Dante’s Inferno

A

Brief

Introduction

Dante Alighieri

• 1265-1321

• Born in Florence, Italy to an old and moderately distinguished family

• Wrote poetry from an early age

• Wrote The Divine Comedy

The Divine Comedy

• Written between 1308 and 1321

• An imaginary journey that takes Dante through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

• An allegory—the journey is symbolic of the spiritual quest for salvation

• Three parts: The Inferno, Pergatorio, and Paradisio

The Inferno

Dante takes a journey through hell which consists of nine circles.

Dante believes that before one can achieve salvation, they must take a hard look at both

evil in the world and in himself.

Theme: Just Retribution

“One large and important group of punishments in the tours of hell consists on those based on the principle of measure-for-measure. The principal appears in many ancient legal systems. The biblical formulation, “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” is part of a wider ancient Near Eastern pattern” (Himmelfarb 75-76)

Theme: Just Retribution

Example: Fortunetellers pretend to know the future. In hell, their heads are fastened on

backwards so they must always look behind themselves.

Geography: Nine Circles of Inferno

1. Limbo

Innocent souls

Blameless, but unbaptized

The atmosphere is peaceful, yet sad

2. Lustful

Here are those who could not resist temptation; these sinners betrayed reason in

favor of their appetite for pleasure.

Here, sinners are tossed and whirled around by winds as in life they were helpless in the

tempests of their passion.

3. Gluttonous

In this circle are the gluttonous—those who consumed in excess during their

time on Earth.

Here, those who feasted away in their lives now lie like pigs in the stinking mud. Also, they are kept company by Cerberus—a three headed dog who growls and tears at them with his teeth and

claws.

4. The Avaricious & Prodigal

Here are those who either wasted and lived greedily and insatiably, or who stockpiled

their fortunes, hoarding everything and sharing nothing.

The punishment for these sinners is to roll weights back and forth against one another.

5. Wrathful & Sullen

The wrathful are here forever lashing out at each other in anger. They are furious and

naked and are biting one another.

The sullen, or gloomy, lie gurgling in black mud, just as their silent anger lay hidden in

their lives.

6. Heretics

Heretics are those who chose their own opinions instead of following the teachings

of the Church; they deny God and the afterlife.

These sinners spend eternity with their bodies in burning graves.

7. Violent

In this circle are all sinners who committed violence against others, self, and God.

In this circle the stench is unbearable. Others—these sinners are submerged in a river of blood and

are shot by centaurs with arrows if they try to escape.God—sinners here are showered by flakes of fire that rain

down on their naked bodies.

8. Fraudulent

Ten pockets based on kinds of malicious fraud--panderers, seducers, flatterers, simoniacs,

fortunetellers, grafters, hypocrites, thieves, evil counselors, sowers of discord, and falsifiers.

In this circle, punishments include: being wedged into stone holes, some wallow in human

excrement, some are afflicted with leprosy, and some are whipped by horned demons.

9. Traitors

This is the deepest level of hell where

Satan himself resides. His wings flap eternally, producing a chilling cold. Here Satan has three faces and they each gush bloody foam and their eyes are forever

weeping as they chew on the three traitors: Judas, Brutus, and Cassius. Sinners here

are frozen deep in ice.