DAEDALUS AND ICARUS

Ever since humans first saw birds soar through the sky, they have wanted to fly. The ancient Greeks and Romans pictured many of their gods with winged feet, and imagined mythological winged animals. According to the legend of Daedalus and Icarus, the father and son escaped prison by attaching wings made of wax and feathers to their bodies. Unfortunately, Icarus flew too near the sun, and the heat caused the wax and feathers to melt. The feathers fell off, and Icarus plummeted to the sea. Daedalus landed safely in Sicily.

HERO'S ENGINEHERO'S ENGINE Legendary characters used the Legendary characters used the power of mythology to fly through power of mythology to fly through the heavens. About 100 AC a Greek the heavens. About 100 AC a Greek inventor known as Heron "the inventor known as Heron "the Precursor" of Alexandria came up Precursor" of Alexandria came up with a new invention that depended with a new invention that depended more on the mechanical interaction more on the mechanical interaction of heat and water. He invented a of heat and water. He invented a rocket-like device called an aeolipile. rocket-like device called an aeolipile. It used steam for propulsion. Hero It used steam for propulsion. Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas the water into steam, and the gas traveled through the pipes to the traveled through the pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrust to the sphere that gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.caused it to rotate.

CHINESE SOLDIER LAUNCHES FIRE ARROWCHINESE SOLDIER LAUNCHES FIRE ARROW

DRAWING OF STAGED ROCKETDRAWING OF STAGED ROCKET

In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published a series of drawings for a staged rocket. a series of drawings for a staged rocket.

THE ROCKETS' RED GLARETHE ROCKETS' RED GLARE

Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the "rocket's red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the "rocket's red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Congreve had used a 5 m guide-stick to help against the United States in the War of 1812. Congreve had used a 5 m guide-stick to help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War. were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War.

WRIGHT BROTHERS FLIGHTWRIGHT BROTHERS FLIGHT

On December 17, 1903, two brothers from Dayton, Ohio, named Wilbur On December 17, 1903, two brothers from Dayton, Ohio, named Wilbur and Orville Wright, were successful in flying an airplane they built. Their and Orville Wright, were successful in flying an airplane they built. Their powered aircraft flew for 12 seconds above the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk, powered aircraft flew for 12 seconds above the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, making them the first people to pilot a heavier-than-air North Carolina, making them the first people to pilot a heavier-than-air machine that took off on its own power, remained under control, and machine that took off on its own power, remained under control, and sustained flight.sustained flight.

TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET DESIGNSTSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET DESIGNS

Tsiolkovsky, a Russian Tsiolkovsky, a Russian

school teacher, school teacher,

published a report in published a report in

1903 that suggested the 1903 that suggested the

use of liquid propellants use of liquid propellants

for rockets in order to for rockets in order to

achieve greater range. achieve greater range.

Tsiolkovsky stated that Tsiolkovsky stated that

the speed and range of a the speed and range of a

rocket were limited by rocket were limited by

the exhaust velocity of the exhaust velocity of

escaping gases.escaping gases.

הודף – חומר להנעת טילים הודף – חומר להנעת טילים רקטייםרקטיים

הודף = דלק + מחמצןהודף = דלק + מחמצןהודפים מוצקיםהודפים מוצקים–

הודפים נוזלייםהודפים נוזליים– הודפים למנועי כלאיים – שילוב של מוצק הודפים למנועי כלאיים – שילוב של מוצק –

)על פי רוב הדלק( ונוזל )המחמצן()על פי רוב הדלק( ונוזל )המחמצן(הודפים במצב ג'ל )נוזל מוקרש(הודפים במצב ג'ל )נוזל מוקרש(–

הודפים מוצקיםהודפים מוצקים

הדלק והמחמצן הנם מעורבבים יחד הדלק והמחמצן הנם מעורבבים יחד ולאחר עיבוד מתקבלת תערובת ולאחר עיבוד מתקבלת תערובת

מוצקה.מוצקה.יתרונות: פשטות, עלות נמוכה, אמינות יתרונות: פשטות, עלות נמוכה, אמינות

גבוהה, כוננות להפעלה מיידית.גבוהה, כוננות להפעלה מיידית.חסרונות: אין כמעט אפשרות של חסרונות: אין כמעט אפשרות של בקרת הדחף לאחר ההדלקה, אין בקרת הדחף לאחר ההדלקה, אין

אפשרות של כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, אפשרות של כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, ביצועים אנרגטיים נמוכים יחסית, ביצועים אנרגטיים נמוכים יחסית,

סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון.סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון.

