Danh Sach 850 Tu Co Ban

DANH SCH 850 T C BN CN PHI BIT

Come, get, give, go, keep, act, make, put, seem, take, be, do, have, say, see, send, may,

will, about, across, after, against;

among ,at, before, between, by, down, from, in, off, on, over, through, to, under,up, with,

as, for, of, till, than, a, the, all, any, every, no, other, some, such, that, this, I, she, he, you,

who;

and, because, but, or, if, though, while, how, when, where, why;

again,ever, far, forward, here, near, now, out, still, the, there, together, well, almost,

enough, even, little, much, not, only, quite, so, very, tomorrow, yesterday, north, south,

east, west, please, yes, account, act, addition;

adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus,

approval, argument, art, attack, attempt, attention, authority,back, balance, base, baheviour,

belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building,burn, burst,

business, butter, canvas, vare, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, colour, comfort,

company, committee, comparison, competition,condition, connection, control, cook,

copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover, crack, credit, crime, crush, cry, current,

curve, damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design, desire,

destruction, dedail, development, digestion, direction, discovery, discussion, discuss,

disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust, earth, edge, education,

effect, end, error,event, example, exchange, existence, expansion, experience, expert, fact,

fall, family, father,,fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower, fold, food,

force, form, friend, front, fruit, glass, fold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth,

guide, harbour, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humour, ice,

idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument, insurance, interest, intervention,

iron, jelly, join, journey, judge, jump, kick, kiss, knowledge, land, language, laugh, law,

lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love,

machine, man, manager, mark,market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting, memory,

meatle, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month, morning, mother, motion,

mountain, move, music, name, nation, need, news, night, noise,note,number, observaiion,

offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organisation, or, name, own, page, pain, paint,person,

place, plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, power, price, power,

print, process, produce, profit, property, prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push,

quality, question, rain, range, rate, ray, reaction, reading, reason, record, regret, relation,

religion, representative, request, respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river, road, roll, room,

rub, rule,run, salt , sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary, selection, self, sense, servant,

sex, shade, shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk, silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip, slope,

smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze, snow, soap, society, son, song, sort, sound, soup,

space, stage, start, statement, steam. steel, step, stitch, stone, stop, story, stretch, structure,

substance, sugar, suggestion, summer, support, surprise, swim, system, talk, taste, tax,

teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought. thunder, time, tin, top, touch, trade,

transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist, unit, use, value, verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war,

wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter, woman,

wood, word, work, wound, writing, year.

angle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army, baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell,

berry, Bird, blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake, branch,

brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button, cake, camera, card, carriage, cart, cat, chain,

cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup, curtain,

cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer, dross, drop, ear, egg, engine, eye, face, farm, feather,

finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, food, fork, fowl, frame, garden, girl, glove, goat, gun, hair,

hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house, island, jewel, kettle,

key, knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon, mouth,

muscle, nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut, office, orange, oven, parcel, pen,pencil,

picture, pig, pin, pipe, planet, pot, pocket, potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod,

roof, root, school, scissors, scene, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake,

sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp, star, station, stem, stick, stocking,

stomach, store, streel, sun, table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town,

train, tray, tree, troussers ,umbrella, wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing,wine,

worm.

able,acid, angry, automatic, beautiful, black, boiling, bright, broken, brown, cheap,

chemical, chief, clean, clear, common, plex, conscious, cut, deep, dependen, early, elastic,

electric, equal, fat, fertile, first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full, general, good, great, grey,

hanging, happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow, important, kind, like, living, long, male,

married, material, medical, military, natural, necessary, new, normal, open, parallel, past,

physical, political, poor, possible, present, private, probable, quick, quiet, ready, red,

regular, responsible, right, round, same, second, separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky,

stiff, straight, strong, sudden, sweet, tall, thick, tight, tired, true, violent, waiting, warm,

wet, wide, wise, yellow, young.

awake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain, cold, complete, cruel, dark, dead, dear, delicate,

different, dirty, dry, false, feeble ,female, foolish, future, green, ill, last, late, lept, loose,

loud, low, mixed, narrow, old, opposite, public, rough, sad, safe, secret, short, shut, simple,

slow, small, soft, solid, special, strange, thin, white, wrong.

S M V S TH T

S m dng cho bit s lng, m s. S th t dng cho bit th hng, th t.

Trong bi ny ta s hc k v s m v s th t.

Ngy, thng, nm, 4 ma, cch ni gi

Bi ny s ch bn cch ni ngy, thng, nm v 4 ma trong ting Anh. Ni ngy m lch

rt n gin.

CC NGY TRONG TUN

MONDAY = th hai , vit tt = MON

TUESDAY = th ba, vit tt = TUE

WEDNESDAY = th t, vit tt = WED

THURSDAY = th nm, vit tt = THU

FRIDAY = th su, vit tt = FRI

SATURDAY = th by, vit tt = SAT

SUNDAY = Ch nht, vit tt = SUN

* Khi ni, vo th my, phi dng gii t ON ng trc th.

VD: On Sunday, I stay at home. (Vo ngy ch nht. ti nh).

CC THNG TRONG NM

1. January ( vit tt = Jan )

2. February ( vit tt = Feb)

3. March ( vit tt = Mar)

4. April ( vit tt = Apr)

5. May ( 0 vit tt )

6. June ( 0 vit tt )

7. July ( 0 vit tt )

8. August ( vit tt = Aug )

9. September ( vit tt = Sept )

10. October ( vit tt = Oct )

11. November ( vit tt = Nov )

12. December ( vit tt = Dec )

*Khi nivo thng my, phi dng gii t IN ng trc thng

vd: In september, students go back to school after their summer vacation.

(Vo thng chn, hc sinh tr li trng sau k ngh h)

NI NGY TRONG THNG

* Khi ni ngy trong thng, ch cn dng s th t tng ng vi ngy mun ni,

nhng phi thm THE trc n.

VD: September the second = ngy 2 thng 9. Khi vit, c th vit September 2nd

* Nu mun ni ngy m lch, ch cn thm cm t ON THE LUNAR CALENDAR

ng sau.

VD: August 15th on the Lunar Calendar is the Middle-Autumn Festival.

(15 thng 8 m lch l ngy tt Trung Thu)

* Khi ni vo ngy no trong thng, phi dng gii t ON trc ngy.

VD: On the 4th of July, Americans celebrate their Independence Day.

(Vo ngy 4 thng 7, ngi M n mng ngy Quc Khnh ca h).

4 MA

SPRING = Ma xun

SUMMER = Ma h

AUTUMN = Ma thu (Ngi M dng ch FALL thay cho AUTUMN -"fall" c ngha

l "ri", m ma thu th l rng nhiu!?)

WINTER = Ma ng

* Khi ni vo ma no, ta dng gii t IN.

VD: IT ALWAYS SNOWS IN WINTER HERE = y lun c tuyt ri vo ma ng.

CCH NI GI

y ta s ly 9 gi lm mu. Bn c th da vo mu thay i con s cn thit khi ni

gi.

9:00 = IT'S NINE O'CLOCK hoc IT'S NINE.

9:05 = IT'S NINE FIVE hoc IT'S FIVE PAST NINE hoc IT'S FIVE MINUTES AFTER

NINE.

9:10 = IT'S NINE TEN hoc IT'S TEN PAST NINE hoc IT'S TEN MINUTES AFTER

NINE.

9:15 = IT'S NINE FIFTEEN hoc IT'S A QUARTER PAST NINE hoc IT'S A

QUARTER AFTER NINE.

9:30 = IT'S NINE THIRTY hoc IT'S HALF PAST NINE.

9:45 = IT'S NINE FORTY FIVE hoc IT'S A QUATER TO TEN (9 gi 45 hoc 10 gi

km 15)

9:50 = IT'S NINE FIFTY hoc IT'S TEN TO TEN (9 gi 50 hoc 10 gi km 10)

12:00 = IT'S TWELVE O'CLOCK hoc IT'S NOON (gia tra nu l 12 gi tra) hoc

IT'S MIDNIGHT (ng na m, nu l 12 gi m)

* ni r rng gi tra, chiu, ti hay gi sng ta ch cn thm AM hoc PM cui

cu ni gi.

AM: ch gi sng (sau 12 gi m n trc 12 gi tra)

PM: ch gi tra, chiu ti (t 12 gi tra tr i)

- Ch thch:

-Dnh cho bn no t m mun bit AM v PM vit tt ca ch g thi, v ngay c

ngi bn x c khi cng khng nh thng tin ny:

+ AM vit tt ca ch Latin ante meridiem (ngha l trc gia tra)

+ PM vit tt ca ch Latin post meridiem (ngha l sau gia tra)

20 TNH T PH BIN NHT

1. Sau y l danh sch 20 tnh t c dng n nhiu nht trong thc t.

Tnh t Phin m Ngha V d

2. NEW /nju:/ mi This is a new lesson.

3. GOOD /gud/ tt You are a good student.

4. FREE /fri:/ t do, min ph This web service is free.

5. FRESH /fre/ ti You should eat fresh fruit.

6. DELICIOUS /di'lis/ ngon Vietnamese food is delicious.

7. FULL /ful/ y, no The glass is full.

8. SURE /u/ chc chn Are you sure ?

9. CLEAN /kli:n/ sch The floor is clean now.

10 WONDERFUL /'wndful/ tuyt vi You are wonderful.

10. SPECIAL /'spel/ c bit This is a special present.

11. SMALL /sm:l/ nh All I want is a small house.

12. FINE /fain/ tt, khe She has such fine com

13. BIG /big/ to Talk soft, but carry a big stick!

14. GREAT /greit/ v i, ln, tuyt vi I have great news for you.

15. REAL /ril/ thc, tht Is that real?

16. EASY /'i:zi/ d English is easy to learn.

17. BRIGHT /brait/ sng I like a bright room.

18. DARK /d:k/ ti He prefers a dark room.

19. SAFE /seif/ an ton Its not safe to go out late at night.

20. RICH /rit/ giu She is rich, but ugly.

1. Cc gii t ph bin

Di y l tt c nhng gii t c bn m bn cn bit:

Aboard /'bo:d/

ln trn (tu thu, xe la, my bay...)

to go aboard a ship ln tu

to travel aboard a special train i du lch trn mt chuyn xe la c bit

About /'baut/

v to know much about Vietnam bit nhiu v Vit Nam

what shall we write about? chng ta s vit v ci g by gi?

quanh qut, quanh qun y , ri rc

to walk about the garden i quanh qun trong vn

xung quanh

the trees about the pound cy ci xung quanh ao

khong chng, vo khong

about nightfall vo khong chp ti

bn, ang lm (g...)

he is still about it hn hy cn bn lm vic

to go about one's work i lm

(ai); trong ngi (ai), theo vi (ai)

I have all the documents about me ti c mang theo y ti liu

there's something nice about him anh ta c mt ci g hay hay

to be about to

sp, sp sa

the train is about to start xe la sp khi hnh

man about town tay n chi, tay giao thip rng

what are you about? anh mun g?, anh cn g?

(t him,ngha him) anh ang lm g y?

what about?

Above /'bv/

trn

the plane was above the clouds my bay trn my

qu, vt, cao hn

this work is above my capacity cng vic ny qu kh nng ti

he is above all the other boys in his class n vt tt c nhng a tr khc trong lp

trn, hn

to value independence and freedom above all qu c lp v t do hn tt c

above all trc ht l, trc nht l, trc tin l

above oneself

ln mt

phn, bc

to keep one's head above water gi cho mnh c an ton; gi khi mang cng mc n

Across / 'kros/

qua, ngang, ngang qua

across the fields ngang qua cnh ng

bn kia, pha bn kia

the hotel is across the river khch sn bn kia sng

to come across

tnh c gp, bt gp, tnh c thy

to get across somebody

ci nhau vi ai

to turn across

(xem) turn

to put it across somebody

(t lng) tr th ai

nh la ai

trng pht ai, sa cho ai mt trn

After /':ft/

sau, sau khi

after dinner sau ba cm

ng sau, pha sau, ng sau, lin sau

Summer comes after Srping ma h n lin sau ma xun

theo sau, theo ui (din t tm kim, s mong mun, s trng nom sn sc)

to be after something ui theo ci g, tm kim ci g

to thirst after knowledge khao kht s hiu bit

to look after somebody trng nom sn sc ai

phng theo, theo

a pictures after Rubens mt bc tranh theo kiu Ruben

after the Russian fashion theo mt Nga

vi, do, v

after a cool reception vi mt s tip i lnh nht

mc d, bt chp

after all the threats bt chp tt c nhng s do nt

after all

cui cng, sau ht, rt cuc, xt cho cng

after one's heart

hp lng () vi ai

after a manner (fashion)

tm tm, tm c

after that

sau

after you

xin mi i trc

after you with

sau anh th n lt ti y nh

day after day

ngy ny qua ngy khc, ngy n k tip ngy kia

the day after

ngy hm sau

time after time

ht ln ny n ln khc

NHNG THNH NG TING ANH C BN NHT

Thnh ng l nhng cch ni c rt nhiu ngi dng din t mt ngha no , v

vy nu lm dng s gy ra s nhm chn. Tuy nhin, thnh ng rt thng c dng,

nht l trong vn ni. Bn cn bit t nht l tt c nhng thnh ng sau c th hiu c

ngi bn x ni g v thnh ng c i khi khng th on ngha c da trn ngha en

ca cc t trong .

