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PRESENTATION OUTLINEPRESENTATION OUTLINE

I.I. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

II.II. WHY REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ARE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANTWHY REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ARE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT

III.III. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS AFFECTING WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS AFFECTING

BOVINES AND OTHER RUMINANTSBOVINES AND OTHER RUMINANTS

IV.IV. HOW DO REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS CAUSE ECONOMIC LOSSES HOW DO REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS CAUSE ECONOMIC LOSSES –– IN IN

WHAT WAYS? AT WHAT SCALE OF ECONOMIC LOSSES?WHAT WAYS? AT WHAT SCALE OF ECONOMIC LOSSES?

V.V. COW SIGNALS COW SIGNALS -- SHOW HOW THESE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS CAN BE SHOW HOW THESE REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS CAN BE

IDENTIFIED, PREVENTED, MITIGATED OR CONTROLLED.IDENTIFIED, PREVENTED, MITIGATED OR CONTROLLED.

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WORL-WIDE PRODUCTION HEALTH CONCERN IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY

HEALTH & REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS

POOR REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN BOTH DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE

� DECLINING CONCEPTION RATE – 20-30% AVERAGE CONCEPTION RATE

� INCREASE IN LENGTH OF DAYS OPEN / CALVING INTERVALS (13-18 MONTHS) VS. NORM OF 365

DAYS

� INCREASED RATE OF EMBRYONIC LOSSES (~30 - 40% @ 28-30 DAYS), FETAL RESORPTION

(~20% @ 60-100 DAYS PREGNANCY) & ABORTION (~10-15% @ 3-8 MONTHS AGE)

�� INCREASED INVOLUNTARY CULLING OF HIGHINCREASED INVOLUNTARY CULLING OF HIGH--YIELDING DAIRY ANIMALS DUE TO INFERTILITY YIELDING DAIRY ANIMALS DUE TO INFERTILITY @@

� DYSTOCIA �ENDOMETRITIS � NO ESTRUS DETECTED

� DOWNER COW� MILK FEVER

�DELAYED INVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS

� WEAK OR SILENT ESTRUS

� FATTY LIVER SYNDROME� KETOSIS

�DELAYED ONSET OF POST PARTUM ESTRUS DUE TO OVARIAN INACTIVITY

� PERSISTENT ESTRUS OR NYMPHOMANIA

� DISPLACED ABOMASUM �PNEUMOVAGINA � BRUCELLOSIS

� RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE

�PYOMETRA � LEPTOSPIROSIS

� METRITIS �PROLONGED TIME BETWEEN ESTRUS

� TRICHOMONIASIS

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GUIDEPOSTS FRESH COWº HEALTH & REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS GUIDEPOSTS FRESH COWº HEALTH & REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS

PROBLEMPROBLEM GUIDEPOSTGUIDEPOST ACTUALACTUAL

DYSTOCIA/ASSISTEDDYSTOCIA/ASSISTED CALVINGSCALVINGS < 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 1010--2020 %%

RETAINEDRETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE (RFM)FETAL MEMBRANE (RFM) < 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 15 %15 %

METRITISMETRITIS < 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 10 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 1515--50%50%

DISPLACED ABOMASUM (DA)DISPLACED ABOMASUM (DA) <0.5 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS<0.5 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 3%3%

KETOSISKETOSIS < 5< 5 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS% OF TOTAL CALVINGS 25%25%

PYOMETRAPYOMETRA < 0.1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 0.1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS .5%.5%

MILK FEVER (MF)MILK FEVER (MF) < 3 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 3 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 88--15%15%

ENDOMETRITISENDOMETRITIS < 0.1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 0.1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 1515--25%25%

FATTY LIVER SYNDROME (FLS)FATTY LIVER SYNDROME (FLS) 0 %0 % 11--2%2%

MASTITISMASTITIS < 0.3< 0.3 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS% OF TOTAL CALVINGS 22--10 %10 %

LAMENESSLAMENESS < 0 %< 0 % 1010--25%25%

NONNON--CYCLING FRESH COWS (ESTRUSCYCLING FRESH COWS (ESTRUS NOT OBSERVED)NOT OBSERVED) < 1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS< 1 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 3030--50%50%

CYCLINGCYCLING FRESH COWS AT DAY 21FRESH COWS AT DAY 21--2525 > 99 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS> 99 % OF TOTAL CALVINGS 1010--35%35%

CALVINGCALVING INTERVALINTERVAL 365 DAYS / 12 MONTHS365 DAYS / 12 MONTHS 1313--1818 MONTHSMONTHS

CONCEPTIONCONCEPTION RATE RATE –– 11stst AIAI > 75> 75 %% ~~60%60%

CULLINGCULLING RATE FOR INFERTILITY (INVOLUNTARY CULLING)RATE FOR INFERTILITY (INVOLUNTARY CULLING) < 5%< 5% ~30~30--40%40%

CONCEPTIONCONCEPTION RATE RATE –– 22ndnd AI +AI + >> 60 %60 % 3030--40%40%

PREGNANCYPREGNANCY RATERATE > 100 % OF PRESENTED COWS > 100 % OF PRESENTED COWS FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSISFOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS

75%75%

HEAT DETECTION RATE 10HEAT DETECTION RATE 10--25 DAYS POST CALVING25 DAYS POST CALVING ~ 80 % OF POST CALVED COWS~ 80 % OF POST CALVED COWS 1010--25%25%

°°FRESH FRESH

COW COW PERIOD IS PERIOD IS AT 3AT 3--4 4 WEEKS WEEKS POST POST CALVINGCALVING

DAIRYDAIRY COWSCOWS BEEF COWSBEEF COWS

Average length in days 47.5 Average length in days 75

Range of length interval in days

35-60 Range of length interval in days

50-100 days

% of cows involved 65-75% of calved cows

% of cows involved 65 % of calved cows

PostPost--Partum Partum Interval to 1Interval to 1stst EstrusEstrus

Why do you need to monitor PPI to 1st Estrus? Why do you need to monitor PPI to 1st Estrus?

It will tell you something is hampering the fertility of post-calved cows,e.g., nutritional intake, metabolic problems, cow comfort and uterinehealthH

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INDIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERSINDIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES AND DISORDERS

THESE ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES CONSIST OF:THESE ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES CONSIST OF:

�� EXTRA STRAWS AND EXTRA CHARGES FOR REPEAT SERVICES BY AI TECHNICIANS OF EXTRA STRAWS AND EXTRA CHARGES FOR REPEAT SERVICES BY AI TECHNICIANS OF

OTHER SERVICE PROVIDERSOTHER SERVICE PROVIDERS

�� EXTRA LABOREXTRA LABOR--TIME IF TIME IF ARTIFICAL INSEMINATIONARTIFICAL INSEMINATION IS PRACTISED BY THE FARM STAFFIS PRACTISED BY THE FARM STAFF

�� EXTRA LABOR TIME FOR THE FARMER & ITS EMPLOYEES TO EXTRA LABOR TIME FOR THE FARMER & ITS EMPLOYEES TO MANAGE THE PROBLEM MANAGE THE PROBLEM

COWSCOWS

�� MORE FREQUENT VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS & INTERVENTIONSMORE FREQUENT VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS & INTERVENTIONS

�� EXTRA HORMONAL & OTHER TREATMENT UNIT COSTSEXTRA HORMONAL & OTHER TREATMENT UNIT COSTS

�� OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS COSTS (LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS) OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS COSTS (LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS)

�� ADDITIONAL EXPENSES IN OTHER CORRECTIVE OR PREVENTIVE MEASURES, E.G., ADDITIONAL EXPENSES IN OTHER CORRECTIVE OR PREVENTIVE MEASURES, E.G.,

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION, HEAT DETECTION AIDS/DEVICES, ETC.NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION, HEAT DETECTION AIDS/DEVICES, ETC.