הודפים נוזלייםהודפים נוזליים

הדלק והמחמצן הנם בנפרד אחד מהשני הדלק והמחמצן הנם בנפרד אחד מהשני הן בעת אחסון והן בעת פעולת המנוע.הן בעת אחסון והן בעת פעולת המנוע.

יתרונות :ביצועים אנרגטיים גבוהים יתרונות :ביצועים אנרגטיים גבוהים יחסית, יש אפשרות של בקרת הדחף יחסית, יש אפשרות של בקרת הדחף

כולל כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, סכנה כולל כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון פחותה מזו של בטיחותית בעת אחסון פחותה מזו של

הודפים מוצקים.הודפים מוצקים.

חסרונות : מורכבות, עלות גבוהה, זמן חסרונות : מורכבות, עלות גבוהה, זמן ארוך להכנה לשיגור. ארוך להכנה לשיגור.

הודפים למנועי כלאייםהודפים למנועי כלאיים

דלק פחמימני דלק פחמימני )פוליאתילן, )פוליאתילן,

פוליבוטדיין( בתצורה פוליבוטדיין( בתצורה של גליל חלול.של גליל חלול.

מחמצן נוזלי )חמצן מחמצן נוזלי )חמצן נוזלי, מי חמצן( אשר נוזלי, מי חמצן( אשר

זורם בחלל הגליל.זורם בחלל הגליל.

הודפים במצב ג'להודפים במצב ג'ל

בעיקרון הם מתנהגים כמוצקים בעת האחסון וכנוזליים בעת פעולתם.

יתרונות: כל יתרונות ההודפים הנוזליים בתוספת של רמת בטיחות, ביצועים אנרגטיים

וצפיפות אנרגיה. זאת בעיקר בגלל היכולת לשאת בחלקיקים מתכתיים.

אין עדיין חסרונות: כדומה לנוזליים וגם .טכנולוגיה מפותחת

GODDARDGODDARD

In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket and laid the foundation for In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket and laid the foundation for a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond. Fueled by a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond. Fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds, liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds, climbed 12.5 m, and landed 46 m away in a cabbage patch.climbed 12.5 m, and landed 46 m away in a cabbage patch.

OBERTHOBERTH

The foremost authority on rocketry was Dr. Hermann Oberth, a Hungarian-born The foremost authority on rocketry was Dr. Hermann Oberth, a Hungarian-born German. In 1923, he published a book about rocket travel into outer space. German. In 1923, he published a book about rocket travel into outer space. Because of his important writings, many small rocket societies sprang up around Because of his important writings, many small rocket societies sprang up around the world. In the spring of 1930, a young Wernher von Braun assisted Oberth in the world. In the spring of 1930, a young Wernher von Braun assisted Oberth in his early experiments in testing a liquid-fueled rocket with about 7 kghis early experiments in testing a liquid-fueled rocket with about 7 kg ff of thrust. of thrust.

V-2 ROCKETV-2 ROCKET At the Peenemuende At the Peenemuende Research Facility in Research Facility in Germany, the Germans, Germany, the Germans, under the technical under the technical direction of Von Braun, direction of Von Braun, developed the V-2 developed the V-2 Rocket. The V-2 became Rocket. The V-2 became one of the best known of one of the best known of all early missiles. By the all early missiles. By the end of World War II, the end of World War II, the Germans had fired Germans had fired nearly 3,000 V-2 nearly 3,000 V-2 weapons against weapons against England and other England and other targets. targets.

V-2 ROCKETV-2 ROCKET

The V-2 rocket was The V-2 rocket was small by comparison to small by comparison to today's rockets. The today's rockets. The 14-m rocket could 14-m rocket could carry a 750 kg carry a 750 kg warhead 360 km. It warhead 360 km. It achieved its great achieved its great thrust by burning a thrust by burning a mixture of liquid mixture of liquid oxygen and alcohol at oxygen and alcohol at a rate of about one ton a rate of about one ton every seven seconds.every seven seconds.

SPUTNIKSPUTNIK

On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik, On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite. the world's first artificial satellite.

