Daddy Phil Revolution

8/11/2019 Daddy Phil Revolution

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The history of the Philippinesis believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using

rafts or primitive boats, at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery ofCallao

Manshowed.[1]The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival ofFerdinand Magellan,who

sighted the island ofSamar Islandon March 16, 1521 and landed onHomonhonIsland (now part

ofGuiuan, Eastern Samarprovince) the next day. Homonhon Island is southeast of Samar Island.[2]

Before Magellan arrived,Negritotribes inhabited the isles, who were subsequently joined and largely

supplanted by migrating groups ofAustronesians.This population had stratified into hunter-gatherer

tribes, warrior societies, pettyplutocraciesand maritime-oriented harbor principalities which

eventually grew into kingdoms,rajahnates,principalities, confederations and sultanates. The

Philippine islands were greatly influenced by Hindu religions, literature and philosophy from India in

the early centuries of the Christian era.[3]States included theIndianizedRajahnate

ofButuanandCebu,the dynasty ofTondo,the august kingdoms ofMaysapanandMaynila,

theConfederation of Madyaas,thesinifiedCountry of Mai,as well as the Muslim Sultanates

ofSuluandMaguindanao.These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium.[4][5]These

kingdoms traded with what are now calledChina,India,Japan,Thailand,Vietnam,

andIndonesia.[6]The remainder of the settlements were independentBarangaysallied with one of

the larger states.

Spanish colonizationand settlement began with the arrival ofMiguel Lpez de Legazpi's expedition

on February 13, 1565 who established the first permanent settlement of San Miguel on the island

ofCebu.[7]The expedition continued northward reaching the bay ofManilaon the island ofLuzonon

June 24, 1571,[8]where they established a new town and thus began an era ofSpanishcolonization

that lasted for more than three centuries.

[9]

Spanish rule achieved the political unification of almost the whole archipelago, that previously had

been composed by independent kingdoms, pushing back south the advancing Islamic forces and

creating the first draft of the nation that was to be known as the Philippines.Spain also introduced

Christianity, thecode of lawand the oldest modern Universities in Asia.

TheSpanish East Indieswere ruled as part of theViceroyalty of New Spainand administered

fromMexico Cityfrom 1565 to 1821, and administered directly fromMadrid,Spain from 1821 until

the end of theSpanishAmerican Warin 1898, except for a briefperiod of British rulefrom 1762 to

1764. They founded schools, a university, and some hospitals, principally in Manila and the largest

Spanish fort settlements. Universal education was made free for all Filipino subjects in 1863 and

remained so until the end of the Spanish colonial era. This measure was at the vanguard of

contemporary Asian countries, and led to an important class of educated natives, like Jos Rizal.

Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century, that

Spanish literature and press flourished.
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lippines#cite_note-columbia_philippines-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-columbia_philippines-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-columbia_philippines-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-columbia_philippines-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_of_Maihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinifiedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Madyaashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Namayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianized_kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiuan,_Eastern_Samarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonhonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_Man


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ThePhilippine Revolutionagainst Spain began in August 1896, culminating the establishment of

theFirst Philippine Republic.However, theTreaty of Paris,at the end of the SpanishAmerican War,

transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the

insurgent First Philippine Republic Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of

Waragainst the United States.[10]

ThePhilippineAmerican Warwhich ensued resulted in massivecasualties.[11]Philippine presidentEmilio Aguinaldowas captured in 1901 and the U.S. government

declared the conflict officially over in 1902.

The U.S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the

capture of Manila.[12]Civil government was inaugurated on July 1, 1901.[13]An electedPhilippine

Assemblywas convened in 1907 as thelower houseof abicameral legislature.[13]Commonwealth

status was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in

1946.[14]Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by theJapaneseoccupation of the

islands during World War II.[15]After the end of the war, theTreaty of Manilaestablished the

Philippine Republic as an independent nation.[16]

With a promisingeconomyin the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s

saw a rise ofstudent activismand civil unrest against PresidentFerdinand Marcoswho

declaredmartial lawin 1972.[citation needed]The peaceful and bloodlessPeople Power Revolutionof

1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos and a return to democracy for the country. The

period since then was marked bypoliticalinstability and hampered economic productivity. However,

economic growth has gained pace in recent years to become one of the highest in Asia; as such the

Philippines has been labeled one of theNext Elevencountries due to promising future growth.

The Philippine Revolution(called the Tagalog Warby the Spanish),[citation

needed](Filipino:Himagsikang Pilipino) was an armed military conflict between the people of

thePhilippinesand the Spanish colonial authorities.