MATRIX OF UNDETECTED UTERINE INFECTION FROM DAY 0 TO 70 DAYS POST PARTUM

RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANERETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE

PYOMETRAPYOMETRA

PPEERRCCEENNTTAAGGEE

OOFF

CCOOWWSS

DAYS POST PARTUM

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FLOW CHART ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS/DISORDERSFLOW CHART ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS/DISORDERS

IMPROPER DRY COW MANAGEMENT

• LESS 60-65DAYS DRY PERIOD• POOR DRY COW FEEDING

MANAGEMENT• BCS 1 THIN /BCS TOO FAT BCS 4

OR > • NO HOOF CHECK BEFORE

DRYING OFF• NO MASTITIS INTRAMAMMARY

ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT• NO CONFIRMATORY

PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS

IMPLICATIONSIMPLICATIONSCALVING CALVING

TIMETIME

DYSTOCIAPHYSICAL DAMAGE

UTERINE TRACTDEAD CALFDEAD COW

DOWNER COW

RETAINED FETAL

MEMBRANE 15-25% OF CALVED COWS

PUERPERAL METRITIS

15-25%

POST CALVING TIME FRESH COW PERIODPOST CALVING TIME FRESH COW PERIOD

AVERAGE 5-6 WEEKS TO CLEAR

UP

FATTY LIVER SYNDROME

LAMENESS

MASTITIS

ENDOMETRITIS15-25%

CULLEUTHANASIA

MILK DISCARDED

REDUCED MILK PRODUCTION

PYOMETRA 2-3%

ENDED UP AS CULLS

ECONOMIC

LOSSES

PhPPhP €€ ¥ $¥ $

EEDREPEAT BREEDINGPROLONGED CALVING INTERVAL

RREETTAAIINNEEDD

FFEETTAALL

MMEEMMBBRRAANNEE

RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE CAN LEAD TO SEVERE METRITISRETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE CAN LEAD TO SEVERE METRITIS

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REDUCED INCOMES RESULTING FROM PROLONGED CALVING INTERVALSREDUCED INCOMES RESULTING FROM PROLONGED CALVING INTERVALS(a.k.a. (a.k.a. –– AVOIDABLE LOSSES)AVOIDABLE LOSSES)

�� REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD –– PEAK LACTATION WILL BE AFFECTED / TARGET ROLLING HERD AVERAGE PEAK LACTATION WILL BE AFFECTED / TARGET ROLLING HERD AVERAGE (RHA) OF (RHA) OF 88,000 LITERS OF MILK = ,000 LITERS OF MILK = ACTUAL RHA ACTUAL RHA –– 6,000 LITERS6,000 LITERS

�� REDUCTION IN CALF CROP PER UNIT OF TIMEREDUCTION IN CALF CROP PER UNIT OF TIME

•• EXAMPLE: CALVING INTERVAL OF 14 MONTHS IN COMPARISON TO 12 MONTHS, THE FINANCIAL LOSS EXAMPLE: CALVING INTERVAL OF 14 MONTHS IN COMPARISON TO 12 MONTHS, THE FINANCIAL LOSS

IS COMPUTED AS FOLLOWS: IS COMPUTED AS FOLLOWS:

•• GIVEN: THE COST OF THE CALF IS GIVEN: THE COST OF THE CALF IS PhPPhP 30,000 IN A 1230,000 IN A 12--MONTH CALVING INTERVAL OR AT MONTH CALVING INTERVAL OR AT PhPPhP

2,500/MONTH) THEN IN A 15 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL THE CALF2,500/MONTH) THEN IN A 15 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL THE CALF--LOSS IS PRICED AT LOSS IS PRICED AT PhPPhP 7,500 7,500

PESOS + PESOS + PhPPhP 30,000 CALF COST @ 12 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL. THE CALF30,000 CALF COST @ 12 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL. THE CALF--LOSS COST IS LOSS COST IS PhPPhP

37,500.37,500.

•• AND IF YOU HAVE ABOUT 20 COWS OF AN AVERAGE CALVING INTERVAL OF 15 MONTHS @ AND IF YOU HAVE ABOUT 20 COWS OF AN AVERAGE CALVING INTERVAL OF 15 MONTHS @ PhPPhP 2500 2500

PESOS X 3 MONTHS = PESOS X 3 MONTHS = PhPPhP 7500 X 20 COWS = 7500 X 20 COWS = PhpPhp 150,000 PESOS 150,000 PESOS ++

PhPPhP 30,000 CALF COST @ 12 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL 30,000 CALF COST @ 12 MONTH CALVING INTERVAL XX 20 = 20 = PhPPhP 600,000.00600,000.00

TOTAL LOSSTOTAL LOSS = = PhPPhP 150,000 + 150,000 + PhPPhP 600,000 = 600,000 = PhPPhP 750,000.00750,000.00

WHAT ABOUT THE COST OF FEED, VETERINARY TREATMENT COST, LABOR COST, ETC. AND

LOSS INCOME FROM MILK PRODUCTION, ASSOCIATED WITH MANAGING THESE COWS WITH

REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS???

EXPECTED LOSSES INDIVIDUAL COW BASIS DUE TO REPRODUCTIVE EXPECTED LOSSES INDIVIDUAL COW BASIS DUE TO REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS/DISORDERSPROBLEMS/DISORDERS

�� DYSTOCIA / RFM / METRITIS DYSTOCIA / RFM / METRITIS

▼▼ REDUCED MILK PRODUCTION: 20REDUCED MILK PRODUCTION: 20--25% OF DAILY MILK PRODUCTION IN 60 25% OF DAILY MILK PRODUCTION IN 60 -- 120 DAYS IN MILK120 DAYS IN MILK

▼▼ DISCARDED MILK DUE TO METRITIS ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT & MASTITIS: 6DISCARDED MILK DUE TO METRITIS ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT & MASTITIS: 6--8 LITERS OF MILK 8 LITERS OF MILK

DAILY DISCARDED FOR DAILY DISCARDED FOR ~~ 10 DAYS (10 DAYS (PRICE OF RAW MILK = 25PRICE OF RAW MILK = 25--35PhP X 6035PhP X 60--80 LITERS OF MILK80 LITERS OF MILK) )

▼▼ PROLONGED DAYS OPEN: PROLONGED DAYS OPEN: ~~ ADDITIONALADDITIONAL 33--5 MONTHS OR A TOTAL OF 155 MONTHS OR A TOTAL OF 15--18 MONTHS CALVING 18 MONTHS CALVING

INTERVALINTERVAL

▼▼ FERTILITY/MEDICAL TREATMENT COST FERTILITY/MEDICAL TREATMENT COST -- ~ ~ PhPPhP 500 PER DAY PER AFFECTED COW FOR 10 DAYS500 PER DAY PER AFFECTED COW FOR 10 DAYS

▼▼ VETERINARY & LABOR COSTS VETERINARY & LABOR COSTS

�� LOSS OF BREEDING / PREGNANCY OPPORTUNITIES DUE TO FAILURE TO CONCEIVELOSS OF BREEDING / PREGNANCY OPPORTUNITIES DUE TO FAILURE TO CONCEIVE

a)a) REPEAT BREEDING REPEAT BREEDING –– AI SEMEN STRAW @ AI SEMEN STRAW @ PhPPhP 500 PER INSEMINATION500 PER INSEMINATION

b)b) UNDETECTED ESTRUS UNDETECTED ESTRUS –– EQUATED TO AN INCREASE OF DAYS OPEN @ EQUATED TO AN INCREASE OF DAYS OPEN @ PhpPhp 83.00 PER DAY83.00 PER DAY

c)c) CALF CALF LOSS PER MONTH DUE TO PROLONGED CALVING INTERVAL @ LOSS PER MONTH DUE TO PROLONGED CALVING INTERVAL @ PhPPhP 2,500 2,500 PER PER MONTHMONTH

d)d) CULLING DUE TO INFERTILITY CULLING DUE TO INFERTILITY -- PhPPhP 100100--200K PER COW200K PER COW

e)e) VETERINARY & LABOR COSTS VETERINARY & LABOR COSTS -- PhPPhP ??????

