Upload
juliet-joseph
View
25
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Friendly Heating: a holistic study of synergism between microclimate, air pollution and cultural heritage. Contract No : EVK4-CT-2001-00067 01/04/2002 - 31/03/2005. Dario Camuffo Pagan Emanuela Maraner Antonella CNR - Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Padova, Italy. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Friendly Heating: a holistic study of
synergism between microclimate, air pollution
and cultural heritage Dario Camuffo
Pagan EmanuelaMaraner Antonella
CNR - Institute ofAtmospheric Sciences and Climate
Padova, Italy
Contract No : EVK4-CT-2001-00067
01/04/2002 - 31/03/2005
Co-ordinator: Dr Dario Camuffo:CNR-ISAC, Padova, Italy
Dr Eng Henk Schellen: Department FAGO, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Prof René Van Grieken: MITAC, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Prof Roman Kozlowski: Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Kraków, Poland
Dr Sirkka Rissanen: FIO, Oulu, Finland
Dr Arturo Busà & Eng Giovanni Consonni: Milanoprogetti S.n.C. Milano, ItalySubcontract: FH, Padova ItalyMr Marcin Kozarzewski: Firma Zajaczkowska - Kloda Sp. z o.o.Lodz, Poland
Participants:
TUTU/ee
Most churches have artworks already adapted to their particular microclimate. After they have been utilised for centuries in the cold, churches have been recently heated, often with evident signs of suffering and damage.
The temperature and humidity cycles are causing enormous damage to artworks, especially wooden and paintings.
Hot air strongly accelerates the deposition rate of smoke and other pollutant particles.
The excess moisture released by churchgoers condenses on cold surfaces.
Why an European Project?Why an European Project?
The ideal solution is to utilise the church as to utilise the church as people were not inpeople were not in, keeping peoplepeople
comfortablecomfortable, but leaving the church in the church in the coldcold, as it was before the use.
The principle is to warm people, not the to warm people, not the church.church.
The FRIENDLY-HEATING project is aimed to leave church and artworks in their natural,
unaffected microclimate.
Briefly, it allows utilising the building as it utilising the building as it were unmannedwere unmanned
Microclimate, Comfort and DiscomfortMicroclimate, Comfort and Discomfort
The Vertical Temperature Profile
may determine Comfort or Discomfort
In addition, the best room Temperature is conditioned by:•Metabolism,Metabolism,•Clothing, Clothing, •Physical ActivityPhysical Activity•Attention levelAttention level
The heat sourceThe heat source
The radiant elementradiant element is a coatingof conductive graphite spread on a glass fabric.
The heat is produced by Joule effectJoule effect when the electrical current crosses the graphite layer.
The element is encapsulated within two polyester/ polyethylene foils which provide electrical insulation.
The maximum temperature is self-regulated by the resistance offered by the graphite coating, which depends on Temperature (T).
Should T exceed an upper physical limit (60-80°C), the expansion of the sheet increases the distance between granules and automatically interrupts the electrical current.
Fire Safety: A natural cut-out
Air Temperature
Radiant Elements Temperature
55° 55°
45°
45°45°
45°
55°
Position and Temperature of the radiant elements
Hand-Warmer Panel
Under Seat Element
Under Kneeler Strip
Seat Thermal Insulator
Transparent Hot Glass
Back
Glass may provide comfort without having
aesthetic impact
Testing the thermal sensation The globethermometer
measures the combined effect of Air Temperature and
Infrared radiation. It has, however, a too slow response.
It has been substituted with a fast responding strip of
blackbody tissue.
The equilibrium temperature has been monitored with a high
precision radiometer
Blackbody Heating between Pews contribution of the Radiant Elements (RE) Jan. 2004
He
igh
t (cm
)
Commercial A,Integrated with FH
FH Hand warmer typeFH Glass type
T (°C)
Commercial B,Integrated with FH
Friendly-Heating of two types: 1) with hand warmer+underseat+kneeler; 2) glass+underseat+kneeler and two types of Commercial system (A&B)
All the four types areswitched on for 60 min.
