30
60 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1. Reiter P. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109:14161. 2. Mulla MS, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Kong-Ngamsuk W, Chompoosri J. Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: measures and costs for personal protection in some communities in Thailand. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2001;17(3):1539. 3. Krieger RI, Dinoff TM, Zhang X. Octachlorodipropyl ether (S-2) mosquito coils are inadequately studied for residential use in Asia and illegal in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(12):143942. 4. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset kesehatan dasar. 2013;306. 5. Gupta G, Chaitanya RK, Golla M, Karnati R. Allethrin toxicity on human corneal epithelial cells involves mitochondrial pathway mediated apoptosis. Toxicology in Vitro. Elsevier Ltd; 2013;27:22428. 6. Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Allethrin induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and calcium release in rat testicular carcinoma cells (LC540). Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA. Elsevier Ltd; 2014;28(8):138695. 7. Narendra M, Kavitha G, Kiranmai A, Rao N, Varadacharyulu N. Chronic exposure to pyrethroid-based allethrin and prallethrin mosquito repellents alters plasma biochemical profile. Chemosphere. 2008;73(3):3604. 8. Romero A, Ramos E, Castellano V, Martínez MA, Ares I, Martínez M, et al. Cytotoxicity induced by deltamethrin and its metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells can be differentially prevented by selected antioxidants. Toxicology in Vitro. Elsevier Ltd; 2012;26(6):82330. 9. Ibiam UA, Nzubechukwu E, C UOP. Hepatotoxicity of rambo and cork mosquito-coil snoke and the protective effects of G. latifolium leaf extract. 2015;5(1):139. 10. Jaya IKD. Morphology and physiology of pitaya and it future prospects.

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Page 1: DAFTAR PUSTAKA - core.ac.uk. Jamilah B, Shu CE, Kharidah M, Dzulkifly MA, ... Buku pintar bertanam buah naga [Internet ... Suriawinata AA, Thung SN. Liver pathology an atlas and

60

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Reiter P. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health

Perspectives. 2001;109:141–61.

2. Mulla MS, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Kong-Ngamsuk W, Chompoosri J.

Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: measures and costs for personal

protection in some communities in Thailand. Journal of the American

Mosquito Control Association. 2001;17(3):153–9.

3. Krieger RI, Dinoff TM, Zhang X. Octachlorodipropyl ether (S-2) mosquito

coils are inadequately studied for residential use in Asia and illegal in the

United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003;111(12):1439–42.

4. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Riset kesehatan dasar.

2013;306.

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6. Madhubabu G, Yenugu S. Allethrin induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and

calcium release in rat testicular carcinoma cells (LC540). Toxicology in

vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA. Elsevier

Ltd; 2014;28(8):1386–95.

7. Narendra M, Kavitha G, Kiranmai A, Rao N, Varadacharyulu N. Chronic

exposure to pyrethroid-based allethrin and prallethrin mosquito repellents

alters plasma biochemical profile. Chemosphere. 2008;73(3):360–4.

8. Romero A, Ramos E, Castellano V, Martínez MA, Ares I, Martínez M, et al.

Cytotoxicity induced by deltamethrin and its metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells

can be differentially prevented by selected antioxidants. Toxicology in Vitro.

Elsevier Ltd; 2012;26(6):823–30.

9. Ibiam UA, Nzubechukwu E, C UOP. Hepatotoxicity of rambo and cork

mosquito-coil snoke and the protective effects of G. latifolium leaf extract.

2015;5(1):13–9.

10. Jaya IKD. Morphology and physiology of pitaya and it future prospects.

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kulit buah naga daging buah merah (Hyloreceus polyrhizus) dan putih

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Lampiran 1. Metode ekstraksi kulit buah naga putih.

A. Persiapan Bahan

1) Memisahkan kulit buah naga dari daging buahnya.

2) Mengiris kulit buah naga menjadi irisan kecil-kecil.

3) Mengeringkan kulit buah naga dengan memanaskan di bawah sinar

matahari secara tidak langsung.

4) Menempatkan kulit buah naga yang telah kering ke dalam gelas kimia.

5) Menimbang dengan neraca digital.

B. Perendaman

1) Menempatkan kulit buah naga ke dalam tabung erlenmeyer.

2) Menambahkan pelarut etanol 70% sampai ekstrak kulit buah naga

terendam seluruhnya.

3) Menggojok tabung erlenmeyer.

4) Mendiamkan selama 24 jam dengan menghindarkan dari sinar.

5) Menyaring hasil ekstrak cair.

6) Mengulangi perendaman dan penyaringan hingga hasil penyaringan

berwarna bening.

C. Pemanasan

1) Meletakkan hasil penyaringan di waterbath

2) Memanaskan hasil penyaringan hingga perlarut menguap.

