"ed ear&* on that the Contra$ were dee%&* #n)o&)ed w#th the dr/' r#n'2In >e1r/ar* +,-G an #n(or"ant re%orted that Na)a&a 3had 1een "ak#n' $#&en!er$ and $end#n' the" to N#!ara'/a (or there)o&/t#on23The$a"e#n(or"ant a&$ore%ortedthat Contra&eaderAdo&(oCa&ero, the>DN6$%ot#!a& 1o$$anda&on't#"e CIA a'ent, 3wa$ de(#n#te&* #n)o&)ed #n !o!a#ne tra((#!23 =It a%%ear$, howe)er, that the #n(or"ant "a* a!t/a&&*ha)e 1een re(err#n' to Ca&ero6$ 1rother, ran!#$!o >BI o((#!eto the >BI d#re!tor #n Wa$h#n'ton, 3Na)a&a6$ $o/r!e$ o( $/%%&* o( th#$ !o!a#ne areB Tro#&o San!he;, >ernando San!he;andAora!#oPere#ra2A&&threeareo%erat#n'o/to(Co$taR#!a23 A$(orCa1e;a$, 3Ca1e;a$6$$o/r!e$o($/%%&*(or!o!a#ne ha)e 1een e$ta1$hed a$ Tro#&o San!he;, >ernando San!he;, Aora!#o Pere#ra o( Co$ta R#!a, A/"1erto and>ernando Ort#; o( Co&o"1#a, Se1a$t#an P#ne& o( Lo$ An'e&e$ and A&)aro Car)a4a& ran!#$!o23=Tho/'hthe>BId#dn6treae#t, that!a1&ee8%o$ed*et anotherL2A201a$edContradr/'dea&er, Se1a$t#anP#ne&2 Ae (#r$t a%%eared #n the CIA6$ (#&e$ #n &ate +,-., at the #n!e%t#on o( the CIA6$ !o/nter0re)o&/t#onar* e8%er#"ent$2The CIA #dent#(#ed P#ne& a$ the &eader o( an /nna"ed Contra 'ro/% #n Aond/ra$, and knew the Contra 1o$$ wa$ are%/teddo%etra((#!ker, de$!r#1#n'h#"a$a3%artner3and31e$t (r#end3o(Aora!#oPer#era, Norw#n6$Co$taR#!an!o!a#ne 1roker2?Ca1e;a$ wa$ a&$o tak#n' M:.,... a "onth to the Contra$6 or"er Contra o((#!#a& Leonardo Ne&edon Rodr#'/e; to&d PI #n +,-Hthat 3Tro#&o $o&d G.. %o/nd$ o( !o!a#ne and re!e#)ed MH2+ "#&on (or #t23The "one* Ca1e;a$ took to Centra& A"er#!a wa$ '#)en to Pere#ra or an >DN &o'#$t#!$ o((#!er, 9oa5/#n 3Pe&on3Ve'a, who )ed #n Dan, Aond/ra$, Ca1e;a$ $a#d2 Ae a$$/"ed the "one* wa$ /$ed to 1/* (ood and !&oth#n' (or thenew&* (or"ed '/err#&&a ar"*2 =Ve'a !o/&d not 1e &o!ated 1* the a/thor2?On one o( h#$ tr#%$ to Co$ta R#!a w#th Contra !a$h #n A%r#& or ran!#$!o !o!a#ne dea&er !o/&d $o a!!/rate&* drea" /% the aa$ o( an /nder!o)er CIA a'ent $tat#oned #n Co$ta R#!a,de$!r#1e h#$ ro&e w#th the Contra$ w#th $/!h %re!#$#on, and %#n%o#nt to w#th#n E. da*$ the t#"e %er#od d/r#n' wh#!h thea'ent ad"#t$ &a/nder#n' dr/' "one*2 or"o$t o(+,-G, DN0>ARN$er)ed, howe)er/nw#&n'&*, a$the$o/thern1ran!ho(theCIA6$%r#"ar*Contra (or!e7the >DN7r/n 1* ARN 4/"%ed $h#%, &ea)#n' the >DN and o((#!#a&&* /n#t#n' w#th Pa$tora6$ 'ro/% to(or" a 1rand0new Contra ar"* #n Co$ta R#!a, known a$ ARDE2At that %o#nt, #t #$ ke&* that the !o!a#ne %ro(#t$ (ro" ran!#$!o o%erat#on 1e'an 1e#n' /$ed to1ene(#t ARDE2 E)en then, howe)er, the CIA reta#ned o)er$#'ht re$%on$#1#t*2 When the Cha"orro$ $w#t!hed (ro" the>DN to the ARDE, the* $#"%&* !han'ed the#r ne o( !o""and2 In$tead o( re%ort#n' to Ber"Ode;, a$ the* had 1eendo#n', the* now re%orted to Pa$tora2 B/t 1oth Pa$tora and Ber"Ode; were $t#&& re%ort#n' to the CIA2 L#ke Ber"Ode;,Pa$tora wa$ %/t on the CIA6$ %a*ro&&, where he re"a#ned /nt#& "#d0+,-D2The "er'er 1etween the Cha"orro 1rother$ and Pa$tora6$ 'ro/% "ade $en$e %ot#!a&&* 1e!a/$e the* had onetra#t #n !o""on, a$#de (ro" the#r %re(eren!e (or (#'ht#n' (ro" Co$ta R#!aB a$ (or"er Sand#n#$ta$, the* hated the e80G/ard#a o((#!er$ who "ade /% the >DN2 Pa$tora (re5/ent&* o/tra'ed h#$ CIA hand&er$ 1* %/1!&* !o"%&a#n#n' a1o/th#$ %/r%orted a&e$ to the north, on!e %#!t/re$5/e&* re(err#n' to the" a$ 3!r#"#na& "/""#e$ and 'or#&&a$23 Ber"Ode;and the >DN !on$#dered Pa$tora a !&o$et Co""/n#$t and $/$%e!ted h#" o( 1e#n' a Sand#n#$ta "o&e2Car&o$ Ca1e;a$ $a#d h#$ Contra "one* ('ht$ to Co$ta R#!a !ont#n/ed thro/'ho/t +,-G 1/t were #nterr/%tednear the end o( that *ear, when Aora!#o Pere#ra wa$ arre$ted #n >&or#da2 Ca1e;a$ $a#d one o( the >BI6$ #n(or"ant$,Dona&d Pera&ta, a "an who had a!!o"%an#ed h#" to Co$ta R#!a on $e)era& o!!a$#on$ to de)er !a$h, t#%%ed o(( the >BIthat Pere#ra wa$ head#n' $o/th w#th a wad o( 'reen1a!k$2>BI re!ord$ $how that on De!e"1er +, +,-G, a !on(#dent#a& $o/r!e to&d >BI a'ent Da)#d A&1a that 3Aora!#oPere#ra and A/'/$to &or#da >'ht DFE to Co$ta R#!a2 The a'ent$ (o/nd MF.,... onh#", wh#!h he had (a#&ed to de!&are2>BI w#reta% re!ord$ $how that Ca1e;a$ wa$ #n !onta!t w#th Pere#ra6$ !o/$#n, Ro$#ta, $oon a(terward2 3Aora!#o'o#n' to !o/rt to"orrow,3 the >BI6$ note$ o( that %hone !a&& $a*2 3Car&o$ ha$ $o"e "one* to he&% Aora!#o2 The "one*taken 1* C/$to"$ w#&& 1e ke%t2 Car&o$ a$ked wh* Tro#&o ha$ not !a&&ed2 Aora!#o wa$ #nter)#ewed 1/t d#d not "ent#onCar&o$6 na"e2 Car&o$ want$ Aora!#o to !a&& to"orrow23OnChr#$t"a$E)e, a(terhewa$1a#&edo/t, Pere#ra!a&&edCa1e;a$andto&dh#"thathe6d1een$et/%andneeded $o"e "one*2Ca1e;a$ re%ed that 39a#ro #$ '#)#n' h#" "one*,3 an a%%arent re(eren!e to Norw#n BI wo/&d"on#tor "orethan+E,...!on)er$at#on$2 Ca1e;a$andNa)a&awere1e#n'$hadowed e)er*where2 The#r dea&er$ and the#r dea&er$6 !/$to"er$ had the#r %hone$ ta%%ed a$ we&&2The w#reta%$ re)ea&ed that the Co&o"1#an $#de o( Na)a&a6$ dr/' o%erat#on wa$ /$#n' (re#'hter$ re'#$tered to theGran Co&o"1#ana $h#%%#n' ne to 1r#n' !o!a#ne #nto the n#ted State$2 A'ent$ 1e'an (o&&ow#n' the Gran Co&o"1#ana$h#%$a$the*%edthewater$o(( theWe$t Coa$t andwat!heda$k#&o$o( !o!a#newere/n&oaded1*Ca1e;a$6$a$$o!#ate$ #n San >ran!#$!o and Seatt&e2 R#'ht 1e(ore Chr#$t"a$, the >BI $tarted tak#n' the o%erat#on a%art2On De!e"1er GG, +,-G, the* #nter!e%ted two "en !o"#n' o(( the (re#'hter C#/dad de N#e)a #n Lo$ An'e&e$,!arr*#n' th#rt*0n#ne %o/nd$ o( !o!a#ne2 Another Gran Co&o"1#ana $h#%, the C#/dad de C/!/ta, %/&&ed #nto P#er ,H #nSan >ran!#$!o $hort&* a(ter the (#r$t o( the *ear, and the >BI $et /% a $takeo/t2 It wa$ a )e$$e& that, a!!ord#n' to onere%ort, 3had 1een ra#ded #n %re)#o/$ dr/' $e#;/re$23Near&* two week$ went 1* w#tho/t an*th#n' ha%%en#n'2 Then, 4/$t 1e(ore G A2ran!#$!o Chron#!&e 1&a$ted the new$ o( the dr/' ra#d a!ro$$ #t$ (ront %a'e2 Aeadned3Co!a#neSe#;ed(ro">ro'"enatS2>2 P#er,3the$tor*to&do(3a(o'0$hro/ded$!ener#'ht o/t o(aB0"o)#e3and(eat/red a &ar'e (ront0%a'e %#!t/re o( a C/$to"$ a'ent #n a w#nd1reaker %#n' (oot1a&&0$#;ed 1r#!k$ o( !o!a#ne on ata1&e2It wa$ the (#r$t !a$e "ade 1* Pre$#dent Rona&d Rea'an6$ new (edera& Dr/' Ta$k >or!e #n San >ran!#$!o, and2S2 Attorne* 9o$e%h R/$$on#e&&o, a r#'ht0w#n' Re%/1!an !&o$e to the Rea'an ad"#n#$trat#on, "ade $/re the "ed#a/nder$tood what a "o"ento/$ $e#;/re the %re$#dent6$ new dr/' warr#or$ had "ade2 R/$$on#e&&o to&d re%orter$ that the$treet )a&/e o( the !o!a#ne the (ro'"en were !arr*#n' wa$, a(ter 3ro/t#ne d#&/t#on,3 a who%%#n' MF:. "#&on7three5/arter$ o( a 1#&on do&&ar$2 E)en the a'ent$ work#n' the !a$e !o/&dn6t $wa&&ow that one2 R/$$on#e&&o6$ 5/ote #n theChron#!&e wa$ (o&&owed 1* one (ro" the DEA $a*#n' the &oad wa$ worth no "ore than M+.. "#&on on the $treet, and1etween M++ "#&on and M+G "#&on who&e$a&e2Twoweek$&atera'ent$#nLo$ An'e&e$ra#dedtheGranCo&o"1#ana(re#'hterC#/daddeSantaran!#$!o area, #n!&/d#n' Ca1e;a$6$ ho/$e and Na)a&a6$ a%art"ent, $!oo%#n' /% e)er*one and e)er*th#n' the* !o/&d(#nd2 The ha/& #n!&/ded the Co&o"1#an $/%%er A&)aro Car)a4a& #)e da*$ &aterNan#de$ (#&ed a three0%ara'ra%h a'ree"ent that $a#d $#"%&* that the 3n#ted State$ w#&& not #ntrod/!e the MEH,.G. #nn#ted State$ !/rren!* $e#;ed (ro" the re$#den!e o( 9/o Na)a&a3 and 3a'ree$ to ret/rn $a#d !/rren!* to 9/o Na)a&a23In e8!han'e, the a'ree"ent $tated, Na)a&a wo/&d not %re$$ the #$$/e o( the Co$ta R#!an de%o$#t#on$23A$ the "atter $tand$ now,3 a CIA !a1&e $tated, 3CIA e5/#t#e$ are (/&&* %rote!ted23 The !a1&e 1e"oaned the (a!tthat 1oth A)#&e$ and Ra%%a!!#o 3%&anned to te$t#(* at the#r de%o$#t#on a$ to the $o/r!e o( the "one* #n 5/e$t#on2 We!an on&* '/e$$ at what other te$t#"on* "a* ha)e 1een (orth!o"#n'23A 2S2 e"1a$$* o((#!#a& #n Co$ta R#!a, a(ter hear#n' that the de%o$#t#on$ had 1een !a&&ed o((, 5/#%%ed that the*3had 1een !an!e&ed 1* The >/nn* >ar"23 A#$ re"ark 5/#!k&* 'ot 1a!k to Lan'&e*, wh#!h #n$tr/!ted #t$ Co$ta R#!ana'ent$ to te&& the d#%&o"at 3that CIA had no hand #n !an!e&&at#on o( the tr#%23Year$&ater, when5/e$t#oneda1o/tthe!a$e1*thea/thor, (or"er2S2Attorne*R/$$on#e&&o$a#dtheon&*rea$on he a'reed to ret/rn the dr/' dea&er6$ !a$h wa$ 1e!a/$e #t wo/&d ha)e !o$t the 'o)ern"ent too "/!h "one* to 'oto Co$ta R#!a and take two de%o$#t#on$2 There ne)er wa$ an* e)#den!e to $/''e$t that the Contra$ were #n)o&)ed w#ththedr/'r#n', he#n$#$ted2 B/t e)enthe9/$t#!eDe%art"ent6$In$%e!torGenera& d#dn6t 1/*that2A(ter5/e$t#on#n'R/$$#on#e&&o, the IG !on!&/ded that the CIA had #nter)ened w#th the %ro$e!/tor 1e!a/$e o( 3a de$#re to %rote!t the%/1! #"a'e o( the Contra$ or the CIA2 2 2the CIA !on$#dered the %otent#a& %re$$ !o)era'e o( a Contra0dr/' nk to 1e a$/((#!#entrea$on toatte"%tto #n(&/en!ethede!#$#onto ret/rnthe "one*to Na)a&a23 CIA !a1&e$ (/rtherde$!r#1edR/$$#on#e&&o a$ 3"o$t de(erent#a& to o/r #ntere$t$23Inadd#t#on, therewa$ a$ta!ko( te&e%honere!ord$ nk#n'theContra$d#re!t&*tothedr/'r#n', wh#!hR/$$#on#e&&o ne)er re&ea$ed or %/1!&* ad"#tted2 3A de(endant #n the >ro'"an !a$e had "ade :+ %hone !a&&$ to the>DN o((#!e #n San >ran!#$!o,3 a $e!ret +,-F DEA re%ort $tate$, not#n' that one o( #t$ !on(#dent#a& #n(or"ant$ had "etw#th the tra((#!ker$ at the >DN6$ o((#!e2The>BIa'ent who#n)e$t#'atedthe!a$e, Da)#d A&1a, hadtt&edo/1t theCIAwa$1eh#ndR/$$#on#e&&o6$de!#$#on to '#)e 1a!k the dr/' "one*2 3Na)a&a or $o"eone he wa$ work#n' w#th wa$ #n)o&)ed w#th the CIA,3 A&1a to&d9/$t#!e De%art"ent #n$%e!tor$ #n +,,F2E)en a(ter the de%o$#t#on$ were !an!e&ed, the a'en!* !ont#n/ed to (ret that #t$ d#rt* $e!ret$ wo/&d $o"ehow&eak o/t2 CIA o((#!#a&$ were #n$tr/!ted to 3"on#tor the %ro$e!/t#on !&o$e&* $o that an* (/rther d#$!&o$/re$ or a&&e'at#on$1* de(endant or h#$ !on(#dant$ !an 1e de(&e!ted23 CIA &aw*er Str#!k&and ar'/ed #n a "e"o that the Co$ta R#!an $tat#on3"/$t1e"adeawareo(the%otent#a&(ord#$a$ter2Wh#&ethea&&e'at#on$"a*1eent#re&*(a&$e, thereare$/((#!