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Dangerous People, Irrational Fears: Developing a rational jurisprudence for non-criminal dangerousness
Edward P. Richards, JD, MPHDirector, Program in Law, Science, and
Public HealthLouisiana State University Law Center
[email protected] and other info: http://
biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/Talks.htm
Objectives for Today
The legal tools for managing dangerous people What is administrative cost and why does it
matter? Is more due process and judicial review the right
answer to concerns with overreaching state authority?
Is law the solution at all?
What is Non-Criminal Dangerousness?
No mens rea - guilty mind Various legal tests Would not be found criminally liable for their
actions Civil (tort) liability
Individuals or their care givers can be found liable for tort damages
Why does Criminal vs. Non-Criminal Matter?
Criminal dangerousness Constitutional due process protections The state can only act retrospectively to
punish, based on crimes committed Non-Criminal dangerousness
Cannot be punished Individuals can be prospectively managed
under the police powers to prevent harm
The Police Powers
Powers left to the states in the Constitution Primarily public health and safety
Commerce clause regulation While the federal government does not have
police powers, the courts have allowed the commerce clause to substitute in most situations
Police Power Enforcement
Enforced through agencies such as health departments, departments of mental health, and other health and safety agencies
Historically, less of a separation between the police and public health/safety
Governed by administrative law jurisprudence, not criminal law jurisprudence
Criminal v. Administrative Due Process
Criminal Due Process - Just like on TV
Right to counsel Trial by jury No self-incrimination Only searches based on probable cause with a
court granted warrant Law must be specific (void for vagueness) Can only be applied for punishment after a crime
is committed
Administrative Due Process
Expert agency decisionmakers rather than trial by jury
Judicial deference to agency action Lower standard of proof
Preponderance or clear and convincing Can take action to prevent harm Cannot punish, only limit liberty as necessary to
prevent harm
Example - Administrative Searches
Criminal law search Probable cause to believe that there is specific
evidence of a crime in a specific place Must be approved by a judge
Administrative law search Until 1967, no warrant at all Post 1967, area warrant Both public health and national security
Example - Traditional Tuberculosis Control
Jargon: Isolation (sick) - Quarantine (exposed) Suspected carriers can be isolated until they test
negative No forced testing or treatment, but it is the key
to release Orders by health officer, subject to habeas
corpus review by a judge Can be kept in a jail (but not a good idea)
Tradition Review of Pubic Heath Detention: Habeas Corpus
Part of the US Constitution State (health officer) must show:
Legal authority for the detention The facts that support the detention No right to appointed counsel
Judge will defer to the state's determination of the facts in administrative detentions Must not be arbitrary or capricious
The New Direction
Push by civil libertarians for more rights since the 1970s More judicial supervision - shift decisionmaking
from the agency to the judge or jury More due process rights, including counsel Many states have adopted dramatic limits on
traditional public health powers Claimed to be constitutionally required
The Result for TB
Appointed counsel Judicial determination of the appropriateness of
the isolation order In some place, a jury trial on the issues Least restrictive alternative analysis, often
without regard to departmental resources
Constitutional Cognitive Dissonance:Rehnquist (Roberts) Denial
Pretrial detainees in Rikers Bail Reform Act and Fat Tony Sexually dangerous persons laws and predator laws Antiterrorism laws
Same constitutional roots as public health From Guantanamo to NSA to FISA, all are based on
the power to prevent Criminal rights like 5th amendment are limited Same language as public health decisions
Is More Due Process and Judicial Review Good Policy?
Why not just have more review by courts and more due process, including appointed counsel?
Administrative Cost
Limited budgets and staff Many do not have lawyers Limited ability to tolerate political criticism Texas TB case in the 1980s
Do Courts do a Better Job?
Remember Korematsu? How about how well the criminal courts do with all
their protections, if you are not rich? Look at the terrorism cases Presenting a TB case Is judicial review really only a protection to the
extent that it keeps the agency from acting?
Does it Matter?
Most public health works well enough You usually do not get sick eating in
restaurants Drinking water is generally safe
Restrictions on TB control mostly work because it is relatively rare Would it scale?
Problem Areas
Legal overreaching Assumption that the problem can be solved
with law Usually driven by fear combined with an
unwillingness to face structural problems Over-restrictive laws
Legal Overreaching: Pandemic Flu
Read the HHS report on Swine Flu Pressure to pass emergency restriction and
quarantine laws Some people are even talking about shooting
policies Government requirements for surge planning and
emergency preparedness plans Is this the right answer?
Best Evidence-based Pandemic Planning
People need food, medical care, and financial support to stay home
We eliminated surge capacity as a health planning goal - we called it excess capacity
We do not have a working immunization program for the yearly flu pandemic We cannot even get health care provides to get
basic immunizations, including flu shots
Why Focus on Emergency Laws?
Cheap to pass Do not require addressing expensive
infrastructural needs Federal and state agencies can point to the
coerced plans to show that we are prepared Hurricane Pam and Katrina Systematically undermines confidence in
government regulation because everyone has to lie
Over-restrictive Laws: HIV
Background on HIV
1,000,000++ infected persons More than 20,000/40,000 new cases a year
Significantly more deaths than homicides Devastating minority communities
#1 cause of death young minority women Much great risk than dangerous mentally ill persons
and other politically high visibility risks Now linked up with prostitution, Internet porn, and
organized crime Extra charge for bareback and bug chasers
Legal/Political Setup for HIV Epidemic
Swine flu scared public health officials, esp. CDC Made it difficult for them to push for unpopular
intrusive strategies Bathhouses grew up in the early 1970s
Horrendous HBV data in 1976 Bathhouse closings were seen as anti-gay civil
rights violations Bathhouses made the HIV epidemic possible
Legal Restrictions on HIV Control
Special legal limits on testing Special exceptions to communicable disease reporting
and investigation laws Many states revised their public health laws to make it
much more difficult to restrict disease carriers Federal policy on HIV, which sets the norms for states
because of funding restrictions, did not address these restrictions until 2005-6
Public health officials do not have the legal power to act against dangerous persons and institutions
Why Pandemic Flu Preparedness and not HIV Control?
What is the real risk of a public health threat? Why is preparation for theoretical risks so much more
attractive than confronting real risks? What is the role of politics (Wag the Dog)?
Did Katrina trigger the pan flu push? Is this an extension of the national security state?
Should we push back? Pan flu rationing plans are a good sign