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TYPICAL FLOW OF EVENTS FOR A >13TYPICAL FLOW OF EVENTS FOR A >13--MONTH CALVING INTERVAL MONTH CALVING INTERVAL

CALVINGCALVING

Breed by AI/NS at 42-65 days from calving

Pregnancy Diagnosis 1 (Ultrasound) between day 28 and 31 from AI/NS

Pregnancy Diagnosis 1 (Rectal Palpation) at 45-

50 days from AI/NS

PD (+)Proceed to PD2 60-100 days

PD1 (-)EED/EEL

PD2 (-) Abortion

Fetal Resorption

REBRED

PROSTAGLANDIN INJECTION

UTERINE WASH-

OUT

UTERO-OVARIAN CHECK

PD1 (+)

PD2 (+)

PD (+) PRE-DRY

PD (-)3-5

SERVICES -CULL

CALVING

UNDER A CLOUD OF COW COMFORT & CORRECT BREEDING SYSTEMUNDER A CLOUD OF COW COMFORT & CORRECT BREEDING SYSTEM

DRY COW CONDITIONING

GROUPING

DRY COW TRANSITION

FEEDING

DRY – 7 MOS PD+

NEVER BREED EARLIER THAN 42 DAYS FROM

CALVING!

POST PARTUM CHECK

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RREETTAAIINNEEDD

FFEETTAALL

MMEEMMBBRRAANNEE

RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE CAN LEAD TO SEVERE METRITISRETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE CAN LEAD TO SEVERE METRITIS

BOVINE UTERUS WITH METRITISBOVINE UTERUS WITH METRITIS

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UTERUS WITH PUERPERAL METRITISUTERUS WITH PUERPERAL METRITIS

THE DRY COAT OF A CALF ON DYSTOCIA CAUSES A SAND PAPER EFFECT ON THE UTERINE LINING LEADING ABRASIONS WHICH BECOMES INFECTED BY BACTERIA, HENCE METRITIS. THE SITUATION IS LATER ON AGGRAVATED BY A RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE.

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CONSEQUENCES CONSEQUENCES OF DYSTOCIA OF DYSTOCIA

�� CALVINGCALVING--RELATED INJURIES RELATED INJURIES –– SPLIT, VULVAR LACERATION, RECTOSPLIT, VULVAR LACERATION, RECTO--

VAGINAL VAGINAL TEARTEAR

�� UTEROUTERO--CERVICAL PROLAPSECERVICAL PROLAPSE

�� METRITISMETRITIS

�� RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANERETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE

�� ENDOMETRITISENDOMETRITIS

�� PYOMETRAPYOMETRA

�� FERTILITY PROBLEMS FERTILITY PROBLEMS –– PROLONGED CALVING PROLONGED CALVING INTERVAL/INCREASED INTERVAL/INCREASED

DAYS OPEN, REPEAT DAYS OPEN, REPEAT BREEDINGBREEDING

ECONOMIC LOSSESECONOMIC LOSSES•• 20% LESS ON DAILY MILK 20% LESS ON DAILY MILK

PRODUCTION TILL 120 DIM AS PRODUCTION TILL 120 DIM AS AN EFFECT OF METRITISAN EFFECT OF METRITIS

•• PROLONGED CALVING PROLONGED CALVING INTERVAL >13INTERVAL >13--18 MONTHS18 MONTHS

•• CALF OPPORTUNITY LOSS @ CALF OPPORTUNITY LOSS @ PhP2500 PER CALFMONTHPhP2500 PER CALFMONTH

•• DEAD COW @ 200K PESOSDEAD COW @ 200K PESOS

DOWNER COWSDOWNER COWS

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RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE (RFM) OR RETAINED PLACENTARETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE (RFM) OR RETAINED PLACENTA

OMETRITIOMETRITI

◊◊ THE CALVED COW HAS KEPT THE FETAL MEMBRANE ATTACHED TO THE UTERINE COTYLEDONS/CARUNCLES THE CALVED COW HAS KEPT THE FETAL MEMBRANE ATTACHED TO THE UTERINE COTYLEDONS/CARUNCLES FOR >24 HOURS FROM CALVINGFOR >24 HOURS FROM CALVING

◊◊ RFM MUST BE ALLOWED TO BE DROPPED OFF NATURALLY BY THE CALVED COWRFM MUST BE ALLOWED TO BE DROPPED OFF NATURALLY BY THE CALVED COW

◊◊ NEVER TO BE MANUALLY PULLED AND DISENTANGLED FROM THE UTERINE COTYLEDONS OF THE UTERUSNEVER TO BE MANUALLY PULLED AND DISENTANGLED FROM THE UTERINE COTYLEDONS OF THE UTERUS

◊◊ IF DONE THAT WAY, CAN LEAD TO DAMAGE OF THE UTERUS, SEVERE METRITIS, PERITONITIS AND SEPTICEMIAIF DONE THAT WAY, CAN LEAD TO DAMAGE OF THE UTERUS, SEVERE METRITIS, PERITONITIS AND SEPTICEMIA

◊◊ NEVER PUT A COUNTERWEIGHT ON THE RFMNEVER PUT A COUNTERWEIGHT ON THE RFM

◊◊ BETTER CUT OFF THE RFM BUT LEAVE A VISIBLE STUMP BETTER CUT OFF THE RFM BUT LEAVE A VISIBLE STUMP

◊◊ RFM WILL FALL AWAY EITHER IN FULL LENGTH OR PARTIALLY WITHIN 10 DAYS OR MORE BUT WILL BE ROTTEN RFM WILL FALL AWAY EITHER IN FULL LENGTH OR PARTIALLY WITHIN 10 DAYS OR MORE BUT WILL BE ROTTEN AND FOULAND FOUL--SMELLINGSMELLING

◊◊ DISCHARGE FROM A UTERUS WITH RFM CONTAINS A LOT OF MICROBIAL ORGANISMS WHICH COULD ALSO DISCHARGE FROM A UTERUS WITH RFM CONTAINS A LOT OF MICROBIAL ORGANISMS WHICH COULD ALSO LEAD TO LEAD TO MASTITIS INFECTIONMASTITIS INFECTION

RFM IS A SEQUELAE OF DYSTOCIA WHICH RFM IS A SEQUELAE OF DYSTOCIA WHICH IN TURN LEADS TO EITHER A PUERPERAL IN TURN LEADS TO EITHER A PUERPERAL

METRITIS OR ACUTE ENDOMETRITIS METRITIS OR ACUTE ENDOMETRITIS WHICH PROLONG THE CALVING WHICH PROLONG THE CALVING

INTERVAL DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THE INTERVAL DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THE INFECTION TO THE OVARIES OF THE INFECTION TO THE OVARIES OF THE

POSTPOST--CALVED COW. CALVED COW.