#ent(a!t/a& deta#&$ wh#!h wo/&d !a/$e !erta#n da"a'e to o/r #"a'e and %ro'ra" #n Centra& A"er#!a23 A "e"o (ro" CIA'enera& !o/n$e& Stan&e*S%ork#no1$er)ed, 3Th#$ "atter ra#$e$ o1)#o/$ 5/e$t#on$ !on!ern#n'the %eo%&ewe are$/%%ort#n' #n Centra& A"er#!a23In a &en'th* !a1&e to the Co$ta R#!an $tat#on on A/'/$t GD, +,-D, Str#!k&and deta#&ed h#$ !on!ern$2 3Wh#&e th#$%art#!/&ar a$%e!t wa$ $/!!e$$(/&&* re$o&)ed, the %o$$#1#t* o( %otent#a& da"a'e to CIA #ntere$t$ wa$ not &o$t on the 2S2Attorne* or head5/arter$2 B* )#rt/e o( Ra%%a!!#o$ re&at#on$h#% a$ a (or"er !o)ert a!t#on a$$et and a "e"1er o( 1oardo( d#re!tor$ o( a Contra or'an#;at#on, A)#&e$6 ro&e a$ d#re!tor o( the Contra $/%%ort 'ro/% o((#!e #n San 9o$e, and the#r(or"a& !&a#" o( dr/'0ta#nted "one*, !a$e !o/&d 1e "ade that CIA (/nd$ are 1e#n' d#)erted 1* CIA a$$et$ #nto the dr/'trade,3 he wrote2 3Indeed, !&o$e re&at#on$h#% 1etween Na)a&a, a !on)#!ted dr/' dea&er, and Ra%%a!!#o and A)#&e$ !o/&d%ro)e "o$t da"a'#n' e$%e!#a&&* #( an* re&at#on$h#%, no "atter how #nd#re!t, were to !ont#n/e2 A$ &on' a$ Ra%%a!!#oand A)#&e$ !ont#n/e to %&a* an* ro&e #n the ant#0Sand#n#$ta "o)e"ent, an* %/1! d#$!&o$/re o( the (ore'o#n' wo/&dha)e a$ a !erta#n e&e"ent the (a!t that the* were 6nked to6 or 6a$$et$ o(6 CIA23Str#!k&and to&d the Co$ta R#!an $tat#on to &ook #nto whether the Contra$ were dean' dr/'$ 1/t warned 3noa!t#on other than d#$!reet #n5/#r#e$ $ho/&d 1e /ndertaken w#tho/t head5/arter$ a%%ro)a&23What theCIA(o/ndwa$!en$ored(ro"there%ort, 1/t thea'en!*!&ear&*d#dn6t !/t #t$t#e$w#ththetwoN#!ara'/an$2 A)#&e$, #n +,-:, wa$ a%%o#nted to the 'enera& $ta(( o( DN0>ARN2 A +,-- State De%art"ent 1#o'ra%h* o(V#!ente Ra%%a!!#o #dent#(#ed h#" a$ the $e!retar* o( the Contra$6 %ot#!a& d#)#$#on2 In!red#1&*, the +,,- CIA In$%e!torGenera&6$ re%ort that !onta#ned a&& the !a1&e$ !&a#"ed A)#&e$ and Ra%%a!!#o rea&&* hadn6t worked (or the CIA a(ter a&&2The re%eated re(eren!e$ to the" a$ CIA a$$et$ #n the +,-D !a1&e$ were "#$take$, the IG !&a#"ed2In O!to1er +,-D the (edera& 'o)ern"ent ret/rned MEH,.G. to A)#&e$ and Na)a&a2 And not a "o"ent too $oonBe#'ht da*$ a(ter the !he!k wa$ #$$/ed, the 2S2 Con're$$7o/tra'ed 1* the d#$!&o$/re that the CIA and the Contra$ haddro%%ed ant#$h#% "#ne$ #n N#!ara'/an har1or$7!/t o(( a&& CIA (/nd#n' (or the Contra$2De$%#te the CIA6$ e((ort$ to kee% Contra #n)o&)e"ent #n the $o0!a&&ed >ro'"an !a$e (ro" 1e!o"#n' %/1!,$o"e o( the tr/th 'ot o/t when Car&o$ Ca1e;a$ took the w#tne$$ $tand #n &ate +,-D a'a#n$t h#$ e801rother0#n0&aw2 nderoath, and a$ a 2S2 'o)ern"ent w#tne$$, Ca1e;a$ ad"#tted that $o"e o( the !o!a#ne "one* wa$ 'o#n' to the Contra$2Ae to&d the 4/r* o( h#$ "eet#n'$ w#th Aora!#o Pere#ra,and o( Pere#ra6$ ner)o/$ne$$ o)er the Contra$6%ro(#t$ 1e#n'"#$$%ent 1* the hard0dr#nk#n' Na)a&a2 Pa'e$ (ro" the &ed'er 1ook$ #n wh#!h Ca1e;a$ ke%t tra!k o( the Contra$6 !o!a#newere #ntrod/!ed #nto e)#den!e and "ade %/1!, $how#n' !o!a#ne tran$a!t#on$ w#th Contra o((#!#a& >ernando San!he;2Na)a&a wa$ !on)#!ted o( tra((#!k#n' and $enten!ed to %r#$on2 Ca1e;a$6$ te$t#"on* went /n!ha&&en'ed2 It a&$owent /nre%orted2 Tho/'h the San >ran!#$!o new$ "ed#a had (a#r&* $wooned when Ca1e;a$ and Na)a&a were arre$ted,not a $#n'&e re%orter $t/!k aro/nd to !o)er the tr#a&2 The e)#den!e o( Contra #n)o&)e"ent #n !o!a#ne tra((#!k#n' #n San>ran!#$!o wo/&d e /nd#$t/r1ed #n a (edera& !o/rt (#&e (or another two *ear$2 3The* were do#n' the#r %atr#ot#! d/t*3 nke Car&o$ Ca1e;a$, who wa&ked #nto an e8#$t#n' !o!a#ne $a&e$ o%erat#on and 1e'an dean' do%e the ne8tda*, Dan#&o B&andIn wa$ (or!ed to "ake h#$ own wa*, (#nd#n' h#$ own 1/*er$ #n a !#t* he rea&&* d#dn6t know2 I( he had1een #n San >ran!#$!o, #t wo/&d ha)e 1een a d#((erent $tor*2 DN d#re!tor Ed'ar Cha"orro to&d the San >ran!#$!o E8a"#ner #n +,-H that he and>DNd#re!tor >rank Arana(&ewtoSan>ran!#$!o#nO!to1er +,-Gto$e&e!t &o!a& &eader$(or the>DN6$$/%%ort!o""#tteethere2 ree&an!e #n)e$t#'at#)e re%orter Dann* Ca$o&aro wa$ &ook#n' #nto the Ca1a;onXWa!kenh/t %ro4e!t$ a$ %art o( a&ar'er!on$%#ra!*#n)e$t#'at#onatthet#"ehewa$(o/nddead#na We$tV#r'#n#a"ote&roo"#n+,,+, a&&e'ed&*a$/#!#de )#!t#"2 Ae had to&d (r#end$ he wa$ !on)#n!ed that 3$%#e$, ar"$ "er!hant$ and other$ were /$#n' the re$er)at#ona$ a &ow0%ro(#&e $#te on wh#!h to de)e&o% wea%on$ (or Th#rd Wor&d ar"#e$, #n!&/d#n' the N#!ara'/an Contra$23 TheChron#!&e$tatedthat Contra&eader EdenPa$torahad)#$#teda(#r#n'ran'enear there$er)at#on(or awea%on$de"on$trat#on #n +,-+, a !&a#" Pa$tora ha$ 1oth !on(#r"ed and den#ed on $e%arate o!!a$#on$2In ear&* +,,D the 2S2 9/$t#!e De%art"ent anno/n!ed that #t wa$ o%en#n' 3a nat#onw#de #n)e$t#'at#on3 #ntoCa$o&aro6$ $/$%#!#o/$ death7a %ro1e ordered 1* then0a$$o!#ate attorne* 'enera& We11 A/11e&&2 Not &on' a(terwardA/11e&& %&eaded '/#&t* to !r#"e$ he6d !o""#tted wh#&e an Arkan$a$ &aw*er and re$#'ned (ro" the 9/$t#!e De%art"ent2What re$/&ted (ro" the Ca$o&aro #n)e$t#'at#on, or e)en whether #t e)er went (orward, ha$ not 1een "ade %/1!2A/11e&&6$ #ntere$t #n the 4o/rna$t6$ death "a* ha)e 1een "ore than %a$$#n' !/r#o/$#t*2 A/11e&& had h#$ own!onne!t#on$ to a !o"%an* that wa$ "ak#n' wea%on$ %art$ (or the Contra$2T#"La>ran!e6$$tor*a1o/t $ett#n'/%anar"$ (a!tor*w#thRona&dL#$ter #nE& Sa&)ador 1ear$$tr#k#n'$#"#&ar#t#e$ to one to&d 1* Terr* Reed, a (or"er a#r (or!e #nte&'en!e o((#!er and >BI #n(or"ant who 1e!a"e #n)o&)edw#th the CIA6$ Contra %ro4e!t #n the "#d0+,-.$2 Reed, a %#&ot and "a!h#ne too& e8%ert, $a#d he wa$ #n#t#a&&* re!r/#ted totra#n wo/&d01e Contra %#&ot$ at a !&ande$t#ne a#r$tr#% near Ne&&a, Arkan$a$2 Later, he !&a#"$, he wa$ a$ked to he&% theCIA $et /% $e!ret wea%on$ %art$ (a!#t#e$ #n Arkan$a$ and, &ater, #n e1r/ar* +F, +,-H, Sea& wa$ "/rdered #n New Or&ean$ 1* Co&o"1#an h#t "en2 >o/r "onth$ &ater, #n 9/ne,North!a&&edthe>BIand!&a#"edthat therewa$an3a!t#)e"ea$/re$%ro'ra"31e#n'd#re!teda'a#n$t h#"1*theSand#n#$ta$2 Peo%&e were (o&&ow#n' h#", he (retted, d#re!t#n' death threat$ and $"ear$ a'a#n$t h#"2 3North e8%re$$ed(/rther !on!ern that he "a* 1e tar'eted (or e"#nat#on 1* or'an#;ed !r#"e d/e to h#$ a&&e'ed #n)o&)e"ent #n dr/'r/nn#n',3 a Wa$h#n'ton01a$ed >BI a'ent wrote2 North %o#nted to 3the "/rder on >e12 +F, +,-H o( a DEA a'ent, Stee&eK$#!L, on the date %r#or to Stee&e6$ te$t#(*#n' a'a#n$t the Sand#n#$ta$ (or dr/' #n)o&)e"ent23Sea&6$ 3%er$ona& re!ord$ $howed h#" to 1e a !ontra!t CIA o%erat#)e 1oth 1e(ore and d/r#n' h#$ *ear$ o( dr/'0r/nn#n' #n or!e#n)e$t#'at#on#n)o&)#n'the!o!a#netra((#!k#n'a!t#)#t#e$o(a%ro"#nent L#tt&e Ro!k 1/$#ne$$"an who o%erated $e)era& 1ank#n' #n)e$t"ent (#r"$ and 1rokera'e$ #n Arkan$a$ and>&or#da,3 the >BI re%ort $tated2 3The #n)e$t#'at#on re)ea&ed that th#$ 1/$#ne$$"an wa$ the "a#n $/%%er o( !o!a#ne tothe #n)e$t"ent 1ank#n' and 1ond !o""/n#t* #n the L#tt&e Ro!k area, wh#!h ha$ the &ar'e$t 1ond !o""/n#t* #n then#ted State$ o/t$#de o( New York C#t*2 Th#$ ta$k (or!e #n)e$t#'at#on re$/&ted #n the !on)#!t#on o( th#$ 1/$#ne$$"an andGD !ode(endant$ to 4a#& $enten!e$ ran'#n' (ro" (o/r "onth$ to +. *ear$, a$ we&& a$ the $e#;/re o( !o!a#ne, "ar#4/ana, ana/to"o1#&e, an a#r%&ane and MFF,...23T*%#!a&&*, #n)e$t#'at#on$!ond/!ted1*(edera& Or'an#;edCr#"eDr/'En(or!e"ent Ta$k>or!e=OCDET>?/n#t$ tar'et to%0&e)e& !r#"#na& or'an#;at#on$, not 1/$#ne$$"en who take a (ew toot$ e)er* now and then2 Re$ear!her$(a"#ar w#th the La$ater #n)e$t#'at#on $a* that the >BI6$ de$!r#%t#on o( #t$ L#tt&e Ro!k #n)e$t#'at#on 'oe$ (ar 1e*ondan*th#n' that ha$ e)er 1een %/1!&* re&ea$ed a1o/t the La$ater %ro1e2Ro'er ran!e $a#d2 3W#&ker had heard a1o/t "* $t/(( (ro" the A'en!*2 Ae $a#d hehad a (r#end who wanted to ta&k a1o/t a dea&2 I !a&&ed to !he!k and Lan'&e* $a#d he KW#&kerL wa$ $t#&& work#n' (or theA'en!*2 So I $tarted do#n' 1/$#ne$$ w#th L#$ter and W#&ker23 L#$ter wa$ not o((#!#a&&* a CIA e"%&o*ee, a!!ord#n' toLa>ran!eJ 3Ae wa$n6t 'ett#n' a %a*!he!k (ro" the"2 Ae "a* ha)e $a#d he d#d 1/t h#$ !onne!t#on wa$2 2 2w#th W#&ker2Ver* (ew %eo%&e e)er work d#re!t&* (or the A'en!*23>or"er CIA o((#!er 9ohn Vandewerker, who on!e e"%&o*ed W#&ker a$ a $a&e$"an, $a#d he knew L#$ter andW#&ker were #n)o&)ed #n $o"e 1/$#ne$$ a!t#)#t* #n E& Sa&)ador2 3It wa$ k#nd o( to/!h*2 2 2a$ (ar a$ 'ett#n' o/t o( the!o/ntr*anda&& that k#ndo( $t/((23Aed#dnot e&a1orate2 =Co#n!#denta&&*, Vandewerker6$na"ewa$(o/nd#nthenote1ook$ o( #n)e$t#'at#)e re%orter Dann* Ca$o&aro a(ter h#$ death, #n !onne!t#on w#th the 'o#n'$0on at the Ca1a;onre$er)at#on2?P*ra"#d wa$ e)ent/a&&* to$$ed o/t o( E& Sa&)ador at the /r'#n' o( the 2S2 Ar"*, wh#!h took o)er the wea%on$%&ant that he and P*ra"#d had $tarted, La>ran!e $a#d2L#$ter d#$"#$$e$ an* $/''e$t#on that he wa$ 3know#n'&*3 work#n' (or the CIA2 In an #nter)#ew w#th %o!e #n+,,H, he !&a#"ed 3that #( he were a((#ated w#th an or'an#;at#on ke the CIA, he wo/&dn6t ta&k a1o/t #t23 Ae !on(#r"ed,the dete!t#)e$ wrote, that he had 1een a 3$e!/r#t* !on$/&tant and had dean'$ and o((#!e$ down #n E& Sa&)ador2 L#$ter$a#d he had a 6ree1a$#n' wa$ what !o"ed#an R#!hard Pr*or had 1een do#n' when he $et h#"$e&( on (#re on 9/ne ,, +,-., andran $!rea"#n' (ro" h#$ 1edroo" #n Northr#d'e, o/t$#de L2A27a 1a&& o( 1&a;#n' %o&*e$ter &ea%#n' a!ro$$ neat&* ke%t&awn$2 3A#$ %o&*e$ter $h#rt had "e&ted onto h#$ ar"$ and !he$t and he $/((ered th#rd0de'ree 1/rn$ (ro" the wa#$t /%,3T#"e "a'a;#ne re%orted2 3The Lo$ An'e&e$ %o!e $a* Pr*or to&d the" that the a!!#dent o!!/rred wh#&e he wa$ 6(ree01a$#n'6 !o!a#ne23Pr*orwo/&d&ater$a*(ree1a$#n'wa$on&*tan'ent#a&&*re&atedtoh#$(ear(/& $!or!h#n'2The(#reha%%ened1e!a/$e he a!!