A Bird In The Hand Is Worth Two In The Bush = mt con chim trong tay c gi tr

hn hai con chim trn tri.

Example : "Dan has asked me to go to a party with him. What if my boyfriend finds out?"

Reply: "Don't go. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."

A Drop In The Bucket = ht mui b bin

Example : "I'd like to do something to change the world but whatever I do seems like a

drop in the bucket."(Ti lm mt s vic thay i th gii nhng nhng vic ti lm

dng nh ch nh ht mui b bin)

A Fool And His Money Are Easily Parted = 1 k ngc khng gi c tin lu

Example: "Her husband can't seem to hold onto any amount of money; he either spends it

or loses it. A fool and his money are easily parted."

A Penny Saved Is A Penny Earned = 1 xu tit kim cng nh 1 xu lm ra

Example : "I'm going to give you $20 but I want you to put it in the bank; a penny saved is

a penny earned!"

A Piece Of Cake = d nh n cho

Example :"Do you think you will win your tennis match today?" Answer: "It will be a

piece of cake."

Absence Makes The Heart Grow Fonder = s vng mt lm tnh yu ngt ngo hn

Example :"The time we spend apart has been good for us; absence makes the heart grow

fonder."

Actions Speak Louder Than Words = hnh ng c gi tr hn li ni

Example : "Don't tell me how to do this; show me! Actions speak louder than words."

Add Fuel To The Fire = thm du vo la

Example : "I would like to do something to help, but I don't want to add fuel to the fire."

It Is All Greek to me. = Ti chng hiu g c. (m ch ch vit hoc ting ni)

Example : "Did you understand what he just said?" Reply: "Nope. It was all Greek to me."

All Thumbs = vng v, hu u

Example : "Hey! You are pouring my coffee on the table!" Reply: "Oh, I'm so sorry! I have

been all thumbs today."

Cost An Arm And A Leg = tr 1 ci gi ct c, tn rt nhiu tin

Example : "Be careful with that watch; it cost me an arm and a leg."

Arm In Arm = tay trong tay

Example : "What a nice afternoon. We walked arm in arm along the beach for hours."

Beating Around The Bush = vng vo tam quc

Example : "If you want to ask me, just ask; don't bea

Better Late Than Never = th tr cn hn khng

Example : "Sorry I was late for the meeting today; I got stuck in traffic." Answer: "That's

okay; better late than never."

Between A Rock And A Hard Place = ng gia 2 la chn kh khn

Example : "I'd like to help you but I am stuck between a rock and a hard place."

Birds Of A Feather Flock Together = ngu tm ngu, m tm m.

Example : "Look; the volleyball players are eating at the same table together, as always."

Answer:

"Birds of a feather flock together."

Bite Off More Than You Can Chew = khng lng sc

Example : "I thought I could finish this report within one month, but it looks like I have

bitten off more than I can chew."

Bite Your Tongue = c gng im lng

Example : "Whenever that professor says something I don't like, I have to bite my tongue."

Blood Is Thicker Than Water = 1 git mu o hn ao nc l

Example : "When my best friend and my brother got in a fight I had to help my brother;

blood is thicker than water."

Burn Your Bridges = t cu ca mnh, tc l t lm mt i c hi ca mnh

Example : "I wish you hadn't been rude to that man just now; he is very important in this

town and you shouldn't go around burning bridges."

Burning The Candle At Both Ends = vt kit sc ra lm vic

Example : "Ever since this new project started I have been burning the candle at both ends.

I can't take much more of it."

Call It Off = hy b

Example : "Tonight's game was called off because of the rain."

Cross Your Fingers = ng tc c tin l s em li s may mn

Example : "Let's cross our fingers and hope for the best!"

Curiosity Killed The Cat = s t m c th rt nguy him

Example : "Hey, I wonder what's down that street; it looks awfully dark and creepy."

Answer: "Let's not try to find out. Curiosity killed the cat."

Don't Count Your Chickens Until They're Hatched = trng cha n m g

Example : "Next Friday I will be able to pay you back that money I owe you." Answer: "I

won't be counting my chickens..."

Dont put all your eggs in one Basket = ng b tt c trng vo 1 r, tc hy chia

u nhng nguy c ra nhiu ni gim ri ro

Example : "The best way to gamble is to only bet small amounts of money and never put

all your eggs in one basket."

From Rags To Riches = t ngho kh tr thnh c ph

Example : "My uncle is a real rags to riches story."

Get Over It = vt qua, qua khi

Example : "I was very sick yesterday, but I got over it quickly."

Great Minds Think Alike = t tng ln gp nhau

Example : "I have decided that this summer I am going to learn how to scuba dive."

Answer: "Me too! I have already paid for the course. Great minds think alike!"

Have No Idea = khng h bit, khng c khi nim no

Example : "I can't find my keys. I have no idea where I put them."

It Takes Two To Tango = c la mi c khi

Example : "Her husband is awful; they fight all the time." Answer: "It takes two to tango."

Keep An Eye On = xem chng, trng chng, mt n

Example : "I have to run to the bathroom. Can you keep an eye on my suitcase while I am

gone?"

Let Sleeping Dogs Lie = ng gi li nhng chuyn khng hay

Example : "I wanted to ask her what she thought of her ex-husband, but I figured it was

better to let sleeping dogs lie."

Neither A Borrower, Nor A Lender Be = ng cho mn tin, cng ng mn tin

Example : "Could you lend me twenty dollars?" Answer: "Sorry, neither a borrower nor a

lender be."

Never Bite The Hand That Feeds You = ng bao gi cn vo bn tay t cho ta

n

Example : "We have been your best customers for years. How could you suddenly treat us

so rudely?

You should never bite the hand that feeds you.

Off The Hook = mt, phin, cng khe

Example : "You're lucky; it turns out that Dad never heard you come in late last night."

Answer: "Great, that means I'm off the hook!"

Everybody Is On The Same Page = mi ngi u hiu vn

Example : "Before we make any decisions today, I'd like to make sure that everyone is on

the same page."

Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind = xa mt cch lng

Example : "I meant to read that book, but as soon as I put it down, I forgot about it."

Answer: "Out of sight, out of mind."

People Who Live In Glass Houses Should Not Throw Stones = bn thn mnh khng

ng th ng ch ngi khc sai

Example : "Look at what time it is... you are late again!" Answer: "Hey, how often are you

not on time? People who live in glass houses should not throw stones."

Practice Makes Perfect = cng tp luyn nhiu cng gii

Example : "You see how quickly you are getting better at the piano! Practice makes

perfect!"

Put Your Foot In Your Mouth = t h ming mc quai, ni l li

Example : "Let's all be very careful what we say at the meeting tomorrow. I don't want

anyone putting their foot in their mouth."

Rome Was Not Built In One Day = Thnh La M khng phi c xy trong 1 ngy

Example : "It is taking me a long time to write this computer program." Answer: "Rome

was not built in one day."

Rub Salt In An Old Wound = Xt mui vo vt thng cha lnh

Example : "Oh please, let's not rub salt in old wounds!"

Second Nature = vic d dng

Example : "It has always been second nature for me to draw with both hands."

Start From Scratch = bt u t u, bt u t con s khng

Example : "How are you going to build your business?"

Answer: "Just like everyone else does: starting from scratch."

The Pros And Cons = nhng mt li v nhng mt hi

Example : "I've considered the pros and cons and I've decided: it is going to be expensive,

but I still want to go to college."

The Straw That Broke The Camel's Back = git nc lm trn ly

Example : "You've been rude to me all day, and I've had it. That's the last straw!"

The Writing On The Wall = tn hiu r rng bo hiu s thay i

Example : "Can't you see the writing on the wall?"

Third Wheel= k d tha, k cn mi

Example : "You two go on ahead without me. I don't want to be the third wheel."

Tie The Knot = kt hn

Example : "Did you hear about Dan and Jenny? They finally decided to tie the knot!"

Turn Over A New Leaf= quyt tm thay i cuc i

Example : "I'm turning over a new leaf; I've decided to quit smoking."

Two Wrongs Don't Make A Right = hai ci sai khng lm nn 1 ci ng

Example : "That boy pushed me yesterday and I am going to get him back today!" Answer:

"No you are not! Two wrongs do not make a right."

Under The Weather = khng khe trong ngi, b bnh nh do thi tit

Example : "What's wrong?" Answer: "I'm a bit under the weather."

Up Against = ng u vi

Example : "We have been up against stronger opponents in the past."

Water Under The Bridge = chuyn qua ri

Example : "Aren't you still angry about what he said?" Answer: "No, that was a long time

ago. It's all water under the bridge."

Do As The Romans Do = nhp gia ty tc

Example : "Are you sure we should eat this with our hands?" Answer: "Why not? All of

these people are eating it that way. When in Rome, do as the Romans do!"

When Pigs Fly = cn khuya, khng bao gi c chuyn u

Example : "Would you ever take her on a date?" Answer: "Sure- when pigs fly!"

Without A Doubt = chc chn, khng cn nghi ng g na

Example : "Are you going to watch the game tomorrow?" Answer: "Without a doubt!"

Word Of Mouth = s truyn ming

Example : "Where did you hear about that?" Answer: "Just word of mouth."

You Can't Judge A Book By Its Cover = o ca sa khng lm nn thy tu, ng nh

gi da trn v b ngoi

Example : "He dresses in plain clothing and drives an ordinary car. Who would know he is

the richest man in town? You can't judge a book by its cover!"

DANH SCH CC THUT NG VN PHM C BN

Mt khi hc ting Anh, bn s thng xuyn gp nhng thut ng ny. hc tt

vn phm ting Anh, chng ta cn phi hiu c nhng khi nim c bn ny. Nu bn

khng th nh ht mt ln, hy thng xuyn xem li trang ny m bo mnh c c s

vng chc trc khi tin xa hn. Danh sch ny ch bn lm quen khi qut. phn

khc s c nhng bi cp chi tit v tng mc c th.

Adjective (vit tt: adj) = Tnh t - l t ch tnh cht, dng b ngha cho danh t, i t.

Th d: cao, thp, gi, tr, mc, r

Adverb (vit tt: adv) = Trng t : dng b ngha cho ng t hoc c cu. Th d: mt

cch nhanh chng, hm qua, ngy mai

Article = Mo t : ng trc danh t. Trong ting Vit khng c t loi ny nn bn cn

phi lm quen k t loi ny v chng c dng rt rt rt nhiu v a s ngi hc ting

Anh khng phi u bit dng ng, ngay c ngi hc lu nm. Mo t c hai loi: mo

t xc nh v mo t bt nh.

1. Indefinite article = Mo t bt nh: c 2 t l A v AN

2. Definite article = Mo t xc nh: c duy nht 1 t THE

A ng trc danh t bt u bng ph m.

Th d: A CAR (mt chic xe hi)

AN ng trc danh t bt u bng nguyn m

Th d: AN APPLE (mt tri to)

Nguyn m: l m bt u vi a, e, i, o, u

Ph m: l m vi ch bt u khc vi nhng m trn y

Ngoi l: C khi mt ch c ch ci ng u l ph m nhng l ph m cm nn ch

vn c coi l bt u vi m nguyn m. Th d: Hour c m H cm c nh Our v

vy khi dng mo t bt nh phi l: AN HOUR

Auxiliary verb = Tr ng t: l nhng ng t gm BE, DO, HAVE, c dng vi mt

ng t chnh to ra nhng cu trc vn phm nh: th, b ng cch, th nghi vn, th

ph nh. BE, DO, HAVE s c th thay i hnh thc ty theo ch ng.

Clause = Mnh : l t hp c ch ng v v ng nhng phi i km mt mnh

khc ph hp v ngha to thnh mt cu c ngha.

Conditional clause = Mnh iu kin: l mnh bt u bng t NU, TR KHI.

Dng din t mt s kin, tnh trng trong tng lai, hin ti hoc qu kh, c th c

tht hoc c th khng c tht.