The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of theanti-colonialsecret

organizationKatipunanby the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led byAndrs Bonifacio,was a

liberationist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal

was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering inCaloocan,

the Katipunanleaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government, named the newly

established government "Haring Bayang Katagalugan", and openly declared a nationwide armed

revolution.[2]Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital city ofManila.This

attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels inCaviteled

byMariano AlvarezandEmilio Aguinaldo,from two different factions of Katipunanin the province,

won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with

command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce with
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colonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-colonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagaluganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagaluganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagaluganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#cite_note-guererro1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#cite_note-guererro1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#cite_note-guererro1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Alvarezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Alvarezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Alvarezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Alvarezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#cite_note-guererro1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagaluganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloocanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifaciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-colonialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Elevenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_activismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Zaide-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Zaide-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution


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the Spanish was reached called thePact of Biak-na-Batoand Aguinaldo went to self-exile inHong

Kong.Hostilities, though reduced, never actually ceased.[3]

On April 21, 1898, the United States began a naval blockade ofCuba,the first military action of

theSpanishAmerican War.On May 1, the U.S. Navy'sAsiatic Squadronunder CommodoreGeorge

Deweydecisively defeated the Spanish navy in theBattle of Manila Bay,effectively seizing control ofManila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines

and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control over nearly all

of the Philippines with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued thePhilippine

Declaration of Independenceand theFirst Philippine Republicwas established. Neither Spain nor

the United States recognized Philippine independence.

Spanish rule in the islands officially ended with theTreaty of Parisof 1898 which ended the

SpanishAmerican War. In it Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United

States.[3]There was an uneasy peace around Manila with the American forces controlling the city

and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them.

On February 4, 1899, in theBattle of Manilafighting broke out between the Filipino and American

forces, beginning thePhilippineAmerican War.Aguinaldo immediately ordered, "[t]hat peace and

friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies".[4]In June

1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States.[5][6]

The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized,independent state until 1946.

Philippine Revolution, (189698), Filipino independence struggle that, after more than 300 yearsof Spanish colonial rule, exposed the weakness of Spanish administration but failed to evict

Spaniards from the islands. The Spanish-American War brought Spains rule in thePhilippinesto a

close in 1898 but precipitated thePhilippine-American War,a bloody war between Filipino

revolutionaries and the U.S. Army.

Numerous quasi-religious uprisings had punctuated the long era of Spanish sovereignty over the

Philippines, but none possessed sufficient coordination to oust the Europeans. During the 19th

century, however, an educated Filipino middle class emerged and with it a desire for Philippine

independence. Opposition before 1872 was primarily confined to the Filipino clergy, who resented

the Spanish monopoly of power within the Roman Catholic church in the islands. In that year theabortiveCavite Mutiny,a brief uprising against the Spanish, served as an excuse for renewed

Spanish repression. The martyrdom of three Filipino priestsJos Burgos, Mariano Gmez, and

Jacinto Zamorafor allegedly conspiring with the rebels at Cavite sparked a wave of anti-Spanish

sentiment.

Reform-minded Filipinos took refuge inEurope,where they carried on a literary campaign known as

the Propaganda Movement. Dr. Jos Rizal quickly emerged as the leading Propagandist. His
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.org/wiki/George_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Deweyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution#cite_note-guererro2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato


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5/24

The Life and Works of English Authors

Literary Library: Fact or Fiction?

Human Geography Quiz

Religion Across the Globe

The Works of Edgar Allan Poe

Famous Authors

Famous Quotes
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An Odyssey of Grecian Literature

The Literary World (Famous Novels)

Exploring Russia: Fact or Fiction?

The American Revolution

European Exploration: Fact or Fiction?

The Literary World

Criminality and Famous Outlaws

On Dec. 15, 1897, the pact of Biak-na-Bato was proclaimed. Though its precise terms have been a

matter of impassioned debate ever since, the pact brought a temporary end to the Philippine
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Revolution. Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders accepted exile inHong Kongand 400,000

pesos, plus Spanish promises of substantial governmental reforms, in return for laying down their

arms. Neither side executed the terms of the pact in good faith. Aguinaldo used the money to

purchase arms in Hong Kong, and the Spanish reneged on the promised reforms.

After the U.S. Navy commodoreGeorge Deweyannihilated the Spanish fleet inManila Bayon May1, 1898, Aguinaldo immediately returned to the Philippines. He began the revolution anew, this time

against theUnited States,which had assumed title to the Philippines as a result of the Spanish

defeat. Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and subsequently appealed to Filipinos to cease fighting

and accept U.S. sovereignty.

