Dag Røen*, Larisa Garkava-‐Gustavsson , Ibrahim Tahir ... · 2 lesions per apple (2 measurements per lesion), mean separa on by Duncan test. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs,

Dag Røen*1, Larisa Garkava-‐Gustavsson2, Ibrahim Tahir2, Saila Karhu3 and Hilde Nybom2

1 Graminor AS -‐ Norway, 2 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences – Sweden, 3 MTT Hor�culture -‐ Finland

Public Private Partnership on pre-‐breeding The Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR) has decided to set up a Public Private Partnership (PPP) for Pre-‐breeding in 2011. The purpose of the PPP is to support the development of Nordic plant breeding, sa�sfying the long-‐term needs of the agricultural and hor�cultural industries, specifically regarding adapta�on to climate change; targets for environmental policies; and demands from consumers, markets, etc. Three projects funded 2012–2013: barley, rye-‐grass and apple Apple project, three partners: SLU, Graminor and MTT Budget: 1.692.151 DKr from NMR, and the same from the three partners together (SLU 1.172.151, Graminor 400.000, MTT 120.000) New website: h�p://ppp-‐apples.nordgen.org

http://ppp-‐apples.nordgen.org

Project partners 1.  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology – Balsgård

2.  Graminor AS, Norway – Njøs 3.  MTT Agrifood Research

Plant Produc�on Research, Hor�culture -‐ Piikkiö

Project work packages WP1. Nordic pla�orm for fruit and berry breeding WP2. Informa�on retrieval and networking WP3. Phenotyping of apple canker suscep�bility in apple cul�vars WP4. Phenotyping of storage rot suscep�bility in apple cul�vars WP5. DNA-‐based analysis WP6. Informa�on dissemina�on

Project work packages WP1. Nordic pla�orm for fruit and berry breeding WP2. Informa�on retrieval and networking WP3. Phenotyping of apple canker suscep�bility in apple cul�vars WP4. Phenotyping of storage rot suscep�bility in apple cul�vars WP5. DNA-‐based analysis WP6. Informa�on dissemina�on

Apple canker (Neonectria di�ssima)

  Apple canker caused by the fungus Neonectria di�ssima (syn. Nectria galligena) is a severe problem in apple orchards in Northern Europe.

  Apple cul�vars show a con�nous varia�on for par�al resistance to the disease. Informa�on on inheritance is limited, but two major QTL have been iden�fied. Complete resistance is not known in apple.

  Iden�fica�on of genotypes with high levels of resistance is an important step towards breeding of resistant cul�vars.

  Several methods for ar�ficial inocula�on developed to quan�fy resistance to apple canker:   Inocula�on on leaf scars on trees   Wound inocula�ons on trees   Wound inocula�ons on cut shoots

Material and methods �  Wound inocula�on on cut shoots, 1000 macroconidia per wound (100.000 per ml)

�  20 cul�vars at SLU Alnarp, 30 cul�vars at SLU Balsgård and 30 cul�vars at Graminor Njøs

�  3 inocula�on points per shoot Sweden, 1 inocula�on point per shoot Norway

�  6 replicates inoculated Neonectria, 2 replicates inoculated water, 2 replicates unwounded

Apple canker (Neonectria di�ssima) trials



Time1 Time2 Time3 Time4 Time5 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Aroma

Discovery

Elise

Ingrid Marie

Katja

Liberty

Santana

Williams Pride

Development of average lesion length on cut shoots wound inoculated with macrospores of Neonectria di�ssima, recorded at 5 �me points a�er inocula�on. Three inocula�on points per shoot, 6 replicates (shoots) per cul�var. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden 2013.


Development of average lesion length on cut shoots wound inoculated with macrospores of Neonectria di�ssima, recorded at 5 �me points a�er inocula�on. Three inocula�on points per shoot, 6 replicates (shoots) per cul�var. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden 2013.