3) Menghentikan pemanasan apabila telah mendapatkan hasil ekstraksi

berupa gel kental.

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Lampiran 2. Metode baku histologis pemeriksaan jaringan.

A. Pengambilan Jaringan

Mengambil jaringan sesegera mungkin setelah mencit mati (maksimal 2

jam) dengan ukuran 1 cm3.

B. Fiksasi

Memasukkan ke dalam larutan fiksasi, yaitu merendam jaringan dalam

larutan formalin 10%.

C. Dehidrasi

Mengeluarkan air dari jaringan, dengan cara :

1) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 30% masing-masing selama 20 menit

dalam 3 botol yang berbeda.

2) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 40% selama 1 jam.

3) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 50% selama 1 jam.

4) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 60% selama 1 jam.

5) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 70% selama 1 jam.

6) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 80% selama 1 jam.

7) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 90% selama 1 jam.

8) Merendam jaringan dalam alkohol 96% selama 1 jam.

D. Clearing (Penjernihan)

Memasukkan jaringan yang telah didehidrasi ke dalam larutan penjernih

agar parafin cair mudah masuk ke dalam jaringan, dengan cara :

1) Merendam jaringan dengan larutan alkohol 96% dan xylol (1:1) selama

2x20 menit.

2) Merendam jaringan dengan larutan xylol I selama 20 menit.

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3) Merendam jaringan dengan larutan xylol II selama 20 menit.

4) Merendam jaringan dengan larutan xylol III selama 20 menit.

E. Embedding (Pengikatan)

Mengikat jaringan dengan parafin, dengan cara :

1) Blocking

a. Memasukkan jaringan dalam parafin cair dan xylol (1:1) selama 20

menit tiap 24 jam dan dimasukkan dalam oven 60oC agar tidak beku.

b. Memasukkan jaringan dalam parafin I selama 20 menit.

c. Memasukkan jaringan dalam parafin II selama 20 menit.

d. Memasukkan jaringan dalam parafin III selama 20 menit.

e. Memasukkan jaringan dalam cetakan berbahan logam.

f. Mendinginkan jaringan dalam air es sehingga cetakan dapat dibuka.

2) Trimming

Memotong balok-balok parafin yang dalamnya berisi jaringan.

F. Sectioning (Pemotongan)

1) Menyiapkan object glass bersih.

2) Memotong balok parafin yang sudah disiapkan menggunakan mikrotom,

dengan ketebalan 3-10 mikron.

3) Mengambil jaringan yang telah dipotong dengan menggunakan jarum

dan memasukkan dalam water bath yang berisi air hangat 40-45oC.

4) Mengambil jaringan menggunakan object glass yang sudah diberi

glisserin albumin.

5) Mengeringkan jaringan dan object glass.

6) Menambahkan timol setelah menutup jaringan dengan deck glass untuk

mencegah pembusukan.

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G. Staining (Pewarnaan)

1) Deparafinasi

a. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam xylol I selama 2 menit.

b. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam xylol II selama 2 menit.

2) Rehidrasi

a. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol absolute I selama 1

menit.

b. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol absolute II selama 1

menit.

c. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol 96% selama 1 menit.

d. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol 70% selama 1 menit.

e. Membilas dengan air mengalir sampai bersih.

f. Merendam dengan aquades selama 2-4 menit.

3) Pulasan Utama

a. Merendam slide jaringan dalam Haematoxyline Modified Lillie’s

MAYER selama 5-7 menit.

b. Membilas dengan air mengalir sampai bersih.

c. Merendam dengan aquades selama 2-4 menit.

d. Membilas dengan air mengalir sampai bersih.

4) Dehidrasi

a. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol 70% selama 1 menit.

b. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol 96% selama 1 menit.

c. Mencelupkan slide jaringan dalam Eosin-Phloxine sebanyak 15

kali.

d. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol 96% selama 1 menit.

e. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol absolute I selama 1

menit.

f. Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam alkohol absolute II selama 1

menit.

5) Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam xylol I selama 2 menit.

6) Memasukkan slide jaringan dalam xylol II selama 2 menit.

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7) Mengeringkan preparat dengan kertas saring.

8) Membersihkan kotoran yang ada di sekitar jaringan dengan kapas

alkohol.

H. Mounting

9) Menambahkan Entellan sebagai mounting medium.

10) Menutup preparat dengan deck glass.

