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Dallachy, Fraser James (2013) A study of the manuscript contexts of Benedict Burgh's Middle English 'Distichs of Cato'. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4179/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given
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2 Referring to distich II. 31 3 In discussing the influence of the Disticha, Richard Hazelton lists Peter Abelard, John of Salisbury, Peter Cantor, Peter Riga and Vincent of Beauvais amongst those who quote ‘Cato’, before stating that ‘it would be pointless to cite the references to Cato that appear after the twelfth century; they are to be found literally everywhere’ (1957: 159 n. 5; cf. also Chase’s introduction to his translation of the Disticha, 1922: 1-11). 4 Chaucer’s use of Cato is examined in depth by Hazelton 1960. Langland cites Cato nine times in the ‘B’ text of Piers Plowman: VI. 314-315, VII. 73, VII. 155-156, X. 194-196, X. 343, XI. 404, XII. 21-22, XVIII. 162, XIX. 296 (line numbering as in Robertson & Shepherd 2006).
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5 On a terminological point, this thesis will use the term Disticha Catonis or Disticha to refer to the Latin work and/or its various vernacular translations; Benedict Burgh’s translation specifically is referred to as the Distichs of Cato or the Distichs; individual maxims in their two-line Latin form are referred to as distichs without initial capitalisation. Although Disticha and Distichs are both plural forms, they are taken as the title of a collection, and thus treated as singular. A ‘distich’ or a group of ‘distichs’ are treated as standard ‘count nouns’ so that singular and plural forms are given as appropriate.
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6 The standard edition of the Latin is presented in Boas 1952. The more practical Loeb edition is to be found in Duff & Duff 1934.
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8 It is interesting, although not particularly instructive, to note that the Wikipedia article on Beeleigh recounts a thoroughly dubious legend about an underground passage which is said to link the latter to All Saints’ Church. I have found no academic source which might support this, and especially nothing to suggest that the intrepid if incurious archaeologists (and their rather more adventurous dog) mentioned in the article actually did locate such a passage. If nothing else, the apparent folk myth may be an indication that the two places were linked in the popular imagination (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeleigh_Abbey Last accessed: 22/4/12).
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9 The one unfortunate exception to this has been Rome, English College MS. A.347, which it was neither possible to visit nor study as a microfilm copy. On a more positive note, it is exciting to be able to say that two of the Distichs manuscripts have recently been made available in their entirety online. Aberystwyth, NLW MS. Peniarth 481D can be viewed at http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=4432 (last accessed 19/04/12); Manchester, Chetham’s MS. 8009 can be accessed through the link on the library’s website http://www.chethams.org.uk/news.html#ChethamsTreasuresDigitised (last accessed 19/04/12), although slightly regrettably the images are returned in the form of search results from the John Rylands Library site, and thus are listed out of order with no apparent way of rectifying this. 10 The Imagining History Project’s homepage can be found at http://www.qub.ac.uk/imagining-history/wordpress/index.php (last accessed 26/04/12), from where the ‘wiki’ database containing the research results can also be reached. Geographies of Orthodoxy can be found at http://www.qub.ac.uk/geographies-of-orthodoxy/ (last accessed 14/12/12).
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11 Analysis of the costs of production of medieval books remain somewhat piecemeal. Some idea of the expenses incurred might be gained from Christianson 1987, Overty 2008, Schramm 1933 and Bell 1936.
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12 An ‘Identification List’ for the Corpus can be acquired online at www.history.ox.ac.uk/sharpe/index.htm [last accessed 1/5/12]. Within this, the Disticha Catonis entries can be found at p. 230.
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13 An edition of Charyte’s catalogue is presented in Webber & Watson 1998; previous to this by James 1935-7 (part 1) & 1939-41 (part 2). 14 ‘Cronicale abbreviatum per Thomam de Ripley’ is Webber & Watson’s A20. 643; ‘Cato’ is A20. 979, which appears to be the Latin source text acting as the principle text in a schoolbook miscellany which also includes Theodolus, Avianus and John of Garland; it is unclear which entry Manly & Rickert cite as ‘Cronica’ – perhaps A20. 650: ‘Cronica de successione regum’ in the belief it might be either Lydgate’s ‘Pedigree of English Kings’ or ‘Verses on the Kings of England’. That Charyte would not identify either text as being the work of the famous Lydgate is, however, unlikely.