Infinitive = ng t nguyn mu . ng t nguyn mu khng c TO ng trc gi l

BARE INFINITIVE, c TO ng trc th c khi gi l TO INFINITIVE. Nu bn c

trong tay Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc (mua ngoi nh sch gi khong 5000), bn s thy

c 3 ct, l: ng t nguyn mu khng c TO, dng QU KH ca ng t , dng

QU KH HON THNH ca ng t . Khi hc xu hn, bn s hiu v ct th 2 v

3. Mi bt u, bn ch cn hc dng nguyn mu ca tng ng t trc, sau , chng ta

s bn v cch bin i ng t t cu. Trong ting Vit, ng t khng bao gi thay

i hnh thc ca n. Trong ting Anh, ty theo ch ng, ty theo thi gian, ty theo cu

trcng t phi thay i hnh thc tng ng. Tuy nhin, tt c u c quy lut h

thng, do , bn ng qu lo, chng ta s i tng bc mt.

Modal verb = ng t khim khuyt: Gm c tt c l : CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT,

MUST, OUGHT TO, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD. ng t khim khuyt lun

ng trc ng t nguyn mu khng c TO din t mt dng ngha nht nh, nh:

KH NNG, CHO PHP/XIN PHP, BN PHN, KH NNG hoc TNH CHC

CHN.

Noun = Danh t: T ch tn gi ca s vt, s vic, tnh trng. Ta c danh t c th, danh

t tru tng, danh t s t, danh t s nhiu. Cch xc nh danh t m c hay khng

trong ting Vit l ta hy thm s trc n v xem n nghe c ng khng.

V d: mt ngi: ng nhng mt tin: sai. Vy ngi l danh t m c v

tin l danh t khng m c. Trong ting Anh cng c th p dng cch ny, tr mt

s ngoi l sau ny bn s bit.

Object = Tn ng: L t i sau ng t, b ngha cho ng t. Mt cu thng c 3

phn: CH NG + NG T + TN NG. Th d: TI N CM (Ti: ch ng,

n: ng t v cm: tn ng).

Active voice = Th Ch ng: L cu trc vn phm ta dng thng thng, khi ch ng l

tc nhn gy ra hnh ng. Th d: Ti cn con ch.

Passive voice = Th B ng : L cu trc vn phm khi ch ng l i tng chu nh

hng ca hnh ng do tc nhn khc gy ra. Th d: Ti b ch cn.

Preposition = Gii t: L t gii thiu thng tin v ni chn, thi gian, phng hng,

kiu cch. Th d: trn, di, trong ngoii khi gii t i sau ng t to nn mt

ngha mi v trong trng hp nh vy, ta phi hc thuc lng v khng c quy tc chung

no c.

Pronoun = i t: l t c th dng thay th danh t khng phi lp li danh t no

. Tuy nhin c 2 i t khng thay th ai ht, l hai i t nhn xng I v YOU. i

t c cc loi: i t nhn xng (ti, anh, ch y, c y), i t s hu v i t ch nh.

Ch c hai loi i t sau cng khng c t loi tng ng trong ting Vit. Do , bn cn

lm quen vi chng t nay v sau.

Relative clause = Mnh quan h: L mnh bt u bng WHO, WHERE, WHICH,

WHOSE, hoc THAT. Dng xc nh hoc a thm thng tin. Mnh ny c dng

tng ng trong ting Vit nhng khng phi lc no cng dng c, trong khi ting

Anh, dng mnh ny dng thng xuyn. Th d: Anh y l mt ngi n ng m mi

c gi u mun c ly lm chng. Mnh m mi c gi u mun c ly lm

chng a thm thng tin v ngi n ng.

Subject = Ch ng : Thng ng u cu, c th l danh t, i t hoc c mt cm t.

Ch ng l trung tm ca s ch trong mt cu.

Tense = Th: L hnh thc vn phm khng c trong ting Vit. Trong ting Anh, mt hnh

ng c xy ra lc no s c t cu vi th tng ng. Hnh thc ca ng t

khng ch thay i ty theo ch ng m cn thay i ty theo thi gian hnh ng xy ra.

y l khi nim xa l vi ting Vit, do bn cn ch . Ta c 9 th:

1 ]-->Th hin ti n

2 ]-->Th hin ti tip din

3 ]-->Th hin ti hon thnh

4 ]-->Th qu kh n

5 ]-->Th qu kh tip din

6 ]-->Th qu kh hon thnh

7 ]-->Th tng lai n

8 ]-->Th tng lai tip din

9 ]-->Th tng lai hon thnh

Trong phn khc, tng Th s c gii thch chi tit.

Verb (vit tt: V) = ng t: L t ch hnh ng, hoc tnh trng, hoc qu trnh. C 2

loi: ni ng t v ngoi ng t

1. Transitive = Ngoi ng t: l ng t c tn ng i theo sau

2. Intransitive = Ni ng t: l ng t khng c tn ng i theo sau

d nh, hy ngh ngoi l bn ngoi, vy ngoi ng t cn c mt tn ng bn ngoi i

km theo sau. T c th suy ra ngc li cho ni ng t.

i t nhn xng

i t nhn xng l nhng t dng xng h trong giao tip. Ngi th nht thuc v

ngi ni, ngi th hai thuc v ngi nghe, ngi th ba thuc v ngi hoc con vt hoc

vt m ngi ni v ngi nghe cp ti. i t nhn xng c lm ch ng nn c

th gi chng l i t ch ng.

NGI Ting Anh Phin m

Ngi th nht s t: TI I /ai/

Ngi th nht s nhiu :CHNG TI, CHNG TA WE /wi:/

Ngi th hai s t : ANH, CH, BN, NG, B... YOU /ju:/

Ngi th hai s nhiu : CC ANH, CC CH, CC BN... YOU /ju:/

Ngi th ba s t: ANH Y HE /hi:/

Ngi th ba s t: CH Y SHE /i:/

Ngi th ba s t: N IT /it/

Ngi th ba s nhiu: H, CHNG N, TI N... THEY /ei/

Tnh t s hu

Mt tnh t s hu l t ng trc danh t cho bit rng danh t l ca ai. nhc

li bi trc, trong bng sau, ta s c 3 ct: i t nhn xng, tnh t s hu tng ng vi

tng i t nhn xng v phin m quc t ca tnh t nhn xng

i t nhn xng Tnh T S Hu Phin m Quc T

Ti: I MY: ca ti /mai/

Chng ti: WE OUR: ca chng ti /'au/

Bn: YOU YOUR: ca bn /j:/

Cc bn: YOU YOUR: ca cc bn /j:/

Anh y: HE HIS: ca anh y /hiz/

C y: SHE HER: ca c y /h:/

N: IT ITS: ca n /its/

H, chng n: THEY THEIR: ca h, ca chng /e/

i t s hu

Mt i t s hu rt hu ch. Bn bit ti sao khng? V n gip ngi ni khi phi

lp li mt ng danh t c tnh cht s hu.

* Th d: Nu anh A ni: "My vi tnh ca ti chy chm qu!" (MY COMPUTER IS SO

SLOW.)

anh B p: "My vi tnh ca ti cn chm hn my vi tnh ca anh!". (MY COMPUTER IS

EVEN SLOWER THAN YOUR COMPUTER)

th nh vy anh B lp li c mt cm t di.

* Trong ting Anh, chng ta nn hn ch vic di dng v ch . Lc ny bit s dng i

t s hu l rt cn thit.

* Sn y n li bi trc, sau y l bng gm 4 ct : i t nhn xng, tnh t s

hu tng ng, i t s hu tng ng:

i t nhn xng Tnh T S Hu i T S Hu Phin m Quc T

Ti: I MY: ca ti MINE /main/

Chng ti WE OUR: ca chng ti/ta OURS /'auz/

Bn: YOU YOUR: ca bn YOURS /j:z/

Cc bn: YOU YOUR: ca cc bn YOURS /j:z/

Anh y: HE HIS: ca anh y HIS /hiz/

C y: SHE HER: ca c y HERS /h:z/

N: IT ITS: ca n ITS /its/

H: THEY THEIR: ca h

Phn ny s i su hn v danh t trong ting Anh.

Danh t l t ch tn ca ngi, con vt, s vt, trng thi, khi nim...

V th loi, danh t c chia thnh nhiu loi. Ta c:

* Danh t c th : l danh t ch nhng g c th nhn thy c, s m c. Th d: Ci

bn =TABLE, ci gh = CHAIR, con mo = CAT, con ch = DOG, con sng = RIVER,...

* Danh t tru tng: l danh t ch nhng khi nim, tnh trng m ta ch c th hnh

dung, cm nhn. Th d nh: tnh yu = LOVE, ci p = BEAUTY,...

* Danh t ring: l danh t ch tn ring ca mt ngi, s vt, con vt, a danh hoc s

kin. Chng ta phi vit hoa ch ci u tin ca danh t ring. V d: China = Trung

Quc, England = nc Anh, The Great Walls = Vn L Trng Thnh, HaLong Bay =

Vnh H Long, President Bill Clinton = Tng thng Bill Clinton...

* Danh t tp hp: l danh t ch mt nhm, mt on th, mt tp hp ca ngi, vt,

con vt, s vt...Th d: mt by c = A SCHOOL OF FISH, mt n chim = A FLOCK

OF BIRDS, mt nhm ngi = A GROUP OF PEOPLE...

* Danh t m c: l danh t c th thm con s vo ngay trc n. Th d: ONE PIG

= Mt con heo, ONE TABLE = mt ci bn...

* Danh t khng m c: l danh t m ta khng th thm con s vo ngay trc n.

ONE MONEY = mt tin? Khng n, do , MONEY l danh t khng m c, ONE

SALT = mt mui? Khng n, do , SALT l danh t khng m c

- Danh t chung: c th l danh t c th, tru tng, tp hp nhng khng bao gi l danh

t ring

- Danh t c th c th bao hm c danh t ring. Th d: "sng Hng" l danh t ring

nhng ta c th nhn thy c sng Hng nn n cng l danh t c th.

V hnh thc, danh t c 4 hnh thc nh sau:

Danh t n: l danh t cu to bi mt t duy nht. Th d: WOMAN = ngi n b,

COMPUTER = ci my vi tnh, MONEY = tin...

Danh t phc: l danh t cu to bi hai danh t n. Th d: FIRE-FLY = con om m

(FIREFLY = FIRE (la) + FLY (con rui)), SEAT BELT = dy an tan (SEAT BELT =

SEAT (ch ngi)+BELT(dy nch))...

Danh t s t: l danh t m c vi n v s m l mt hoc c th l danh t khng

m c.

Danh t s nhiu: lun lun l danh t m c vi n v s m l hai hoc nhiu hn

hai. Th d: TWO APPLES = hai tri to

Cch chuyn danh t s t sang s nhiu:

V danh t, rc ri nht cho ngi Vit chng ta l cch chuyn hnh thc s t ca

danh t sang hnh thc s nhiu. Ti sao? V trong ting Vit, danh t s t, khi dng vi

n v m t hai tr ln cng gi nguyn hnh thc, khng h thay i (mt con vt, hai

con vt, ba con vt...), cn trong ting Anh th hnh thc ca danh t c s thay i t s it

sang s nhiu. Tuy nhin, nu bn chu kh nh nhng quy tc sau y, vic chuyn danh

t t s t sang s nhiu trong ting Anh cng khng n ni phc tp lm.

** THM "S" vo danh t s t chuyn thnh s nhiu.

Th d: S t S nhiu

BEE = con ong BEES (2 con ong tr ln)

COMPUTER = my vi tnh COMPUTERS (2 my vi tnh tr ln)

HEN = con g mi HENS (2 con g mi tr ln)

DUCK = con vt DUCKS (2 con vt tr ln)

APPLE = tri to APPLES (2 tri to tr ln)

MANGO = tri xoi MANGOS (2 tri xoi tr ln)

TABLE = ci bn TABLES (2 ci bn tr ln)

CHAIR = ci gh CHAIRS

HOUSE = cn nh HOUSES

STREET = con ng STREETS

RIVER = con sng RIVERS

BIRD = con chim BIRDS

CAR = xe hi CARS

BICYCLE = xe p BICYCLES

** THM "ES" vo nhng danh t tn cng bng CH, hoc SH, hoc S, hoc X. Th d:

S t S nhiu

ONE FISH = 1 con c TWO FISHES = 2 con c

ONE BOX = 1 ci hp TWO BOXES = 2 ci hp

ONE BUS = 1 xe but TWO BUSES = 2 xe but

ONE WATCH = 1 ci h eo tay TWO WATCHES = 2 ci ng h eo tay

** THM "ZES" vo nhng danh t tn cng bng Z (my t ny rt t). Th d:

ONE QUIZ = 1 cu trc nghim TWO QUIZZES

** Nhng danh t tn cng bng mt ph m v Y: I Y thnh I v THM "ES". Nu

trc ph m l mt nguyn m th ch thm S

Th d:

S t S nhiu

ONE BUTTERFLY = 1 con bm TWO BUTTERFLIES = 2 con bm

ONE BABY = 1 em b TWO BABIES = 2 em b

ONE LADY = 1 ngi ph n TWO LADIES = 2 ngi ph n

Lu : KEY = cha kha, tn cng bng nguyn m E v Y nn khng p dng quy tc ny

m ch thm S vo thnh KEYS.