1 2 3 4 5 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 Aroma

Discovery

Elise

Enterprise

Frösåker

Golden Delicious

Gyllenkroks Astrakan

Heta

Hornö

Ingrid Marie

Jonatan

Katja

Konsta

Liberty

Linda

Prairefire

Risäter

Rubinola

Red Gravensteiner

Rödluvan

Rö� kaneläpple

Santana

Snövit

Spässerud

Sävstaholm

Val�

Williams Pride

Voukko

Åkerö


Time1 Time Time3 Time4 Time5 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Aroma

Discovery

Elise

Karin Schneider

Katja

Liberty

Santana

William's Pride

Development of average lesion length on cut shoots wound inoculated with macrospores of Neonectria di�ssima, recorded at 5 �me points (20, 27, 34, 41 and 48 days a�er inocula�on). One inocula�on point per shoot, 6 replicates (shoots) per cul�var. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway 2013.


Development of average lesion length on cut shoots wound inoculated with macrospores of Neonectria di�ssima, recorded at 5 �me points (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days a�er inocula�on). One inocula�on point per shoot, 6 replicates (shoots) per cul�var. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway 2013.

  Fruit rots cause large losses during storage and marke�ng of apples.

  A large number of fungi causes fruit rots, the most important in Nordic apple produc�on being Pezicula malicor�cis and Pezicula alba (bull’s eye rot), Glomerella acutata (bi�er rot), Penicillium expansum (blue mould), Botry�s cinerea (grey mould) and Monilinia fruc�gena (monilia rot).

  Penicillium expansum is of special concern as it may produce the toxin patulin.

Fungal decay in apple

Material and methods – 2012 trials �  45 cul�vars at SLU Balsgård and 45 cul�vars at Graminor Njøs �  Wound inocula�on on apples harvested at starch value 4-‐5 (iodine test) �  2 inocula�on points per apple (sun and shade side) �  15 apples per replicate, 3 replicates inoculated Penicillium, 1 replicate inoculated water, 1 replicate unwounded

�  Measurement of lesion diameter (2 direc�ons) a�er 6 weeks (early apples) or 12 weeks (later apples) in cold store

�  Fruit firmness measured on 10 apples per cul�var by inocula�on and by end of storage period (2 measurements per apple)

Blue mould (Penicillium expansum) trials


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Leas

ion

area

Cultivars


Average lesion diameter of fruits inoculated with P. expansum; symptoms for early-‐ and late-‐maturing cul�vars. Early cul�vars (stored for 6 weeks) with yellow colour and late cul�vars (stored for 12 weeks) with blue colour (Mean±SD, n=15). Cul�vars are arranged according to ripening period. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden, 2012.


Average fruit firmness at harvest (Mean±SD, n=15). Cul�vars are arranged according to ripening period. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden, 2012.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Kavlås

Sylvia

Breaky

William´s Pride

Katja

Sörm

land

säpp

le

Apelsinoe

Discovery

Oraine

Snadra

Gravenstein

Pipen Sch

Birgit Bon

nier

Barchatnoje

Juuso

Aroma

Rigasrozabele

Björke

Huvitus

Göteborgs Flickäp

Sariola

Atla

s Kon

sta

Nyckelby

Jedzenu

Arona

Raja

Bersis

Alka

Salva Petersbu

rg

Kestrel

Santana

Elise

Kolenow

skaya

Sinap orlovski

Vara

Rörvik

Luke

Ingrid M

arie

Olga

Ausma

Gloster

Tönn

es

Severnij Sinap

Ontario

Firm

ness , kg

.cm

-‐2

Cultivars


Average fruit firmness a�er cold storage. Early cul�vars (stored for 6 weeks) with yellow colour and late cul�vars (stored for 12 weeks) with blue colour (Mean±SD, n=15). Cul�vars are arranged according to ripening period. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden, 2012.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Kavlås