METRITIS

� INFLAMMATION / INFECTION OF THE UTERUS

� CHARACTERIZED BY SWOLLEN UTERUS FILLED WITH REDDISH, WATERY, FOUL-

SMELLING DISCHARGE

� COW HAS ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AT 40ºC, POOR APPETITE, REDUCED MILK

PRODUCTION, RUMEN FILL SCORE OF 1, HAS A MANURE SCORE OF 1 OR 2

� CAUSED PRIMARILY BY DYSTOCIA LEADING TO RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE OR

MANUAL HANDLING WHEN ASSISTING DIFFICULT CALVING

� USE OF POOR “CALVING EASE” AI SIRE OR NATURAL MATING WITH A BULL THAT HAS

NOT BEEN PREQUALIFIED AS CALVING EASE BULL

� CALVING EASE SIRE SCORE MUST BE A THE HIGH SCORE OF 8 TO 10

� CALVING EASE SCORE MUST NOT BE LOWER THAN 8

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SEPTIC SEPTIC METRITISMETRITIS THAT LED TO THE DEATH OF A COW 1 WEEK AFTER CALVING THAT LED TO THE DEATH OF A COW 1 WEEK AFTER CALVING

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UNILATERAL METRITIS IN COWUNILATERAL METRITIS IN COW

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A FIRST CALF LACTATION HEIFER WITH POST PARTUM PROBLEM WILL PEAK LATER AT 20TH WEEK

FIRST-CALF LACTATION HEIFERS HAVE MORE PERSISTENT LACTATION CURVES; PEAK IN MILK PRODUCTION BY 14 WEEKS AT 75% OF MATURE COWS

MATURE COWS PEAK AT 8 WEEKS OF LACTATION BUT LACKS PERSISTENCY COMPARED TO 1st CALF-LACTATION HEIFERS

MilkMilkYieldYield

Week LactationWeek Lactation

A MATURE COW WITH POST PARTUM PROBLEM WILL USUALLY PEAK LATER AT 15TH

WEEK

THE IMPLICATION IS THE MOMENTUM

TO PEAK LACTATION IS LOST AT THE

RATE OF 15-20 % of POTENTIAL HIGH

MILK YIELD.

xx

xx

LACTATION CURVE LACTATION CURVE ––MULTIPAROUS VS. MULTIPAROUS VS.

PRIMIPAROUSPRIMIPAROUS

MM

II

LL

KK

YY

II

EE

LL

DD

MONTHS LACTATIONMONTHS LACTATION

1 31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

THE IMPLICATION IS THE MOMENTUM TO PEAK THE IMPLICATION IS THE MOMENTUM TO PEAK LACTATION IS LOST AT THE RATE OF 15LACTATION IS LOST AT THE RATE OF 15--20 % of 20 % of POTENTIAL HIGH MILK YIELD. POTENTIAL HIGH MILK YIELD.

1st Lactation with post partum problem will peak usually at 5th

month of lactation

2nd Lactation & above with post partum problem will

peak usually between 3rd and 4th month of lactation

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THE PRETHE PRE-- / POST/ POST-- CALVING SYNDROME IN CALVING SYNDROME IN DAIRY COWSDAIRY COWS

PPCS SYNDROMEPPCS SYNDROME

RFM RFM METRITIS/METRITIS/ENDOMETRITIS ENDOMETRITIS

DOWNER COWDOWNER COW

CESARIAN CESARIAN OPERATIONOPERATION

MASTITISMASTITISDYSTOCIADYSTOCIA HYPOCALCEMIAHYPOCALCEMIA KETOSISKETOSISFATTY FATTY LIVER LIVER

SYNDROMESYNDROME

RECOVERYRECOVERY•• PROLONGED DAYS OPEN/PROLONGED DAYS OPEN/•• AVERAGE OF 90AVERAGE OF 90--150 DAYS OPEN150 DAYS OPEN•• REPEAT BREEDERREPEAT BREEDER•• INFERTILITY CULLSINFERTILITY CULLS

•• EUTHANASIAEUTHANASIA

SOLDSOLD

COMPUTE THE COMPUTE THE LOSSES BASED LOSSES BASED

ON COST ON COST ESTIMATES ESTIMATES

GIVENGIVEN

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ON THE PREMANAGEMENT OPTIONS ON THE PRE--/POST CALVING SYNDROME IN /POST CALVING SYNDROME IN DAIRY DAIRY COWSCOWS

PPCS CALVING SYNDROMEPPCS CALVING SYNDROME

RETAINED FETAL RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE MEMBRANE

METRITIS/METRITIS/ENDOMETRITIS ENDOMETRITIS

•• INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTICSINJECTABLE ANTIBIOTICS•• SUPPORTIVE THERAPY IF COW SUPPORTIVE THERAPY IF COW

IS KETOTICIS KETOTIC•• UTERINE INFUSION OF WASHUTERINE INFUSION OF WASH--

OUT SOLUTIONOUT SOLUTION•• WAIT FOR THE RFM TO FALL OFF WAIT FOR THE RFM TO FALL OFF

–– DON’T EXTRICATE MANUALLYDON’T EXTRICATE MANUALLY!!

•• POSTPOST--NATAL CHECK NATAL CHECK (PNC) (PNC) BETWEEN DAY 10BETWEEN DAY 10--1515

•• REPEAT REPEAT PNC AT PNC AT DAY DAY 20, 25 & 30 20, 25 & 30 POSTPOST--CALVINGCALVING

•• MONITOR HEALTH MONITOR HEALTH CLOSELY & CLOSELY & UTERINE DISCHARGEUTERINE DISCHARGE

DOWNER COWDOWNER COW

CESARIAN CESARIAN OPERATIONOPERATION

MASTITISMASTITIS

DYSTOCIADYSTOCIA

HYPOCALCEMIAHYPOCALCEMIA

KETOSIS /KETOSIS /FATTY LIVER FATTY LIVER SYNDROME SYNDROME

CHRONIC UTERINE INFECTIONCHRONIC UTERINE INFECTION•• PROSTAGLANDIN AT DAY 10 & PROSTAGLANDIN AT DAY 10 &

20 POST CALVING + UTERINE 20 POST CALVING + UTERINE INFUSION OF INDICATED INFUSION OF INDICATED ANTIBIOTIC SOLUTION (BASED ANTIBIOTIC SOLUTION (BASED ON RESULT OF UTERINE SWAB ON RESULT OF UTERINE SWAB ON BACTERIAL CULTUREON BACTERIAL CULTURE

•• SYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTICSYSTEMIC ANTIBIOTIC

•• OTHER TREATMENTS AS OTHER TREATMENTS AS INDICATED FOR KETOSIS, INDICATED FOR KETOSIS, MASTITIS & HYPOCALCEMIAMASTITIS & HYPOCALCEMIA

CULL FOR CULL FOR INFERTILITYINFERTILITY

OROR

JOIN A BULL JOIN A BULL PEN WITH PEN WITH

OTHER OTHER PROBLEM PROBLEM

BREEDERSBREEDERS

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IDENTIFY and IDENTIFY and RECORD RECORD COWS AT RISK ON CALVING COWS AT RISK ON CALVING

AT RISK COWS WILL HAVE AT RISK COWS WILL HAVE HADHAD::

�� ASSISTED CALVINGSASSISTED CALVINGS

�� INDUCED CALVINGSINDUCED CALVINGS

�� DEAD CALVES/STILLBIRTHSDEAD CALVES/STILLBIRTHS

�� TWINSTWINS

�� RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANESRETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES

�� PREGNANT HEIFERS WITH POOR BODY CONDITION SCORE / LIGHT BODY PREGNANT HEIFERS WITH POOR BODY CONDITION SCORE / LIGHT BODY FRAMEFRAME

�� OVEROVER--CONDITIONED DRY COWSCONDITIONED DRY COWS

�� HISTORY OF DYSTOCIA IN PREVIOUS CALVINGSHISTORY OF DYSTOCIA IN PREVIOUS CALVINGS

MILK PRODUCTION LOSS FROM METRITIS OR RFM

THE MILK PRODUCTION LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH METRITIS AVERAGES ALMOST 20-25 % ON DAILY MILK PRODUCTION DURING THE FIRST 120 DAYS OF MILK.

