D26 ELT Report-on-results...Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) Type of action: Energy efficiency and rational use of energy, in particular in buildings and industry Key action: VKA4:

EIE/05/144/SI2.419658

EL-TERTIARY

Monitoring Electricity Consumption in the Tertiary Sector Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) Type of action: Energy efficiency and rational use of energy, in particular in buildings and industry Key action: VKA4: Energy-efficient equipment and products

Deliverable D 26: Report on the Project Results

Date: 19.8.2008 Work package number: WP 8 Work package name: Dissemination of results and

recommendations to policy makers Dissemination level: Public Authors: Edelgard Gruber, Fraunhofer ISI Stefan Plesser, IGS Rinto Dusée, WHC Ilias Sofronis, CRES Pedro Lima, ADENE Philippe Rivière, ARMINES Anne Rialhe, AERE

This report is a product of the EL-TERTIARY project. The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Content

Executive summary.......................................................................................................1

1 Background, objectives and methodological approach.....................................4 1.1 Background ................................................................................................4 1.2 Objectives...................................................................................................6 1.3 Methodological approach ...........................................................................7

2 Analysis of existing studies and data of electricity consumption in the tertiary sector .................................................................................................12 2.1 The database............................................................................................12 2.2 The methodologies used ..........................................................................17

3 Development of a standardised methodology for electricity audits and documentation ..............................................................................................22 3.1 Concept ....................................................................................................22 3.2 The methodology......................................................................................23 3.3 The web-based database .........................................................................26 3.4 Experiences..............................................................................................27

3.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................29 3.6 Outlook .....................................................................................................30

4 Results of pilot actions in the countries involved.............................................31 4.1 Results of metering case studies..............................................................31 4.1.1 General information on the buildings audited ...........................................33 4.1.2 Definition of benchmarks ..........................................................................34 4.1.3 Electricity consumption of buildings..........................................................37

IV

4.1.4 Composition of electricity consumption.................................................... 40 4.1.5 Systems ................................................................................................... 43 4.1.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 67 4.2 Surveys .................................................................................................... 69 4.2.1 Energy management survey .................................................................... 69 4.2.2 Survey of hotels in Germany.................................................................... 73 4.2.3 Survey of hotels in Portugal ..................................................................... 79 4.2.4 Survey on comfort and behaviour in Belgium .......................................... 84

5 Conclusions for policies ..................................................................................... 89 5.1 Electricity saving potentials ...................................................................... 89 5.2 Modelling the impact of policies ............................................................... 93 5.2.1 The MURE simulation tool ....................................................................... 94 5.2.2 EL-TERTIARY sub-sectors, end-uses and technologies

parameterization ...................................................................................... 95 5.2.3 Simulation results..................................................................................... 98 5.3 Recommendations to policy makers ...................................................... 105 5.3.1 Saving potentials, existing and planned policies.................................... 105 5.3.2 Influencing factors and suitable policies................................................. 107 5.3.3 Policy recommendations ........................................................................ 108

6 Dissemination of the project results and relation to other IEE projects ............................................................................................................... 113

References................................................................................................................. 117

V

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Analysis of European data – specific electricity consumption per sector .....................................................................................................13

Figure 2-2: Total specific electricity consumption in office buildings ........................13

Figure 2-3: Electricity consumption per end-use in the trade sector.........................14

Figure 2-4: Electricity consumption per end-use in hotels and restaurants ..............14

Figure 2-5: Electricity consumption per end-use in offices .......................................15

Figure 2-6: Electricity consumption per end-use in education buildings...................15

Figure 2-7: Electricity consumption per end-use in the health and social work sector.............................................................................................16

Figure 2-8: Electricity consumption per end-use in buildings of other services ..................................................................................................16

Figure 2-9: Electricity consumption per end-use in tertiary buildings .......................17

Figure 2-10: Percentage of studies which take into account different types of electricity end-uses ................................................................................19

Figure 2-11: Methods of determining the different types of electricity end-uses........................................................................................................20

Figure 3-1: Database – data input surface – general building data..........................24