Sylvia

Breaky

William´s Pride

Katja

Sörm

land

säpp

le

Apelsinoe

Discovery

Oraine

Snadra

Gravenstein

Pipen Sch

Birgit Bon

nier

Barchatnoje

Juuso

Aroma

Rigasrozabele

Björke

Huvitus

Göteborgs Flickäp

Sariola

Atla

s Kon

sta

Nyckelby

Jedzenu

Arona

Raja

Bersis

Alka

Salva Petersbu

rg

Kestrel

Santana

Elise

Kolenow

skaya

Sinap orlovski

Vara

Rörvik

Luke

Ingrid M

arie

Olga

Ausma

Gloster

Tönn

es

Severnij Sinap

Ontario

Firm

ness , kg

.cm -‐2

Cultivars


Factors Early ripening Late ripening Harvest date -‐0,13 -‐0,17 Firmness -‐0,4352 -‐0,0275 So�ening 0,1103 0,5616

Associa�on of harvest date, fruit firmness by harvest and so�ening with level of fruit tolerance to P. expansum in early and late cul�vars, represented as Pearson correla�on. Results from experiment SLU Balsgård, Sweden, 2012.


Average lesion diameter of fruits inoculated with P. expansum. Early cul�vars (stored for 6 weeks) are marked with yellow colour and late cul�vars (stored for 12 weeks) are marked with blue colour. Cul�vars are arranged according to harvest date. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway, 2012.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Cultivars


Average lesion diameter of fruits inoculated with P. expansum. Early cul�vars (stored for 6 weeks) are marked with yellow colour and late cul�vars (stored for 12 weeks) are marked with blue colour. Cul�vars are arranged according to harvest date. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway, 2012.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Cultivars




Average lesion diameter of fruits inoculated with P. expansum; symptoms for early cul�vars (stored for 6 weeks). ANOVA of 3 replicates – 15 apples per replicate, mean diameter of 2 lesions per apple (2 measurements per lesion), mean separa�on by Duncan test. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway, 2012.

Cul�var Lesion diameter Duncan grouping William's Pride 48,55 a COOP 12 43,78 ab Discovery 40,99 abc Sunrise 39,85 abc K 2-‐24 39,67 abc Delprim 36,44 bcd Idunn 34,50 bcde Zonga 32,38 cdef Katja 28,11 defg ARX 49-‐15 25,44 efgh Pris�ne 23,73 fghi Pink Pearl 22,37 fghi Gravenstein 19,06 ghij Delcorf 17,81 ghijk Earligold 15,65 hijkl Leiknes 13,99 ijkl Burgundy 11,49 jkl Ginger Gold 10,60 jklm Auksis 8,44 klm Re�na 6,28 lm Fu Shuai 0,60 m Mean 24,70


Average lesion diameter of fruits inoculated with P. expansum; symptoms for later cul�vars (stored for 12 weeks). ANOVA of 3 replicates with 15 apples per replicate, mean diameter of 2 lesions per apple (2 measurements per lesion), mean separa�on by Duncan test. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs, Norway, 2012.

Cul�var Lesion diameter Duncan grouping Tohoku 2 56,70 a Santana 54,83 ab Vetle 53,83 ab ARX 49-‐18 53,50 ab Rubin 52,46 abc Lotos 50,27 bcd Belmac 48,09 cde Rubinstep 45,75 def Ecole�e 45,01 ef Jarka 44,33 ef Topaz 43,98 ef Elise 43,30 ef Aroma Ylvisåker 43,05 f Angold 41,30 f Liberty 36,44 g Dayton 32,88 gh NA 15-‐65 30,33 hi Karin Schneider 29,18 hi Creston 28,02 ij Sampion 26,56 ij Elshof 24,42 jk Gala Must 21,79 k Pilot 20,02 kl Gloster 16,83 l Mean 39,42

Thank you to

�  Jasna Sehic – SLU Balsgård, Sweden � Masoud Ahmadi Afzadi – SLU Balsgård, Sweden � Marjan Ghasemkhani – SLU Alnarp/Balsgård, Sweden � Anna Zborowska – SLU Alnarp, Sweden �  Kurab Røen – Njøs næringsutvikling AS, Norway

Thank you for your a�en�on!

Documents

Dag Røen*, Larisa Garkava-‐Gustavsson , Ibrahim Tahir ... · 2 lesions per apple (2 measurements per lesion), mean separa on by Duncan test. Results from experiment Graminor Njøs,