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15 For the current state of knowledge of the structure of stationers’ businesses see Connolly & Mooney (2008), passim, and references there cited.
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16 Copying poetry onto walls was not as unusual in the Middle Ages as it seems in the present day. For a fascinating discussion of such ‘graffiti’ verses, see Fleming (2001: 46-51), where BL Royal 18.D.II is mentioned on p. 48, although the Distichs are ignored.
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17 The Fabula duorum mercatorum (NIMEV 1481) is present in BL Harley 2251, CUL Hh.4.12, BL Harley 2255, and BL Lansdowne 699. It also appears in Distichs manuscript Bodl. Rawl. poet. 32, Shirley-related BL Add. 34360, and Leiden UL, Vossius Germ. Gall. Q. 9. The Testament (NIMEV 2464) is present in fifteen manuscripts including, from the present grouping, Bodl. Laud misc. 683; Cambridge, Jesus College 56; BL Harley 2251; and BL Harley 2255. It is also present in the Distichs manuscripts BL Royal 18.D.II and BL Add. 34193 along with Stow’s BL Add. 29729. In addition, it is found in Shirley-related TCC R.3.19 and also in Leiden UL, Vossius Germ. Gall. Q. 9.
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18 These are NIMEV Nos. 100, 239, 809, 851, 913, 991, 1507, 3412, 3542, 3661, 3670, 3747, 3787 19 NIMEV Nos. 370, 809, 913, 1388, 3190, 3412, 3436, 3504, 3632, 3670, 3787 20 NIMEV Nos. 100, 666, 1086, 2756, 3361, 3412, 3436, 3542, 3670, 3787 21 NIMEV Nos. 239, 2218, 3436, 3542, 3632, 3661, 3787, 4230
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22 Shirley’s two whole manuscripts are British Library Additional 16165, and Oxford, Bodleian Ashmole 59. The third survives as Sion College Arc.L.40.2/E.44, British Library Harley 78 (fols. 80r-83v) and Cambridge, Trinity College R.3.20. For further details see Connolly (1998: 69-77)
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23 The individual verse as it appears in BL Add. 34360 is NIMEV 3504; in combination with Lydgate’s poem, it is NIMEV 3503. The stanzas pose several difficulties with regard especially to attribution and the mystery of their original format, and these are addressed by South (1935). 24 The items shared between Harley 2251 and Add. 34360 are: 183 Prayer to the Virgin Mary, 824 Lydgate’s ‘Dietary’, 1294 Lydgate’s Consulo quisquis eris, 1682 Prayer beginning “Iesu Crist kepe oure lyppes from pollucioun’, 2218 Lydgate’s Prayer for King Henry VI and his Quene and people, 2625 Lydgate’s ‘Horns Away’, 2825 Lydgate’s Letter to Gloucester, 3206 Epitaph to Duke of Gloucester, 3632 Lydgate’s ‘Verses on the Kings of England’, 3673 Lydgate’s translation of Stella Celi extirpavit, 4245 Lydgate’s Verbum caro factum est. Once again this suggests a focus on religious and political material.
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26 The manuscript signed by Dodesham is Oxford, Trinity College MS. 46. Those attributed to him by others are the ‘former Cockerell/Duschnes Manuscript’ (pseudo-Augustine’s Sermones morales ad fratres in heremo, stolen from Philip C. Duschnes of New York and still unaccounted for), and Glasgow University Library MS. Hunterian 77 (T.3.15).
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27 The former, bequeathed to Syon by the anchoress Margery Pensax, is London, British Library MS. Harley 2387; the latter, an early sixteenth-century printed text owned by ninth prioress Margaret Windsor, is Cambridge, Trinity College MS. C.7.12 (Hutchison 1995: 213; 216).
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28 The exception is ‘Factors that Cause a Man to Lose Reason’ (NIMEV 4230).
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