LAIKALAIKALaika was a space Laika was a space pioneer. The first ever pioneer. The first ever living creature launched living creature launched into space, Laika was into space, Laika was carried into space on carried into space on board the Russian board the Russian satellite, Sputnik 2, on satellite, Sputnik 2, on November 3rd, 1957, thirty November 3rd, 1957, thirty days after the first days after the first successful satellite launch successful satellite launch of Sputnik 1. Laika's of Sputnik 1. Laika's spacecraft had no descent spacecraft had no descent capsule, so she burned up capsule, so she burned up along with the satellite as it along with the satellite as it returned to the Earth's returned to the Earth's atmosphere. To avoid atmosphere. To avoid suffering, she was put to suffering, she was put to sleep before re-entry.sleep before re-entry.

JUPITER-C LAUNCHJUPITER-C LAUNCH In January 1958, In January 1958, Jupiter-C lofted Jupiter-C lofted the first American the first American satellite into orbit satellite into orbit just 3 months after just 3 months after the Von Braun the Von Braun team received the team received the go-ahead. The go-ahead. The satellite payload satellite payload was called was called Explorer I. Explorer I.

THE FIRST PERSON IN SPACE: THE FIRST PERSON IN SPACE: YURI GAGARIN (USSR)YURI GAGARIN (USSR)

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to achieve On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to achieve spaceflight and orbit the Earth. His spacecraft, Vostok 1, circled spaceflight and orbit the Earth. His spacecraft, Vostok 1, circled Earth once in a flight that lasted 108 minutes. At the highest point, Earth once in a flight that lasted 108 minutes. At the highest point, Gagarin was about 327 kilometers above Earth.  Gagarin was about 327 kilometers above Earth. 

FIRST AMERICAN ASTRONAUTFIRST AMERICAN ASTRONAUT

In 1961, In 1961, Marshall's Marshall's Mercury Mercury vehicle vehicle boosted the boosted the America's first America's first astronaut, astronaut, Alan B. Alan B. Shepard on a Shepard on a suborbital suborbital flight.flight.

SATURN V LAUNCHSATURN V LAUNCH The Marshall The Marshall Center's first major Center's first major program was program was development of the development of the Saturn rockets. The Saturn rockets. The Saturn V, first Saturn V, first launched on launched on November 8, 1967, November 8, 1967, was the most was the most powerful member of powerful member of the Saturn family the Saturn family producing as much producing as much power as 85 Hoover power as 85 Hoover Dams. Dams.

FIRST MAN ON THE MOONFIRST MAN ON THE MOON

The crowning achievement for the Saturn V rocket came when it The crowning achievement for the Saturn V rocket came when it launched Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil launched Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong was the first man that set foot on moon surface. Armstrong was the first man that set foot on moon surface.

SPACE SHUTTLE ILLUSTRATIONSPACE SHUTTLE ILLUSTRATION

The Apollo The Apollo program program demonstrated that demonstrated that men could travel men could travel into space, perform into space, perform useful tasks there, useful tasks there, and return safely to and return safely to Earth. But space Earth. But space had to be more had to be more accessible. This accessible. This lead to the lead to the development of the development of the Space Shuttle. Space Shuttle.

SHUTTLE LAUNCHSHUTTLE LAUNCH

A new era in A new era in space flight space flight began on April began on April 12, 1981. That's 12, 1981. That's when the first when the first Space Shuttle Space Shuttle mission was mission was launched. The launched. The Marshall Space Marshall Space Flight Center Flight Center developed the developed the propulsion propulsion system for the system for the Shuttle. Shuttle.

התרסקות המעבורת קולומביההתרסקות המעבורת קולומביה

1515 ק"מ, כ- ק"מ, כ- 6363, בגובה של , בגובה של 1.2.031.2.03האסון התרחש ב- האסון התרחש ב- המעבורת. של המתוכננת הנחיתה לפני המעבורת. דקות של המתוכננת הנחיתה לפני דקות

סיבות ההתרסקות טרם ידועות.סיבות ההתרסקות טרם ידועות.

התרסקות המעבורת קולומביההתרסקות המעבורת קולומביה

התרסקות המעבורת קולומביההתרסקות המעבורת קולומביה

על המעבורת היו שבעה אסטרונאוטים אשר נספו.על המעבורת היו שבעה אסטרונאוטים אשר נספו.

התרסקות המעבורת קולומביההתרסקות המעבורת קולומביה

האסטרונאוט הישראלי הראשון, אל"מ אילן רמון ז"ל.האסטרונאוט הישראלי הראשון, אל"מ אילן רמון ז"ל.