18-19°
10-15° 20-25°
25°
12-16°
5-7°
12-16°
FRIENDLY-HEATING: Measured Blackbody (Globe-Thermometer) Temperature (2003)
5-7°° ° °/°2003/4
0°
10°
15°
5°
Air Temperature Profile with the old Hot Air Heating System
° °
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
18/01/2003 19/01/2003 20/01/2003 21/01/2003 22/01/2003 23/01/2003 24/01/2003 25/01/2003 26/01/2003 27/01/2003 28/01/2003
Air
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
T(5.7m)T(4.5m)T(3.5m)T(2,5m)T(0.7m)
Old Heating System on
Novel Heating System on
Vertical Air Temperature Profiles (°C) near the altar showing the impact of the old and the novel systems
Vertical Air Temperature Profiles in the Church
(1) before and after the old Hot Air Heating System was
operating for 35 min.
(2) with the Friendly-Heating prototype
operating for 75 min.
30 Jan 03
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Air temperature (°C)
heig
ht (m
)
1 (organ)2 (middle)3 (belltower)4 (altar)5 (pews)
Air Temperature (°C)
He
igh
t (m
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Air temperature (°C)
hei
gh
t (m
)
organ after
middle after
belltower after
altar after
organ before
middle before
belltower before
altar before
before
after 35 min
He
igh
t (m
)
before
after 35 min
Air Temperature (°C)
Outside the pew
area
Inside the pew
area
PercentPercentage of Heat age of Heat actually utilized by actually utilized by
people in the case of people in the case of a traditionala traditional Hot Air Hot Air
Heating SystemHeating System
and with and with FRIENDLY HEATINGFRIENDLY HEATING
This efficiency has been measured after
the distribution of the heat in the
church i.e. the vertical
temperature profile
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Increase in Air Temperature (°C)
Hei
gh
t (m
)
B = Heat dispersed in the Church
A = Utilized Heat
Friendly HeatingFriendly HeatingFriendly HeatingFriendly HeatingEfficiency = A/(A+B) = 80%
B = Heat dispersed in B = Heat dispersed in the Church and the Church and dangerous to artworksdangerous to artworks
Efficiency = A/(A+B)=7%AA
Old Hot Air SystemOld Hot Air System
Dai
ly
RH
(%
)
DailyT (°C)
Hot Air Heating System on
Natural Daily Cycles (including Friendly Heating)
Daily Temperature and Relative Humidity Cycles in the Church
This statue was restored some ten years ago.
New cracks have been generated by the old Hot Air heating system and they are still growing
Instantaneous Tangential Deformation (TD) on the surface and two layers (obtained as 7- and 14-day running average)
Pine, Rocca Pietore church
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1-set 10-dic 20-mar 28-giu 6-ott 14-gen 23-apr 1-ago
De
form
azi
on
e T
an
ge
nzi
ale
(%
)
Deformazione tang
Media Mobile su 7 per. (Deformazione tang)
Media Mobile su 15 per. (Deformazione tang)
Tan
gent
ial D
efor
mat
ion
(%)
Surface Stress = Difference between Tangential Deformation on the Surface (TD) and two deeper layers (7- and 14-day running average)
and stress average (7- and 14-day running average)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
31-ott
30-nov
30-dic
29-gen
28-feb
30-mar
29-apr
29-mag
28-giu
28-lug
27-ago
26-set
26-ott
25-nov
25-dic
24-gen
23-feb
24-mar
23-apr
23-mag
22-giu
22-lug
Dif
fere
nza
di d
efo
rma
zio
ne
Su
pe
rf. -
Inte
rno
(%
) deformazione tang.(ist)-media7media7(deformazione tang.(ist)-media7)deformazione tang.(ist)-media14media14(deformazione tang.(ist)-media14)
Sur
face
Str
ess
(%)
Rocca Pietore church
Sonic Anemometryin draughts monitoring
Natural Background +
minor perturbation
due to Friendly-Heating
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
500 520 540 560 580time (s)
spee
d (
m/s
ec)
VerticalHorizontal
Natural Background
Discomfort level starts at 0.15- 0.2 m/s;
Air Perturbation in the altare zone due
to heating cloth altar and carpet
(anemometer at 1.80m height)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Time (s)
Time (s)
Time (s)
Time (s)
Time (s)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
w (
m/s
)w
(m
/s)
v (m
/s)
u (
m/s
)
w
v
u
Evening Holy Mass (Hot Air Heating) and
night-time natural background
Begin of the service
End of the service
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)
w (
m/s
)
v (m
/s)
u (
m/s
)With the Hot Air SystemThe peaks of the air velocity reach ± 0.3-0.4 m/s. The greater values are in the vertical direction (w).