GIVEN: • DAIRY COW IS MILKED TWICE A DAY PRODUCING A DAILY AVERAGE OF 12 LITERS OF MILK• PhP 25 PER LITER OF RAW MILK• @ 20% MILK LOSS = 2 LITERS DAILY FOR 120 DAYS = 240 LITERS X PhP 25 = PhP6,000.00

• WHAT IF YOU HAVE A MILKING HERD OF 350 COWS WITH A METRITIS INCIDENCE OF 15% (52 HEADS).

• THE MILK LOSS WOULD BE : 52 COWS X PhP 6,000 = PhP 312,000.00 IN 120 DAYS IN MILK

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PROLAPSED UTERUS

- COMMONLY A RESULT OF DYSTOCIA AND INEXPERIENCED MANUAL CALVING ASSISTANCE

- 80 % OF THESE CASES DO NOT RETURN TO PREGNANCY EVEN IF CORRECTED CULL!!!

CCOOW W HHEEAALLTTHH & REPRODUCTION S& REPRODUCTION SIIGGNNAALLSS

-- PRACTICAL AIDS TO PRACTICAL AIDS TO DAIRY HERD HEALTH AND REPRODUCTIONDAIRY HERD HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

-- CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE DAIRY ANIMALS’ HEALTH AND CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE DAIRY ANIMALS’ HEALTH AND

PRODUCTION STATUSPRODUCTION STATUS

-- OBSERVATION CAN BE DONE DURING MORNING AND AFTERNOON HERD WALK BY OBSERVATION CAN BE DONE DURING MORNING AND AFTERNOON HERD WALK BY

THE DAIRY FARMER, HERD MANAGER OR FOREMANTHE DAIRY FARMER, HERD MANAGER OR FOREMAN

-- DYSTOCIA OR CALVING DIFFICULTY SIGNALS ARE RED FLAGS FOR DRY COW DYSTOCIA OR CALVING DIFFICULTY SIGNALS ARE RED FLAGS FOR DRY COW

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

-- COW BEHAVIOUR OR DEMEANORCOW BEHAVIOUR OR DEMEANOR

-- CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH GENERAL HERD WORK OF FARM STAFF THROUGH CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH GENERAL HERD WORK OF FARM STAFF THROUGH

STRUCTURED TRAINING INTERVENTIONSTRUCTURED TRAINING INTERVENTION

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GOOD LOCHIAGOOD LOCHIA

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LOCHIA (FRESH COW UTERINE DISCHARGE)CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LOCHIA (FRESH COW UTERINE DISCHARGE)

�� NO BAD SMELLNO BAD SMELL

�� CONTAINS LIBERAL AMOUNT OF CLEAR MUCUS AND UTERINE CONTAINS LIBERAL AMOUNT OF CLEAR MUCUS AND UTERINE SCRAPINGSSCRAPINGS

�� CLEAR MUCUS DISCHARGE IS MORE DOMINANTCLEAR MUCUS DISCHARGE IS MORE DOMINANT

�� PROFUSE IN QUANTITY PROFUSE IN QUANTITY –– SIGN OF SELF CLEANING UP OPERATION OF THE SIGN OF SELF CLEANING UP OPERATION OF THE UTERUSUTERUS

�� GENERAL COLOR OF UTERINE DISCHARGE IS A GOOD BLEND OF PINKISH GENERAL COLOR OF UTERINE DISCHARGE IS A GOOD BLEND OF PINKISH TO LIGHT REDDISH DISCHARGE AND CLEAR MUCUSTO LIGHT REDDISH DISCHARGE AND CLEAR MUCUS

�� GOOD LOCHIA EVENTUALLY BECOME JUST A NO SMELL CLEAR MUCUS GOOD LOCHIA EVENTUALLY BECOME JUST A NO SMELL CLEAR MUCUS AT 20 DAYS FROM CALVINGAT 20 DAYS FROM CALVING

�� UTERUS HAS ALREADY UNDERGONE SIZABLE INVOLUTION AT DAY 20 AND UTERUS HAS ALREADY UNDERGONE SIZABLE INVOLUTION AT DAY 20 AND OVARIAN STRUCTURES ARE PALPABLE SUCH AS MATURING FOLLICLESOVARIAN STRUCTURES ARE PALPABLE SUCH AS MATURING FOLLICLES

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THISTHIS ISIS NOTNOT AA GOODGOOD LOCHIALOCHIA:: NOTENOTE THETHE PUSPUS DISCHARGE,DISCHARGE, POSSIBLYPOSSIBLY FOULFOUL SMELLING,SMELLING,TOOTOO.. VERYVERY CHARACTERISTICCHARACTERISTIC OFOF AA RETAINEDRETAINED FETALFETAL MEMBRANEMEMBRANE WHICHWHICH EVENTUALLYEVENTUALLYTURNSTURNS INTOINTO METRITISMETRITIS

NOT A GOOD LOCHIA: NOT A GOOD LOCHIA: NOTE NOTE THE ABSENCE OF THICK THE ABSENCE OF THICK CLEAR MUCUS BLENDING CLEAR MUCUS BLENDING WITH THE UTERINE WITH THE UTERINE DISCHARGE. DISCHARGE. A METRITIS A METRITIS CASECASE

UTERINE UTERINE WHITES FROM WHITES FROM A LONG A LONG STANDING STANDING ENDOMETRITIS ENDOMETRITIS OR OR PYOMETRAPYOMETRA

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DISCHARGE FROM A SEVERE ENDOMETRITIS / PYOMETRA: NOTE THE THICK CREAMY BUT FOUL DISCHARGE FROM A SEVERE ENDOMETRITIS / PYOMETRA: NOTE THE THICK CREAMY BUT FOUL SMELLING DISCHARGESMELLING DISCHARGE

UDS 1 UDS 1 ––DAY 21 TO DAY 42 POST DAY 21 TO DAY 42 POST

PARTUMPARTUM

ThickThick, viscous discharge; clear, , viscous discharge; clear,

opaque or red to brown in color; no opaque or red to brown in color; no

odor or mild, nonodor or mild, non--offensive odor.offensive odor.

UTERINE DISCHARGE SCORING FROM UTERINE DISCHARGE SCORING FROM DAY 1 TO 42 DAYS POST PARTUMDAY 1 TO 42 DAYS POST PARTUM

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UDS 2 UDS 2 –– DAY 18DAY 18--42 DAYS POST 42 DAYS POST

PARTUM PARTUM –– SUBCLINICAL SUBCLINICAL

ENDOMETRITISENDOMETRITIS

White White or yellow pus; moderate to thick or yellow pus; moderate to thick

discharge; no odor or mild, nondischarge; no odor or mild, non--

offensive odor.offensive odor.

