Damaged wall insideAnjar substation control building with

Buildings located nearsteep slopes. Must be away from steep slopes for better resistance to forces.

Buildingslocated on filled – up soil

Buildings located onfilled – up soil should be provided

Addition of shear walls to decrease span of diaphragm

Shape of Buildings

The optimal (regular) seismic configuration

Buildings with irregular configuration

Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral resistance

Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral stiffness

Typical analytical diagram of earthquake forces

For complicated configuration more than two axes may be used for analysis

Earthquake forces on buildings

Earthquake forces: The reality

Earthquake forces acting on a large building

Localized strength and stiffness

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames- not recommended.

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended

Diaphragm openings

Buildings with offsets

Damage to buildings with offsets

Damage to buildings with offsets

Re-entrant Corner

Irregularity in masses

Elastic and Plastic behavior of mild steel

Response Spectra

Beam Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement in Column

Column and Joint Detailing

Beam Column Intersection

Examplesof shallow foundations

Common types of cast-in-place concrete piles: (a) Uncased pile; (b) Franki uncased-pedestal pile; (c) Franki cased-pedestal pile;

Typical pile configurations

Common types of earth retaining structures

Common types of earth retaining structures