** Nhng danh t tn cng bng mt ph m v O: THM ES.

Th d:

S t S nhiu

POTATO = c khoai ty POTATOES

TOMATO = tri c chua TOMATOES

* Lu : quy tc ny c nhng trng hp ngoi l ch c cch phi nh nm lng,

th d nh: PIANO ->PIANOS, PHOTO ->PHOTOS...

** Nhng danh t tn cng bng F, FE, FF, B F hoc FE hoc FF v THM VES.

S t S nhiu

ONE WOLF = 1 con si TWO WOLVES = 2 con si (b f, thm ves)

ONE WIFE = 1 ngi v TWO WIVES (b fe, thm ves)

NGOI NHNG DANH T THEO QUY TC TRN, C NHIU DANH T KHNG

THEO QUY TC NO C KHI CHUYN SANG HNH THC S NHIU. CHNG

TA CH C CCH HC THUC LNG NHNG DANH T NY. SAU Y L

DANH SCH MT S NHNG DANH T C HNH THC S NHIU BT QUY

TC THNG GP:

S t S nhiu

MOUSE = con chut MICE

GOOSE = con ngng GEESE

LOUSE = con ch LICE

CHILD = a tr, a con CHILDREN

MAN = ngi, ngi n ng MEN

WOMAN = ngi n b WOMEN

SHEEP = con cu SHEEP (ging y nh s t)

TOOTHH = ci rng TWO TEETH = 2 ci rng

FOOT = bn chn TWO FEET = 2 bn chn

Mo t bt nh "A" v "AN"

Trong giao tip ting Anh hng ngy d n gin hay phc tp, khng th thiu c hai t

"A" v "AN" ny.

Bi ny gii thch chi tit v mo t bt nh "A" v "AN". y l loi t tng chng nh

n gin nhng rt nhiu bn hc ting Anh lu nm vn cn dng sai hoc khi cn dng

li khng dng.

Mo t bt nh "A" hoc "AN" lun ng trc danh t m c s t. Do , c th ni,

v ngha th "A" hoc "AN" tng ng vi ONE (ngha l "mt").

Tuy nhin, khi dng ONE, ta c phn mun nhn mnh s lng hn, trong khi mo t bt

nh ch gii thiu ra mt danh t c nhc n ln u tin trong mt cuc ni i

thoi.

Th d: A TEACHER = mt gio vin v ONE TEACHER cng l "mt gio vin", nhng

bn ch ni "I AM A TEACHER" (ti l gio vin) ch khng bao gi ni "I AM ONE

TEACHER" v chng l bn c th l HAI gio vin hay sao m cn phi nhn mnh ONE

ch khng phi con s no khc. Bn hiu ri, ng khng? Vy chng ta hy phn bit

khi no dng A trc danh t m c s t v khi no dng "AN" trc danh t m

c s t:

Dng A trc danh t m c s t bt u bng M PH M. Ti sao chng ta cn

nhn mnh M PH M y? V a s ch ci ph m u c m ph m, nhng mt

s t bt u bng ch ci ph m li c c nh nguyn m v ch ci l m cm

khng c. Ngc li, mt s ch ci l ra l nguyn m nhng li c ngi bn x c

nh mt ph m.

Th d: A BOY = mt a con trai, A GIRL = 1 a con gi, A STREET = 1 con ng; A

FAN = 1 ci qut my, A MOTORCYCLE = 1 chic xe gn my, A STUDENT = 1 hc

vin, A SINGER = 1 ca s, A SONG = 1 bi ht, A LESSON = 1 bi hc, A TABLE = 1

ci bn, A HUSBAND = 1 ngi chng, A FAMILY = 1 gia nh, A MINUTE = 1 pht, A

SECOND = 1 GIY, A YEAR = 1 nm, A MONTH = 1 thng , A WEEK = 1 tun, ...

Th d trng hp ngoi l: A UNIFORM = 1 b ng phc (Bn thy khng,

UNIFORM bt u bng U, mt nguyn m nhng UNIFORM c c nh /DIU-NIFO;

RM/ thnh ra U l M PH M ri.

Dng AN trc danh t m c s t bng u bng M NGUYN M.

Tng t, ta nhn mnh M NGUYN M v mt s t bt u bng ch ci ph

m nhng c nh nguyn m.

Th d: AN APPLE = 1 tri to, AN EAR = 1 tai, AN UMBRELLA = 1 ci d, AN OX

= 1 con b c, AN ARM = 1 cnh tay, AN EYE = 1 con mt, AN EGG = 1 qu trng

Th d trng hp ngoi l: AN HOUR ("HOUR" bt u bng H, 1 ch ci ph m

nhng trong trng hp ny ngi bn x c "HOUR" y nh "OUR" nn ta phi ni

AN HOUR ch KHNG th ni A HOUR.)

Khi danh t c b ngha bi mt tnh t hoc mt danh t khc ng trc n, ta da

vo m bt u ca t b ngha cho danh t chnh xc nh dng A hay AN.

Th d: ta c ENGLISH TEACHER= gio vin ting Anh. Ch ENGLISH ng trc

danh t TEACHER b ngha cho TEACHER. Vy ta thy m u ting ca ENGLISH l

nguyn m nn ta dng AN --> AN ENGLISH TEACHER.

Tng t, ta c: BEUTIFUL = p, WOMAN = ngi n b --> BEAUTIFUL WOMAN

= ngi n b p. BEAUTIFUL bt u bng m ph m (B) vy ta ni A BEAUTIFUL

WOMAN = 1 ngi n b p.

Trong bi sau, chng ta s hc cch t cu vi tt c nhng g chng ta hc.

NG T "TO BE" TH HIN TI N VI TO BE

y l ng t c bn nht trong ting Anh, nhng li l mt ng t c bit. Hc xong

ng t TO BE, bn s bt u bit cch t ra v s cu ni vi nhng g ta hc t u

n gi nh i T Nhn Xng, Tnh T S Hu, i T S Hu, Danh T S t, Danh

T S Nhiu, Mo T Bt nh A v AN cng vi mt s tnh t c bn bn s c cung

cp cui bi ny.

Trong th hin ti n, ng t TO BE c tt c 3 bin th l AM, IS v ARE. Ta dng cc

bin th tng ng vi ch ng nht nh , nh sau:

* AM: Dng cho ch ng duy nht l I

I AM... (vit tt = I'M...)

* IS: Dng cho ch ng l ngi th ba s t, bao gm HE, SHE, IT v bt c danh t s t

no

SHE IS... (vit tt = SHE'S...)

HE IS...(vit tt = HE'S...)

IT IS...(vit tt = IT'S...)

THE DOG IS

PETER IS

THE TABLE IS

* ARE: Dng cho ch ng l YOU, WE , THEY, v bt c ch ng s nhiu no

YOU ARE... (vit tt =YOU'RE...)

WE ARE...(vit tt = WE'RE...)

THEY ARE...(vit tt = THEY'RE...)

YOU AND I ARE

HE AND I ARE

THE DOG AND THE CAT ARE...

* Khi no ta phi dng th hin ti n ca ng t TO BE?

- Khi ta mun gii thiu tn hoc a im, hoc tnh cht, trng thi ca mt ngi, con

vt hoc s kin trong hin ti.

* Vi Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE, ta c th t c nhng cu nh th no?

- Vn t cng nhiu, bn cng t c nhiu cu. V kiu cu, bn s t c nhng cu

nh vi th d sau:

Ti l bc s.

C y l sinh vin.

B ti rt gi.

Ci cy vit trn bn.

Em mt khng?

N khng thnh tht

N khng thnh tht

Con gi bn rt p.

*Cng thc Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE:

T gi tr i bn hy nh, khi hc cng thc mt th no, ta lun hc 3 th ca n:

Th khng nh: l mt cu ni xc nh, khng c ch KHNG trong .

Ch ng + AM / IS / ARE + B ng

Th d: I AM A TEACHER. (Ti l gio vin).

HE IS A STUDENT. (Anh y l sinh vin)

SHE IS A SINGER. (C ta l ca s)

Th ph nh: l mt cu ni ph nhn iu g , c ch KHNG ngay

sau ch ng.

Ch ng + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + B ng

+Cch vit tt:

I AM NOT = I'M NOT

IS NOT = ISN'T

ARE NOT = AREN'T

Th d: HE IS NOT HANDSOME. (Anhy khngp trai)

YOU ARE NOT STUPID. (Bn khng c ngu)

Th nghi vn: l mt cu hi :

AM / IS / ARE + Ch ng + B ng ?

Th d: IS HE HANDSOME = Anh y p trai khng?

AM I TOO FAT? = Ti c qu mp khng vy?

IS SHE PRETTY? = C y p khng h?

IS HE RICH? = ng ta giu khng vy?

ARE YOU OK? = Bn c sao khng vy?

Lu : B ng c th l mt ng danh t, c th l mt tnh t, c th l mt trng ng.

Th d: B ng l danh t: I AM A YOUNG TEACHER. = ti l mt gio vin tr (A

YOUNG TEACHER l mt ng danh t).

B ng l tnh t: I AM YOUNG = ti tr. (YOUNG l tnh t)

B ng l trng ng: I AM AT HOME = ti ang nh (AT HOME l trng ng, ch ni

chn)

Nh vy bn hc xong Th Hin Ti n ca ng t TO BE ri . Sau y l mt s

t c bn bn tp t cu:

AND = v

OR = hay, hoc

BUT = nhng

IN = trong

ON = trn

UNDER = di

Mo t xc nh THE

L t loi duy nht trong ting Anh ch c 1 t. Ngay c nhiu ngi hc ting Anh

lu nm cng khng phi lc no cng dng ng mo t THE. Mo t xc nh THE

thng c dng sai, hoc khng dng khi cn dng. Trong khi , y l mt t khng

th khng bit v tnh quan trng v cn thit ca n. Mt ngi bn x khng th m

ming ra ni qu 10 cu ting Anh m khng dng n mo t THE no.

Nh vy, ta phi dng mo t xc nh THE nh th no v khi no ?

*THE lun ng trc danh t.

VD: THE SUN = mt tri

THE MOON = mt trng

* Khi THE ng trc mt s tnh t, tnh t c bin thnh mt danh t ni v mt

tng lp, mt th loi lin quan n tnh t . (bn khng th ly bt c tnh t no rp v,

nhng tnh t c dng theo kiu ny c hn)

VD: THE RICH = nhng ngi giu

THE POOR = nhng ngi ngho

THE WEAK = nhng k yu

* Dng THE trc bt c mt danh t no khi ngi ni v ngi nghe u bit v danh t

ang c ni ti hocc xcnh r rng:

PAY HIM BACK THE MONEY YOU BORROWED FROM HIM = Hy tr li cho n

s tin anh mn n! (Ngi ni bit v s tin ny mi ni ra cu ny v ngi nghe

cng bit n s tin ny v anh ta mn ca 1 ngi th 3)

PLEASE GIVE ME THE KEY TO MY CAR = Vui lng a ti cha kha xe hi ca

ti.

THE WOMAN IN BLACK IS HIS WIFE = Ngi n b mc en l v anh ta.

* Dng THE trc nhng danh t thng thng c xem l duy nht, khng c ci th

hai.

VD: The sun = mt tri, the moon = mt trng, the sea = bin, the sky = bu tri...

* Dng THE trc s th t:

VD: I am the first person to come here today. (Hm nay, ti l ngi u tin n y )

* Dng THE thnh lp SO SNH NHT .

THIS IS THE BEST DICTIONARY I HAVE EVER HAD. = y l t in tt nht m

trc gi ti c c.

* Mt s tn quc gia phi c THE (a s khng c):

THE PHILIPPINES, THE USA, THE UNITED KING DOM...

* Trong mt s thnh ng, phi c THE (hc thuc lng):

DONT' BEAT ABOUT THE BUSH! = ng c vng vo tam quc.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nh vy, chng ta KHNG dng mo t THE khi no?

* KHNG dng THE khi danh t c tip theo sau bng mt ch s hoc ch ci.

VD: The Chicago train is about to depart from track 5.

Her flight leaves from gate 32.

He fell asleep on page 816 of "War and Peace".

She is staying in room 689.

* Khng dng THE khi c ng ng t i trc mt trong nhng danh t bed (ging),

church (nh th), court (ta n), hospital (bnh vin), prison (nh t), school (trng hc),

college (trng i hc), university (trng i hc) nu nh ch ng s dng nhng ni

ng nh chc nng ca n

VD: Nu ti n trng hc l hc, tc l ng vi chc nng ca trng hc, vy

ti khng cn dng THE trc danh t SCHOOL : I MUST GO TO SCHOOL NOW !