UDS 3 UDS 3 -- METRITISMETRITIS

PinkPink, red, dark red, or black watery discharge; detectable offensive odor, , red, dark red, or black watery discharge; detectable offensive odor, possibly possibly

intolerable. intolerable.

UTERINE DISCHARGE SCORING FROM DAY UTERINE DISCHARGE SCORING FROM DAY 1 TO 42 DAYS POST PARTUM1 TO 42 DAYS POST PARTUM

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ALL BAD UTERINE DISCHARGE (LOCHIA)WITH FOUL ODOR

PYOMETRA

CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS

METRITIS

USING A GLOVED ARM INSERTED CAREFULLY INTO THE VAGINA TO SCOOP OUT DISCHARGE USING A GLOVED ARM INSERTED CAREFULLY INTO THE VAGINA TO SCOOP OUT DISCHARGE

• THIS IS A PURULENT FOUL SMELLING DISCHARGE FROM A UTERUS WITH SEVERE ENDOMETRITIS THAT LEADS TO PYOMETRA

• THIS WILL AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF THE UTERO-OVARIAN TRACT

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METRITIS CHECKING DEVICEMETRITIS CHECKING DEVICE

METRITIS CHECKING DEVICEMETRITIS CHECKING DEVICE

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UTERINE INFECTION GRADINGUTERINE INFECTION GRADING

GR. 1 GR. 1 –– CLEAR CLEAR OR OR TRANSLUCENT TRANSLUCENT MUCUSMUCUS

GR. 1 GR. 1 –– MUCUS MUCUS CONTAINING CONTAINING

FLECKS OR OFFFLECKS OR OFF--WHITE PUSWHITE PUS

GR. 2 GR. 2 –– EXUDATE EXUDATE CONTAINING <50 % CONTAINING <50 % WHITE OR OFFWHITE OR OFF--WHITE WHITE MUCUPURULENT MUCUPURULENT MATERIALMATERIAL

GR. 3 GR. 3 –– EXUDATE EXUDATE CONTAINING > 50% CONTAINING > 50% PURULENT PURULENT MATERIALMATERIAL

ANOTHER VERSION OF ANOTHER VERSION OF GR. 3 FROM RFMGR. 3 FROM RFM--INDUCED METRITIS INDUCED METRITIS ––YELLOW OR BLOODY YELLOW OR BLOODY YELLOWYELLOW

INTRAINTRA--UTERINE WASHUTERINE WASH--OUT OUT SOLUTION WHICH CAN BE SOLUTION WHICH CAN BE PREPARED FROM A PREPARED FROM A FORMULATIONFORMULATION

INFUSED TO THE UTERUS INFUSED TO THE UTERUS EVERY 2EVERY 2--3 DAYS FOR A WEEK 3 DAYS FOR A WEEK

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Clear Mucus DischargeClear Mucus DischargeAt 1At 1stst Heat Heat ~21 or 42 Days from ~21 or 42 Days from CalvingCalving

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METESTRAL BLEEDING

RESEARCH SURVEY ON RESEARCH SURVEY ON PREGNANCY LOSSESPREGNANCY LOSSES

EMBRYONIC EMBRYONIC LOSSLOSS

AGE OF AGE OF EMBRYOEMBRYO

FETALFETALRESORPTIONRESORPTION

AGE OF FETUSAGE OF FETUS

1010--20%20% 2727--45 DAYS45 DAYS 44--3030 %% 6060--100 DAYS 100 DAYS

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CCOOW W HHEEAALLTTHH SSIIGGNNAALLSS

-- PRACTICAL AIDS TO PRACTICAL AIDS TO DAIRY HERD HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION DAIRY HERD HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

-- CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE DAIRY ANIMALS’ HEALTH AND CAN PROVIDE IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE DAIRY ANIMALS’ HEALTH AND

PRODUCTION STATUSPRODUCTION STATUS

-- OBSERVATION CAN BE DONE DURING MORNING AND AFTERNOON HERD WALK BY OBSERVATION CAN BE DONE DURING MORNING AND AFTERNOON HERD WALK BY

THE DAIRY FARMER, HERD MANAGER OR FOREMANTHE DAIRY FARMER, HERD MANAGER OR FOREMAN

-- DYSTOCIA OR CALVING DIFFICULTY SIGNALS ARE RED FLAGS FOR DRY COW DYSTOCIA OR CALVING DIFFICULTY SIGNALS ARE RED FLAGS FOR DRY COW

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

-- COW BEHAVIOUR OR DEMEANORCOW BEHAVIOUR OR DEMEANOR

-- CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH GENERAL HERD WORK OF FARM STAFF THROUGH CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH GENERAL HERD WORK OF FARM STAFF THROUGH

STRUCTURED TRAINING INTERVENTIONSTRUCTURED TRAINING INTERVENTION

B B E E C C K K OON N SS O F O F C C O O WW S S I I G G N N A A L L SS

�� DRY COW DRY COW PERIOD BODY CONDITION SCORING PERIOD BODY CONDITION SCORING –– CARRIED OUT A MONTH CARRIED OUT A MONTH

BEFORE DRYING OFF, DURING THE START OF THE DRY CONDITIONING & BEFORE DRYING OFF, DURING THE START OF THE DRY CONDITIONING &

DONE BEFORE THE TRANSITION PERIODDONE BEFORE THE TRANSITION PERIOD

�� CALVING EASE SCORINGCALVING EASE SCORING

�� UTERINE DISCHARGE SCORINGUTERINE DISCHARGE SCORING

�� POST NATAL UTERINE CHECKPOST NATAL UTERINE CHECK

�� RUMEN FILL SCORINGRUMEN FILL SCORING

�� FRESH COW BODY CONDITION SCORING FRESH COW BODY CONDITION SCORING

�� WEEKLY MILK PRODUCTION MONITORING DURING THE FRESH COW PERIODWEEKLY MILK PRODUCTION MONITORING DURING THE FRESH COW PERIOD

�� MANURE SCORINGMANURE SCORING

�� MOBILITY SCORINGMOBILITY SCORING

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BODY CONDITION SCORINGBODY CONDITION SCORING

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CALVING

INTERVAL

(DAYS)

BCS ADAPTED TO A 1 TO 9 SCALE

430

420

410

400

390

380

370

360

350

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

RED DASH LINES RED DASH LINES –– BEEF BEEF CATTLE SCALE 1 to 9CATTLE SCALE 1 to 9

BLUE DASH LINE BLUE DASH LINE –– DAIRY DAIRY CATTLE SCALE 1 to 5CATTLE SCALE 1 to 5

BODY CONDITION SCORE AS IT AFFECTS CALVING INTERVALBODY CONDITION SCORE AS IT AFFECTS CALVING INTERVAL

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Score Description

1 No problems; cow calves on her own without the assistance of

humans.

2 Slight problem; cow seems uncomfortable and is in labor for

hours, but delivers the calf on her own. Usually a heifer 1st

lactation, record calving history to guide in the selection of AI

sire

3 Needed assistance; calf may need repositioning, but the cow

delivers the calf safely after initial human help. Record calving

history to guide in the selection of AI sire

4 Considerable force needed; chains needed to pull calf.

5 Extreme difficulty; caesarean section is needed

CALVING EASE SCORING SYSTEM

THE VALUE OF DOING A RUMEN FILL SCORETHE VALUE OF DOING A RUMEN FILL SCORE

-- Done during early morning herd health walkDone during early morning herd health walk

-- RFS shows RFS shows the feed intake over the last two to six the feed intake over the last two to six hourshours

-- Body Body condition shows feed intakes over the last condition shows feed intakes over the last monthmonth

-- RRumen umen fill is a quick way of identifying fill is a quick way of identifying BODY CONDITION BODY CONDITION

SCORESCORE

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TRANSVERSE PROCESSTRANSVERSE PROCESS

PARALUMBAR PARALUMBAR FOSSA OR HUNGER FOSSA OR HUNGER HOLLOWHOLLOW

RFS 1 - Paralumbar Fossa: looks very empty, cavitates more than a hand’s width behind the last rib & a

hand’s width inside under the transverse processes, looks like a rectangle when observed from the left

side of the cow.

