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D6.5.S-LCAmodelandinterimreportonS-LCA
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DISCLAIMERThe opinion stated in this report reflects the opinion of the authors and not theopinionoftheEuropeanCommission.AllintellectualpropertyrightsareownedbyAgroCycleconsortiummembersandareprotectedbytheapplicablelaws.Reproductionisnotauthorisedwithoutpriorwrittenagreement.The commercialuseof any information contained in thisdocumentmay requirealicensefromtheownerofthatinformation.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNº690142.
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DeliverableDocumentSheet ProjectAcronym AgroCycleProjectTitle Sustainable techno-economic solutions for the agricultural
valuechainGrantAgreementnumber
690142
Callidentifier H2020-WASTE-2015-two-stageTopicidentifier WASTE-7-2015
Ensuringsustainableuseofagriculturalwaste,co-productsandby-products
FundingScheme ResearchandInnovationActionProjectduration 36months(June2016–May2019)Coordinator NUIDUCD–ProfessorShaneWardWebsite www.AgroCycle.euDeliverableNo. 6.5Deliverabletitle Interim reportonmethodology framework,data inventory
andprogressofSLCAmodelforAgroCycleprojectDescription WPNo. 6Relatedtask LeadBeneficiary UCDAuthor(s) NicholasHolden,ThomasOldfield,WenhaoChen,Fionnuala
MurphyContributor(s) SotirisPatsios,AnastasiosKarabelasType ReportDisseminationLevel PublicLanguage English–GBDueDate 30.11.2017SubmissionDate 30.11.2017
Date: Action: Version: Ownership:12/11/2017 Written V.1 WenhaoChen21/11/2017 Reviewed/amended/approved V.2 NickHolden30/11/2017 Submitted via Online Portal to
FundingAgencyV.2 GerHanley
10/12/2017 Reviewed/amended/approved V.3 ThomasOldfield
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TableofContents1. Introduction..................................................................................5
2. WorkPackage2casestudy–microanaerobicdigestionofanimalmanure/slurry.....................................................................................6
3. WorkPackage3casestudy–fertiliserfromriceby-products.........8
4. WorkPackage4casestudy–valorisationoffruitprocessingwastewater........................................................................................11
5. WorkPackage5casestudy–bioplasticfrompotatopulp.............13
6. Conclusions..................................................................................15
1. IntroductionTheobjectiveofWorkPackage6(WP6)istoperformanenvironmental,economicandsocialsustainabilityassessmentsofcasestudiesdrawnfromthefourtechnicalWorkPackages(WP2toWP5)ofAgroCyclebycarryingoutaLifeCycleAssessment(LCA),LifeCycleCosting(LCC)andsocialLifeCycleAssessment(S-LCA).Deliverable6.1createdtheintegratedsustainabilityassessmentframeworkguidelinesfortheLCA,LCCandS-LCAanalysis.ThishasnowbeenpublishedontheAgroCyclewebsite(www.agrocyle.eu)andservesastherulesforhowtheanalysiswillbecarriedoutforeachofthefourcasestudiesdefinedinthisdeliverablereport.Deliverable 6.2 presented a biomass supply chain evaluation, with a fullcharacterisation of the available agricultural waste, co-products and by-products(AWCB) and their current treatment methods or uses, and related systems. Theoutcomeofthisdeliverableprovidesthereferencescenario(business-as-usual(BaU))withwhichthefourAgroCyclevalorisationsystemsarecomparedtodeterminethechangeinimpactandanypotentialbenefits.Deliverable6.3and6.4areinterimreportsondataavailabilityfortheenvironmentalLCA and LCC, respectively. To evaluate the overall sustainability performance ofAgroCycle technologies, the social impacts also need to be investigated. Thisdeliverable, D6.5, is an interim report on the methodological framework, datainventoryandprogressofsocialLCAforfourAgroCycledemonstrationcasestudies.From Work Package 2 the case study is micro anaerobic digestion of animalmanure/slurry; from Work Package 3 the case study is the valorisation of riceproduction by-products (predominantly bran) to produce fertiliser; from WorkPackage4thecasestudyisthevalorisationoffruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesingle cell protein; and fromWork Package 5 the case study is the valorisation ofpotatoprocessingby-productpulp(fibre)toproduceabioplastic.As the AgroCycle technologies are at early technology readiness (TRL 1-3), thetechnologieswill not be adopted at sectoral or factory level during the AgroCycleproject.Therefore,someofsocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCyclecasestudysupply chainsarenotavailable through surveyorvalidatednational statistics. ThisrestrictedthefeasibilityofdevelopingaprocessbasedsocialLCA.Todealwiththistechnical issue,an integratedhybridLCAmodellingapproachwasused.ThehybridLCA combined economic input-output analysiswith a process-based LCAmodel. It
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capturesboththe impacts fromtheprocess-basedLCAsystemandfromeconomicactivityupstreamanddownstreamofthetechnologyimplementation.Inaddition,weare using a multi-regional input-output database, with records of all trade andeconomicactivityamongworldregions.Therefore,thehybridsocialLCAforAgroCyclecasestudieshavecompletesystemboundariesandthesocialLCAmodelscanprovidea comprehensive estimate of the social-economic impacts of using AgroCycletechnologiesintheAgricultureandFoodsector.Thisreportprovidesdetailedinformationaboutthemethodologicalframework,dataacquisition and progress of each social LCA case study. The reference system(business-as-usual(BaU)scenario)andAgroCyclesystemanalysedforeachcasestudyisthesameasthoseassessedusingenvironmentalLCA(D6.3)andLCC(D6.4).