Figure 3-2: Database – data input surface – specific ventilation system data..........25

Figure 3-3: Data input with a web browser on a tablet PC during an audit ..............25

Figure 3-4: Ventilation system and metering on the switchboard.............................28

Figure 4-1: Example of web-based system report ....................................................32

Figure 4-2: Number and type of buildings by country...............................................33

Figure 4-3: Number of buildings per climate zone....................................................33

Figure 4-4: Number of buildings by construction period ...........................................34

Figure 4-5: Number of buildings by size ...................................................................34

Figure 4-6: Specific annual electricity consumption of office buildings.....................37

Figure 4-7: Specific annual electricity consumption of school buildings...................38

Figure 4-8: Specific annual electricity consumption of retail buildings .....................38

Figure 4-9: Specific annual electricity consumption of hotels...................................39

VI

Figure 4-10: Specific annual electricity consumption of hospitals .............................. 39

Figure 4-11: Composition of electricity consumption in office buildings ..................... 41

Figure 4-12: Composition of energy consumption in schools..................................... 42

Figure 4-13: Median composition of energy consumption in buildings....................... 42

Figure 4-14: Number of evaluated systems per building type.................................... 43

Figure 4-15: Evaluated rooms per type of building..................................................... 44

Figure 4-16: Types of lamps per type of room ........................................................... 46

Figure 4-17: Types of illuminants per type of room.................................................... 46

Figure 4-18: Types of ballasts per type of room......................................................... 47

Figure 4-19: Orientation of the lighting system per type of room ............................... 48

Figure 4-20: Number of rooms with daylight quality per type of room........................ 48

Figure 4-21: Number of rooms with lightness sensor per type of room...................... 49

Figure 4-22: Number of rooms with motion sensor per type of room......................... 50

Figure 4-23: Number of rooms per metering strategy ................................................ 51

Figure 4-24: Annual operation time of lighting systems ............................................. 51

Figure 4-25: Specific installed power of lighting systems........................................... 52

Figure 4-26: Specific annual consumption of lighting systems................................... 53

Figure 4-27: Number of usages supplied by the system............................................ 54

Figure 4-28: Number of ventilation systems with frequency control........................... 55

Figure 4-29: Number of positions of evaluated ventilation systems........................... 56

Figure 4-30: Number of System Types ...................................................................... 57

Figure 4-31: Number of systems per metering strategy ............................................. 58

Figure 4-32: Specific power in operation.................................................................... 59

Figure 4-33: Annual operation hours of ventilation systems ...................................... 60

Figure 4-34: Specific annual electricity consumption of ventilation systems.............. 61

Figure 4-35: Specific power in operation.................................................................... 63

Figure 4-36: Annual operation hours of ventilation systems ...................................... 64

Figure 4-37: Specific annual electricity consumption of air conditioning systems.................................................................................................. 65

VII

Figure 4-38: Number of rooms per metering strategy ................................................66

Figure 4-39: Number of evaluated refrigeration systems ...........................................67

Figure 4-40: Energy-efficiency measures taken in the past .......................................70

Figure 4-41: Comfort more important than energy saving..........................................70

Figure 4-42: Recoding and evaluating energy consumption ......................................71

Figure 4-43: Correlation of activity with structural factors...........................................72

Figure 4-44: Share of types of lamps in hotels ...........................................................76

Figure 4-45: Specific electricity consumption of 88 hotels in the survey ....................77

Figure 4-46: Correlations between electricity consumption and some features ..................................................................................................78

Figure 4-47: Electricity end-uses in hotels in Germany ..............................................79

Figure 4-48: Electricity end-uses in hotels in Portugal ...............................................80

Figure 4-49: Surveyed hotels in Portugal– general information .................................80

Figure 4-50: Electricity consumption in hotels in Portugal – yearly curve...................81

Figure 4-51: Sector-specific reference values in hotels in Portugal ...........................82

Figure 4-52: Specific electricity consumption in hotels in Portugal.............................82