(By gi ti phi i hc ri!)

* Khng dng THE khi ni 3 ba n: n sng, n tra, n ti

I NEVER HAVE BREAKFAST. = Ti khng bao gi n sng.

* Khng dng THE trong nhiu thnh ng.

BIRDS OF THE SAME FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER = Ngu tm ngu, m tm

m.

Cng hc chng ta s cng bit nhiu hn v mo t THE ny. Trc mt bn c th an

tm s dng THE sau bi hc ny.

Cu hi WH vi TO BE

Cu hi WH l cu hi bt u bng t c W v H. Nhng t ny gm c: WHAT, WHO,

WHERE, WHEN, WHY v HOW. Trong bi ny ta tm gi chng l t WH.

Hc xong ng t TO BE ri, gi ta c th p dng TO BE vi nhng t WH t ra

v s cu hi.

* Ngha ca cc t WH:

WHAT = ci g

WHO = ai

WHERE = u

WHEN = khi no

WHY = ti sao

HOW = nh th no, bng cch no

* Cng thc cu hi WH vi ng t TO BE:

T WH + TO BE + Ch ng + B ng ?

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi c chia ng bin th (AM hay IS hay ARE) ty theo ch ng.

+ B ng c th l danh t, tnh t, trng t, trng ng ch ni chn, trng ng ch

thi gian. C th khng c b ng.

- V d:

+ WHAT IS LOVE? = tnh yu l g?

+ WHO AM I? = Ti l ai?

+ WHO ARE YOU? = Bn l ai?

+ WHERE IS MY KEY? = Cha kha ca ti u?

+ WHY AM I HERE? = Ti sao ti li y?

+ HOW ARE YOU? = Bn nh th no? (Tc l "Bn khe khng?")

+ HOW IS IT MADE? = N c lm ra bng cch no?

* Trng hp c bit HOW:

- Vi t HOW, ta cn c cng thc sau:

+HOW + Tnh t + TO BE + Ch ng + B ng (nu c) ?

- VD:

+ HOW TALL ARE YOU? = Bn cao bao nhiu?

+ HOW MUCH IS IT? N bao nhiu vy? (Hi gi tin)

+ HOW FAR IS IT FROM YOUR HOUSE TO SCHOOL? T nh bn n trng bao

xa?

i t ch nh THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE

c thm cng c t cu, ta cn bit v nhng t ny.

* Ngha:

THIS = ny, ci ny, y

THESE = s nhiu ca THIS

THAT =, ci , iu

THOSE = s nhiu ca THAT

* Cch dng:

- i t ch nh lun ng trc danh t

- i t ch nh c th khng cn danh t, t thn n c th lm ch ng

* V d:

+ THIS CAR IS VERY FAST. = Chic xe hi ny rt nhanh.(chy rt nhanh)

+ THIS IS A BASIC LESSON. = y l mt bi hc c bn.

+ THESE LESSONS ARE EASY TO UNDERSTAND. = Nhng bi hc ny d hiu.

+ THESE ARE BASIC LESSONS = Nhng ci ny l nhng bi hc c bn.

+ THAT DOG IS VICIOUS. = Con ch d lm.

+ THAT IS MY DAUGHTER. = l con gi ti.

+ THOSE PILLS ARE ASPIRINS. = My vin thuc l aspirin.

+ THOSE ARE MY CHILDREN = My a l con ca ti.

Cu trc THERE IS.../THERE ARE...

Cu trc ny dng gii thiu rng c ci g, ai , u trong hin ti. y, ta

li cn p dng ng t TO BE hc.

* Cng thc th xc nh:

THERE IS + Danh t s t + Trng ng (nu c)

- Lu :

+ Trc danh t s t m c, cn dng A hoc AN hoc ONE (xem li bi Mo t bt

nh A/AN nu cn)

+ Trc danh t s t khng m c khng thm A/AN nhng c th thm NO (khng),

A LITTLE (mt t), LITTLE (t) , MUCH (nhiu), A LOT OF (rt nhiu)

+ THERE IS c th vit tt l THERE'S

- VD:

+ THERE IS AN APPLE ON THE TABLE = C 1 tri to trn bn.

+ THERE IS NO WATER IN THE TANK = Khng c t nc no trong bn.

+ THERE IS A LOT OF SUGAR IN VIETNAMESE WHITE COFFEE = C rt nhiu

ng trong c ph sa kiu Vit Nam.

+THERE ARE + Danh t s nhiu + Trng ng (nu c).

- Lu :

+ Trc danh t s nhiu, thng c s t t hai tr ln (TWO, THREE, FOUR) hoc

khng c s t m c MANY (nhiu), A FEW (mt s), SOME (vi) A LOT OF (rt

nhiu).

+ THERE ARE c th vit tt l THERE'RE

- VD:

+ THERE ARE TWENTY MEMBERS ONLINE NOW. = C 20 thnh vin ang trc

tuyn hin gi.

+ THERE ARE GOOD PEOPLE AND BAD PEOPLE EVERYWHERE. = C ngi tt

v ngi xu mi ni ( u cng c ngi tt, k xu).

+ THERE ARE A LOT OF BEGGARS IN VIETNAM = C rt nhiu ngi n xin Vit

Nam.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

THERE IS NOT + ANY + Danh t s t + (nu c).

THERE IS NOT vit tt: THERE ISN'T

- Lu :

+ th ph nh, dng dng vit tt nhiu hn.

- VD:

+ THERE IS NOT ANY FAT IN SKIM MILK. = Khng c cht bo trong sa khng

bo.

+ THERE ISN'T ANY MONEY IN MY WALLET = Trong bp tin ca ti, khng c

ly 1 xu.

THERE ARE NOT + Danh t s nhiu + (nu c) .

THERE ARE NOT vit tt: THERE AREN'T

- VD:

+ THERE AREN'T MANY XICH LOS IN DISTRICT 1. = qun 1, khng c nhiu xe

xch l.

* Cng thc th nghi vn:

IS THERE ANY + Danh t s t + Trng ng (nu c) ?

- C th thay ANY bng SOME (mt t)

- VD:

+ IS THERE ANY MILK IN THE FRIDGE? Trong t lnh c sa khng?

+ IS THERE ANYONE HOME? = C ai nh khng? (lu l "anyone" ging nh

"anybody" vit lin nhau, khng c khong trng gia any v one)

+ IS THERE A WAY TO FIX THIS COMPUTER? = C cch sa my vi tnh ny khng?

ARE THERE ANY + Danh t s nhiu + Trng ng (nu c) ?

+ ARE THERE ANY EGSS IN THE KITCHEN? = Trong bp c trng khng?

Cu hi YES - NO vi ng t TO BE

Bi ny cng c thm cch p dng ng t TO BE t mt loi cu hi c th -

cu hi Yes -No. Cu hi Yes- No vi ng t TO BE bt u bng bin th ca ng t

TO BE tng ng vi ch ng sau n. Ngi ta gi y l cu hi Yes - No v tr li

cu hi ny, ta phi bt u bng YES hoc NO.

* CNG THC YES-NO VI NG T TO BE:

TO BE + Ch ng + B ng ?

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi l bin th tng ng vi ch ng i lin sau n (AM hay IS hay ARE)

+ B ng c th l tnh t, danh t, ng danh t, trng ng

- VD:

+ ARE YOU TIRED? = Bn c mt khng?

+ ARE YOU A DOCTOR? = Bn c phi l bc s khng?

+ IS HE A FAMOUS SINGER? = Anh y c phi l mt ca s ni ting khng?

+ IS SHE HERE? = C y c y khng? (HERE l trng t)

+ IS IT ON THE TABLE? = N c phi trn bn khng?

* Cch tr li cu hi YES-NO:

- Nu tr li YES th tr li theo cng thc: YES, ch ng + TO BE.

- Nu tr li NO, th tr li theo cng thc: NO, ch ng + TO BE + NOT

+ Bn hy nh l TO BE phi c chia ng theo ch ng.

- VD:

+ ARE YOU THIRSTY? = Bn c kht nc khng?

Tr li YES: YES, I AM.

Tr li NO: NO, I AM NOT.

+ IS SHE YOUR GIRLFRIEND? = C l bn gi ca anh h?

Tr li YES: YES, SHE IS.

Tr li NO: NO, SHE IS NOT. (vit tt = NO, SHE ISN'T)

+ ARE THEY YOUR FRIENDS? = H l bn ca anh h?

Tr li YES: YES, THEY ARE

Tr li NO: NO, THEY ARE NOT (vit tt: NO, THEY AREN'T).

* Trong vn ni hng ngy, ta thng dng dng vit tt. Dng y thng dnh

khi ta mun nhn mnh mun ni.

Cu hi OR vi ng t TO BE

y l cu hi cng bt u bng ng t TO BE nhng khng th tr li bng YES hay

NO.

* CNG THC CU HI OR VI NG T TO BE:

TO BE + Ch ng + B ng 1 + OR + B ng 2 ?

- Lu :

+ B ng c th l tnh t, danh t, trng t, trng ng

- VD:

+ ARE YOU HUNGRY OR ANGRY? = Bn ang i hay ang gin?

+ ARE YOU A DENTIST OR A DOCTOR? = Anh l nha s hay l bc s?

* CCH TR LI CU HI OR VI NG T TO BE:

Ch ng + TO BE + B ng 1 hoc B ng 2 (ngi tr li phi chn 1 trong 2)

-VD:

+ ARE YOU HUNGRY OR ANGRY?

Tr li: I AM ANGRY. (nuang gin)

I AM HUNGRY. (nu ang i)

+ ARE YOU A DENTIST OR A DOCTOR?

Tr li: I AM A DENTIST. (nu l nha s)

I AM A DOCTOR. (nu l bc s)

TH HIN TI N VI NG T THNG

i t tn ng, i t phn thn

i t tn ng cng l i t nhn xng nhng chng khng c lm ch ng m ch

c lm tn ng hay b ng. i t phn thn l i t c bit phi dng khi ch ng v

b ng l mt.

i t tn ng i t chng i t tn ng

I ME YOU

YOU WE US

THEY THEM HE

HIM SHE HER

IT IT IT

* Th d:

+ YOU KNOW ME. = Anh bit ti. (YOU l ch ng, ME l tn ng)

+ I DISLIKE HIM = Ti khng thch anh ta.

+ I LOVE HER = Ti yu c y

i t phn thn

i t ch ng

I

WE

YOU (s t)

YOU (s nhiu)

THEY

HE

SHE

IT

i t phn thn

MYSELF

OURSELVES

YOURSELF

YOURSELVES

THEMSELVES

HIMSELF

HERSELF

ITSELF

* Th d:

- I'LL DO IT MYSELF. = Ti s t mnh lm

- I CUT MYSELF WHEN I SHAVED THIS MORNING. = Ti t lm try da mt mnh

khi co ru sng nay.

- THAT MAN IS TALKING TO HIMSELF. IS HE INSANE? = Ngi n ng ang

t ni chuyn mt mnh. ng ta c b tm thn khng?

- HE SHOT HIMSELF. = Anh y t bn mnh ( t vn).

TH HIN TI TIP DIN

Th hin ti tip din dng din t hnh ng ang din ra trong hin ti. Ngoi ra n

cn c dng din t nhng hnh ng mang tnh tm thi. Th ny l th mt trong

nhng th c bn.

* Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c)

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi c chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE) -nu cn, bn xem

li bi "ng t TO BE".

+ ng t nguyn mu khi khng ni g khc c hiu l ng t nguyn mu khng

c TO.

+ Khi thm ING ngay ng sau ng t nguyn mu, cn nh vi quy tc sau:

* Nu ng t tn cng bng 1 ch ci E, b E i ri mi thm ING ( RIDE --> RIDING)

* Nu ng t tn cng bng 2 ch ci E, thm ING bnh thng, khng b E ( SEE -->

SEEING)

* Nu ng t tn cng bng IE, i IE thnh Y ri mi thm ING (DIE --> DYING)

* Nu ng t n m tn cng bng 1 v ch 1 trong 5 nguyn m (A, E, I, O, U) vi mt

v ch mt ph m, ta vit ph m thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ING. ( STOP -->

STOPPING, WRAP --> WRAPPING, SHOP --> SHOPPING...)

Cc ng t ngoi cc quy tc trn ta thm ING bnh thng.

- Th d:

+ I AM TYPING A LESSON = Ti ang nh my 1 bi hc

+ YOU ARE READING THIS ARTICLE = Bn ang c bi ny.

+ HE IS SLEEPING = Anh ta ang ng

+ SHE IS SWIMMING = C y ang bi.