2. WorkPackage2casestudy–microanaerobicdigestionofanimalmanure/slurry
ThecasestudyfromWorkPackage2isthevalorisationofchickenlittertoproducebiogasandfertiliser.AmmoniumisremovedfromchickenmanureandthendigestedinadryADprocesstorecoverbiogasforelectricityandheatgeneration.Theresultingdrydigestatehasalowwatercontentandisnutrient-rich,withahighorganicmattercontent suitable for replacing synthetic fertilizer. TheBaUscenariowasdefinedasproductionofchickenwiththemostcommontreatmentofchickenlitterlandspreadasabio-fertiliserinUK(Figure1).ThisisthesamereferencescenarioasusedfortheenvironmentalLCA.
Figure1Business-as-usual–WP2
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The systemboundary for theAgroCycle scenario includes production of digestate,energyandfertilizer(Figure2).FortheAgroCyclescenario,thegeneratedenergywilldisplacegridsupplyforonfarmenergyconsumption,andsurplusenergy(ifany)canalsodisplacefossilenergyonthegrid.Thedigestateandfertilizerreplacesyntheticfertilizerusedforchickenfeedproduction.
Figure2ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP2ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle chicken production system using valorised co-product chicken litter isimprovedcomparedtoconventionalchickenproductionusingsyntheticfertilizerandfossilenergy.ThecasestudyislocatedintheUK.Thefunctionalunitis‘1kgofediblecarcassweightat the farmgate’ (definedas liveweight×kill-outpercentage).Thereferenceflowis1,000birds.TheinformationaboutfixedcostsofbothsystemsandvariablecostsfortheconventionalsystemwascollectedfromtheAgroCyclepartneratHaperAdamsUniversity (HAU), from literature, the Ecoinvent database and EUstatistics databases. Table 1 presents the elementary and cost data required todevelopthesocialLCA,notingavailabilityandsource.Atthecurrentstage,thesocialLCAforWP2isstillatthedatacollectionstage.
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Table1–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP2.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)
ADprocess
Syntheticfertiliser Available HAU/EurostatDigestate Available HAU/EurostatBiogas Available HAU/EurostatInfrastructure Available HAU
Upstreaminputsforchickenproduction
Electricitygeneration Available Database/EurostatThermalenergygeneration Available Database/EurostatFeedproduction Available Database/Eurostat
Otherinputs
Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available HAU
Labour Available HAU Subsidies/tax Available HAU
3. WorkPackage3casestudy–fertiliserfromriceby-productsThecasestudyfromWorkPackage3isthevalorisationofriceproductionby-productstoproducefertiliser.Themainby-productsfromriceproductionarericebranandricehusk,whichcanbecompostedtoproducebio-fertilisertoreplacesyntheticfertilizer(NKP)inthericeproductionsystem.TheBaUscenariowasdefinedasuseofsyntheticfertilisertoproducericeinGreece(Figure3),andisthesameasthereferencescenariofortheenvironmentalLCA.
Figure3Business-as-usual–WP3ThesystemboundaryfortheAgroCyclescenario(composting)isshowninFigure4.InBaUricebranisusedasaningredientincattlefeed.Analternativefeedingredientneeds to be defined for replacing the rice bran when it is used for bio-fertilizerproduction.Duetothehighfatcontentinricebran,themostlikelyalternativescouldbesoybean(orpalmkerneloil)assumingthefunctionofsupplyingfatcontent.Ifthebranisassumedtoprovidefibreintheanimaldiet,thenthealternativemightbeothercerealbrans,whichareminorcomponentsofmostanimaldiets.