#denta&&* #'n#ted $o"e +:+0%roo( r/" wh#&e #n a da;e (ro" a $e)ent*0two0ho/r (ree1a$#n' 1#n'e2 I( he6d1een$"ok#n'(ree1a$e, #n(a!t, he"#'ht ne)erha)e1/rnedh#"$e&(ata&&JPr*or$a#dhe$tarteddr#nk#n'ther/"1e!a/$e he6d r/n o/t o( !o!a#ne2The d#$t#n!t#on d#dn6t "atter "/!h to the new$ "ed#a2 The (a!t that Pr*or7a "a4or !e&e1r#t*7had an a!!#dentwh#&e #n the !&/t!he$ o( $o"e we#rd, e8ot#! new dr/' ha1#t "ade #t 1#' new$2 3When Co!a#ne Can K#&&,3 New$weektr/"%eted2 3A dan'ero/$ dr/' !ra;e3 #$ how Peo%&e Week&* %/t #t2 The Lo$ An'e&e$ T#"e$ d#$!o)ered to #t$ a&ar" that#n the "o$t&* 1&a!k NBA, (ree1a$e /$e wa$ $%read#n' a"on' %ro 1a$ket1a&& %&a*er$2A$ one !o!a#ne e8%ert wrote #n +,-G, the !o)era'e o( Pr*or6$ a!!#dent wa$ 3re"#n#$!ent o( the %re0Aarr#$on A!t*e&&ow 4o/rna$" KandL to&d the $tor* o( how !o!a#ne wa$ 1e!o"#n' the "odern )er$#on o( the B&a!k !o!a#ne "ena!eo( the ear&* +,..$23 The Aarr#$on A!t o( +,+D, wh#!h o/t&awed re!reat#ona& !o!a#ne /$e #n the n#ted State$, re$/&ted(ro" a w#&d7and 1o'/$7new$%a%er !a"%a#'n "o/nted 1* $o/thern $her#(($ who nked !oke0!ra;ed 1&a!k $t/d$ tothe ra%e$ o( wh#te wo"en2>or a )ar#et* o( rea$on$, #n!&/d#n' the 1ad %re$$ (ro" Pr*or6$ "#$(ort/ne, (ree1a$#n' wa$ &ar'e&* a %a$$#n' (ad,ne)er rea&&* tak#n' ho&d e8!e%t a"on' a (ew r#!h, hard0!ore dr/' /$er$2 3The re&at#)e&* h#'h !o$t and d#((#!/&t* o(%rod/!#n' !o!a#ne (ree01a$e "ade #t &e$$ a!!e$$#1&e to "o$t !o!a#ne /$er$,3 dr/' re$ear!her Ste)en Be&enko wrote #n+,,E2 3Ane$t#"ated+.Ro( !o!a#ne/$er$#nthe&ate+,F.$a&$o/$ed(ree01a$e!o!a#ne2 B/t theneed(or&ar'e5/ant#t#e$ o( re&at#)e&* %/re !o!a#ne and )o&at#&e !he"#!a&$ to %rod/!e (ree01a$e "#ted #t$ a%%ea& to the 1roader 'ro/%o( !o!a#ne /$er$23nkeR#!hardPr*or6$ ne#'h1orhood,the ne#'h1orhood whereR#!k*Ro$$)edrare&* $aw !o!a#ne #nan*(or"2 A$ hard a$ the dr/' wa$ to (#nd #n wh#te, "#dd&e0!&a$$ !o""/n#t#e$, #t wa$ ten t#"e$ a$ $!ar!e #n So/th Centra&L2A2, where the Ro$$ (a"#&* had )ed $#n!e the ear&* +,H.$2 Peo%&e #n the %ro4e!t$ d#dn6t ha)e that k#nd o( "one*, and#( e)er* on!e #n a wh#&e the* d#d, the* $/re a$ he&& d#dn6t 'o o/t and $%end #t a&& on wh#te %owder that 1are&* 'ot *o/h#'h2A!!ord#n' to a Rand In$t#t/te $t/d* o( $treet %r#!e$ %a#d 1* DEA a'ent$ and #n(or"ant$, an o/n!e o( !o!a#ne%owder #n L2A2 wa$ $e&n' (or MD,-DD #n +,F,2 Other $o/r!e$ %&a!e #t at ro/'h&* MG,:.. an o/n!e, $/''e$t#n' that DEAa'ent$ weren6t the $a))#e$t $ho%%er$ aro/nd2 In an* e)ent, a t#n* 1#t !o$t a1o/t ha&( the a)era'e ann/a& #n!o"e o( aSo/th Centra& re$#dent2 L#tt&e wonder that "ar#4/ana and an'e& d/$t7a dan'ero/$ !he"#!a& known #n the %ro4e!t$ a$3Sher"3 or 3water37were the dr/'$ o( !ho#!e where R#!k* Ro$$ )ed2 The* were (ar &e$$ e8%en$#)e2 That wa$ wh*Tho"a$ C2 3Toot#e3 Ree$e, the a&&e'ed k#n' o( !o!a#ne #n 1&a!k L2A2 at the t#"e, &a"ented that he ne)er $o&d a$ "/!h!oke a$ the !o%$ and the %re$$ !&a#"ed23When*o/"ent#oned dr/'$,whether#twa$hero#nor!oke,*o/heard Toot#e6$ na"e,3$a#d (or"erLAPDnar!ot#!dete!t#)eSte)en Po&ak23Ae wa$ thek#n'%#n,e$%e!#a&&* #n the (#(t#e$ and $#8t#e$2E)er*1od* wa$work#n'Toot#e Ree$e2 Toot#e Ree$e wa$ %ro1a1&* one o( the (#r$t 1&a!k$ who rea&&* d#d 1#' do%e23 B/t the "an h#"$e&( had ad#((erent $tor* (or the L2A2 T#"e$, wh#!h #nter)#ewed h#" a (ew "onth$ a(ter h#$ arre$t #n De!e"1er +,-E (or $e&n'two k#&o$ o( !o!a#ne to /nder!o)er o((#!er$23Ia#n6t ne)er1een1#',3 Toot#eto&dthe T#"e$2 So"ee)#den!e'atheredd/r#n'the#n)e$t#'at#ono(Ree$e1a!ked /% h#$ a$$ert#on that h#$ !o!a#ne0dean' %rowe$$ had 1een 'reat&* o)errated2 D/r#n' a ta%ed !on)er$at#on w#th/nder!o)er a'ent$, Ree$e to&d the" that 3"o$t o( h#$ !/$to"er$ %/r!ha$e on&* (#)e o/n!e$ or +. o/n!e$ and that he hadon&* (#)e k#&o0$#;e !/$to"er$23 That ad"#$$#on wa$ "ade at a t#"e when a "/!h 1#''er dea&er #n So/th Centra&7Dan#&oB&andIn7wa$"o)#n'do;en$ o(k#&o$a"onththro/'h 4/$t one!/$to"er2 Ree$e wa$ "o$t&* ahero#nand"ar#4/ana dea&er2 B* the ear&* +,-.$, when !o!a#ne $tarted $ee%#n' #nto the #nner !#t#e$ #n not#!ea1&e a"o/nt$, Ree$ewa$ a d#no$a/r23The$e new k#d$, on!e the e#'ht#e$ h#t and the$e 'an'$ hooked /% w#th th#$ do%e, he wa$ noth#n' an*"ore,3 e80dete!t#)e Po&ak $a#d2 3Ae wa$ 4/$t an o&d 'rand%a who6d &o$t h#$ teeth and wa$n6t worth an*th#n' an*"ore23 A +,-,L2A2 T#"e$ #$her, the /%ho&$ter* tea!her, and the two %&a*ed tenn#$ to'ether(re5/ent&*2 Ro$$ $oon ado%ted >#$her a$ a (ather (#'/re2 3#$her6$ ho/$e w#th the#r hard0earned !a$h23We 1o/'ht what6$ !a&&ed an -0tra!k o( !o!a#ne (ro" h#"2 It6$ three 'ra"$ o( !o!a#ne2 At that t#"e, #t %ro1a1&*wa$ a1o/t a 'ra" o( !o!a#ne and a1o/t two 'ra"$ o( !/t23 Tak#n' the -0tra!k (or MG:., the* !/t #t a'a#n and $o&d #t o((#n 1#t$ and %#e!e$2 3We !o/&d take #t to o/r ne#'h1orhood where we $ta*ed at and #t wo/&d $e&& (or Ka tota& o(L (#)e, $#8h/ndred do&&ar$2 2 22 I th#nk the (#r$t t#"e we "#'ht ha)e "ade a1o/t MH.. o(( #t2 2 2an aw(/& &ot o( "one*23In$tead o( $%end#n' the %ro(#t$, Ro$$ $a#d, the* went 1a!k to >#$her6$ ho/$e and ordered "ore !o!a#ne2 3So&d #t,"ade "ore "one*,3 Ro$$ $a#d2 3I d#dn6t rea&&* know the 'a"e2 It wa$ ke we were 4/$t $t/"1n' thro/'h, *o/ knowwhat I6" $a*#n'@ P#!k#n' /% a$ we 'o23Ro$$ $a#d the a"o/nt o( !a$h he wa$ a1&e to 1r#n' #n $!ared h#"23I wa$ $e&n', and O&e wa$ $tand#n' 1a!k, *o/ know, and wat!h#n' "e, *o/ know, "ake $/re d#dn6t no1od*tr* to ro1 "e or noth#n' ke that,3 Ro$$ $a#d2 3So I wo/&d "ake ke three h/ndred do&&ar$, I wo/&d take #t ho"e and%/t #t /%, 1e!a/$e I d#dn6t want to 1e $tand#n' o/t there w#th a who&e &ot o( do%e and a who&e &ot o( "one*2 Be!a/$e the%o!e ra#ded the $%ot a&& the t#"e, *o/ know2 The* "#'ht 1e ra#ded e)er* +: or G. "#n/te$2 It wa$ a PCP $treet2 The*wa$ $e&n' PCP there2 B/t the* wo/&dn6t %a* no attent#on to "e /n&e$$ I had a &ot o( "one* on "e23Ro$$ $a#d the !o%$ "o$t&* 4/$t $"e&&ed dea&er$6 hand$, &ook#n' (or the te&&ta&e $ten!h o( PCP2 3The* wo/&d 4/$t$"e&& "* hand$, %at "e and &et "e 'o2 B/t #( I had a wad o( "one*, #t wo/&d draw attent#on, $o we ne)er wanted to 'eto)er two or three h/ndred do&&ar$23A!5/a#ntan!e$ who were dean' PCP73$&an'#n' Sher"3 or 3$e&n' water,3 a$ #t wa$ !a&&ed7"ade (/n o(h#" (or $e&n' !oke 1e!a/$e there wa$ a "/!h 1#''er "arket (or an'e& d/$t2 3A&& the '/*$ $e&n' PCP /$ed to te&& /$,6Ya6&& !an "ake "ore "one*, *a6&& $ho/&d $e&& PCP26 And I wa$ ke, 6No, that6$ a&& r#'ht, I don6t want to "e$$ w#th PCP2That6$ too hard26 And !o!a#ne wa$ "ore, ke, (&*er, "ore ke the /%%#t* %eo%&e, *o/ know, wa$n6t no1od* 'o#n' !ra;*,*o/ know@ When the* $"oked the PCP the* wo/&d 'o !ra;* and $t/(( and I wo/&d th#nk, 6I a#n6t 'onna 1e #n)o&)edw#th that26 Co!a#ne #$ ke, "e&&ow, and #t wa$ !oo&2 So I d#dn6t "#nd do#n' #t23St#&& $'ht&* /n$/re o( the (/t/re o( the !o!a#ne 1/$#ne$$, Ro$$ ke%t h#$ hand #n the a/to 1/$#ne$$ a$ we&&2 Aewa$ $t#&& $tean' !ar$ and (en!#n' the" or $tr#%%#n' the" down #n h#$ 1od* $ho% and %art#n' the" o/t2 On or "e, #t wa$ a 1#' !/$to"er23Aenr* wa$ $o 'rate(/& (or B&andIn6$ he&% that he a'reed to $hare h#$ %ro(#t$ on e)er* k#&o he $o&d, (#(t*0(#(t*23We$%t the!o""#$$#on,3B&andIn$a#d, 1/t he!o/&dn6t re"e"1erhow"/!hthat wa$2 3Iwa$$e&n'toAenr*Corra&e$ and Aenr* Corra&e$ wa$ $e&n' to h#" KR#!k*L2 Aenr* wa$ !o"#n' to "e to %#!k /% the $t/((23Ro$$ den#ed he wa$ re!e#)#n' that "/!h !o!a#ne (ro" Aenr* when he $tarted h#$ re&at#on$h#% w#th h#"2 Ae andO&e were $t#&& dean' "o$t&* o/n!e$ at that %o#nt, he $a#d2 It wa$ #n "/&t#0o/n!e &ot$, to 1e $/re7the*6d 1/* (o/r ore#'ht o/n!e$ a da*2 B/t he $a#d the* d#d not 'rad/ate to 1/*#n' k#&o$ /nt#& &ater2 B&andIn $a#d he knew how "/!h Ro$$had 1een 1/*#n' (ro" I)an 1e!a/$e the 5/ant#t* he $o&d h#" deter"#ned h#$ %r#!e2Ro$$ $a#d he d#d not know that Dan#&o B&andIn had ado%ted h#" a$ a !/$to"er2 9/$t a$ he hadn6t known whereI)an 'ot h#$ !oke (ro",he d#dn6t know where Aenr* 'ot h#$2 It6$ not that he wa$n6t !/r#o/$2It wa$ 4/$t a 5/e$t#on!o!a#ne dea&er$ d#dn6t a$k ea!h other2In the !o!a#ne 1/$#ne$$, $er#o/$ dea&er$ had 'ood rea$on to !/t o/t the#r who&e$a&er and 1/* d#re!t&* (ro" the$o/r!e2 The !&o$er the* 'ot, the !hea%er and %/rer the !o!a#ne 1e!a"e2 The "ore hand$ #t %a$$ed thro/'h, the "oret#"e$ the %rod/!t 'ot $te%%ed on, or !/t, and the &ower the %ro(#t$ 1e!a"e2A&& R#!k*knewwa$that on!ehe$tarteddean'w#thAenr*, h#$!o!a#ne%r#!e$(e&& a'a#n2 6C3 Ro$$ &a/'hed2 3>#r$t $tarted o/t, I wa$ %a*#n' $o"eone to!ook #t2 B/t e)er*1od* a&wa*$ /$ed to "ake #t "ore !o"%!ated than #t wa$2 L#ke the !ooker$ ne)er wanted *o/ to&earn how to !ook #t2 So e)er*1od* k#nd o( ke%t #t ke h/$h0h/$h2 6Oh "an, *o/ 'ot to &et "e do #t2 Yo/ 'o#n6 to "e$$ #t/%263In tr/th, ro!k !o!a#ne #$ ea$* to "ake2 P/t !o!a#ne %owder #n a %an, add $o"e water and 1ak#n' $oda, and heat/nt#& #t $tart$ !ra!kn'2 Done2The re!#%e had 1een (&oat#n' aro/nd a tt&e wh#&e 1e(ore #t !a/'ht ho&d #n So/th Centra&2 In No)e"1er +,F,,Tenn*$on G/*er6$ Se&e!t Co""#ttee #n)e$t#'at#n' !o!a#ne %ro)#ded the (#r$t %/1! a#r#n' o( the #n'red#ent$ needed tot/rn %owder #nto !ra!k2 3A $a/!er, a '&a$$, a %a%er towe& and Ar" V Aa""er 1ak#n' $oda are a1o/t a&& that #$ needed,3te$t#(ed Dr2 >rankn Sher o( Wa&n/t Creek, Ca(orn#a, a Ba* Area %h*$#!#an who$e (a"#&* owned the !o/ntr*6$ &ar'e$t(ree1a$e %ara%hernaa !o"%an* at the t#"e2In +,-+ an a/thor na"ed T2 Da)#d$on %/1$hed a %a"%h&et, The Nat/ra& Pro!e$$B Ba$e0#! In$tr/!t#on$ andBak#n' Soda Re!#%e, o/t o( T/$t#n, Ca(orn#a, an Oran'e Co/nt* town a1o/t th#rt* "#&e$ ea$t o( L2A2, wh#!h !onta#ned$te%01*0$te% #n$tr/!t#on$ on howto "ake !ra!k2 Da)#d$on ha#&ed the $#"%&e %ro!ed/re a$ 3$a(e, hea&th*ande!ono"#!a&23Ro$$ $a#d he wat!hed h#$ !ooker (or a wh#&e and tho/'ht, 36What the he&&, I6" 'o#n' to tr* #t26 Be!a/$e the (#r$t%er$on that e)er tr#ed #t wa$ "e2 O&e d#dn6t tr* #t (#r$t2 I tr#ed #t (#r$t2 Then I to&d O&e, 6Yo/ !an do that $h#t too26 So we$tarted !ook#n' #t o/r$e&)e$ and we $tarted $e&n' what we !a&&ed 6read* ro!k263 Ae !r/"1&ed the ro!k /% and de)ered#t #n MG. h#t$7n/''et$ a1o/t the $#;e o( a 1a&& 1ear#n'7(#r$t #n t#n* 1#t$ o( a&/"#n/" (o#&, then &ater #n t#n* '&a$$ )#a&$2Ro$$ $"oked $o"e h#"$e&( and (o/nd the !ra)#n' (or "ore $o %ower(/& that he )owed to $ta* a$ (ar awa* (ro"the $h#t a$ %o$$#1&e2B/t, "an, what a %rod/!t2Ae $aw how h#$ !