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Lampiran 3. Hasil pengamatan mikroskopis hepar

Sampel LP

Nekrosis

periportal dan

bridging necrosis

Skor degenerasi

intralobuler dan

fokal nekrosis

Skor Inflamasi

Porta Skor Fibrosis

Jumlah

Skor Per

LP

Jumlah

Skor Per

Sampel

K1-1 1 3 1 3 0 7

14

2 0 1 1 0 2

3 0 1 1 0 2

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 1 1 0 2

K1-2 1 5 1 3 0 9

17

2 0 1 1 0 2

3 0 1 1 0 2

4 0 1 1 0 2

5 0 1 1 0 2

K1-3 1 0 0 1 0 1

2

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 1 0 1

K1-4 1 0 0 0 0 0

4

2 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 1 0 0 1

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 1 0 0 1

K1-5 1 0 0 1 0 1

5

2 0 0 1 0 1

3 0 0 1 0 1

4 0 0 1 0 1

5 0 0 1 0 1

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K2-1 1 4 1 3 1 9

45

2 5 3 3 3 14

3 4 1 3 1 9

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 5 1 3 3 12

K2-2 1 5 1 3 3 12

24

2 1 1 3 1 6

3 0 1 1 0 2

4 0 1 1 0 2

5 0 1 1 0 2

K2-3 1 0 1 3 0 4

38

2 4 1 3 1 9

3 5 1 3 3 12

4 4 3 3 1 11

5 0 1 1 0 2

K2-4 1 4 1 3 1 9

14

2 0 1 1 0 2

3 0 1 0 0 1

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 1 0 0 1

K2-5 1 0 1 1 0 2

22

2 1 1 1 1 4

3 0 1 1 0 2

4 5 1 3 3 12

5 0 1 1 0 2

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P1-1 1 0 0 0 0 0

6

2 1 1 1 0 3

3 0 1 0 0 1

4 0 0 1 0 1

5 0 0 1 0 1

P1-2 1 0 0 1 0 1

7

2 0 1 1 0 2

3 0 1 0 0 1

4 1 0 1 0 2

5 0 0 1 0 1

P1-3 1 1 0 1 0 2

4

2 1 0 1 0 2

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P1-4 1 1 0 1 0 2

9

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 0 3 0 6

4 0 0 1 0 1

5 0 0 0 0 0

P1-5 1 0 0 1 0 1

4

2 0 0 1 0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 0 1 0 1

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P2-1 1 0 0 1 0 1

1

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P2-2 1 0 0 1 0 1

2

2 0 0 1 0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P2-3 1 0 1 0 0 1

5

2 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 1 0 0 1

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 1 0 0 1

P2-4 1 0 0 1 0 1

2

2 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P2-5 1 0 0 1 0 1

3

2 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 0 1 0 1

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

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P3-1 1 0 0 0 0 0

0

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P3-2 1 0 0 1 0 1

2

2 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P3-3 1 0 1 0 0 1

1

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P3-4 1 0 0 0 0 0

0

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0

P3-5 1 0 0 0 0 0

1

2 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 0 0 0 0

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Lampiran 4. Hasil analisis statistik

1. Karakteristik sampel

Case Processing Summary

Kelompok Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Total Skor Knodell

Kontrol 1 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Kontrol 2 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Perlakuan 1 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Perlakuan 2 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Perlakuan 3 5 100,0% 0 0,0% 5 100,0%