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Figure4ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP3ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle paddy rice production system using valorised bio-fertilizer is improvedcomparedtoconventionalpaddyriceproductionwithsyntheticfertilizerandricebranusedforanimalfeed.ThecasestudyislocatedinGreece.Thefunctionalunitis‘1tofpaddyrice(sellableyieldat15%moisturecontent)’.Basedontheelementaryflowsofthe engineering processes from AgroCycle experiments, the variable costs for theAgroCyclesystemcanbedefined.Theinformationaboutfixedcostsofbothsystemsand variable costs of the conventional system was collected from the AgroCyclepartner Hellenic Agricultural Organisation (DEMETER), literature, the EcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table2presentstheelementaryandcostdatarequiredtodevelopthesocialLCA,itsavailabilityanditssource.Table2–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP3.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)
Fertilizer
Syntheticfertiliser Available DEMETER/EurostatChickenmanure Available DEMETER/ExiobaseWaterforbio-fertilizer Available DEMETER/GWIaZeolite Available DEMETERRadivit Available DEMETER
Ricehusk Replacingthermalenergy Literature/Eurostat Ricebran Replacingfatingredient Literature/indexmundi
Farmingactivitiesbymachines
Ploughing Available Database/EurostatDiskHarrow Available Database/EurostatFertiliserapplication Available Database/EurostatCultivator Available Database/EurostatLevelling Available Database/EurostatSowing Available Database/EurostatRolling Available Database/EurostatIrrigation Available Database/DEMETERHarvesting Available Database/Eurostat
Agriculturalinputs
Seed Available Literature/EUreportonricePesticide Available Literature/DEMETER
Otherinputs
Transportofbran Available Literature/EurostatRent Available DEMETERLabour Available DEMETERSubsidies/tax Available DEMETER
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ThemethodforsocialLCA,whichisbeingappliedforallcasestudies,ismodifiedfromtheExiobasematrixusingcostinformationfortheagrocyclericebranfertilizerandconventionalricesystems.Themethodisillustratedforthiscasestudybecauseitisthemostadvanced.Productioncostflowsaremappedtocorrespondingsectorsinamulti-regionalinput-outputdatabase(Exiobaseversion3).ThetechnologycoefficientmatrixfromExiobaseisaugmentedasillustratedinTable3,creatinganewtechnologycoefficientmatrix(A",$%),whichcontains4sub-matrixesforintermediatetechnologycoefficients,
A",$% =A"," A",'A'," A','
whereA",", A",', A',", A','arethe inputcoefficientswithinthesectorof interest,fromthesectorofinteresttoothersectors,fromothersectorstothesectorofinterestandtheoriginalExiobasetechnologycoefficientmatrixrespectively.ThetotaleconomicoutputcanthenbecalculatedbasedontheLeontiefmodelas:
X=(1-A)-1f=L×fWherefisthefinaldemand,whichisamixofconventionaltechnologyandAgrocycletechnology.ListheLeontiefinverse,andXisthetotaloutput,includingintermediaconsumptionandfinaloutput.Accordingtothedefinedscenario,thetotaleconomicoutputforthefinaldemandofserviceisgenerated.Whenmultipliedbygrossvalueaddedandanemploymentmultiplier,thesocialimpactsofeconomiccontributionandjobcreationcanbeestimated.CurrentlythefirstdraftofthesocialLCAfortheWP3casestudyiscompleted,anddata are being reviewed (in line with ISO standard recommendations) beforedisseminationofanyresults.
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Table3–ModificationoftechnologycoefficientmatrixofExiobase(illustratedforpaddyrice)
4. Work Package 4 case study – valorisation of fruit processingwastewater
ThecasestudychosenfortheWorkPackage4LCA/LCCwasthevalorisationoffruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesinglecellprotein,biogas,andrecycledwaterforirrigation. The products of this multi-function system will replace the relevantproductsdefinedbytheenvironmentalLCA(Figure5).
Greece Exiobase
Con
vent
iona
l pad
dy ri
ce se
ctor
Agr
ocyc
le p
addy
rice
sect
or
Sect
or 1
Sect
or 2
…
Sect
or n
Fina
l dem
and
Out
put
Gre
ece Conventional paddy rice sector ar1, r1 ar1, r2 ar1, p1 ar1, p2 … ar1, pn fr1 Xr1
Agrocycle paddy rice sector ar2, r1 ar2, r2 ar2, p1 ar2, p2 … ar2, pn fr2 Xr2
Exio
base
Sector 2 ap2, r1 ap2, r2 ap1, p1 ap1, p2 … ap1, pn fp1 Xp1 Sector 3 ap3, r1 ap3, r2 ap2, p1 ap2, p2 … ap2, pn fp2 Xp2
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Sector n apn, r1 apn, r2 apn, p1 apn, p2 … apn, pn fpn Xpn
Soci
al Value added coefficients Var1 Var2 Vap1 Vap2 … Vapn
Employment
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Figure5Business-as-usual–WP4The proposed AgroCycle valorisation pathway scenario with multi-functions ispresentedinFigure6.