/$to"er$ rea!ted2 On!e the* tr#ed #t, the* ne)er wanted an*th#n' e&$e2 3I th#nk what "ade /$$tart$"ok#n'wa$!/r#o$#t*and(r/$trat#on2 Iknowthat#twa$n6ttheB&a!k1rother$6 or$#$ter$6 #ntent#onto$"oke!o!a#ne a$ a !areer2 It6$ 4/$t $o add#!t#n'2 It6$ ke one h#t #$ one too "an* and a "#&on h#t$ #$ not eno/'h,3 e8%&a#nedB#' Sh#%head, a Shot'/n Cr#% $#n!e he wa$ twe&)e *ear$ o&d2 3In "* o%#n#on, #t6$ the wor$t dr/' that e)er h#t the (a!e o(th#$ earth23What ha%%ened ne8t wa$ 4/$t what the $!#ent#$t$ had 1een %red#!t#n' $#n!e +,FD2 A$ 1a$e had done #n L#"a andLa Pa; e#'ht *ear$ earer, ro!k !a/$ed a $en$at#on #n So/th Centra&2 B/t #t wa$ an /nder'ro/nd $en$at#on #n#t#a&&*2A +,-: $t/d* 1* two n#)er$#t* o( So/thern Ca(orn#a $o!#a& $!#ent#$t$ %ro)#de$ $o"e o( the on&* e8#$t#n'do!/"entat#on o( !ra!k6$ %ro're$$#on #n So/th Centra& #n the ear&* +,-.$, when Ro$$ and other$ 1e'an $e&n' #t2 It #$ke read#n' the or#'#n$ o( the B&a!k Death23We2 2 2re)#ewedtheLAPDSo/thB/rea/Nar!ot#!D#)#$#ona!t#)#t*re%ort$(ro"9an/ar*o(+,-Gtothe%re$ent KA%r#& +,-:L,3 $o!#o&o'#$t$ or h#$ (#r$t dr/' de)er*, 3We went to an a%art"ent that wa$ on the $e!ond(&oor and there wa$ a door, an #ron door2 And there wa$ a '/*, *o/ know, w#th a $hot'/nB 6Who are *o/@6 We #dent#(*o/r$e&)e$, then *o/ ha)e to %a$$ another '/* w#th another "a!h#ne '/n, or $hot'/n2 And #n$#de, near the d#nner ta1&e #nthe )#n' roo", there were a1o/t (#)e '/*$, and a&& the '/*$ were there w#th a '/n at the ta1&e23When a$ked to date that en!o/nter, B&andIn wa$ /n!&ear2 3+,-G,3 he $a#d /nder oath2 3E8!/$e "e2 Sorr*2 +,-E2+,-E, I th#nk $o rea&&*2 +,-E2 E8!/$e "e, I "ake a "#$take2 +,-D, 1e!a/$e I wa$ )#n' #n Northr#d'e2 Ye$, +,-D23 Ro$$$a#d he wa$ #ntrod/!ed to B&andIn a1o/t $#8 or $e)en "onth$ a(ter he $tarted dean' w#th Aenr*, wh#!h wo/&d %/t h#$(#r$t (a!e0to0(a!e "eet#n' w#th B&andIn $o"e t#"e #n the (a&& o( +,-G or ear&* +,-E2Aenr*6$ ret#re"ent a&$o $ee"ed to #"%ro)e the 5/at* o( the !o!a#ne Ro$$ wa$ 'ett#n'2 When he took #t to thedea&er$ who were h#$ !/$to"er$, the* ra)ed a1o/t #t2 3The* $a#d that the $t/(( wa$ not !/t2 It wa$ %/re23 Ro$$ had(#na&&* rea!hed the $o/r!e, the we&&$%r#n' (ro" wh#!h %/re, /n!/t !o!a#ne (&owed #n a1/ndan!e2 A#$ $treet0dean' da*$were o)er2 Now, he wa$ the "an to $ee2And tr/e to (or", he 1e'an to #nno)ate2 I( there wa$ a ne#'h1orhood where the dea&er$ were not %/$h#n' h#$$/%%&*, Ro$$ $a#d, he wo/&d (#nd the hood6$ to% dea&er and %a* h#" a (r#end&* )#$#t, 1r#n'#n' w#th h#" a !o/%&e k#&o$ o(Dan#&o6$ (#ne$t, wh#!h he wo/&d '#)e the r#)a& dea&er (ree a$ a "ea$/re o( h#$ re$%e!t2 Tr* #t o/t and $ee what *o/ th#nk,he wo/&d te&& the"2 And then Ro$$ wo/&d te&& the" the %r#!e, and he wo/&d ha)e another !/$to"er2Other t#"e$, he wo/&d #n)#te dea&er$ to $"oke %art#e$, where a&& the !ra!k the* wanted wo/&d 1e a)a#&a1&e onthe ho/$e2 There wa$ %&ent* "ore where that !a"e (ro", the* wo/&d 1e to&d2 And the %r#!e2 2 2Ro$$ $a#d h#$ (#r$t dea& w#th B&andIn wa$ (or 3aro/nd e#'ht o/n!e$23 B&andIn, howe)er, $a#d #t wa$ "/!h "orethan that, at &ea$t a k#&o, and that the#r 1/$#ne$$ 'rew 'eo"etr#!a&&* (ro" there2 3In tho$e t#"e$, there were one, two,three, (o/r, (#)e, $#8, "a*1e $e)en a da*,3 he $a#d2 3E)er* da*23At $e)en k#&o$ a da*, Ro$$ wa$ "o)#n' "ore than G.. k#&o$ o( !o!a#ne e)er* $#n'&e "onth2 That "eant he wa$%/"%#n' o/t aro/nd +H:,... )#a&$ o( !ra!k a da*7: "#&on ro!k$ a "onth23There #$ no do/1t that R#!k* Ro$$ !reated a "a$$#)e d#$tr#1/t#on network that %o/red enor"o/$ a"o/nt$ o(!ra!k #nto Lo$ An'e&e$, and e&$ewhere, d/r#n' the "#d0+,-.$,3 the 9/$t#!e De%art"ent6$ In$%e!tor Genera& !on!&/ded#n +,,-, !a&n' #t a 3h/'e dr/' e"%#re233I had a$ "an* a$ (#)e !ookho/$e$2 Be!a/$e that wa$ o/r harde$t th#n', to !ook2 On!e *o/ !ooked #t, #t wa$$o&d,3 Ro$$ $a#d2 Co"%ton !ra!k dea&er Lero* 3Ch#!o3 Brown to&d o( )#$#t#n' one o( Ro$$6$ 3!ook0ho/$e$,3 and h#$de$!r#%t#on "at!hed the one Ro$$ 'a)e2 A ho/$e #n a !hea% ne#'h1orhood wo/&d 1e %/r!ha$ed 1* a (ront "an and'/tted2 The w#ndow$ wo/&d 1e 1arred and $tee& door$ #n$ta&&ed2 Lar'e, re$ta/rant0$#;e 'a$ ran'e$ and 1#' a&/"#n/"%ot$ wo/&d 1e 1ro/'ht #n at n#'ht and $et /%2 And then the !ooker$ went to work2 The* wo/&d work #n $h#(t$, arr#)#n'and de%art#n' a$ #( the* )ed #n the ho/$e2 The on&* )#$#tor$ wo/&d 1e the !o/r#er$, one to dro% o(( the %owder and theother to %#!k /% the !ra!k23The* were $t#rr#n' the$e 1#' %ot$ w#th tho$e th#n'$ *o/ /$e #n !anoe$,3 Brown $a#d w#th wonder2 3Yo/ know,oar$233Work#n' aro/nd the !&o!k, tak#n' the a'e0o&d a8#o"$ o( 'ood 1/$#ne$$ to o"#no/$ e8tre"e$, KRo$$Ltran$(or"ed a !/r1$#de o%erat#on at -Fth and >#'/eroa #nto the Wa&0DN, %er%et/ated1*Ber"Ode; and h#$ !&o$e$t a$$o!#ate$, death $5/ad &eader R#!ardo La/ and "#&ona#re &and 1aron Ar#$t#de$ San!he;2 Atone%o#nt, do;en$o("#d&e)e& >DN(#e&d!o""ander$%et#t#onedtoha)eBer"Ode;(#red(or$tean'"one*and$5/ander#n' $/%%e$2 So"e CIA (#e&d o((#!er$ were %/$h#n' (or h#$ re"o)a& on the $a"e 'ro/nd$2B/t Ber"Ode; had (r#end$ at CIA head5/arter$ at Lan'&e*,and a(ter he !onta!ted the" a1o/t the #n!#%#ent"/t#n*, the !o"%&a#ner$ were the one$ 1ooted o/t o( the >DN2 The CIA 1ra$$ (e&t the* !o/&dn6t d/"% 3the o1ed#enta$$et who6d he&%ed !on$tr/!t the#r ent#re %ro4e!t,3 D#&&on wrote2St#&&, !on're$$#ona& d#$!o"(ort o)er the CIA6$ ar"* wa$ 'row#n'2 In DN needed%eo%&e, not "one*, 1e!a/$etheCIAwa$%ro)#d#n'"one*,3he$a#dBer"Ode;to&dthe"2 B/t B&andIn6$"entor,Norw#n BI, B&andIn6$a$$o!#ate9a!#ntoTorre$to&da'ent$that B&andIn!ont#n/edre!e#)#n'!o!a#ne(ro"ran!#$!o7area e!ono"#!$ %ro(e$$or2 3Ae wa$ %rote!ted 1* e)er*one /nder the $/n23That !on!&/$#onhad1eenad#((#!/&t and%a#n(/& one(orA#n$worthtorea!h2A$ta/n!h!on$er)at#)eandRe%/1!an %art* $ta&wart, the ta&&, %atr#!#an A#n$worth had 1ee)ed #n the Contra$, and threw h#"$e&( who&ehearted&*#nto the#r !a/$e $tart#n' #n &ate +,-E, when he 1e!a"e #n)o&)ed #n e((ort$ to a$$#$t N#!ara'/an re(/'ee$ who had $ett&ed#n San >ran!#$!o a(ter (&ee#n' the Sand#n#$ta$2 The N#!ara'/an$, he $a#d, "o$t o( who" had 1een So"o;a $/%%orter$,had d#((#!/&t* 'ett#n' he&% (ro" the era& !h/r!he$ #n San >ran!#$!o, wh#!h A#n$worth !&a#"ed were #ntere$ted on&* #na$$#$t#n' re(/'ee$ (ro" r#'ht0w#n' Centra& A"er#!an d#!tator$h#%$2 3A&& o( a $/dden, 1an', we6)e 'ot a %ro1&e" #n o/r1a!k*ard,andno1od*wanted to he&% the",3 A#n$worth re!a&&ed23And $o,I "et $o"eo( theN#!ara'/an$ and we$tarted he&%#n'2 Gett#n' !&oth#n' donat#on$ and $t/(( ke that23In >e1r/ar* +,-D, A#n$worth $a#d, he $aw an anno/n!e"ent #n the San >ran!#$!o Chron#!&e a1o/t a $e"#nar attheS#r >ran!#$DrakeAote& !on!ern#n'Centra&A"er#!aandtheContra$2 Aeattendedand"et 9/oBon#&&a, aN#!ara'/anwhowa$the&o!a& !oord#nator o( the>DN2 The"en!hatted1r#e(&*ande8!han'ed%honen/"1er$2=A!!ord#n' to one %/1$hed $o/r!e, Norw#n ran!#$!o, to "eet w#th $o"e o( the N#!ara'/an$ who had he&%ed %/t the $e"#nar to'ether2 A#n$worth (o/nd a %&ea$ant'ro/%o( "#dd&e0!&a$$h/$1and$andw#)e$, "an*o( the"re!ent #""#'rant$2 One, he$a#d, had1een Ana$ta$#oSo"o;a6$ dent#$t2 The#r &eader wa$ a 4o)#a& %har"a!e/t#!a& $a&e$"an, Don S#n#!!o, known to other$ #n the trade a$ 3ran!#$!o6$new$%a%er$, and S#n#!!o read the" a)#d&*, 1/t not ha%%#&*2 Ae 1ee)ed the %re$$ wa$ !heer&ead#n' (or the Sand#n#$ta$,andhe(#redo(( do;en$&etter$tothenew$%a%er$, !h#d#n'the"(orthe#r 3$&ant23ran!#$!o (re5/ent&*, A#n$worth and S#n#!!o $a#d, and wo/&d /$/a&&* $ta* atthe#r ho"e$ wh#&e #n the !#t* attend#n' to >DN 1/$#ne$$2 Wh#&e (#nd#n' Ca&ero %er$ona1&e and $"ooth, A#n$worth wa$d#$"a*ed 1* the &a!k o( %ot#!a& $o%h#$t#!at#on d#$%&a*ed 1* the >DN $/%%ort 'ro/% S#n#!!o had a$$e"1&ed at Ca&ero6$re5/e$t2 The N#!ara'/an$ were ea'er and !o""#tted to the Contra !a/$e, A#n$worth re!a&&ed, 1/t there wa$n6t a $o/&a"on' the" who knew an*th#n' a1o/t work#n' the A"er#!an %ot#!a& $*$te"2 3That tt&e 'ro/% that /$ed to "eet ath#$ ho/$e2 2 2wo/&d ha)e done noth#n' #( I hadn6t !o"e o)er and $a#d, 6Look, I6&& $et the$e th#n'$ /%26 A&& S#n#!!o and h#$(r#end$ were th#nk#n' o( do#n' wa$ wr#t#n' a (ew &etter$ to the ed#tor2The* had no !onne!t#on$ what$oe)er2 And Iha%%ened to wa&k #n and I wa$ a we&&0!onne!ted '/*23A#n$worth 'ent&* $/''e$ted to the N#!ara'/an$ that there were other wa*$ o( draw#n' attent#on to the#r !a/$e2Wh* not $%on$or a $%eak#n' to/r (or $o"e Contra o((#!#a&$, $/!h a$ Ado&(o Ca&ero@ Br#n' h#" to town, $how h#"aro/nd, 'et $o"e %re$$ !o)era'e2 S#n#!!o, who wa$ SACA6$ %re$#dent, $a#d he and h#$ (r#end$ were 3)er* #"%re$$ed3w#th A#n$worth6$ #dea$ and h#$ %ot#!a& !onne!t#on$ and )oted to "ake h#" a d#re!tor o( the#r new 'ro/%2 3A$ (ar a$ Iknew, he wa$ %re$/"a1&* )er* a!t#)e #n Re%/1!an %ot#!$2 Ae knew $enator$, he knew re%re$entat#)e$, 1oth (edera&and #n Sa!ra"ento2 Ae knew the !ha#r"an o( the %art*2 Ae $ee"ed to 1e #n(&/ent#a& and wa$ a!t#)e #nternat#ona&&* #nant#0Co""/n#$t e((ort$,3 S#n#!!o $a#d2 A#n$worth, he $a#d, 1e'an o%en#n' door$ a&& a!ro$$ San >ran!#$!o2 3Ae wa$ theone who a%%eared to 1e a1&e to 'et /$ the$e 1ook#n'$ at %&a!e$ ke the O&*"%#! C&/1, the Co""onwea&th C&/12 Noneo( /$ 1e&on'ed to tho$e k#nd o( %&a!e$2 B/t he e#ther d#d or knew %eo%&e that d#d2 Ae wa$ a1&e to de)ote h#$ (/&&0t#"eattent#on to the 'ro/%2 #$her"an6$ Whar(2Whenthe1#&& !a"e,A#n$worth $a#d,a$"a&&neat&*dre$$ed "an hehad notnot#!ed 1e(ore !a&&ed the wa#ter o)er and %#!ked /% the ta1 (or the ent#re %art*2 A#n$worth &eaned o)er and a$ked aN#!ara'/an (r#end who &or#da, 9a!k Terre&&, $a#d ran!