Figure 4-53: Type of lamps in Portuguese hotels.......................................................83

Figure 4-54: Average power per kind of lamp and number of lamps per room ..........83

Figure 4-55: Effect of most important explaining variables on satisfaction scores of comfort TALN on building level...............................................87

Figure 5-1: Percentage savings by final end-use ...................................................101

Figure 5-2: Share of electric savings by end-use – France ....................................103

Figure 5-3: Share of electric savings by end-use – Germany ................................103

Figure 5-4: Share of electric savings by end-use – Italy.........................................104

Figure 5-5: Share of electric savings by end-use – The Netherlands.....................104

Figure 5-6: Type of measures by end-uses............................................................106

VIII

List of Tables

Table 4-1: Definition of benchmarks ....................................................................... 36

Table 4-2: Number of monitored lighting systems in room types ............................ 45

Table 4-3: Surveyed sample of hotels in Germany................................................. 73

Table 4-4: Equipment of hotels with relevance for energy consumption................. 74

Table 4-5: Refrigeration and freezing in hotels ....................................................... 74

Table 4-6: Dishwashers in hotels ............................................................................ 74

Table 4-7: Air conditioning, cooling and ventilation in hotels .................................. 75

Table 4-8: Office equipment in hotels ..................................................................... 76

Table 4-9: Energy consumption in the hotels surveyed .......................................... 78

Table 5-1: Technologies associated to the electric end-uses ................................. 97

Table 5-2: Energy consumption and savings for France......................................... 99

Table 5-3: Energy consumption and savings for Germany ..................................... 99

Table 5-4: Energy consumption and savings for Italy ........................................... 100

Table 5-5: Energy consumption and savings for The Netherlands ....................... 100

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Executive summary

Electricity consumption in the tertiary sector continues to grow and a further increase of more than 2 % per year is expected in the EU countries over the next 15 years. The sector includes companies and institutions of public and private services with very heterogeneous economic and energy-related characteristics: office buildings, super-markets, hotels, hospitals, schools, universities, kindergartens, old people's homes, etc.

There is a large untapped energy-saving potential in tertiary buildings. A high level of obstacles impedes the more efficient use of electricity. Thus, detailed and reliable information about electricity consumption is needed as a basis for the identification of efficiency improvement options – in individual buildings as well as in the sector as a whole – in order to develop suitable policies.

Against this background, the Intelligent Energy Europe project EL-TERTIARY was initi-ated in order to collect and evaluate existing data and to extend the knowledge con-cerning electricity consumption for various end-uses by metering and surveying tech-nologies in selected case studies in 12 EU countries: Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. Based on detailed and reliable information, EL-TERTIARY developed guide-lines for building owners and managers on how to identify energy-efficiency potentials and recommends EU and national policy measures.

Data were collected in the countries participating in the project as well as in the UK and Northern European countries. The electricity end-use categories were defined in such a way that the data collected are comparable and can be used as input for statistics and databases at EU level: lighting, office equipment, ventilation, air conditioning, cooling & freezing, hot water, electric heating, and electric motor drives. All data are available in a standardised format for the studies and data sources found. The data themselves are compiled in a database. The data reveal a very heterogeneous picture concerning the methodology used, the number of cases involved and the split level of end-uses. Some studies present the results of individual building audits, others calculate extrapolations for a whole subsector on a national level covering many thousands of buildings.

The energy indicators show considerable variations among countries. It is very difficult to draw conclusions from this type of analysis, because, in many cases, not all types of end-use are included and the reliability of the data is limited if the building samples involved are very small. Some studies group office equipment together with electric motors and refrigeration, others subsume electric heating under ventilation, etc. A

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special problem occurs with regard to air conditioning: It is sometimes mixed up with ventilation or cooling. Sometimes the electricity consumption is difficult to quantify, especially with survey techniques. The evaluation showed that there is a need for more data and especially for measurements using a clear methodology, and an analysis which not only refers to the overall electricity consumption of a building, but also to parts of buildings or well-defined systems and equipment. Finally, the results should provide reasonable reference values.