Figure6ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP4
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ThegoalofthesocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycleprocessestovalorisefruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesinglecellprotein (primary function)aswellasenergy, fertiliserandcleanwater is improvedcomparedtoBaU.Multiplefunctionalunitswillbeusedforthiscasestudy,thiswillinclude(i)perkgofprotein;(ii)perm3ofwastewater.ThesystemboundaryusedforeachscenariocanbeseeninFigures5and6.LifeCycleInventorydataandcostinformationarebeinggatheredfromobservedfieldand laboratorydata, complementedby literature search, in collaborationwith theLaboratory ofNatural Resources and Renewable Energies (NRRE), of the ChemicalProcess and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), of the Centre for Research &Technology-Hellas(CERTH),inThermi,Thessaloniki,Greece.BackgrounddatawillbetakenfromtheEcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table4presentstheelementaryandcostdata required todevelop the social LCA, theiravailabilityandsource.Currently,thesocialLCAforWP4isstillatthedatacollectionstage.Table4–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP4.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)Production Fruitproduction Available CERTH
ProcessingFruitprocessing Available CERTH/LiteraturePre-treatment Available CERTH/LiteratureAerobictreatment Available CERTH/Literature
ValorisationAnaerobicdigestion Available CERTHAerobicMBR Available CERTHSludgemanagement Available CERTH/Literature
Cattlefeed Soybeanproduction Available Literature/indexmundiSinglecellprotein Available CERTH
Energyproduction Gridelectricity Available Database/EurostatDieselgenerator Available Database/Eurostat
Otherinputs
Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available CERTHLabor Available CERTHSubsidies/tax Available CERTH
Themethodologydescribedinthissectionhasalreadybeenappliedforthericebranfertilizercasestudywithsomesuccess,andiscurrentlybeingappliedtothiscasestudybutisnotcomplete.
5. WorkPackage5casestudy–bioplasticfrompotatopulpThe case study fromWork Package is to evaluate the social-economic impacts ofvalorisation of potato processing by-products to produce bioplastic, whichwill becomparedwiththeimpactsofconventionalpolypropylenepackagingandlandfillofpotatopulp(Figure7).
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Figure7Business-as-usual–WP5TheproposedvalorisationpathwayforpotatopulptoproducebioplasticisshowninFigure8.
Figure8Business-as-usual–WP5ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle of valorisation of potato pulp (fibre) to produce a bioplastic is animprovementcomparedtoconventionalplasticproduction.Thefunctionalunitis‘1kgofplasticsuitableforpackaging’.LifeCycleInventorydataandcostinformationarebeinggatheredfromobservedfieldand laboratorydata fromexperiments carriedout byAgroCyclepartners ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,IstitutoperiProcessiChimico-Fisici(CNR-IPCF),Pisa,Italy,literature,theEcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table5presentsthedata required to develop the social LCA, its availability and sources. Currently thesocialLCAforWP4isstillatthedatacollectionstage.
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Table5–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP5.Stage Process Availability Source
Production Potatoproduction Available LiteraturePolypropyleneproduction Available Database
Processing Potatoprocessing Available Literature
Valorisation
CaCO3 Available CNR-IPCF/DatabasePLA Available CNR-IPCF/DatabasePlasticiser Notavailable TBCEnergy Available CNR-IPCF/Database
Wastemanagement Landfill Available Database
Otherinputs
Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available CNR-IPCFLabor Available CNR-IPCFSubsidies/tax Available CNR-IPCF
ThemethodologyforcarryingouttheSocialLCAwillalsobebasedonthehybridI-O/processbasedmethoddescribedpreviously.
6. ConclusionsTable6summarizesprogresswiththefoursocialLCAcasestudies.Table6–ProgressandfutureexpectationsforthesocialLCAoftheAgroCyclecasestudies.(X=completed;number=monthstocompletionfromNovember2017).Example Selection Goal
andScope
OutlineLCI
LCIData I-Omodelling
Draft1model
LCI/I-Orefined
Finalmodel
WP2 X X X 1 2 3 4 April2018
WP3 X X X X X 1 2 February2018
WP4 X X X X 1 2 3 March2018
WP5 X X X X 1 2 3 March2018
Inconclusion,thesocialLCAoftheAgroCyclecasestudiesisprogressingonscheduleandwillcontributethefinaldeliverableinaccordancewiththeagreedschedulefortheproject.