Andrs BonifacioFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the person Andrs Bonifacio. For the Philippine Navy ship, seeBRP Andres

Bonifacio (PF-7).For other uses, seeBonifacio.

Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro

An 1897 engraving ofEl SupremoinLa Ilustracin Espaola y

Americana,taken from the only known extant photograph of
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Bonifacio.

President of the Philippines

(Unofficial)

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

In office

24 August 189622 March or 10 May 1897

Vice President Emilio Jacinto

(Unofficial)

Preceded by Post Established

Succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

Personal details

Born Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro

30 November 1863

Tondo, Manila,

Captaincy General of the Philippines

Died 10 May 1897 (aged 33)

Maragondon, Cavite,

Captaincy General of the Philippines

Resting place Remains lost

Nationality Filipino

Political party La Liga Filipina

Katipunan

Spouse(s) Monica (c. 18801890)
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Gregoria de Jess(18931897)

Children Andres Bonifacio y de Jess (died in infancy)

Profession Craftsman, Employee, Revolutionary

Religion Roman Catholicism

Signature

Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro(30 November 186310 May 1897) was aFilipinonationalistandrevolutionary.He is often called "the father of the Philippine Revolution". He was a

founder and later Supremo("supreme leader") of the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangangKatipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayanor simply and more popularly calledKatipunan,a movementwhich sought the independence of thePhilippinesfromSpanish colonial ruleand startedthePhilippine Revolution.[1][2]He is considered a de factonational heroof the Philippines,[3]and isalso considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President of the Philippines (through therevolutionary government he established), but officially he is not recognized as such.[4][5]

Capture, trial and death[edit]

A party of Aguinaldo's men led by Agapito Bonzn and Jos Ignacio Paua met with Bonifacio at his

camp inIndang.Unaware of the order for his arrest, Bonifacio received them cordially. The next day,Bonzn and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio did not fight back and ordered his men to

hold their fire, though shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzn

and Paua stabbed him in the neck who was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's

men, who offered to be killed instead. Andres' brother Ciriaco was shot dead, while his other brother

Procopio was beaten senseless, and his wife Gregoria may have been raped by Bonzn.[63]

Bonifacio's party was brought toNaic,where he and Procopio stood trial on charges of sedition and

treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.[62][64]The jury was

composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his

client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness for the charge of conspiracy tomurder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but after the trial the witness was

seen alive with the prosecutors.[65][66]

The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty despite insufficient evidence and recommended to be

executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on 8 May 1897 but Po del Pilar and

Mariano Noril persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they
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were seconded by Mamerto Natividd and other bona fidesupporters of Aguinaldo.[67]The Bonifacio

brothers were executed on 10 May 1897 in the mountains ofMaragondon.[67][68]Apolinario Mabini

wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from Manila, Laguna and Batangas who had

come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit .[35]In other areas, Bonifacio's close

associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay continued the Katipunan and never recognizedAguinaldo's authority.[37]

Historical controversies[edit]

The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately

viewed as a justified execution for treason and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some

historians[who?]consider him to be the rightful firstPresident of the Philippinesinstead of Aguinaldo.

Some historians[who?]have also called that Bonifacio share or even take the place of Jos Rizal as

the (foremost)Philippine national hero.The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also

been questioned.Trial and execution[edit]

Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely

composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he

himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not

allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had

been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.[69][70]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a

danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat totheir united and well-armed Spanish foe.[67]In contrast,Renato Constantinocontends that Bonifacio

was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the

revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders

who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who

had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise,

resulting in thePact of Biak-na-Batowhereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders

exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight especiallyKatipunanleaders used to be close to

Bonifacio (Aguinaldo eventually, unofficially allied with the United States, did return to take charge of

the revolution during theSpanishAmerican War).[71]

Historians[who?]have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and

whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican

government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing

Katipunan government.[72][73]Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write Aguinaldo and his

faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as wellas guilty of violating Bonifacio's
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constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.[72][74]Aguinaldo's own adviser

and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the

head of the Katipunanof which he was a member".[35]Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately

recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as

the Katipunanleader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other wayaround.[75]Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Convention as the culmination of a

movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio

who represented the middle and lower classes.[74][76]Regionalismamong the Cavite rebels, dubbed

"Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of

Bonifacio.[77][78][79]Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "assassination...the first victory of

personal ambition over true patriotism."[citation needed]He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros

Convention] were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Tras, who were united, while

Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he

was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment."