EL-TERITARY developed a methodology and a tool for collecting empirical data on the electricity consumption of tertiary buildings. The core of the methodology is a highly flexible database that allows the input of an unlimited number of buildings and building systems. It considers basic data such as floor area, climate zone, building type and state of different building parts as well as “operational data”, such as energy consump-tion and information on “systems”, i. e. the defined types of use: lighting, air condition-ing, ventilation, office equipment, etc. There are options to describe the characteristics of the defined systems (location, power, time of use, etc. – adequate items for each type of system) and metering information (metering strategy, period, power, consump-tion, etc.). The method was placed and tested for 123 case studies during the project.

In most cases, the combined use of existing energy bills and on-site assessment of individual systems is a very effective way to evaluate the energy consumption of the buildings and to identify saving potentials. The audits can easily be complemented by short-term metering especially of non-dynamic systems like air handling units, office equipment, large pumps, etc.

The case studies showed that the metered data are only useful if the results can be evaluated on the basis of a good documentation of rooms, systems etc. Therefore the database created a set of mandatory general building data, like geometrical data, and optional information about the usage on the one hand and the different technical systems linked to the usage on the other.

The “reports” represent one of the most important features of the programme. To create reports on building types or different systems or to get an overview of the data-base content, the tool uses an embedded reporting services application. The user can select the data to be shown for the chosen group of buildings like net floor area, annual consumption of electricity, etc.

Office buildings and schools are most frequent within the sample. Buildings from all the construction periods between "before 1918" and "after 1984" and various buildings sizes are represented. The specific annual electricity consumption per m2 gives a first

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impression of the performance of a building. Three levels were introduced as bench-marks: 25 % quartile, median, and 75 % quartile. Installed power, operating hours and electricity consumption were analysed on a systems' level (lighting, ventilation, etc.) per type of room, e.g. lighting in classrooms in schools, ventilation in offices or cooling in supermarket salesrooms. This is a first approach to identify saving potentials.

The hotel sector was taken as an example for gathering data using surveys. Two types of questionnaires were developed: a very detailed one used in five cases in Portugal and a shorter one used for a representative sample of 93 hotels in Germany. Both yield helpful results on the statistics of electricity consumption per type of use. The surveys in Germany took about 1–1.5 hours and were carried out by interviewers from a market research institute, whereas the surveys in Portugal took a specialised engineer about one day. The results show that surveys are supplementary to metering approaches. They can help to create a more representative basis of findings.

Aspects of comfort and behaviour were studied in a survey of employees in offices in Belgium. An important result was – among others – that "modern" buildings have a higher energy consumption (cooling, much glazing, low thermal mass, complex HVAC systems), but lower comfort levels for their users than ”conventional” buildings (windows can be opened, more thermal mass, simple systems). Such findings are not reflected in building guidelines.

Electricity saving potentials identified in the audits concentrate on lighting, office equipment, and air conditioning. Often incandescent and halogen bulbs can be replaced by CFLs or fluorescent lamps. Savings in office equipment can be obtained by behavioural measures, e.g. persistent switching the equipment off after work. If air conditioning is installed in a building, energy-saving potentials were found in almost all cases. They cover a variety of measures.

The results of the case studies, a review of existing measures in the MURE database and in the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, and modelling the effects of policy measures in the tertiary sector were used for policy recommendations, such as: labels, support for design and renovation, "best practice“ buildings open to interested building managers and experts, etc. in order to motivate adapting equipment to actual demand as a first step, followed by choice of energy-efficient equipment; designing equipment and buildings in cooperation among researchers, developers, planners and users, reviewing norms and standards, Information campaigns for building users, introducing a two-level electricity tariff with a low price for “standard” and a higher price for "extra" consumption.

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1 Background, objectives and methodological approach

The electricity consumption in the tertiary sector is still increasing and experts expect a further increase. High untapped saving potentials exist with respect to energy-efficient equipment, investment decisions and behavioural approaches. A precondition for their implementation is a more detailed know-how of electricity consumption and conclu-sions for policy options. In 2006, the EU Intelligent Energy project EL-TERTIARY (Monitoring electricity consumption in the tertiary sector) was launched under Key Action 4 “Energy efficient equipment and products”. Its overall objective is to promote electricity savings and a more efficient use of electricity in the tertiary sector.