During the night the air velocity doesn’t exceed ±0.1m/s in all directions
Sonic anemometer at 1.80m heightNext to the altar
Heating the Altar
Hot Altar Cloth ( if necessary)
35°
30°Hot Carpet
Heating elements & radiant temperature (°C)
Hot Altar Cloth
Hot Carpet
Heating Wire
Thermal insulator
Multilayer Hot Carpet Heating
Heating S.Stefano di Cadore (BL)Another example of FH heating system installed in S.Stefano di Cadore on Italian Alps, situated in Val Comelico at 908m above mean sea level.
Heating an Ortodox Church: Stavropoleos Basilica, Bucarest
Back glass heaters for the monumental chairs and heated carpets for the empty nave will be used
IN THE FOLLOWING:
SPARE SLIDES FOR FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
Comparison between calculated, measured and simulated tangential deformation of the finger of the wooden statue
in Rocca church during the winter period.
CalculatedMeasuredSimulated
CalculatedMeasured
Hand-Warmer
Hot Carpets
Seat Thermal Insulator
Choir Stall in the Presbytery
Alte
zza
(cm
)
Blackbody Heating with and without Hot Carpet
Heating (°C)
Hot Carpet contribution
30
20
10
0
40
50
A comparison between three different pew heating systems: Heating of the upper and
lower surface of seats
Upper T
Lower T
Type A Type BFH
Sk
in
Te
mp
era
ture
11 Temperature sensors ( 9 front and 2 back ) are applied to some volunteers
From these data the average skin temperature is calculated to establish the comfort level
Comfort level is objectively established by measuring Skin Temperature
Sirkka RissanenSirkka Rissanen
Data logger
Comfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating systemComfort level with FH and the Hot Air heating system
TEMPO (minuti)TEMPO (minuti)TIME (min)
60.0050.0040.0030.0020.0010.00.00
Me
an s
kin
te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
34.0
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
HEATING
novel
present
comfort neutral
discomfort sligthly cool
Tem
pera
tura
media
della
pelle
(°C
)Neutral Comfort AreaNeutral Comfort Area
Slightly ColdSlightly Cold Comfort AreaComfort Area
Cold Discomfort AreaCold Discomfort Area
3434
3333
3434
3232
3131
3030
2929
Ave
rage
Ski
n T
empe
ratu
re(°
C)
Ave
rage
Ski
n T
empe
ratu
re(°
C)
FRIENDLY-HEATING PrototypeFRIENDLY-HEATING Prototype
Hot Air heating systemHot Air heating system
Sirkka RissanenSirkka Rissanen
Novel Friendly-Heating system switched on for 45 min. Infrared and mild air sources on
(30/01/2003 hr 14:35) Thermal levelsbetween pews before heating
Scale in °C
Height (cm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2002/3
Before Hot air Heating
Hr 16:00
Hot air Heating for 30 min
Hr 16:30
Impact of the Hot Air heating system on the ceiling 30 Jan 2003
1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3 6 .5 7 .1 7 .7 8 .3 8 .9 9 .5 1 0 .1 1 0 .7 1 1 .3 4 .5 5 .1 5 .7 6 .3 6 .9 7 .5 8 .1 8 .7 9 .3 9 .9 1 0 .5
Net ceiling warming
Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with
Friendly Heating and lights on
Ceiling Heatingafter 1h30m operation with
Friendly Heating and lights off
The FH Ceiling Heating is of the same order as lighting heating
T(°C)
Floor TemperatureFH operating since 1h
Altar carpet
Heating in corrispondence of pews
Correlation Coefficient between Temperature and air
velocity in the vertical (w) direction
R(T,W) =0.65
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)
w (
m/s
)
v (m
/s)
u (
m/s
)
Upward flow,
Altar area
FH on
Altar area
No heating
R(T,W) = 0.47
FH on
T (
°C)
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)
w (
m/s
)
R(T,W) = 0.65
Altar area FH on
FH starts operating
T (
°C)
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)
w (
m/s
)
Mid church
FH on
R(T,W) = 0.42
R(T,W) = -0.24T
(°C
)
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)
w (
m/s
)
Near the Bell Tower FH on R(T,W) = 0.77
T (
°C)
w (
m/s
)