#$!an who"S#n#!!o $a#d wa$3$o"e k#nd o(a%r#e$t23 Tho/'h he $o"et#"e$%a$$ed h#"$e&(o((a$a Ro"anCatho! %r#e$t, Down' wa$ an orda#ned "e"1er o( a t#n* $%nter !h/r!h !a&&ed the North A"er#!an O&d Ro"anCatho! Ch/r!h o( the tre!ht S/!!e$$#on, a !h/r!h who$e &e'#t#"a!* #$ a "atter o( $o"e de1ate2 Wh#&e work#n' w#thSACA and the Contra$, Down' a%%eared 1e(ore Con're$$ #n +,-: $%ort#n' a !&er#!a& !o&&ar and #dent#(*#n' h#"$e&(a$ a Catho! %r#e$t, to te$t#(* a$ a %/r%orted w#tne$$ to Sand#n#$ta atro!#t#e$2 A#$ a%%earan!e had 1een arran'ed 1* theState De%art"ent6$ O((#!e o( P/1! D#%&o"a!* (or Lat#n A"er#!a, &ater de$!r#1ed 1* !on're$$#ona& #n)e$t#'ator$ a$ an#&&e'a& CIA0r/n do"e$t#! %ro%a'anda "#&&23Sen#or CIA o((#!#a&$ w#th 1a!k'ro/nd$ #n !o)ert o%erat#on$, a$ we&& a$ "#tar* #nte&'en!e and %$*!ho&o'#!a&o%erat#on$ $%e!#a$t$(ro" the De%art"ent o( De(en$e, weredee%&*#n)o&)ed #n e$ta1$h#n' and%art#!#%at#n' #n ado"e$t#! %ot#!a& and %ro%a'anda o%erat#on r/n thro/'h an o1$!/re 1/rea/ #n the De%art"ent o( State,3 a +,,G Ao/$e!o""#ttee$ta((re%ort !on!&/ded2 3A&"o$t a&& o( the$ea!t#)#t#e$wereh#dden(ro"%/1!)#ewand"an*o( the#nd#)#d/a&$ #n)o&)ed were ne)er 5/e$t#oned or #nter)#ewed 1* the IranXContra !o""#ttee$23Thro/'hthat o((#!e, theCIAandtheNat#ona& Se!/r#t*Co/n!#& en'a'ed#n3ado"e$t#!, !o)ert o%erat#onde$#'ned to &o11* the Con're$$, "an#%/&ate the "ed#a and #n(&/en!e do"e$t#! %/1! o%#n#on,3 the re%ort $a#d, e!ho#n'a +,-F #n)e$t#'at#on 1* the Co"%tro&&er Genera& o( the n#ted State$, wh#!h $a#d the State De%art"ent had en'a'ed #n3%roh#1#ted, !o)ert %ro%a'anda a!t#)#t#e$23Down' &ater ad"#tted re!e#)#n' a1o/t MFE,... #n !a$h and tra)e&er$ !he!k$ (ro" O)er North, CIA a'entAdo&(o Ca&ero and other "e"1er$ o( North6$ o%erat#on 1etween +,-H and +,-F 3to a((e!t %/1! o%#n#on (a)ora1&*toward the Rea'an %o$#t#on #n$#de, re'ard#n' Centra& A"er#!a23 Down' te$t#(#ed that the "one* went to a non0%ro(#tor'an#;at#on he6d $et /% #n San >ran!#$!o !a&&ed the Lat#n A"er#!a Strate'#! St/d#e$ In$t#t/te =LASSI?2 In add#t#on toDown', LASSI e"%&o*eda re!ent&*ret#redCIAo((#!er w#the8ten$#)e Lat#nA"er#!ane8%er#en!e, G2 9a"e$Q/e$ada, a N#!ara'/an who )ed #n the San >ran!#$!o area2 3I "et KQ/e$adaL when I $%oke 1e(ore the ret#red 'ro/% o(#nte&'en!e o((#!er$ a (ew *ear$ 1a!k,3 Down' te$t#(#ed #n +,-F2Q/e$ada !on(#r"ed that he worked w#th Down' 1/t $a#d he d#d $o a$ %r#)ate !#t#;en, not (or the CIA2 3I knowno1od* th#nk$ a CIA a'ent e)er ret#re$, 1/t I rea&&* d#d ret#re,3 he $a#d #n an #nter)#ew, w#th a &a/'h2 Q/e$ada a&$o "etNorw#n DN "eet#n', and #n$tant&*, he $a#d, h#$ antennae went /%2 3I (o/nd o/twhat ran!#$!o2CIA head5/arter$ ordered #t$ do"e$t#! a'ent$ to 'et "ore #n(or"at#on a1o/t the /%!o"#n' "eet#n' #n Co$taR#!a, and a (ew da*$ &ater another !a1&e arr#)ed at Lan'&e* w#th add#t#ona& deta#&$2 3The attendee$ at the "eet#n' wo/&d#n!&/de re%re$entat#)e$ (ro" the >DN and DN, and $e)era& /n#dent#(#ed 2S2 !#t#;en$,3 the CIA !a1&e re%orted2 It3#dent#(#ed Renato Pena a$ one o( (o/r %er$on$7a&on' w#th three /n#dent#(#ed 2S2 !#t#;en$7who wo/&d re%re$ent the>DN at the Co$ta R#!a "eet#n'23RenatoPenaCa1rerawa$ oneo( Norw#nran!#$!odr/'dea&er$ anda(r#endo( Denn#$A#n$worth2 Pena wa$ dat#n' Dan#&o B&andIn6$ $#$ter, Le*$&a, and wa$ a to% o((#!#a& #n the San >ran!#$!o >DN2 Pena to&dCIA #n)e$t#'ator$ that he "et DN "eet#n' and $er)ed a$ an o((#!#a& re%re$entat#)e o( the >DN6$%ot#!a& w#n' #n northern Ca(orn#a (ro" +,-G /nt#& "#d0+,-D2 A(ter that, he $a#d, he 3wa$ a%%o#nted to 1e the "#tar*re%re$entat#)eo( the>DN #nSan >ran!#$!o, #n%art 1e!a/$e o( Norw#nee& we"/$t tr*to!on(#r" or re(/te the #n(or"at#on #( %o$$#1&e23 Lan'&e* wanted to know #( Contra &eader$ had 3$!hed/&ed an* "eet#n'#n the ne8t (ew week$@ I( $o, what #n(or"at#on do *o/ ha)e re'ard#n' the attendee$@3The re$%on$e wa$ %ro1a1&* not what CIA head5/arter$ wanted to hear2 3Se)era& Contra o((#!#a&$ had re!ent&*'one to the n#ted State$ (or a $er#e$ o( "eet#n'$, #n!&/d#n' a "eet#n' w#th Contra $/%%orter$ #n San >ran!#$!o,3 theCentra& A"er#!an CIA $tat#on re%orted 1a!k2 =It wa$ d/r#n' O!to1er +,-G that >DN &eader$ "et w#th ran!#$!o #n an e((ort to $et /% &o!a& Contra $/%%ort 'ro/%$ #n tho$e !#t#e$2?TheCIAIn$%e!torGenera&6$re%ort #$$#&ent a1o/t what, #(an*th#n', thea'en!*d#dne8t2 Penato&dCIA#n$%e!tor$ that the /nna"ed 2S2 re'#o/$ or'an#;at#on "ent#oned #n the CIA !a1&e$ 3wa$ an >DN %ot#!a& a&&* that%ro)#dedon&*h/"an#tar#ana#dtoN#!ara'/anre(/'ee$ and&o'#$t#!a& $/%%ort (or Contra0re&atedra&e$, $/!ha$%r#nt#n' $er)#!e$ and %orta1&e $ta'e$23When RenatoPenaand DN3ha$1e!o"e"ore#n)o&)ed #n $e&n' ar"$ and !o!a#ne (or %er$ona& 'a#n than #n a "#tar* e((ort to o)erthrow the !/rrent N#!ara'/anSand#n#$ta 'o)ern"ent23 Ae to&d the a'ent$ a1o/t Norw#n BI and the* te&& "e the* ha)e no #ntere$t #n the !a$e2 Then I !a&& Wa&$h6$ %eo%&e /%and the* $ent a !o/%&e >BI '/*$ o/t to ta&k to "e and the* ha)e no #ntere$t #n #t2 I !o/&dn6t (#nd an*one who wa$#ntere$ted #n th#$2 And I "ade a &e'#t#"ate e((ort2 And %eo%&e were ke, 6Den, &ea)e th#$ a&one2 9/$t &ea)e #t a&one,63A#n$worth re"e"1ered2 3I tho/'ht I wa$ %art o( the e$ta1$h"ent2 And a&& o( a $/dden I wa$ a &e%er23 >r#'htened andheart$#!k, A#n$worth (&ed Ca(orn#a (or the Ea$t Coa$t, where he went #nto $e"#$e!&/$#on2ran!#$!o2 I ha)e ne)er h#dden2 There6$ ne)er 1een a warrant (or "* arre$t2 I ha)e not !han'ed %a$$%ort$2 That Id#re!ted a dr/' tra((#!k#n' or'an#;at#on #$ tota&&* (a&$e23So"e o( DN &eader Ado&(o Ca&ero #n 9an/ar* +,-: that "a*1e #t wa$ t#"e to $tart th#nk#n'a1o/t 3!/tt#n' 1oth o/r &o$$e$ and the#r$23 The ad"#n#$trat#on6$ %re$t#'e wa$ r#d#n' on the Contra$J Rea'an had 'one $o(ar d/r#n' a $%ee!h a$ to !o"%are the" to the (o/nd#n' (ather$ o( the A"er#!an Re)o&/t#on2 The >DN6$ on&* ra* o(ho%e wa$ to w#thdraw (ro" 1att&e and e &ow /nt#& the $%r#n', when Con're$$ a'reed to &et the ad"#n#$trat#on !o"e1a!k and "ake one "ore %#t!h (or "one*2Aad Norw#n DN d#re!tor$ Ado&(o Ca&ero, Enr#5/e Ber"Ode;, Ed'ar Cha"orro, and >rank Arana7there$/&tant $!anda& wo/&d ke&* ha)e w#%ed o/t what tt&e $/%%ort the Contra$ had &e(t #n Wa$h#n'ton2 It wo/&d ha)e a&$oa'a#n tarred the CIA, wh#!h wa$ reen' (ro" the e8%o$/re o)er the har1or "#n#n'$ and a$$a$$#nat#on "an/a&$2 E)en #(noth#n' !o/&d ha)e 1een %ro)en !on!&/$#)e&* a1o/t the CIA6$ #n)o&)e"ent #n the Contra dr/' r#n', the a'en!* wa$$/%%o$ed to 1e the nat#on6$ %r#"ar* #nte&'en!e0'ather#n' ar"7and #t$ re$%on$#1#t#e$ $%e!#(#!a&&* #n!&/ded"on#tor#n' the #nternat#ona& nar!ot#!$ trade2 A %&ea o( #'noran!e a1o/t do%e dean' 1* #t$ own %ara"#tar* (or!e$wo/&d ha)e &ooked a$ 1ad a$ %roo( o( !o"%!#t*2Andthat wa$a$$/"#n'DN6$ &on' #n)o&)e"ent w#th dr/' "er!hant$, 1/t he !o/&d ha)e&ed the %o!e and the %re$$ to Dan#&o B&andIn6$ 1oo"#n' enter%r#$e #n So/th Centra& Lo$ An'e&e$2And what a (#ne %#!t/re that wo/&d ha)e %re$ented2B&andIn wa$ d/"%#n' a $"a&& "o/nta#n o( !o!a#ne #nto L2A26$ 1&a!k ne#'h1orhood$ e)er* week, a$ we&& a$%ro)#d#n' So/th Centra&6$ !ra!k dea&er$ w#th a$$a/&t r#(&e$, $/1"a!h#ne '/n$, and $o%h#$t#!ated te&e!o""/n#!at#on$ andea)e$dro%%#n' 'ear2B&andIn wa$ ha)#n' the t#"e o( h#$ (e2 A$ (ar a$ he and R#!k* Ro$$ were !on!erned, +,-D had 1een a terr#(#!*ear2 And +,-: wa$ on&* 'o#n' to 1e 1etter2 >or one th#n', B&andIn wa$ now an o((#!#a& '/e$t o( the 2S2 'o)ern"ent2The State De%art"ent, a(ter two earer re4e!t#on$, had $/dden&* !han'ed #t$ "#nd #n +,-D and de!#ded to a%%ro)e h#$a%%!at#on (or %ot#!a& a$*&/"2 Now he !o/&d $ta* #n A"er#!a #nde(#n#te&* and no &on'er had to worr* a1o/t 1e#n'$/""ar#&*to$$edo/t o( the!o/ntr*2 Aadthat (a!t 1een"ade%/1!, a&& the%ro%a'and#$t$and$%#ndo!tor$#nWa$h#n'tonwo/&dha)e1eenhard%re$$edtoe8%&a#nwh*the39/$t Sa*No3ad"#n#$trat#onhada&&owedSo/thCentra&6$ 1#''e$t !o!a#ne tra((#!ker to !a&& the n#ted State$ h#$ ho"e2Tho/'h the ad"#n#$trat#on !o/&d ha)e !&a#"ed #'noran!e, there were ea$#&* o1ta#na1&e re!ord$ %ro)#n' that theDEA wa$ (/&&* aware o( what B&andIn wa$ do#n'2 >/rther, #t #$ State De%art"ent %o!* to !he!k w#th the DEA 1e(orea%%ro)#n' a%%!at#on$ (or %ot#!a& a$*&/"2Re!ord$ $howed the dr/' a'en!* had o%ened a NADDIS (#&e on B&andIn on /r#&&o6$ $tor* a&$o %ro"%ted the (#r$t $!#ent#(#! &ook at the ear&* L2A2 !ra!k "arket, done 1* SC $o!#o&o'#$t$or"er a'ent S"#th !&a#"ed that L#$ter wa$ ne)er %ro$e!/ted 1e!a/$e he t/rned o/t to 1e 3(/&& o( hot a#r3 andwa$ 3deter"#ned to 1e #n!a%a1&e o( %rod/!#n' the e5/#%"ent wh#!h he wa$ atte"%t#n' to $e&& to the KGB2 L#$ter6$ &a!ko( 6%re$ent !a%a1#t*6 to !o""#t the !r#"e "ade %ro$e!/t#on #"%ra!t#!a&23 B/t S"#th a!know&ed'ed that 3the A$$#$tant2S2 Attorne* who hand&ed the !a$e (e&t, howe)er, that L#$ter6$ a!t#)#t#e$ were $er#o/$ eno/'h to warrant a 'rand 4/r*hear#n'23L#$ter ad"#tted to L2A2 %o!e that he had 1een !a&&ed 1e(ore the 'rand 4/r* and 5/e$t#oned a1o/t h#$ a!t#)#t#e$2When the %o!e a$ked h#" a1o/t the nat/re o( the e5/#%"ent #n)o&)ed, he $a#d, 3I !an6t 'et #nto that $t/(( w#th *o/'/*$23L#$ter wa$ ne)er#nd#!ted andto&d %o!ehewa$/n!&eara$ tothe o/t!o"e o(the 'rand4/r*#n)e$t#'at#on23That6$ a&& !&a$$#(#ed, #n!#denta&&*,3 L#$ter to&d the"2When the dete!t#)e$ a$ked h#" wh* the #n(or"at#on wo/&d 1e!&a$$#(#ed, L#$ter $a#d, 3I !an6t an$wer that (or *o/23I( the L2A2 dete!t#)e$ were a$ $ke%t#!a& o( L#$ter6$ !&oak0and0da''er work a$ e80>BI a'ent S"#th and (or"er!h#e( P/r!e&& $ee"ed to 1e, the* "/$t ha)e 'otten 5/#te a 4o&t when the* !a&&ed the >BI to a$k (or a !o%* o( the#r o&d(#&e$ on the L#$ter #n)e$t#'at#on2 3S%e!