1.1 Background

The tertiary sector is a heterogeneous area. It includes subsectors such as all kinds of public and private offices, hotels, restaurants, shops, supermarkets, schools, universi-ties, kindergartens, hospitals, swimming pools and various other services. Many types of buildings are represented which vary with regard to size, technical standard, building age, etc. A common characteristic is that energy costs absorb only a small part of the total budget or income of the companies and institutions in this sector. For this reason, energy saving is not commonly a financial or management priority in the tertiary sector.

Existing studies found multiple types of significant barriers to energy efficiency improvements (e.g. Sorrell et al. 2004; de Canio et al. 1998; de Groot et al. 2001 and other numerous studies since the 1980s). They are mainly caused by socio-economic framework conditions in the sector, but also market failures, transaction costs, or imperfect information as well as market barriers on the supply side. Especially public organisations and companies which are not profit-oriented are characterised by a high level of barriers (Schleich/Gruber 2007). One of the main important barriers is the lack of information about the patterns of energy consumption. This is partially due to miss-ing metering devices and partially to organisational deficiencies such as failing to clearly assign the responsibilities for energy management and energy costs. Transac-tion costs including the costs of collecting, assessing and applying information on energy savings potentials, investments and organisational measures, as well as the costs of negotiations with potential suppliers, consultants or installers are prohibitive. Another problem is the shared responsibility between different departments, e.g. oper-ating and purchasing departments. There is also a lack of sufficient market structures and access to energy service companies, energy consultancies, energy agencies, etc.

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Finally the end-users, i.e. the employees who do not pay the energy costs, are not usually motivated to save energy.

The electricity consumption in the tertiary sector is growing above average compared to the total electricity consumption in the EU-27 Member States. It increased by 15.6 % in the period 1999–2004 (Bertoldi & Atanasiu 2007). For EU-25 experts expect an increase in electricity consumption in the tertiary sector by 75 % in 2030 compared to 2000 (European Commission 2006). Electricity will have a share of 44 % of total energy consumption in the sector (36 % in 2000). Together with the overall increase of the tertiary sector due to structural changes, the development of technical equipment, e.g. air condition, information and communication technologies, is a key factor for the increase in electricity consumption. This long-term development makes it necessary to initiate increased measures to save electricity and to use it efficiently. Southern EU countries tend to show a much higher increase in electricity consumption and an alarming occurrence of summer peaks with precarious impacts on the stability of elec-tricity grids.

For example, one study found that the cooled area in EU-15 countries, a large share of which comprises tertiary sector offices and trade buildings, increased by more than 100 % between 1990 and 2000 and a further increase of 150 % is expected by 2020 (Adnot et al. 2003). For many building managers, electricity consumption is a difficult area in which to identify saving potentials due to the complexity of end-uses which are mainly crosscutting technologies such as lighting, office equipment, information and communi-cation, hot water production, ventilation, air conditioning, electric motors (pumps, ele-vators), and electric heating. A sector-specific use is cooling and freezing, e.g. in supermarkets, hotels, and restaurants.

Experiences of consultants show that they were able to find high potentials for efficient electricity use in most companies and buildings (Jochem/Gruber 2005). The data situa-tion on the stock and electricity consumption of buildings in the tertiary sector is still insufficient even in Germany, where surveys on this issue were conducted for many years (Jochem/Gruber 1990). In Switzerland, a study analysed building and organisa-tional characteristics, energy-relevant decisions and the development of the electricity consumption in 100 office buildings over a decade. Among others, it revealed that the increasing efficiency of equipment was compensated by a more intensive use of equipment and new installations, e.g. IT infrastructure or air-conditioning (Weber 2000). The electricity consumption structure is expected to change considerably over time due to technological developments and the purchase and use of appliances.