Score 1 Score 1 –– unacceptable, cow has eaten little or nothingunacceptable, cow has eaten little or nothing

Deep shrunken left side; the skin on top of the diagonal protrusion of the lumbar Deep shrunken left side; the skin on top of the diagonal protrusion of the lumbar

vertebra is caved invertebra is caved in

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RFS 2The paralumbar fossa cavitates a hand’s width behind the last rib and to a lesser extent inside under the transverse processes. When the observer stands at the left side of the cow, this area looks like a triangle.

Score 2 – acceptable for cows shortly after calving

The skin over the diagonal protrusion of the lumbar vertebra is caved in.

RFS 3The paralumbar fossa cavitates less than a hand’s width behind the last rib and falls about a hand’s width vertically downwards from the transverse process and then bulges out.

BULGES OUT

Score 3 – ideal score for milking cowsThe skin over the diagonal protrusion of the lumbar vertebra goes vertically down first and then curves to the outside.

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RFS 4The paralumbar fossa skin is covering the area behind the last rib and arches immediately outside below the transverse processes due to an extended rumen.

Score 4 – correct for late lactating and dry cowsThe skin across the diagonal protrusion of the lumbar vertebra is curved directly to the outside.

RFS 5The rumen is quite distended and nearly obliterates the fossa; the last rib and the transverse processes are not visible.

DIFFERENTIATE THIS FROM THE BULGE OF BLOAT!

Score 5 – correct score for dry cowsThe diagonal protrusion of the lumbar vertebra is not visible because of a well-filled rumen.

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CAN YOU TELL ME THE CAN YOU TELL ME THE RUMEN FILL SCORE OF RUMEN FILL SCORE OF THIS MILKING COW?THIS MILKING COW?

MANURE SCORINGMANURE SCORING

�� Manure scoring is done during herd health walk Manure scoring is done during herd health walk (early morning or late afternoon)(early morning or late afternoon)

�� Manure consistency related to changes in rationsManure consistency related to changes in rations

�� Different levels & types of fiber, protein, fat & Different levels & types of fiber, protein, fat & mineral content cause changes in manure mineral content cause changes in manure consistency.consistency.

�� Cows Cows producing more milk and consuming more producing more milk and consuming more feed will tend to have feces with lower feed will tend to have feces with lower scorescore

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MANURE SCORE 1MANURE SCORE 1

1.1. Feces Feces are watery thin and are watery thin and not truly recognizable as not truly recognizable as fecesfeces..

2.2. Manure may actually Manure may actually “arc” for the rump of the “arc” for the rump of the cow.cow.

3.3. Excess protein or starch, Excess protein or starch, too much mineral or lack too much mineral or lack of fiber can lead to this of fiber can lead to this score. score.

4.4. Excess urea in the hind Excess urea in the hind gut can create an osmotic gut can create an osmotic gradient drawing water in gradient drawing water in the manure.the manure.

5.5. Cow with diarrhea will be Cow with diarrhea will be in this categoryin this category

6.6. Feces are from a cow on a Feces are from a cow on a case of case of MetritisMetritis or or Retained Fetal Membrane Retained Fetal Membrane (RFM)(RFM)

MANURE SCORE 2MANURE SCORE 2

1.1. Feces Feces are thin custardare thin custard--like; like;

fecal structure can be fecal structure can be

recognizedrecognized but does not form but does not form

a distinct pile.a distinct pile.

2.2. At At dropping they splash wide dropping they splash wide

out on the floorout on the floor..

3.3. Cows on lush pasture will Cows on lush pasture will

commonly have this type of commonly have this type of

manure. manure.

4.4. Low fiber or a lack of Low fiber or a lack of

functional fiber can also lead functional fiber can also lead

toto this manure scorethis manure score

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MANURE SCORE 3MANURE SCORE 3

1.1. This is the optimal score!This is the optimal score!

2.2. Feces Feces are thick and are thick and custardcustard--likelike or or

has a porridgehas a porridge--like appearance, like appearance,

will stack up 1.5 will stack up 1.5 –– 2 inches, have 2 inches, have

several concentric rings, a small several concentric rings, a small

depression or dimple in the middledepression or dimple in the middle

3.3. Make Make a light a light plopping plopping sound when sound when

being dropped on the being dropped on the floor.floor.

4.4. Make Make a wella well--circumscribed pad circumscribed pad

that spreads and has the thickness that spreads and has the thickness

of about 2 cmof about 2 cm. .

5.5. Manure score indicates good Manure score indicates good

feeding ration.feeding ration.

6.6. Manure score of high yielding Manure score of high yielding

milking cowsmilking cows

MANURE SCORE 4MANURE SCORE 4

�� Stiff Stiff feces are observed. feces are observed.

�� They They make a heavy plopping make a heavy plopping

sound when being dropped. sound when being dropped.

�� They They make a wellmake a well--circumscribed circumscribed

pad that piles in rings and pad that piles in rings and

spreads out spreads out veryvery

�� This score reflect low quality This score reflect low quality

forages are fed and/or a forages are fed and/or a

shortage of proteinshortage of protein

�� Adding more grain or protein Adding more grain or protein

can lower this manure scorecan lower this manure score

�� This is usually the manure score This is usually the manure score

of of dry cows and heifers.dry cows and heifers.

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MANURE SCORE 5MANURE SCORE 5

1.1. Stiff Stiff feces in balls, looks feces in balls, looks

like horse feceslike horse feces..

2.2. Reflects feeding of strawReflects feeding of straw--

based diet or the animal based diet or the animal

is dehydrated.is dehydrated.

3.3. A A boot sole profile is left boot sole profile is left

when stepped when stepped onon

4.4. Cows with digestive Cows with digestive

blockage or “Hardware blockage or “Hardware

Disease” may exhibit this Disease” may exhibit this

score.score.

UPPER LEFT DOME OF RUMEN WITH CIRCULAR

INCISION SUTURED TO THE

WALL OF THE HUNGER FOSSA

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RUMEN FISTULA SLEEVE WITH

REMOVABLE CAP

RUMEN FISTULA

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COLLECTING RUMEN INGESTA TO BE INOCULATED ORALLY TO A SICK COW

POSTPOST--NATAL UTERINE CHECK (PNUC)NATAL UTERINE CHECK (PNUC)

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

�� TO DETERMINE WHETHER UTERINE INVOLUTION IS PROGRESSING TO DETERMINE WHETHER UTERINE INVOLUTION IS PROGRESSING

�� TO DETERMINE NO INFECTIONS ARE PRESENT ANYWHERE IN THE UTERINE TO DETERMINE NO INFECTIONS ARE PRESENT ANYWHERE IN THE UTERINE TRACTTRACT

WHEN TO DO: WHEN TO DO:

�� 10 10 --15 DAYS IF NORMAL CALVING15 DAYS IF NORMAL CALVING

�� DYSTOCIA DYSTOCIA –– CHECK AND MONITOR DAILY AS NEEDED CHECK AND MONITOR DAILY AS NEEDED –– UTERINE UTERINE DISCHARGE, OVERDISCHARGE, OVER--ALL HEALTH (INFECTION, PERITONITIS, KETOSIS, MILK ALL HEALTH (INFECTION, PERITONITIS, KETOSIS, MILK FEVER, CALVING INJURY, ETC.)FEVER, CALVING INJURY, ETC.)