#a& A'ent T#" Be;#!k2 2 2$tated that the >BI re%ort$ and the tran$!r#%t$ o( L#$ter6$'rand 4/r* te$t#"on* were %rote!ted 1* the Nat#ona& Se!/r#t* A!t,3 Dete!t#)e A8e& Ander$on wrote on No)e"1er G.,+,,H2 3At Be;#!k6$ $/''e$t#on I !a&&ed 9oe& Le)#n, !h#e( o( the Cr#"#na& D#)#$#on o( the San >ran!#$!o o((#!e o( then#ted State$ Attorne*2 a#r"ont Aote& #n San 9o$e, Ca(orn#a2 I)an wa$ /n#ntere$ted #n L#$ter6$ $!ra"1&er$, the note$ $a#d, 1/ta$ked L#$ter to %ro!/re $o"e 3Varo n#'ht )#$#on e5/#%"ent23 The note$ a&$o to&d o( L#$ter )#$#t#n' the R/$$#an e"1a$$*#n Wa$h#n'ton, D2C2A(ter 4ott#n' down a de$!r#%t#on o( the A%r#& +,-: )#$#t (ro" >BI a'ent$ S"#th and Cook, L#$ter wrote down a$t o( $e)en na"e$2 3L#$ter $a#d he 'a)e the a1o)e na"e$ to the >BI a'ent$ R#!h S"#th and Da)e Cook,3 the %o!edete!t#)e$ wrote #n the#r +,,H re%ort2 3Ae $a#d the na"e$ 6!a"e /% #n h#$ 1/$#ne$$6 (or $o"e rea$on and he wanted toha)e the na"e$ #n wr#t#n' when he went 1e(ore the 'rand 4/r*2 2 22 L#$ter $a#d the %eo%&e $ted were on&* 61/$#ne$$%eo%&e263 The&a$ttwona"e$onthe$t wereRo1ertoD6A/1/#$$on, ther#'ht0w#n'Sa&)adorandeath$5/ad&eaderwho"theCIA&atera!know&ed'edto1eadr/'andwea%on$tra((#!ker, andRa*Prende$, the(or"erheado(theSa&)adoran Chr#$t#an De"o!rat#! %art*, wh#!h re!e#)ed $/1$tant#a& CIA (#nan!#a& a$$#$tan!e d/r#n' the +,-.$2The dete!t#)e$ d#dn6t a$k wh* L#$ter wo/&d 1e ha)#n' 1/$#ne$$ dean'$ w#th CIA0nked Sa&)adoran%ot#!#an$, or what the nat/re o( that 1/$#ne$$ wa$2B/t the "o$t #ntr#'/#n' na"e on L#$ter6$ $t wa$ at the )er* to% o( #tB B#&& Ne&$on2 3L#$ter $a#d that B#&& Ne&$onwa$ an A2S2I2S2 "e"1er, wh#!h he $a#d $tand$ (or the A"er#!an So!#et* o( Ind/$tr#a& Se!/r#t*2 L#$ter $a#d that Ne&$onwa$ the $e!/r#t* d#re!tor (or the >&e/r K$#!L Cor%orat#on,3 the dete!t#)e$6 re%ort $a#d2W#&a" Ear& Ne&$on wa$ (ar "ore than that, 1/t L#$ter d#dn6t e&a1orate, and the dete!t#)e$ d#dn6t %/$h h#"2 Aadthe* done $o, the* "#'ht ha)e 'otten a 1etter #dea a1o/t wh* the >BI6$ (#&e$ on L#$ter wo/&d $t#&& 1e !&a$$#(#ed e&e)en*ear$ &ater2Be(ore 1e!o"#n' >&/or Cor%orat#on6$ )#!e %re$#dent (or $e!/r#t* and ad"#n#$trat#on, B#&& Ne&$on had 1een theCIA6$ de%/t* d#re!tor o( o%erat#on$7the head $%ook7the "an #n !har'e o( a&& CIA !o)ert o%erat#on$ aro/nd the wor&d(ro" +,FE to +,FH2 A >&/or $%oke$wo"an #n#t#a&&* den#ed to 4o/rna$t N#!k S!ho/ that Ne&$on had 1een a((#ated w#th>&/or /nt#& S!ho/ !on(ronted her w#th do!/"entar* e)#den!e o( h#$ e"%&o*"ent there2On&* then d#d $he ad"#t #t,$a*#n' Ne&$on had worked at >&/or (ro" +,FF to +,-:2A(or"er CIAo((#!er, 9ohnVandewerker, !on(#r"edtoS!ho/that Ne&$onandL#$ter knewea!hother2A%%arent&*, when L#$ter wa$ r/nn#n' o/t to >&/or6$ head5/arter$ #n +,-G and +,-E, #t wa$ B#&& Ne&$on w#th who" hewa$ "eet#n'73Ron6$ 1#' CIA !onta!t,3 a$ L#$ter6$ (or"er o((#!e d#re!tor, Chr#$ DN(o/nder R#!ardo La/on!ehe&d!o/rt a$wardenand!h#e(tort/rer7hadada%ted#t$e&(toh#"2 DN!o""ander Ado&(oCa&ero2 Orhewo/&d!a$/a&&*dro%a1o"10$he&&7ke"ent#on#n'Rona&dL#$ter6$ na"e /n1#dden7to $ee how #t re$onated, do#n' h#$ own $o/nd#n'$ to te$t wh#!h %ath$ the 4o/rna$t$ had taken1e(ore arr#)#n' #n h#$ %re$en!e2Ae &a/'hed heart#&* on&* on!e d/r#n' the a(ternoon, when he wa$ read#n' an #nter)#ew 2S2 a/thor#t#e$ haddone w#th h#$ o&d a$$o!#ate$, 9a!#nto and Ed'ar Torre$, who &ater 1e!a"e #n(or"ant$ (or a )ar#et* o( %o!e a'en!#e$2 InBI, the DEA, the IRS, and the LAPD $at the Tree$ down #n the 2S2 attorne*6$ o((#!e #n Lo$ An'e&e$and 'r#&&ed the" a1o/t #(t* tho/$and k#&o$@ >#(t*0(#)e ton$ o( !o!a#ne@3Ea$#&*,3 he $a#d2 And not w#tho/t a tt&e %r#de2ernande;, wa$ $o hea)#&* #n)o&)ed w#th #&&e'a& Contra o%erat#on$ that he wo/&d 1e(#red and #nd#!ted (or h#$ %art#!#%at#on2B/t there are $e)era& rea$on$ to do/1t a'ent Gon;a&e;6$ $t#rr#n' a!!o/nt o( red A#t; wrote #n +,,-2 3The %o!*"aker$, one ana&*$t a$$ert$, rea&&* wanted to 6$t#!k #t to6theSand#n#$ta$ on th#$ $/14e!t233A&& o( theCentra&A"er#!anStat#on$were$eek#n'#n(or"at#onthat wo/&dnktheSand#n#$ta$ todr/'tra((#!k#n',3 a to% CIA o((#!#a& to&d the In$%e!tor Genera&2 3The 'oa& wa$ to d#"#n#$h the #"a'e o( the Sand#n#$ta$23OneCentra& A"er#!an Stat#onCh#e( re"e"1ered wat!h#n' Lan'&e*6$ odd non0rea!t#on tothe (#r$twa)eo(Contra dr/' tra((#!k#n' re%ort$, wh#!h he $a#d !a"e 3(a#r&* ear&*3 #nto h#$ a$$#'n"ent2 Ae 5/#!k&* reaed wh#!h $#deo( the dr/' war the CIA wa$ on #n Centra& A"er#!a2What theCIAd#dord#dn6t doa1o/t dr/'$3ha$to1e!on$#dered#nthe!onte8t o(DCIW#&a"Ca$e*6$o)err#d#n'%ot#!a& o14e!t#)e,3the$tat#on!h#e(#n$#$ted2TheCIA!ont#n'ent r/nn#n'theContra%ro4e!t 3hadoneo)err#d#n' %r#or#t*B to o/$t the Sand#n#$ta 'o)ern"ent23Con$e5/ent&*, theCIA3a$$#'neda&ow%r#or#t*to!o&&e!t#n'#nte&'en!e!on!ern#n'theContra$6 a&&e'ed#n)o&)e"ent #n nar!ot#!$ tra((#!k#n'2 2 2A'en!* ana&*$t$ had on&* a $"a&& n/"1er o( re%ort$ on wh#!h to 1a$e the#rana&*$#$23 E)en then, A#t; (o/nd, on&* a %r#)#&e'ed (ew #n$#de the A'en!* were a&&owed to $e! the", 1e!a/$e the* were!&a$$#(#ed a$ 3Sen$#t#)e BI head5/arter$ #n Wa$h#n'ton, San >ran!#$!o >BI a'ent Dona&d Aa&e wroteB 3It 1e!a"e a%%arent to the >BIthat Norw#n BI, S>, that Norw#nront wa$ re%ortedto CIA o((#!#a&$23Co$ta R#!an &aw en(or!e"ent o((#!#a&$ $a#d #n #nter)#ew$ that the !ont#n'ent o( DEA a'ent$ work#n' (ro" the2S2 E"1a$$*#nSan9o$e$howedtt&e#ntere$t #nhe&%#n'the"%ro1ere%ort$o( Contradr/'tra((#!k#n'2 9or'eCha)arr#a, a (or"er %ro$e!/tor who #n)e$t#'ated $e)era& $/!h !a$e$ #n the +,-.$ (or the Co$ta R#!an OI9, $a#d he wa$!on)#n!ed the DEA 3knew a1o/t the Contra$ and dr/'$2 A&& the$e ('ht$ and %#&ot$ that were (&*#n' #n and o/t w#thdr/'$ !o/&d not ha)e 1een #'nored 1* the DEA2 The* were &ook#n' #n the other d#re!t#on23There #$ $o"e e)#den!e to $/1$tant#ate that a!!/$at#on2 D/r#n' a +,-F Senate $/1!o""#ttee hear#n', Senator9ohnKerr*o( BI and the 2S2 C/$to"$Ser)#!e $#n!e +,-G, tho$e a'en!#e$ a%%arent&* ne)er 1othered to #n(or" the Co$ta R#!an$ that the* had a "a4or dea&er#n the#r "#d$t2 A!!ord#n' to the Co$ta R#!an %a%er La Na!#on, the OI9 a'ent$ had no #dea who Pere#ra wa$ the da* he%/t #n h#$ /ne8%e!ted '/e$t a%%earan!e at Tro#&o San!he;6$ ho/$e2 On!e the* "ade h#$ a!5/a#ntan!e, howe)er, the*were&oath to &et#t end2In No)e"1er +,-Dthe*%&a!ed w#reta%$ onh#$%hone$and tho$e o( twoa$$o!#ate$2The*5/#!k&* &earned that Pere#ra 3wa$ one o( the 1#''e$t nar!otra((#!ker$ to ha)e o%erated (ro" th#$ !o/ntr*,3 La Na!#onre%orted7the "an 1eh#nd near&* e)er* "a4or dr/' tra((#!k#n' !a$e #n Co$ta R#!a $#n!e +,-+, w#th 3!onne!t#on$ #nAond/ra$, Co&o"1#a, San Andre$ and the n#ted State$23A$ the OI9 a'ent$ $tened #n on Pere#ra6$ %hone !a&&$, the* were $t/nned to (#nd the"$e&)e$ ea)e$dro%%#n' onCo$ta R#!an Contra !o""ander$, whowere d#$!/$$#n' !o!a#ne $h#%"ent$, dr/'&a1$, wea%on$ de)er#e$, and#nternat#ona& %ot#!$ w#th the !o!a#ne dea&er2 A"on' tho$e !a%t/red on the w#reta%$ were DN0>ARN $/1!o""anderEd"/ndo Cha"orroJ Erne$t A#da&'o A1/an;a, DN0>ARN6$ &o'#$t#!$ !h#e( and the %er$ona& a$$#$tant to DN0>ARN!o""ander 3E& Ne'ro3 Cha"orroJ G/#&&er"o Bo&t, a CIA0tra#ned Contra %#&ot who (&ew (or Eden Pa$tora6$ ARDEContra 'ro/%J and Se1a$t#an 3G/a!han3 Gon;a&e;, the "an #n !har'e o( the Pana"an#an &o'#$t#!$ (or ARDE and DN0>ARN2 D/r#n' one !on)er$at#on, a !a&&er "ent#oned that Gon;a&e; wa$ 1/#&d#n' a !o!a#ne %ro!e$$#n' &a1 #n Pana"a,and h#nted that he wa$ k#!k#n' 1a!k MG. "#&on a "onth to Pana"an#an a/thor#t#e$ (or the %r#)#&e'e o( do#n' 1/$#ne$$there2ThePere#raw#reta%$werean#nte&'en!e1onan;a(ortheCo$taR#!an%o!e2 3G/a!han3Gon;a&e;wa$awanted "an at the t#"e o( h#$ !a&&$, ha)#n' re!ent&* (&ed Co$ta R#!a a(ter he and DN0>ARN6$ &o'#$t#!$ !h#e( were!a/'ht w#th H.. 'ra"$ o( !o!a#ne #n a ho/$e #n G/ana!a$te Pro)#n!e2 Gon;a&e; wa$ o)erheard !a&n' Pere#ra (ro" h#$h#deo/t #n Pana"a, where he wa$ )#n' /nder the %rote!t#on o( or"erCIA$tat#on!h#e(>ernande;d#$%/tedPa$tora6$!&a#"$2 3Weatte"%tedtod#"#n#$hh#$#n(&/en!e1*$how#n' other %ot#!a& &eader$ that he wa$ an #rre$%on$#1&e %er$on and $o (orth, 1/t ne)er d#d we e)er /$e nar!ot#!$ ore)enther/"or o( nar!ot#!$ tra((#!k#n'or an*th#n'kethat a$ a"ean$ o( 1r#n'#n'a1o/t th#$ d#"#n#$h"ent,3>ernande; te$t#(#ed2 B/t re!ent&* re&ea$ed CIA (#&e$ $how h#$ te$t#"on* wa$ at 1e$t "#$&ead#n'B the CIA to&d e)er*oneand h#$ 1rother a1o/t #t2 3The re%ort#n' t*#n' Pa$tora and $en#or "e"1er$ o( h#$ 'ro/% to dr/' $"/''n' o%erat#on$ #nthen#tedState$ wa$ d#$$e"#nated1*CIAtoa1roadran'eo( $en#or K2S2 'o)ern"entL #nte&'en!eand&awen(or!e"ent o((#!#a&$,3theCIA6$In$%e!tor Genera& wrote2 That "o)e$tand$#n)#1rant !ontra$t tothe A'en!*6$"ode$t* a1o/t the Le'#on o( Se%te"1er +:6$ and DN0>ARN6$ dr/' dean'J %red#!ta1&*, the #n(or"at#on dea&t a death1&ow to Pa$tora6$ a&read* $hak* re&at#on$h#% w#th Wa$h#n'ton2>/rther e)#den!e o( the CIA6$ ro&e !an 1e (o/nd #n the 1a!k'ro/nd$ o( the "en who $et /% the dr/' dea&$ thate)ent/a&&* r/#ned Pa$tora2 The* had &on'0$tand#n' t#e$ to the CIA or Norw#n #er$9r2, wa$ !on)#n!ed that A/&&6$ ran!h wa$ 1e#n' /$ed (or Contra dr/' ('ht$2 3There #$ no do/1t #n >#er$6$ "#nd thatPa$tora6$ "entran$0$h#%%eddr/'$ o/t o( the a#r$tr#%onA/&&6$ ran!h,3 #n)e$t#'ator$ (or Iran0Contra %ro$e!/torLawren!e Wa&$h re%orted #n +,,+2 3>#er$ reaed th#$ aro/nd +,-H when he heard a&& the e)#den!e (ro" Senator 9ohnKerr*6$ hear#n'$ and (ro" the new$%a%er$2 >#er$ #$ ada"ant that he ha$ no know&ed'e o( CIA !o"%!#t* w#th dr/'a!t#)#t* #n Centra& A"er#!a23A/&&, whento&do( >#er$6$ $tate"ent, wa$ a$ton#$hed2 3Ae&&, hereI tho/'ht that a&& th#$ t#"ethe%eo%&e$%read#n' r/"or$ ke that were the Sand#n#$ta$ and the Co""/n#$t$2 Now I (#nd o/t #t6$ "* own 'o)ern"ent23One o( the &or#da2 3O!ta)#ano and Po%o te&& Geor'e Kor %ot#!a& !on$#derat#on$,there were two #nd#)#d/a&$ who were a$$o!#ated w#th Pa$tora who had a&&e'at#on$ a'a#n$t the" (or dr/' #n)o&


Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Microsoft Xbox - Manual ... · PDF filebaldurs gatew controller layout using the xbox controller dark alliance'" 11 baldurs gate'". dark welcome to

Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Microsoft Xbox - Manual ... · PDF filebaldurs gatew controller layout using the xbox controller dark alliance'" 11 baldurs gate'". dark welcome to

Documents
ALLIANCE HELMET ALLIANCE HELMET - …asset.lemansnet.com/gen/partssource/prod/110000/... · ALLIANCE HELMET ALLIANCE HELMET. ICON MOTOSPORTS ALLIANCE MANUAL ... Vehicle Safety Commission

ALLIANCE HELMET ALLIANCE HELMET - …asset.lemansnet.com/gen/partssource/prod/110000/... · ALLIANCE HELMET ALLIANCE HELMET. ICON MOTOSPORTS ALLIANCE MANUAL ... Vehicle Safety Commission

Documents
COPAL COCOA Info - Alliance of Cocoa Producing …. 490.doc · Web viewCOPAL COCOA Info A Weekly Newsletter of Cocoa Producers' Alliance Health and Nutrition Choose dark chocolate

COPAL COCOA Info - Alliance of Cocoa Producing …. 490.doc · Web viewCOPAL COCOA Info A Weekly Newsletter of Cocoa Producers' Alliance Health and Nutrition Choose dark chocolate