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However building or company managers are not informed enough about energy-related data, determining factors of electricity consumption, such as technical equipment, user behaviour etc., in order to identify options for efficiency improvement regarding invest-ments in equipment, organisational measures as well as behavioural issues. The profitability of energy saving measures cannot be properly assessed; costs for metering and data management, and investment costs for the metering devices may prevent organisations from installing the appropriate equipment. Transaction costs for collect-ing, assessing and applying information on energy savings potentials, investments, negotiations with potential suppliers, consultants or installers, etc. are often considered too high by building or company managers. They are standing expenses, independent of the amount of saving potential and therefore the more prohibitive the smaller the companies or institutions are (Ostertag 2003).

1.2 Objectives

The overall objective of the EL-TERTIARY project was to promote electricity savings and a more efficient use of electricity in the tertiary sector. The action aimed at over-coming important obstacles for investments and at behavioural changes caused by socio-economic framework conditions in the sector.

Expected key outcomes of the project were a reliable set of data of electricity con-sumption in types of buildings and branches in the tertiary sector and a harmonised methodology for electricity metering and analysis, which has been tested in selected typical buildings in countries involved in the project. The results should be made avail-able for multipliers and especially for all interested building owners, managers and planners, help them to find the electricity-saving potentials in their premises, to make the relevant investments and to encourage the users regarding energy-saving behav-iour. Further target groups were equipment producers and policy-makers on EU, local regional and national level.

1. The first objective was to gather as much useful information as possible with regard to the electricity consumption in the tertiary sector from existing studies. The information had to be collected from official national and international statistics, surveys, measurement campaigns, etc. in European countries.

2. A second task was dedicated to the analysis of the data focusing on their scope and methodologies used. The objective was to receive an overview of the quality of existing data and to draw conclusions on gaps and deficiencies and need for further information.

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3. In a third step a common methodology had to be developed for detailed metering and data collection in case studies. This methodology should be applicable for both purposes: structured data input and documentation, and compilation of a database for evaluation.

4. A core issue in the project was the empirical work. At least 100 case studies were planned with various types of tertiary buildings in the participating countries (Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Latvia, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary). In addition, the method of surveying had to be tested as a less costly instrument to gather data of a building. At least two surveys should be carried out.

5. In the next step the results of case studies and surveys had to be evaluated and policy recommendations had to be developed. An additional step was the modelling of effects of energy-saving policies on electricity consumption of the tertiary sector, based on the new results.

6. Finally, dissemination activities were planned in order to make the results available for broad target groups, e.g. buildings managers, consultants, and policy makers: national workshops, leaflets, presentation of the results on the project website, contributions on conferences, and articles.

1.3 Methodological approach

For the collection of existing studies as well as for the metering and documentation in selected buildings subsectors of the tertiary sector were defined on the basis of the NACE classification:

G 50–52 Wholesale and retail trade

H 55 Hotels and restaurants

J 65–67 Financial intermediation

K 70–74 Real estate, renting and business activities

L 75 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

M 80 Education

N 85 Health and social work

O^ 90–93 Other community, social and personal service activities

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The various areas of electricity consumption were defined as follows:

• lighting

• office equipment, ICT

• ventilation

• air conditioning

• cooling & freezing

• hot water

• electric heating

• electric motor drives

According to these definitions a database in EXCEL format was compiled. The building types are listed in rows, the types of end-use and other information are listed in columns. This table allows users to evaluate the data themselves.

For the methodological analysis of the existing studies a checklist was developed. It provides standardised information about the studies, such as end-uses covered, meth-odologies used, etc.

The methodology and database for the case studies was developed by IGS, Technical University of Braunschweig. First the methodology was tested in an EXCEL version in pilot cases, improved and then compiled in a web-based version.

For the data input of the case studies the above mentioned types of end-uses were introduced as "systems". The types of buildings were classified in a more pragmatic way:

• office buildings

• supermarkets

• hotels

• hospitals

• schools, universities

• kindergartens

• old people's residences

A "report" function was implemented in order to allow the user to produce standard evaluations and to edit original data for further use. A details manual was written with

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guideline how to handle the programme. In addition, instructions were developed for the auditors how to proceed in the audits.