+ THE DOG IS BARKING = Con ch ang sa

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c)

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng. (AM hay IS hay ARE)

+ AM NOT khng vit tt nhng c th vit tt I M = I'M

+ IS NOT vit tt = ISN'T

+ ARE NOT vit tt = AREN'T

- Th d:

+ I'M NOT JOKING, I AM SERIOUS = Ti khng phi ang a u, ti ni nghim

chnh y!

+ SHE IS NOT DRINKING WATER, SHE IS DRINKING VODKA. = C ta khng phi

ang ung nc, c ta ang ung ru vodka.


TO BE + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING + B ng (nu c) ?

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE)

46

- Th d:

+ ARE YOU KIDDING? = My ang a h?

+ IS SHE CRYING? C phi c y ang khc

* Khi no th dng th hin ti tip din:

- Khi din ta hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti ngay khi ni.

+ I AM TRYING TO EXPLAIN BASIC GRAMMAR TO YOU = Ti ang c gii thch

ng php c bn cho bn.

- Khi din t hnh ng ang xy ra trong hin ti, nhng khng nht thit l trong lc

ang ni. Ni cch khc, tnh hung ny m t mt hnh ng hin trong qu trnh thc

hin trong hin ti:

+ I AM WORKING ON A WEBSITE = Ti ang lm 1 website (Khi ti ni cu ny, ti

c th ang ung c ph vi bn, nhng ti ang trong qu trnh thc hin hnh ng

lm website)

- Khi din ta hnh ng m bnh thng khng xy ra, hin gi ch xy ra tm thi thi, v

mt l do no .

+ I AM NOT WORKING TODAY BECAUSE I HAVE A BAD FEVER .= Hm nay ti

khng lm vic v ti b st cao (Bnh thng ti lm vic, tm thi hm nay khng lm

vic v b st)

- Khi din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai rt gn, c k hoch sn, phi

nu r trng ng ch thi gian trong cu.

+ I AM SEEING MY DENTIST TOMORROW = Ngy mai ti i gp nha s ca ti. (

c hn sn vi nha s)

+ ARE YOU DOING ANYTHING TONIGHT? = Ti nay em c lm g khng? (hi xem

ngi ta c ln k hoch g cho ti nay hay cha)

* Cu hi WH vi th hin ti tip din:

- Cng thc cu hi: thm t WH trc cng thc th nghi vn ca th hin ti tip

din.

- Th d:

+ WHAT ARE YOU DOING ? Anh ang lm g vy?

+ WHEN ARE YOU COMING HOME ? Khi no anh v nh?

* Cn bit thm:

- V tnh cht ca th hin ti tip din l din t hnh ng ang xy ra nn ta thng

dng cc trng t sau vi th ny:

NOW = by gi

RIGHT NOW = ngay by gi

AT THE MOMENT = hin thi

FOR THE TIME BEING = trong thi im hin ti

- Mt s ng t vi bn cht ng ngha ca chng khng th dng vi th tip din

c, nh:

KNOW = bit

BELIEVE = tin

UNDERSTAND = hiu

HATE = ght

LOVE = yu

LIKE = thch

SOUND = nghe c v

NEED = cn (ting Vit c th ni "Ti ang cn" nhng ting Anh khng th dng th

hin ti tip din vi ng t ny, nu mun ni "Ti ang cn..." bn phi ni "I AM IN

NEED OF..." hoc ch l " I NEED...")

APPEAR = trng c v

SEEM = c v

OWN = s hu (ting Vit c th ni " Ti ang c..." nhng ting Anh khng dng tip

din vi OWN m ch cn ni " I OWN..." = Ti s hu..

TH HIN TI HON THNH

Nhu cu din t ca chng ta rt ln v nu ch vi nhng bi hc trc, chng ta

s khng th din t mt s nh: ni ai va mi lm g, k li tri nghim ca ta,

thng bo ta bt u lm v vn cn ang lm mt vic g ,vv...Nhng khng sao, hc

xong bi ny, bn s t c nhng cu nh vy.


Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + ng t dng qu kh phn t.

- Gii thch:

+ Nu ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l danh t, ng danh t s nhiu ta dng

HAVE

+ Nu ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l danh t, ng danh t s t, ta dng HAS

+ Dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t a s c to ra bng cch thm ED ng

sau dng nguyn mu ca ng t .

WANTED --> WANTED

NEEDED --> NEEDED

Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit:

1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D

( DATE --> DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...)

2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED

(TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...)

3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui

thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT -->

COMMITTED...)

4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng.

+ CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh hon thnh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta

phi hc thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn

mu sang dng qu kh hon thnh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng

ng T Bt Quy Tc, dng qu kh hon thnh ca mt ng t nm ct th 3 (ct th

1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l dng qu kh - ta s hc th qu kh bi sau- v ct

th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc:

DO --> DID

GO --> GONE

SPEAK --> SPOKEN

WRITE --> WRITTEN

Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc.

- Th d:

+ I HAVE FINISHED DINNER. = Ti mi n ti xong.

+ SHE HAS JUST COME BACK. = C y va mi quay li.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + NOT + ng t dng qu kh phn t.

- Cch vit tt:

+ HAVE NOT vit tt = HAVEN'T

+ HAS NOT vit tt = HASN'T

- Lu :

+ Nu ta thay NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER, ngha ph nh s mnh hn (t

CHA thnh CHA BAO GI)

- Th d:

YOU HAVEN'T ANSWERED MY QUESTION. = Anh vn cha tr li cu hi ca ti.

HE HASN'T BEEN HERE BEFORE. = Trc gi anh ta cha n y.


HAVE ho c HAS + Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh phn t ?

- Th d:

+ HAVE YOU EVER FELT LONELY IN A CROWD? = Bn c bao gi cm thy c n

trong m ng?

+ HAS SHE REPLIED TO YOUR EMAIL? = C y tr li email bn cha?

* Khi no ta dng th hin ti hon thnh:

- Ni v s tri nghim tri qua ri hay cha.

+ HAVE YOU EVER EATEN SUSHI? = Trc gi bn n mn sushi cha?

+ I HAVE NEVER BEEN TO SINGAPORE. = Ti cha bao gi i Singapore.

- Din t mt hnh ng bt u trong qua kh v vn cn tip tc n hin ti

+ I HAVE BEEN A TEACHER FOR FIVE YEARS. = Ti lm gio vin c 5 nm

( bt u lm gio vin v vn cn lm gio vin)

+ SHE HASN'T COME HERE FOR A LONG TIME - Lu ri c y cha n y. ( bt

u ngng n y v vn cha n y)

- Din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong hin ti v c li kt qu hay hu qu trong

hin ti.

+ I HAVE HAD DINNER = Ti n ti xong (gi ti cn no).

+ HE HAS LOST HIS WALLET = Anh y b mt bp tin (gi anh y khng c bp

tin)

- Ch phn bit 2 cu sau:

+ HE HAS GONE TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta khng c

y u, anh ta i Singapore cha v).

+ HE HAS BEEN TO SINGAPORE = Anh y i Singapore ri ( ni anh ta c

dp i Singapre trc y, hin ti anh ta khng nht thit phi ang Singapre)

* Danh sch mt s ng t bt quy tc thng dng:

made

mean = mun ni, c ngha l meant meant

meet = gp mt met met

pay = tr gi, tr tin paid paid

put = t, (tra t in thm) put put

read =c read read

ride = ci, chy xe 2 bnh rode ridden

ring = reo, gi in thoi rang rung

rise = mc, ln cao rose risen

run = chy ran run

say = ni said said

see = thy saw seen

sell = bn sold sold

TH QU KH N

Th ny li l mt th rt c bn v rt d hiu. Trong bi ny, ta s hc th qu kh n vi

ng t TO BE v th qu kh n vi ng t thng.

QU KH N VI TO BE


Ch ng + WAS hoc WERE + B ng nu c.

* Lu :

+ Nu ch ng l I, HE, SHE. IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng WAS.

- I WAS DISAPPOINTED TO KNOW MY SCORE.

- SHE WAS HAPPY TO SEE ME.

+ Nu ch ng l YOU, WE, THEY hoc l s nhiu ni chung, ta dng WERE.

* Cng thc th ph nh: thm NOT sau WAS hoc WERE

* Lu :

+ WAS NOT vit tt = WASN'T

+ WERE NOT vit tt = WEREN'T

+ Cng thc th nghi vn: em WAS hoc WERE ra trc ch ng

- WERE YOU DRUNK LAST NIGHT? = Ti qua anh say ru phi khng?

QU KH N VI NG T THNG


Ch ng + ng t dng qu kh + B ng (nu c).

- Gii thch:

+ Xt theo a s, dng qu kh ca mt ng t c to ra bng cch thm ED ng sau

dng nguyn mu ca ng t .

WANTED --> WANTED

NEEDED --> NEEDED

Tuy nhin, thm ED sau ng t cng c nhng quy tc cn bit:

1. ng t tn cng bng E v c 1 ph m ng trc E, ta ch cn thm D

( DATE -- > DATED, LIVE --> LIVED...)

2. ng t tn cng bng Y phi i Y thnh I ri mi thm ED

(TRY --> TRIED, CRY --> CRIED...)

3. ng t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m ngoi W v Y, ta vit ph m cui

thm 1 ln na ri mi thm ED (STOP --> STOPPED, TAP -->TAPPED, COMMIT -->

COMMITTED...)

4. Tt c nhng ng t khc khng ri vo trng hp trn ch cn thm ED bnh thng.

+ CH : C mt s ng t c dng qu kh BT QUY TC, tc l chng ta phi hc

thuc lng danh sch nhng ng t v cch chuyn chng t dng nguyn mu sang

dng qu kh khng theo quy tc no c. Nu bn tham kho Bng ng T Bt Quy Tc,

dng qu kh ca mt ng t nm ct th 2 (ct th 1 l dng nguyn mu, ct th 2 l

dng qu kh v ct th 3 l dng qu kh hon thnh). Th d vi ng t bt quy tc:

DO -->DID

GO -->WENT

SPEAK --> SPOKE

WRITE --> WROTE

Cui bi ny, ta s c danh sch cc ng t bt quy tc.

- Th d:

+ I SAW PETER LAST WEEK. = Tun trc ti c nhn thy Peter.

+ SHE LEFT WITHOUT SAYING A WORD. = C y b i khng ni mt li no.

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + DID + NOT + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c)

- Lu :

+ Ch ng c th l bt k ch ng no, s t hay s nhiu khng cn quan tm.

- Vit tt:

+ DID NOT vit tt l DIDN'T (ch trong vn vit trang trng hoc khi nhn mnh mi

dng dng y , bnh thng khi ni ta dng dng ngn gn)

+ Ta c th thay DID NOT trong cng thc trn bng NEVER nhn mnh ph nh

mnh hn c khi ni dng y )

- Th d:

+ HE DIDN'T UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU SAID = Anh y khng hiu nhng g bn

ni.

+ I NEVER PROMISED YOU ANYTHING. = Anh cha bao gi ha vi em iu g c.

+ Cng thc th nghi vn:

DID + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c) ?

- Lu :

+ Cch tr li cu hi YES - NO th qu kh n:

Tr li YES: YES, Ch ng + DID

Tr li NO: NO, Ch ng + DIDN'T

+ C th thm t WH trc cng thc trn c cu hi WH vi th qu kh n.

- Th d:

+ DID YOU DO THAT ? C phi bn lm iu ? (Tr li: YES, I DID hoc NO,

I DIDN'T)

+ WHAT DID YOU DO ? = Bn lm g?

* Khi no chng ta s dng Th Qu Kh n?

- Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong qu kh.

+ I LAST SAW HER AT HER HOUSE TWO MONTHS AGO = Ln cui cng ti

nhn thy c ta nh c ta l cch y 2 thng)

- Khi mun din t hnh ng xy ra xong trong mt giai on no trong qu kh.

+ I LIVED IN CHINA FOR 6 MONTHS = Ti sng Trung Quc 6 thng ( l

chuyn qu kh, gi ti khng sng TQ)

* Trng t thng dng cho Th Qu Kh n:

YESTERDAY = hm qua

LAST NIGHT = ti hm qua

LAST WEEK = tun trc (c th thay WEEK bng MONTH (thng), YEAR(nm),

DECADE(thp nin), CENTURY...)

TWO DAYS AGO = cch y 2 ngy (c th thay TWO DAYS bng mt ng danh t v

thi gian no khc : AN HOUR AGO = Cch y 1 tingng h, 300 YEARS AGO =

cch y 300 nm...)

TH TNG LAI N

Cc cch din t quan h s hu

din t quan h s hu, ta hc tnh t s hu v i t s hu. Tuy nhin, nhiu khi

quan h s hu khng n gin ch l gia cc i t nhn xng v danh t m n cn c

th l gia ng danh t v danh t. Bi ny s ch cho bn thm cc cch cn li din t

quan h s hu.