[35]

There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the

execution party,Lazaro Macapagal,said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were

shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio

attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal

writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs.[80]

However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked

to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the

site, being too weak to walk.[40]This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed

to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[80]Also, one account used to

corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking

a man in a hammock.[40]Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that

the brothers were left unburied.[81]Afterbones said to be Bonifacio'sincluding a fractured skull -

were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of

events.[80]WriterAdrian Cristobalnotes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was

very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough

to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.[40]Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts

the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this

manner.[80]

Bonifacio as first Philippine President[edit]

See also:List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacin, and Ramn Villegas have

pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first President of the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp61.2C64-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp61.2C64-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantinop190-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantinop190-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantinopp183-185-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantinopp183-185-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp58-59-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-villanuevapp58-59-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-mabini-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaro_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaro_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaro_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrerop196-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrerop196-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrerop196-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio.27s_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio.27s_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio.27s_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio.27s_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cristobalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cristobalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cristobalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cristobalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo2001-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio.27s_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrerop196-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite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the officially recognised one. This view is based on his position of President/Supremoof

theKatipunanrevolutionary government from 189697. This view also emphasises that Bonifacio

established a government through the Katipunanbefore a government headed by Aguinaldo was

formed at the Tejeros Convention. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine

nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced byAguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In documents predating Tejeros and theFirst Philippine Republic,

Bonifacio is called the president of the "Tagalog Republic".[4][5][40][82]

The termTagaloghistorically refers to anethnic group,their language, andscript.While historians

have thus tended to view Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog

regions of Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (comprising

the modern Philippines), Guerrero writes that Bonifacio and the Katipunanin fact already had an all-

encompassing view. The Kartilyadefines "tagalog" as "all those born in this archipelago; therefore,

thoughvisayan,ilocano,pampango,etc. they are all tagalogs".[5]

In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalopeople claim Bonifacio became the head of

the Magdiwang, receiving the title Har ng Bayan("King of the People") with Mariano lvarez as his

second-in-command.[41][83]However, these claims are unsupported by documentary

evidence.[84]Carlos Quirinosuggests these claims stem from a misunderstanding or

misrepresentation of Bonifacio's title Pangulo ngHaring Bayan("President of the Sovereign

Nation").[84]Santiago lvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwanggovernment

and the KatipunanSupreme Council headed by Bonifacio.[14]

Bonifacio as national hero[edit]

See also:National hero of the Philippines

Jos Rizal is generally considered the national hero, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more

worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the Philippine Revolution.[63]Teodoro

Agoncillonotes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of

its liberation forces".[85]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero"

who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during theAmerican colonial period of the

Philippinesafter Aguinaldo lost thePhilippineAmerican War.The United States promoted Rizal,

who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose ideas

could inspire resistance against American rule.[86]Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio

who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."[87]

HistorianAmbeth Ocampogives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the

grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio,

the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to Rizal's banishment to Dapitan, he was already

regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by

the Katipunan.[63]Len Mara Guerrero notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerreropp166-167-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerreropp166-167-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-cristobal-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_scripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilocano_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrero1996a-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrero1996a-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-guerrero1996a-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-aguinaldo-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-aguinaldo-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-aguinaldo-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-quirino-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-quirino-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Quirinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Quirinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Quirinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-quirino-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-quirino-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-quirino-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-alvarez-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-alvarez-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-alvarez-14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-Agoncillop160-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-Agoncillop160-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-Agoncillop160-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1946)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantino1980-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantino1980-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-constantino1980-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#cite_note-ocampo1999-63http: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Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of

independence per se.[88]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal

as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".[85]

Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "thePhilippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit

legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the impliedrecognition of being national heroes because they are commemoratedannually nationwideRizal

Dayon 30 December andBonifacio Dayon 30 November.[89]According to the website of the

National Center for Culture and the Arts:

Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and

Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to

historians, should not be legislated.

Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be

recognition enough.[89]

Bonifacio's bones[edit]

In 1918, the American colonial government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's

remains in Maragondon. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man

reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a sugarcane

field on 17 March. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of theNational Library of

the Philippines.They were housed at the Library's headquarters in theLegislative BuildinginErmita,

Manila,together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The authenticity of the

bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as late as 2001 byAmbeth Ocampo.

When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of theCommonwealth of the Philippinesin 1935, his

opponentManuel L. Quezon(the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the

bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution at Aguinaldo's hands. During World War II, the

Philippines was invaded by Japan in 1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction

and looting during theAl

Documents

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