FRANCE – ARIANE-5FRANCE – ARIANE-5

Ariane-5 launcher Ariane-5 launcher has a payload has a payload capability of 7,300 capability of 7,300 kg in a dual-payload kg in a dual-payload mission to mission to geostationary geostationary transfer orbit and transfer orbit and 8,000 kg in a single -8,000 kg in a single -satellite launch.satellite launch.

RUSSIA - SOYUZRUSSIA - SOYUZ

More than 1,670 missions More than 1,670 missions have been performed by have been performed by Soyuz launchers to orbit Soyuz launchers to orbit satellites for satellites for telecommunications, telecommunications, Earth observation, Earth observation, weather and scientific weather and scientific missions, as well as for missions, as well as for manned flights. Soyuz manned flights. Soyuz offers payload lift offers payload lift capability of 4,100 kg to capability of 4,100 kg to 5,500 kg into a 450-km 5,500 kg into a 450-km circular orbit. circular orbit.

UKRAINE - ZENITUKRAINE - ZENIT

Zenit, introduced in 1985, Zenit, introduced in 1985, is a liquid-fueled launch is a liquid-fueled launch vehicle. It uses liquid vehicle. It uses liquid oxygen and kerosene and oxygen and kerosene and can deliver over 30,000 can deliver over 30,000 pounds into Low-Earth pounds into Low-Earth Orbit. A three-stage Orbit. A three-stage version is currently in version is currently in development and will be development and will be used for geostationary used for geostationary missions.missions.Length: 57 mLength: 57 mDiameter: 3.5 m Diameter: 3.5 m Liftoff Thrust: 740 tons Liftoff Thrust: 740 tons

CHINACHINAChina has developed a China has developed a manned spacecraft manned spacecraft and high-reliability and high-reliability launching vehicle. launching vehicle. China's first unmanned China's first unmanned experimental experimental spacecraft "Shenzhou" spacecraft "Shenzhou" was successfully was successfully launched and launched and recovered November recovered November 20-21, 1999 20-21, 1999

JAPAN - MITSUBISHIJAPAN - MITSUBISHI

The H-IIA Rocket has the The H-IIA Rocket has the capacity to put a two to capacity to put a two to three ton class artificial three ton class artificial satellite into the static satellite into the static satellite orbit. satellite orbit. Length: 52.5 m Length: 52.5 m Diameter: 4.0 mDiameter: 4.0 mWeight: Weight: Standard type: 290 tonStandard type: 290 tonAugmented type: 410 tonAugmented type: 410 ton

INDIA - GSLVINDIA - GSLV

Geosynchronous Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.Satellite Launch Vehicle. The GSLV uses solid The GSLV uses solid propellant first stage core propellant first stage core vehicle and storable liquid vehicle and storable liquid propellant second stage.  propellant second stage.  The first stage has been The first stage has been augmented with four liquid augmented with four liquid strap-on boosters each strap-on boosters each equipped with an engine equipped with an engine similar to the one used to similar to the one used to power the rocket's second power the rocket's second stage.  stage. 

ISRAEL - SHAVIT - OFEKISRAEL - SHAVIT - OFEK

An Israeli-made Shavit missile An Israeli-made Shavit missile blasted off from the Palmahim blasted off from the Palmahim air force base carrying the Ofek-air force base carrying the Ofek-5 spy satellite aloft on May 28, 5 spy satellite aloft on May 28, 2002. Israel launched the 2002. Israel launched the sophisticated spy satellite in an sophisticated spy satellite in an attempt to extend its ability to attempt to extend its ability to monitor military developments in monitor military developments in the region and in a clear the region and in a clear demonstration of its advanced demonstration of its advanced missile capabilities. With the missile capabilities. With the launch of the Ofek-1 in launch of the Ofek-1 in September 1988, Israel became September 1988, Israel became the eighth country to launch its the eighth country to launch its own satellite )U.S., Russia, own satellite )U.S., Russia, Ukraine, India, China, Japan, Ukraine, India, China, Japan, Israel, and France(. Israel, and France(.

ISRAEL – Arrow MissileISRAEL – Arrow MissileThe Arrow 2 system can detect and track incoming missiles as far way as 500 km and can intercept missiles 50-90 km away. The Arrow 2 uses a terminally-guided interceptor warhead to destroy an incoming missile from its launch at an altitude of 10 to 40 km at nine times the speed of sound. The command and control system is designed to respond to as many as 14 simultaneous intercepts.

ISRAEL – Arrow MissileISRAEL – Arrow Missile