Ngoi cch dng tnh t s hu din t quan h s hu, ta cn c cc cch sau:

* Cch th nht: DNG OF

- OF c ngha l CA khi c dng din t quan h s hu. (trong ting Vit, c

th khng cn vit CA cng c th hiu c, nhng trong ting Anh phi c OF)

- Khi dng OF th danh t "b" s hu ng u ri n OF ri mi n danh t ch

s hu

- Ta thng dng OF din t quan h s hu khi danh t "b" s hu l danh t

tru tng

- Th d:

+ THE BEGINNING OF THE MOVIE = phn u ca b phim (phn u b phim)

+ THE SIZE OF THE PORTRAIT = Kch thc ca tm chn dung.

* Cch th hai: khng cn dng g c, ch cn sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau

- Ta dng cch sp xp hai danh t cnh nhau din t quan h s hu khi c hai

danh t ny u l danh t c th.

- din t quan h s hu theo cch ny th th t sp xp danh t rt quan trng:

DANH T CH S HU NG TRC DANH T "B" S HU.

- Th d:

+ THE CAR RADIO = My radio ca xe hi

+ THE TREE TRUNK = Thn ca cy (thn cy)

* Cch th ba: dng S Hu Cch vi 'S

- Ta bit 'S c th l vit tt ca IS hoc HAS. Gi y ta cn bit thm 'S ngay sau mt

danh t c khi khng phi l dng vit tt ca ai m n l mt phng cch din t

quan h s hu gia hai (ng) danh t.

- Cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu:

+ Thng thng, ta chn cch dng 'S din t quan h s hu khi hai (ng) danh t ni

v ngi hoc con vt. Tuy nhin, 'S c th dng cho s vt khi n c nhn cch ha (ta

coi n nh con ngi) hoc cho cc n v thi gian hoc trong nhng cu thnh ng.

+ Th d:

THE BOY'S HAT = ci nn ca thng nh

PETER'S CAR = Xe hi ca Peter

THE EARTH'S SURFACE = B mt ca tri t

A DAY'S WORK = Cng vic ca mt ngy

- Vi iu cn lu :

+ Khi dng 'S, ta phi theo th t sau:

Danh t lm ch s hu'S + Danh t b s hu

+ Nu danh t lm ch s hu l mt ng danh t di cng khng sao, c thm 'S ngay sau

ch cui cng trong ng danh t , v d:

MY SISTER-IN-LAW'S CHILDREN = Nhng ngi con ca ch du ti (hoc em du ti

v sister c th l ch gi hoc em gi, brother c th l anh trai hoc em trai)

+ Nu bn thn danh t lm ch s hu tn cng bng S ri th ta ch cn thm ' ng sau

n thi, khi thm S.

THE STUDENTS' BOOKS = nhng cun sch ca cc sinh vin/hc sinh

THE SMITHS' HOUSE = Cn nh ca gia nh h SMITH.

DICKENS' NOVELS = Nhng cun tiu thuyt ca ng DICKENS (tn ng ta c S ng

sau)

Tng lai vi GOING TO

din t hnh ng trong tng lai, ta hc th tng lai n. Tuy nhin, trong mt s

trng hp, ta cn dng cu trc TO BE + GOING TO. Trong bi ny, ta s hc cng thc

v cch dng cu trc rt ph bin ny.


Ch ng + TO BE + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng.

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi c chia tng ng vi ch ng (AM hay IS hay ARE)

+ GOING TO trong vn ni c rt gn thnh GONNA

- Th d:

+ I AM GOING TO SEE HER TONIGHT. = Ti nay ti s gp c y.

+ SHE IS GOING TO MAD AT ME. = C ta s rt gin ti.

+ IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Tri s ma y.

* Cn phn bit TO + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu vi th hin ti tip din TO BE

+ ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

I AM GOING TO GO TO SCHOOL = Ti s i hc.( Tng lai vi GOING TO)

I AM GOING TO SCHOOL = Ti ang i hc (Th hin ti tip din)

* Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng.

- Lu :

+ TO BE phi chia ng theo ch ng.

+ TO BE + NOT c th vit tt (xem li bi v ng t TO BE nu cn)

+ GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni.

- Th d:

+ I AM NOT GOING TO HELP HIM = Ti s khng gip n.

+ THEY ARE NOT GOING TO LISTEN TO ME. = H s khng nghe ti ni u.


TO BE + Ch ng + GOING TO + ng t nguyn mu + B ng ?

- Lu :

+ TO BE chia tng ng vi ch ng.

+ GOING TO c th rt gn thnh GONNA trong vn ni.

+ C th thm t WH trc TO BE trong cng thc trn to ra cu hi WH.

- Th d:

+ ARE YOU GOING TO BE BACK BEFORE 10pm? = Bn c v trc 10 gi ti khng?

+ WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO TONIGHT? = Ti nay bn s lm g?

* Khi no ta dng cu trc GOING TO:

- Khi mun din t k hoch, d nh cho tng lai m ta c sn ri. ( th tng lai

n vi WILL, ngi ni ra quyt nh s lm ngay khi ni)

+ WE ARE GOING TO CELEBRATE HIS BIRTHDAY THIS WEEKEND. = Chng ta s

t chc n mng sinh nht ca cu y vo cui tun ny.

- Khi mun tin on mt hnh ng s xy ra da trn bng chng trong hin ti (Th

tng lai n d on mang tnh ch quan hn, khng da vo bng chng c th, chc

chn nh Tng lai vi GOING TO)

+ LOOK AT THOSE CLOUDS! IT IS GOING TO RAIN. = Nhn nhng m my ka.

Tri s ma y.

SO SNH HN

Trong bi ny, chng ta s hc cch so snh hn (A...hn B).

* Th no l so snh hn?

- So snh hn l cu trc so snh gia hai ch th.

- Khi trong mt cu ni c hm so snh, min c ch "HN' th l so snh hn, d

ngha so snh c th l thua, km.

+ HE HAS LESS MONEY THAN I. = Anh y c t tin hn ti.

+ SHE IS LESS ATTRACTIVE THAN MY WIFE. = C y km quyn r hn so vi v

ti.

* Cng thc cu trc so snh hn:

khi so snh, ta thng em tnh t hoc trng t ra lm i tng xem xt.

** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t ngn:

Tnh t/trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m. Tnh t/trng t c hai m tit nhng

tn cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t /trng t ngn.

TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM ER + THAN

- Th d:

+ VIETNAM IS RICHER THAN CAMBODIA. = Vit Nam giu hn Campuchia.

+ I AM TALLER THAN HE. = Ti cao hn anh ta.

+ I RUN FASTER THAN HE.

- Lu :

+ Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, i Y thnh I ri mi thm ER: HAPPY -->

HAPPIER

+ Nu tnh t ngn tn cng bng E, ta ch cn thm R thi. LATE -> LATER + Nu tnh

t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M, ta vit

PH M CUI thm 1 ln ri mi thm ER. BIG --> BIGGER,

** Cng thc vi tnh t/trng t di:

Tnh t/trng t di l tnh t c ba m tit tr ln hoc tnh t /trng t c hai m tit

khng tn cng bng Y.

MORE + TNH T/TRNG T DI + THAN

- Th d:

+ SHE IS MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN HIS WIFE. = C y c sc cun ht hn v anh

ta.

+ I AM NOT MORE INTELLIGENT THAN YOU ARE. I JUST WORK HARDER

THAN YOU. = Ti khng c thng minh hn bn. Ti ch sing nng hn bn thi.

** Ngoi l:

- GOOD --> BETTER

- WELL --> BETTER

- BAD --> WORSE

- MANY --> MORE

- MUCH --> MORE

- LITTLE --> LESS

- FAR --> FARTHER/FURTHER (FARTHER dng khi ni v khong cch c th,

FURTHER dng ni v khong cch tru tng)

- QUIET --> QUIETER hoc MORE QUIET u c

- CLEVER --> CLEVERER hoc MORE CLEVER u c

- NARROW --> NARROWER hoc MORE NARROW u c

- SIMPLE --> SIMPLER hoc MORE SIMPLE u c

** Khi i tng em ra so snh l danh t, ta c cng thc :

MORE hoc LESS + DANH T + THAN

- Dng MORE khi mun ni nhiu...hn

- Dng LESS khi mun ni t...hn

- Nu danh t l danh t m c, n phi dng s nhiu.

- Th d:

+ I HAVE MORE MONEY THAN YOU. = Ti c nhiu tin hn anh.

+ YOU HAVE LESS MONEY THAN I.

+ SHE HAS MORE CHILDREN THAN I. = C ta c nhiu con hn ti.

** Khi ngha so snh l "A km... hn B, ta ch vic thay MORE bng LESS, ta c:

LESS + TNH T/TRNG T + THAN

- Th d:

+ I EAT LESS THAN HE DOES. = Ti n t hn n.

+ SILVER IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN GOLD. = Bc th t t tin hn vng.

** Lu :

- tt c mi trng hp, i t nhn xng lin sau THAN phi l i t ch ng. Trong

vn ni, ta c th dng i t tn ng ngay sau THAN nhng tt hn vn nn dng i t

ch ng.

+ HE IS RICHER THAN I. (c th ni HE IS RICHER THAN ME trong vn ni)

- v lin sau THAN, ta khng bao gi lp li v ng c v trc THAN, Nu mun r

ngha, ta ch cn dng TR NG T tng ng. Vi ng t TO BE, v sau THAN c

th lp li TO BE tng ng, nhng iu ny cng khng bt buc.

- Th d:

+ HE IS RICHER THAN I. (ta c th lp li TO BE sao cho tng ng: HE IS RICHER

THAN I AM)

+ I WORK HARDER THAN YOU. (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN:

I WORK HARDER THAN YOU DO.)

+ SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE (ta c th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN:

SHE RUNS FASTER THAN HE DOES).

+ HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I. = Anh y kim c nhiu tin hn ti (ta c

th dng tr ng t tng ng v sau THAN: HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I

DID, tuyt i khng bao gi ni HE MADE MORE MONEY THAN I MADE MONEY)

SO SNH BNG

Cu trc so snh bng c dng th hin s ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau v mt

no khi em hai ch th ra so snh.

* Cu trc so snh bng vi tnh t hoc trng t:

AS + TNH T/TRNG T + AS

- Th d:

+ YOUR HANDS ARE AS COLD AS ICE. = Hai tay ca bn lnh nh nc vy!

+ HE IS AS TALL AS HIS FATHER. = Anh ta cao bng b anh ta.

+ HE DOESN'T RUN AS FAST AS I DO. = N chy khng nhanh bng ti.

- Lu :

+ din t thm cc mc khc nhau ca s so snh, ta c th thm mt trng t trc

t AS u tin, th d:

JUST = va (bng), chnh xc

NEARLY = gn nh

HALF = phn na

TWICE = gpi

THREE TIMES = ba ln

* Khi mun so snh bng v danh t, ta dng AS MANY...AS hoc AS MUCH...AS

- ...AS MANY + DANH T M C + AS...

- Th d:

+ I WORK AS MANY HOURS AS HE DOES. = Ti lm vic s gi bng vi anh ta.

- ... AS MUCH + DANH T KHNG M C + AS...

- Th d:

+ I DON'T MAKE AS MUCH MONEY AS HE DOES. = Ti khng kim c nhiu tin

bng anh ta.

SO SNH NHT

So snh nht l cu trc ta dng khi cn so snh mt ch th vi ton b nhm, tp th m

ch th c trong .

* Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t ngn:

Tnh t hoc trng t ngn l tnh t/trng t c mt m tit. Tnh t/trng t hai m tit tn

cng bng Y cng c xem l tnh t/trng t ngn trong cu trc ny.

THE + TNH T/TRNG T NGN THM EST.

- Th d:

+ HE IS THE SMARTEST IN HIS CLASS. = Anh y thng minh nht lp.

+ THIS BOOK IS THE CHEAPEST I CAN FIND. = Cun sch ny l cun r nht m ti

c th tm thy.

+ HE RUNS THE FASTEST. = Anh ta chy nhanh nht.

- Lu :

+ Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng Y, ta i Y thnh I ri mi thm EST

HAPPY -->THE HAPPIEST

CRAZY --> THE CRAZIEST

FUNNY --> THE FUNNIEST

+ Khi tnh t ngn tn cng bng 1 PH M + 1 NGUYN M + 1 PH M: ta vit ph

m cui cng thm 1 ln ri mi thm EST

BIG --> THE BIGGEST

HOT --> THE HOTTEST

SMALL --> THE SMALLEST

* Cu trc so snh nht vi tnh t/trng t di:

Tnh t/trng t di l tnh t/trng t c hai m tit tr ln.

THE + MOST + TNH T/TRNG T DI

+ YOU ARE THE MOST BEAUTIFUL LADY I HAVE EVER MET. = Em l ngi ph

n p nht m anh tng gp t trc n nay.