Descriptives

Kelompok Statistic Std. Error

Total Skor Knodell

Kontrol 1

Mean 8,40 2,977

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound ,14

Upper Bound 16,66

5% Trimmed Mean 8,28

Median 5,00

Variance 44,300

Std. Deviation 6,656

Minimum 2

Maximum 17

Range 15

Interquartile Range 13

Skewness ,601 ,913

Kurtosis -2,497 2,000

Kontrol 2

Mean 28,60 5,636

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 12,95

Upper Bound 44,25

5% Trimmed Mean 28,50

Median 24,00

Variance 158,800

Std. Deviation 12,602

Minimum 14

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Maximum 45

Range 31

Interquartile Range 24

Skewness ,363 ,913

Kurtosis -1,659 2,000

Perlakuan 1

Mean 5,80 1,068

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 2,84

Upper Bound 8,76

5% Trimmed Mean 5,78

Median 6,00

Variance 5,700

Std. Deviation 2,387

Minimum 3

Maximum 9

Range 6

Interquartile Range 5

Skewness ,206 ,913

Kurtosis -1,117 2,000

Perlakuan 2

Mean 2,60 ,678

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound ,72

Upper Bound 4,48

5% Trimmed Mean 2,56

Median 2,00

Variance 2,300

Std. Deviation 1,517

Minimum 1

Maximum 5

Range 4

Interquartile Range 3

Skewness 1,118 ,913

Kurtosis 1,456 2,000

Perlakuan 3

Mean ,80 ,374

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound -,24

Upper Bound 1,84

5% Trimmed Mean ,78

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Median 1,00

Variance ,700

Std. Deviation ,837

Minimum 0

Maximum 2

Range 2

Interquartile Range 2

Skewness ,512 ,913

Kurtosis -,612 2,000

2. Uji normalitas data

Tests of Normality

Kelompok Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Total Skor Knodell

Kontrol 1 ,295 5 ,178 ,865 5 ,248

Kontrol 2 ,242 5 ,200* ,942 5 ,682

Perlakuan 1 ,175 5 ,200* ,974 5 ,899

Perlakuan 2 ,254 5 ,200* ,914 5 ,492

Perlakuan 3 ,231 5 ,200* ,881 5 ,314

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

3. Uji homogenitas

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Total Skor Knodell

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

1,598 4 18 ,218

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4. Uji One Way ANOVA

ANOVA

Total Skor Knodell

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 4,295 4 1,074 15,617 ,000

Within Groups 1,238 18 ,069

Total 5,532 22

5. Uji Post Hoc

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: Total Skor Knodell

LSD

(I) Kelompok (J) Kelompok Mean Difference

(I-J)

Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

Kontrol 1

Kontrol 2 -,625* ,166 ,001 -,97 -,28

Perlakuan 1 ,064 ,166 ,702 -,28 ,41

Perlakuan 2 ,440* ,166 ,016 ,09 ,79

Perlakuan 3 ,695* ,191 ,002 ,29 1,10

Kontrol 2

Kontrol 1 ,625* ,166 ,001 ,28 ,97

Perlakuan 1 ,689* ,166 ,001 ,34 1,04

Perlakuan 2 1,065* ,166 ,000 ,72 1,41

Perlakuan 3 1,320* ,191 ,000 ,92 1,72

Perlakuan 1

Kontrol 1 -,064 ,166 ,702 -,41 ,28

Kontrol 2 -,689* ,166 ,001 -1,04 -,34

Perlakuan 2 ,376* ,166 ,036 ,03 ,72

Perlakuan 3 ,631* ,191 ,004 ,23 1,03

Perlakuan 2

Kontrol 1 -,440* ,166 ,016 -,79 -,09

Kontrol 2 -1,065* ,166 ,000 -1,41 -,72

Perlakuan 1 -,376* ,166 ,036 -,72 -,03

Perlakuan 3 ,255 ,191 ,199 -,15 ,66

Perlakuan 3

Kontrol 1 -,695* ,191 ,002 -1,10 -,29

Kontrol 2 -1,320* ,191 ,000 -1,72 -,92

Perlakuan 1 -,631* ,191 ,004 -1,03 -,23

Perlakuan 2 -,255 ,191 ,199 -,66 ,15

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Lampiran 5. Dokumentasi penelitian.

1. Pembuatan ekstrak kulit buah naga putih

Gambar 25. Kulit buah naga yang

sudah dipotong dan dikeringkan.

Gambar 26. Penimbangan.

Gambar 27. Penyaringan.

Gambar 28. Pemanasan dengan

waterbath.

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2. Pemeliharaan dan perlakuan hewan coba

Gambar 29. Ekstrak kulit buah naga

yang telah diencerkan.

Gambar 30. Hewan coba.

Gambar 31. Pemberian ekstrak kulit

buah naga per oral.

Gambar 32. Pemberian paparan

asap obat nyamuk bakar.

3. Terminasi dan pengambilan organ hewan coba

Gambar 33. Terminasi hewan coba.

Gambar 34. Pengambilan organ

hepar.

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4. Pembuatan preparat

Gambar 35. Hepar mencit dalam

tabung berisi BNF 10%

Gambar 36. Fiksasi, dehidrasi, dan

clearing.

Gambar 37. Mendinginkan jaringan.

Gambar 38. Sectioning

(pemotongan).

Gambar 39. Staining (pengecatan).

Gambar 40. Preparat yang telah

ditutup deck glass.

5. Pembacaan preparat

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Lampiran 6. Surat keterangan pemeriksaan kesehatan hewan coba.

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Lampiran 7. Surat izin penelitian laboratorium Biologi FMIPA UNNES.

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Lampiran 8. Surat keterangan telah melaksanakan penelitian di laboratorium

Biologi FMIPA UNNES.

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Lampiran 9. Ethical clearance.

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Lampiran 10. Surat izin penelitian laboratorium PA RSUD. Dr. Soeratno

Gemolong.

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Lampiran 11. Biodata mahasiswa.

Identitas

Nama : Nisa El Purwatari

NIM : 22010112130163

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Pati, 13 Juni 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Agama : Islam

Alamat : Jl. Ki Mangun Sarkoro no. 32 BJI Mekarsari, Bekasi

Nomor Telepon : 021-88348734

Nomor HP : 081321347725

E-mail : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD Muhammadiyah 1 Sidoarjo Lulus tahun : 2006

2. SMP : SMPN 1 Bekasi Lulus tahun : 2009

3. SMA : SMA KORPRI Bekasi Lulus tahun : 2012

4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun : 2012