Documents
Dark Traffic: Dark Search, Dark Social, Dark Mobile By Marshall Simmonds

Dark Traffic: Dark Search, Dark Social, Dark Mobile By Marshall Simmonds

Marketing
Dark Eneary and Dark Mass

Dark Eneary and Dark Mass

Social Media
DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY

DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY

Documents
Dark Traffic: Dark Search - Dark Social - Dark Mobile By Marshall Simmonds

Dark Traffic: Dark Search - Dark Social - Dark Mobile By Marshall Simmonds

Internet
Dark Blue Light Blue Dark Green Light Green Dark Gray

Dark Blue Light Blue Dark Green Light Green Dark Gray

Documents
Dark Times for Dark Patterns

Dark Times for Dark Patterns

Design
Dark Matter And Dark Energy

Dark Matter And Dark Energy

Technology
Dark Internet Mail Environment - Dark Mail Alliance · Web Access Host Field ... Dark Mail Access Protocol, and a discussion of Threats and Mitigations. This document provides an

Dark Internet Mail Environment - Dark Mail Alliance · Web Access Host Field ... Dark Mail Access Protocol, and a discussion of Threats and Mitigations. This document provides an

Documents
Dark sky dark matter

Dark sky dark matter

Documents
BAlDUR’s GATe : DARK AlliAnce - Games · PDF fileBAlDUR’s GATe™: DARK AlliAnce™ BlAcK Isle STUDios - 5 - Eldrith gathered all of the Bladed Crescent who remained, all who had

BAlDUR’s GATe : DARK AlliAnce - Games · PDF fileBAlDUR’s GATe™: DARK AlliAnce™ BlAcK Isle STUDios - 5 - Eldrith gathered all of the Bladed Crescent who remained, all who had

Documents
Index des titres - BnFcnlj.bnf.fr/sites/default/files/revues_document_joint/PUBLICATION_4… · Baldur's Gâte - Dark alliance : Black Isle 155 Baleine 47 La Balle perdue 101 Banal

Index des titres - BnFcnlj.bnf.fr/sites/default/files/revues_document_joint/PUBLICATION_4… · Baldur's Gâte - Dark alliance : Black Isle 155 Baleine 47 La Balle perdue 101 Banal

Documents
Extended ServiceGuard/Oracle 9iRAC a high availability cluster solution with DWDM and Dark Fiber Mai Cutler HP Oracle Alliance Lab Sandy Gruver HP Oracle

Extended ServiceGuard/Oracle 9iRAC a high availability cluster solution with DWDM and Dark Fiber Mai Cutler HP Oracle Alliance Lab Sandy Gruver HP Oracle

Documents
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Sony Playstation 2 ...€¦ · Title: Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Sony Playstation 2 - Manual - gamesdatabase.org Author: gamesdatabase.org Subject:

Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Sony Playstation 2 ...€¦ · Title: Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Sony Playstation 2 - Manual - gamesdatabase.org Author: gamesdatabase.org Subject:

Documents
(Audio)dark dark forest2

(Audio)dark dark forest2

Documents
About Dunkin’ Donutscms.ipressroom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/285/files/201602/...In the U.S., our Dunkin' Donuts brand offers 30% Rainforest Alliance Certified Dark Roast Coffee and 100%

About Dunkin’ Donutscms.ipressroom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/285/files/201602/...In the U.S., our Dunkin' Donuts brand offers 30% Rainforest Alliance Certified Dark Roast Coffee and 100%

Documents
The Alliance The Alliance

The Alliance The Alliance

Documents
Dark Dark Wood-Story Flashcards

Dark Dark Wood-Story Flashcards

Documents
Thequantum V acuum, Dark Energy & Dark Matter · • Interacting modified holographic dark energy • Interacting ghost dark energy • Ricci dark energy ... • Agegraphic dark

Thequantum V acuum, Dark Energy & Dark Matter · • Interacting modified holographic dark energy • Interacting ghost dark energy • Ricci dark energy ... • Agegraphic dark

Documents
COMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD...COMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD Communications Alliance

COMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD...COMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD Communications Alliance

Documents
Dark Matter and Dark Energy · Dark Matter and Dark Energy ... -- Virginia Wolf A Room of Ones Own What is the nature of dark energy. ... Ω=0.25 Dark Energy

Dark Matter and Dark Energy · Dark Matter and Dark Energy ... -- Virginia Wolf A Room of Ones Own What is the nature of dark energy. ... Ω=0.25 Dark Energy

Documents
The dark matter and the dark energy proceeding from ... · The dark matter and the dark energy proceeding from elementary particles Christian PIERRE Abstract As dark energy and dark

The dark matter and the dark energy proceeding from ... · The dark matter and the dark energy proceeding from elementary particles Christian PIERRE Abstract As dark energy and dark

Documents
Origins : Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Origins : Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Documents
Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Microsoft Xbox - Manual ... · If have phyed the fist Baldur's Gate: Dork Alliance, Or any Of the Gate games for the PC Gate, lales Of the Gcte 2:

Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2 - Microsoft Xbox - Manual ... · If have phyed the fist Baldur's Gate: Dork Alliance, Or any Of the Gate games for the PC Gate, lales Of the Gcte 2:

Documents
Chapter 16 Dark Matter: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Fate ...rfinn/astronomy/ast06-19-DarkMatterDarkEnerg… · Dark Matter, Dark Energy, & The Fate of the Universe Dark Matter:

Chapter 16 Dark Matter: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, The Fate ...rfinn/astronomy/ast06-19-DarkMatterDarkEnerg… · Dark Matter, Dark Energy, & The Fate of the Universe Dark Matter:

Documents
dark dark house.pptx

dark dark house.pptx

Documents
THE INDIA ALLIANCE - The Christian and Missionary Alliance · the dark paganism of a humble Indian village is not so great a jump as one would think. The difference between worship

THE INDIA ALLIANCE - The Christian and Missionary Alliance · the dark paganism of a humble Indian village is not so great a jump as one would think. The difference between worship

Documents
IN THE DARK DARK PARK…

IN THE DARK DARK PARK…

Documents