+ LONDON IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE CITY IN ENGLAND. = Lun n l thnh ph

t nht nc Anh.

* Ngoi l:

Mt s tnh t/trng t khi s dng trong cu trc so snh nht c dng c bit, khng

theo cng thc trn y, bt buc ta phi nh nm lng:

TNH T/TRNG T DNG SO SNH NHT

BAD THE WORST

GOOD THE BEST

WELL THE BEST

MANY THE MOST

MUCH THE MOST

- Th d:

+ IT WAS THE WORST DAY IN MY LIFE. = Ngy l ci ngy ti t nht trong i

ti.

+ HE IS THE BEST TEACHER I HAVE EVER HAD. = ng y l ngi thy tt nht

m ti tng c.

+ THESE PANTS FIT ME THE BEST. = Qun ny va vn vi ti nht.

+ WHO HAS THE MOST MONEY IN THE WORLD? = Ai c nhiu tin nht trn th

gii?

CU IU KIN LOI 1; CU IU KIN LOI 2

Cu iu kin loi 1 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin hin ti c th c tht. Ta s dng

cu iu kin loi 1 t ra mt iu kin c th thc hin c trong hin ti v nu kt

qu c th xy ra.

* Cng thc cu iu kin loi 1:

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th hin ti n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WILL +

ng t nguyn mu + B ng (nu c).

- Ni cch khc, cu i u kin loi 1, mnh IF dng th hin ti n, mnh chnh

dng th tng lai n.

- Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau.

- B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu.

- Mnh IF v mnh chnh c th ng trc hay sau u c.

- Th d:

+ IF I HAVE THE MONEY, I WILL BUY THAT LCD MONITOR. = Nu ti c tin,

ti s mua ci mn hnh LCD .

+ I WILL BE SAD IF YOU LEAVE. = Anh s bun nu em b i.


Cu iu kin loi 2 l cu trc dng t ra mt iu kin khng c tht trong hin ti v

nu kt qu ca n. ng nhin, kt qu xy ra theo mt iu kin khng c tht cng ch

l mt kt qu tng tng. Ta cn c th gi cu iu kin loi 2 l cu iu kin hin ti

khng tht.

IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh n + B ng, Ch ng 2 + WOULD/

COULD + ng t nguyn mu + B ng

- Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 2, mnh IF dng th qu kh n, mnh chnh

dng ng t khim khuyt WOULD hoc COULD.

* Lu :

+ mnh IF, nu ng t l TO BE th ta dng WERE cho tt c cc ch ng.

+ WOULD = s (dng qu kh ca WILL)

+ COULD = c th (dng qu kh ca CAN)

- Th d:

+ IF I WERE YOU, I WOULD GET A DIVORCE. = Nu ti l bn, ti s np n ly d.

+ IF DOGS HAD WINGS, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO FLY. = Nu ch c cnh,

chng s bit bay.

Cu iu kin loi 3 cn c th c gi l cu iu kin qu kh khng tht.

Cu trc ny c dng khi ta mun t mt gi thit ngc li vi iu g xy ra

trong qu kh.


IF + Ch ng 1 + ng t chia th qu kh hon thnh + B ng, Ch ng 2 +

WOULD/COULD HAVE + PP.

- Ni cch khc, cu iu kin loi 3, mnh IF dng th qu kh hon thnh, mnh

chnh dng cng thc WOULD hoc COULD + HAVE + PP.

* Lu :

- PP l dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t. ng t bt quy tc, chnh l ct th 3

trong bng ng t bt quy tc. ng t c quy tc, chnh l ng t nguyn mu

thm ED.

- B ng c th khng c, ty ngha ca cu.

- Ch ng 1 v ch ng 2 c th trng nhau.

- Mnh IF c th ng trc hoc sau mnh chnh.

TH QU KH HON THNH

y l th tng i kh v i hi bn bn hc thuc lng cng nhiu t cng tt trong

bng ng t bt quy tc. Ni th ny kh v khi nim ca n xa l vi ngi Vit Nam

chng ta. Tht ra ta c th hiu th qu kh hon thnh mt cch rt n gin nh sau:

* Th qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc

v c hai hnh ng ny u xy ra trong qu kh. Hnh ng no xy ra trc th dng

th qu kh hon thnh. Hnh ng xy ra sau th dng th qu kh n.

* Cng thc th qu kh hon thnh:

** Cng thc th khng nh:

Ch ng + HAD + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c).

- Lu :

+ Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t thng thng l ng t nguyn mu thm ED.

i vi ng t bt quy tc th ta phi dng ct 3 ca bng ng t bt quy tc.

- Th d:

+ I HAD EATEN BEFORE I CAME HERE. = Ti n trc khi n y.

** Cng thc th ph nh:

Ch ng + HAD + NOT + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c).

- Lu :

+ HAD NOT c th vit tt l HADN'T

- Th d:

+ SHE HADN'T PREPARED FOR THE EXAM BUT SHE STILL PASSED. = C ta

khng c chun b cho k thi nhng c ta vn u.

** Cng thc th nghi vn:

HAD + Ch ng + Dng qu kh hon thnh ca ng t + B ng (nu c) ?

- Th d:

+ HAD YOU LOCKED THE DOOR BEFORE YOU LEFT THE HOUSE? = Bn kha

ca trc khi ri khi nh ch?

TH QU KH TIP DIN

Cu trc HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING

y l mt cu trc n gin, hu dng v rt thng dng din t "Ai nh ai lm

vic g".

Bn cn lu l trong ting Vit, c rt nhiu vic ta nh ngi khc lm nhng ta khng

ni chnh xc nh vy, th d:

Ngy mai ti i ht tc. (Bn khng t ht tc m bn nh th ht tc cho mnh, ng

khng?)

Xe anh d ri, anh i ra xe i! (Ngi ni tht s c bo bn i ra tim ra xe, nh th

ra xe ra gim, khng phi bo bn t ra).

Tm li, vi nhng trng hp ging nh trn, ta cn dng cu trc c gii thiu bi

ny.

* Cng thc cu trc:

Ch ng + HAVE + i t tn ng hoc danh t + ng t nguyn mu + B ng .

- Lu :

+ Ty hon cnh ni, HAVE phi c chia theo ng th. Nu cn, bn xem li bi hc v

tt c cc th trong ting Anh.

+ i t tn ng: bn xem li bi i t tn ng nu cn.

+ Danh t: nu khng dng i t tn ng, bn c th thay danh t ring ch tn ngi vo

ch ny (Peter, Tom, John...) hoc ng danh t ch ngh nghip (my lawyer, my doctor...)

+ ng t nguyn mu: l ng t ch hnh ng c nh lm trong cu ni ny.

* Ta dng cng thc ny khi ta cn ni r ngi c nh lm l ai.

- Th d:

+ I HAD MY ASSISTANT TYPE THE REPORT. = Ti nh tr l ring nh my bn

bo co.

+ I'LL HAVE MY LAWYER LOOK INTO IT. = Ti s nh lut s ca ti xem xt vn

ny.

+ MY COMPUTER BROKE DOWN. MY BROTHER IS A COMPUTER TECHNICIAN.

I'LL HAVE HIM FIX IT. = My vi tnh ti b h. Em trai ti l k thut vin my tnh.

Ti s nh n sa gim.

* Cng thc cu trc th b ng:

Ch ng + HAVE + B ng + ng t dng qu kh hon thnh.

- Lu :

+ HAVE phi c chia ng th

+ B ng l ci c lm, ci c x l

+ ng t dng qu kh hon thnh l ng t nguyn mu thm ED i vi ng t c

quy tc, i vi ng t bt quy tc, dng qu kh hon thnh chnh l dng ct th ba

trong bng ng t bt quy tc.

* Ta thng dng cu trc th b ng ny hn v thng th ngi c nh lm khng

cn c nhc ti ngi nghe cng hiu ( th d: i ht tc th d nhin ngi c bn nh

ht tc phi l ngi th ht tc)

- Th d:

+ I HAD MY HAIR CUT YESTERDAY. = Hm qua ti i ht tc. (ng t CUT ba

dng- nguyn mu, qu kh, qu kh hon thnh- u nh nhau CUT - CUT - CUT) + I'M

GOING TO HAVE MY CAR FIXED TOMORROW. = Ngy mai ti s em xe hi i sa.

NG T KHIM KHUYT

ng t WISH, mt dng cu iu kin

TH HIN TI HON THNH TIP DIN

Ging nh th hin ti hon thnh , th hin ti hon thnh tip din cng din t mt hnh

ng bt u qu kh, tip tc n hin ti v c th tip tc n tng lai. Tuy nhin,

th hin ti hon thnh tip din c khc ch n nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng.

Sau y l cng thc ca th hin ti hon thnh tip din:

* Cng thc:

Ch ng + HAVE hoc HAS + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

* Th d:

- I HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR YOU SINCE EARLY MORNING. = Anh i emt

sng sm n gi.

- THE TELEPHONE HAS BEEN RINGING FOR TWO MINUTES. = in thoi reo

hai pht ri. (v cn reo na)

* Lu :

- Khi ch ng l HE, SHE, IT hoc l ngi th 3 s t ni chung, ta dng HAS.

- Khi ch ng l I, WE, YOU, THEY hoc l ngi th 3 s nhiu ni chung, ta dng

HAVE.

TH QU KH HON THNH TIP DIN

Ging nh th qu kh hon thnh , th qu kh hon thnh tip din dng din t hnh

ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh. im khc bit l th qu kh hon

thnh tip din nhn mnh tnh lin tc ca hnh ng hoc nhn mnh rng hnh ng xy

ra trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh vn tip tc xy ra sau khi hnh ng sau xy ra.

Sau y l cng thc ca th qu kh hon thnh tip din:

* Cng thc:

- Th khng nh:

Ch ng + HAD + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

- Th d:

+ THIS MORNING, WHEN I GOT UP, IT HAD BEEN RAINING. = Sng nay, khi ti

thc dy, tri ma. (dy ri m tri vn cn ang ma)

- Th ph nh: Thm NOT sau HAD

Ch ng + HAD NOT + BEEN + ng t nguyn mu thm ING.

+ HAD NOT vit gn l HADN'T

- Th nghi vn:em HAD ra trc ch ng

HAD + Ch ng + ng t nguyn mu thm ING?

CU HI UI (TAG -QUESTIONS)

Cu hi ui l mt dng cu hi rt thng dng trong ting Anh. Mc d cu tr li cho

cu hi ui cng ging nh cu tr li cho cu hi YES-NO, nhng cu hi ui c sc

thi ngha ring bit.

Cu hi ui c thnh lp sau mt cu ni khng nh hoc ph nh, c ngn cch

bng du phy (,) v vy ngi t cu hi c thng tin v cu tr li. Tuy nhin, thng

th ngi hi khng chc chn lm v thng tin ny. Nu ngi hi chc chn, t tin rng

mnh c thng tin v cu tr li nhng vn hi th khi chm dt cu hi ui, ngi hi

s ln ging.

Sau y l cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:

* Nguyn tc chung khi lp cu hi ui:

- Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu khng nh, cu hi ui phi th ph nh.

- Nu cu ni trc du phy l cu ph nh, cu hi ui phi th khng nh

* Cu to ca cu hi ui:

- Cu hi ui gm mt tr ng t tng ng vi th c dng trong cu ni trc du

phy, c NOT hoc khng c NOT v mt i t nhn xng tng ng vi ch ng ca

cu ni trc du phy.

* Th d:

- YOU ARE AFRAID, AREN'T YOU? (Anh ang s, ng khng?)

- YOU DIDN'T DO YOUR HOMEWORK, DID YOU? (Bn khng lm bi tp nh,

ng khng?)

* Cch thnh lp cu hi ui cho cc tt c cc th ta hc:

1. Hin ti n vi TO BE:

- HE IS HANDSOME, ISN'T HE? = Anh y p trai, ng khng?

- YOU ARE WORRIED, AREN'T YOU? = Bn ang lo lng, phi khng?

- c bit vi I AM..., cu hi ui phi l AREN'T I:

+ I AM RIGHT, AREN'T I?

- Vi I AM NOT, cu hi ui s l AM I nh quy tc.

+ I AM NOT GUILTY, AM I?

2. Hin ti n ng t thng: mn tr ng t DO hoc DOES ty theo ch ng

(xem li bi Th hin ti n vi ng t thng nu cn)

- THEY LIKE ME, DON'T THEY?

- SHE LOVES YOU, DOESN'T SHE?

3. Th qu kh n vi ng t thng: mn tr ng t DID, qu khn vi TO

BE: WAS hoc WERE:

- YOU LIED TO ME, DIDN'T YOU?

- HE DIDN'T COME HERE, DID HE?

- HE WAS FRIENDLY, WASN'T HE?

4. Th hin ti hon thnh hoc hin ti hon thnh

Documents

Danh Sach 850 Tu Co Ban