Furthermore, a ”catalogue” of monitoring equipment based on materials from manu-factures and experiences of members of the REMODECE project team REMODECE (Residential Monitoring to Decrease Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in Europe) is a parallel IEE project focusing on electricity metering and surveying in the household sector. For each of the equipment, the catalogue includes the main features, prices – these may always be negotiated with the manufacturer, list of organisations that have experience with use of the equipment, website of manufacturer and contact informa-tion.

Case studies have been carried out in the following countries and buildings:

Office build.

Super-markets

Hotels Hospitals

Schools Univer-sities

Kinder-gartens

Elderly homes

Others Total

Germany 8 3 11 France 5 1 2 8 Belgium 7 7 Netherlands 7 1 8 Greece 4 1 1 6 Italy 3 6 1 4 1 15 Portugal 9 6 15 Latvia 3 1 3 3 1 2 13 Czech Rep. 2 7 1 10 Bulgaria 1 2 2 2 3 10 Romania 3 3 3 1 10 Hungary 1 8 1 10

Total 53 10 11 6 30 2 5 4 2 123

A template was developed in order to describe the audits in standardised way: characteristics of the building, methods of metering and other data collection, main results, such as consumption curves, disaggregation of end-uses, etc. and recommen-dations for electricity saving measures. These templates have been evaluated for a report on disaggregated consumption and saving potentials.

The hotel sector was taken as an example for gathering data using surveys. Two types of questionnaires were developed: a very detailed one used in five cases in Portugal and a shorter one used for a representative sample of 93 hotels in Germany. Both yield helpful results on the statistics of electricity consumption per type of use. The surveys in Germany took about 1–1.5 hours and were carried out by interviewers from a market

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research institute, whereas the surveys in Portugal took a specialised engineer about one day.

Another type of survey was carried out in Belgium with 866 employees in 24 offices. It covered temperature, air circulation (ventilation automatically controlled or via windows), lighting comfort and noise. The results were also used for policy recommen-dations.

Policy recommendations ***

The following deliverables were provided (bold papers are available for public download on the project website):

• D01: Available statistics and data sources (WHC, ISI)

• D02: Structured data collection, Excel (CRES)

• D06: Quality of available data, gaps and problems (WHC, CRES)

• D07: Conference contribution IEECB, Frankfurt, April 2008

• D08: ECEEE, La Colle Sur Loup, June 2007

• D09: Harmonised methodology (IGS database)

• D10a: Manual: Methodology for metering and surveys

• D10b: Equipment for metering

• D10c: Questionnaires

• D11: Detailed plan for each case study

• D12: Standardised documentation of case results

• D13: Branch-specific summary of case study results

• D14: Updated Odyssee-MURE database

• D15: Common conclusions on methodologies used

• D16: Disaggregated consumption and saving potentials

• D17: Structured database with the data collected in case studies

• D18: Recommendations for policies

• D19: Expert workshop

• D20: Minutes of the workshop (ISI)

• D21 & 22: Reference and policy scenarios analysis, discussion of the MURE outputs

• D23: Project website (ISI)

• D24: Leaflet on results of the project

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• D25: Guidelines for company and building managers

• D26: Detailed Report on the results of the project

• D27: All materials developed in the project (ISI)

• D28: Publications in journals and on conferences

• D29: National workshops (Materials)

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2 Analysis of existing studies and data of electricity consumption in the tertiary sector

As a first step, available data from national studies, surveys and other sources were identified in the countries participating in the project EL-TERTIARY: Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, the Nether-lands, Portugal, Romania, and in some other countries such as UK and the Northern European countries. For standardisation purposes, buildings or companies were clas-sified according to the closest NACE division or class. Furthermore the electricity end-use categories were defined in such a way that the data collected are comparable and can be used as an input for statistics and databases at EU level. The end-uses were: lighting, air conditioning, ventilation, refrigeration, office equipment, motor systems (others than for heating, ventilation, etc.), hot water and electric heating. Some studies have more detailed information, but a subdivision was not used for reasons of compa-rability.