�� CESARIAN DELIVERY CESARIAN DELIVERY -- CHECK AND MONITOR CHECK AND MONITOR DAILY DAILY –– UTERINE DISCHARGEUTERINE DISCHARGE, , OVEROVER--ALL HEALTH ALL HEALTH (INFECTION, PERITONITIS, KETOSIS(INFECTION, PERITONITIS, KETOSIS, MILK FEVER, , MILK FEVER, CALVING INJURY, ETCCALVING INJURY, ETC.).)

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POST CALVING INVOLUTIONPOST CALVING INVOLUTION

₡ Earliest check is done at ten (10) days post calving to detect metritis

₡ Twenty (20) days after calving, tissue sloughing and hemorrhaging have ceased

₡ Size of the uterus has been reduced by more than 80%

₡ Forty (40) days - the uterus has completely involuted except for isolated

pockets of leukocytes.

₡ Any reproductive or metabolic disorders around calving will delay involution.

₡ A preventive herd health program (PHHP) including a reproductive examination

of cows within a month after calving will pay dividends in improved

reproductive performance.

₡ With a sound PHHP, servicing cows on the first heat after 42 days fresh is

recommended.

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BOVINE UTERUS INVOLUTIONBOVINE UTERUS INVOLUTION

PARITY LEVEL ANATOMY LENGTH IN DAYS

PRIMIPAROUS OUTLINE OF THE UTERUS 10-14

MULTIPAROUS GROSS ANATOMY OF THE

UTERUS

25-30

MULTIPAROUS HISTOLOGICAL 45-50

Table 1Interval (mean ± SD) from calving to the involution of uterine cervix and horns in different parities of Chinese Holstein cows

Parity Cows (n)

Interval from calving to uterine cervix involution (d)

Interval from calving to gravid uterine horn involution (d)

Primiparous 18 31.7 ± 4.2 35.3 ± 4.6a

Biparous 13 32.7 ± 3.5 23.7 ± 5.0b

Multiparous 15 29.1 ± 5.2 22.7 ± 4.5b

INTERVALINTERVAL ININ DAYSDAYS FROMFROM CALVINGCALVING TOTO THETHE INVOLUTIONINVOLUTION OFOF UTERINEUTERINECERVIXCERVIX ANDAND HORNSHORNS ININ DIFFERENTDIFFERENT PARITIESPARITIES OFOF DAIRYDAIRY ANDAND BEEFBEEFCOWSCOWS

PARITYINTERVAL IN DAYS FROM CALVING TO UTERINE CERVIX INVOLUTION

INTERVAL IN DAYS FROM CALVING TO GRAVID HORN

INVOLUTION

PRIMIPAROUS27 to 36 DAYS 31 to 43 DAYS

BIPAROUS29 to 36 DAYS

18 to 29 DAYS

MULTIPAROUS 24 to 35 18 to 27

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Figure 2

Journal of Dairy Science 2010 93, 1979-1986DOI: (10.3168/jds.2009-2626)

DIAMETER DAY 10 POST PARTUM

DIAMETER DAY 22 POST PARTUM

DIAMETER DAY 42 POST PARTUM

PRIMIPAROUS 110mm / 4.3 inches

50mm / 2 inches 28mm / 1.10inches

BIPAROUS 90mm / 3.5 inches 35mm / 1.3 inches 30 mm / 1.18 inches

MULTIPAROUS 75mm / 3 inches 30mm / 1.18 inches

30 mm / 1.18 inches

METRITIS 280mm / 11inches

150mm / 6 inches 65mm / 2.5 inches

RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANE

350-450mm / 14-18 inches

180mm / 7 inches 65mm / 2.5 inches

PRIMIPAROUSBIPAROUS

MULTIPAROUS

GRADE OF INVOLUTION

NATURE OF DISCHARGE SIZE OF UTERUS AT DAY 10 POST PARTUM

SIZE OF UTERUS AT 42DAYS POST PARTUM

REMARKS

1 MIX OF CLEAR MUCOID AND PINKISH TO BROWNISH DISCHARGE, NO FOUL SMELL

PRIMIPAROUS – HORNS CAN BE GRASPED WITH THE CIRCLE OF FINGERS

MULTIPAROUS – SIZE OF HORNS MUCH REDUCED

NORMALFULLY INVOLUTEDSIZE OF BOTH HORNSIN PRIMIPAROUS IS THE SIZE OF RING FINGER

IN MULTIPAROUS COWS THE SIZE IS THE MDDLE FINGER

COW APPEARS ALERT AND HEALTHY AND WITH GOOD APPETITE

2 WHITISH OR PUS DISCHARGE– CASE OF ENDOMETRITIS

PRIMIPAROUS – 1 UTERINE HORN ENLARGED THE SIZE OF THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE FOREARM

MULTIPAROUS – SIZE OF HORNS THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE UPPER LEG

ONE OF THE UTERINEHORNS IS SLIGHTLY

ENLARGED 3

FINGERS WIDTH

COW MAY OR MAY NOT BE SICK, NO FEVER, APPETITE NORMAL

3 REDDISH, WATERY, FOUL,OFFENSIVE SMELLING, PROFUSE – CASE OF RFM OR METRITIS

BOTH HORS SWOLLEN, DOME-LIKE, CAN NOT BE GRASPED WITH THE HAND

ONE UTERINE HORN STILL SLIGHTLYSWOLLEN, FLUID IN HORNS, HORN DIAMETER IS

4 FINGERS WIDTH

COW IS SICK LOOKING, POOR APPETITE,FEVERISH, ALWAYS LYING DOWN, COW REQUIRES INJECTABLE ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT

UTERINE INVOLUTION GRADINGUTERINE INVOLUTION GRADING

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THERE THERE IS A NEED FOR A STRUCTURED IS A NEED FOR A STRUCTURED AND RELEVANT PRACTICAL AND RELEVANT PRACTICAL DAIRY DAIRY REPRODUCTION HERDSMANSHIP REPRODUCTION HERDSMANSHIP TRAINING THROUGHOUT THE TRAINING THROUGHOUT THE

PHILIPPINE DAIRY PHILIPPINE DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRYAND BEEF CATTLE INDUSTRY

TETRATETRA--TECH CONSULTING CORPORATION TECH CONSULTING CORPORATION CANCAN

��PROVIDE TRAINING SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR FARM PERSONNEL PROVIDE TRAINING SOLUTIONS FOR YOUR FARM PERSONNEL ––

TECHNICAL AND MANAGERIALTECHNICAL AND MANAGERIAL

��SUPPLY SEXED BOVINE SEMEN, BREEDING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT, SUPPLY SEXED BOVINE SEMEN, BREEDING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT,

VETERINARY SUPPLIES AND MEDICINE, CALF REARING EQUIPMENT, VETERINARY SUPPLIES AND MEDICINE, CALF REARING EQUIPMENT,

DAIRY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY DAIRY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

��PROVIDE DAIRY CONSULTANCY SERVICESPROVIDE DAIRY CONSULTANCY SERVICES

��SOURCE SUITABLE SITES TO BUILD YOUR DAIRY FARMSSOURCE SUITABLE SITES TO BUILD YOUR DAIRY FARMS