Input was provided from 17 countries. The studies include over 20,000 buildings across the tertiary sector. They involve samples of various sizes, ranging from case studies of single buildings based on audits to studies of thousands of similar buildings based on extrapolation.

2.1 The database

The data collected were compiled into an Excel file and analysed, depicting indicators of electricity use per category per country and sector. Most studies provide the total electricity consumption, but the number of studies analysing all – or most – of the end-uses listed above is limited. Some include one or two end-uses in addition to those originally targeted. The energy indicators show considerable differences between countries. However such indicators are of questionable accuracy when the building samples involved are very small. Another problem is how end-uses are handled in the studies. For example, some countries or studies grouped office equipment together with electric motors and refrigeration; some regarded electric heating under ventilation, etc. There is also an open question regarding the data given for electric heating, which may contain heating by reversible heat pumps; this is very difficult to quantify, espe-cially with survey techniques. In Figure 2-1 an analysis of all available data is pre-sented, whereas in the disaggregation pie charts (Figure 2-3–2.9) all cases with incomplete end-uses were excluded. These pie charts give a reasonable picture for the subsectors as well as for the total tertiary sector.

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Figure 2-1: Analysis of European data – specific electricity consumption per sector

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Wholesale & retailtrade

Hotels &restaurants

Financialintermediation

Education Health and socialwork

Other services

Sector

Con

sum

ptio

n (k

Wh/

m2 )

Belgium Bulgaria

Czech Rep. France

Germany Greece

Italy Latvia

Netherlands Portugal

Romania Austria

Spain UK

Norway Denmark

Sweden

Figure 2-2 shows in more detail the results for office buildings in the subsector "Finan-cial intermediation/Real estate, renting and business activities". This graph also includes all available data.

Figure 2-2: Total specific electricity consumption in office buildings

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Spain

Czech

Rep

ublic Ita

ly

Austria

Greece

France

Netherl

ands UK

Latvi

a

Denmark

German

y

Roman

ia

Norway

Elec

tric

ity c

onsu

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(kW

h/m

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Figure 2-3: Electricity consumption per end-use in the trade sector

Lighting32%

Air conditioning7%

Ventilation3%Refrigeration

15%

Office equipment2%

Electric motors13%

Hot water0%

Heating9%

Other uses18%

Trade

Office buildings (NACE categories 65–67 and 70–75) are typically characterised by a high share of electricity consumption for lighting and office equipment. The trade sector as well as hotels and restaurants show a relatively high share for refrigeration and freezing.

Figure 2-4: Electricity consumption per end-use in hotels and restaurants

Lighting23%

Air conditioning9%

Ventilation4%

Refrigeration19%

Office equipment4%

Electric motors8%

Hot water4%

Heating5%

Other uses24%

Hotels&

Restaurants

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Figure 2-5: Electricity consumption per end-use in offices

Lighting27%

Air conditioning9%

Ventilation5%

Refrigeration4%

Office equipment18%

Electric motors8%

Hot water0%

Heating10%

Other uses17%

Offices(NACE I, J, K, L)

Figure 2-6: Electricity consumption per end-use in education buildings

Lighting34%

Office equipment9%

Electric motors16%

Hot water2%

Heating6%

Other uses21%

Refrigeration1%

Air conditioning3%

Ventilation8%

Education

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Figure 2-7: Electricity consumption per end-use in the health and social work sector

Lighting29%

Other uses35%

Office equipment1%

Electric motors8%

Hot water4%Heating

8%

Refrigeration1%

Air conditioning10%

Ventilation5%

Health and Social Work

Figure 2-8: Electricity consumption per end-use in buildings of other services

Lighting31%

Other uses14%

Office equipment2%

Electric motors17%

Hot water2%

Heating21%

Refrigeration2%

Air conditioning2%

Ventilation9%

Other Services

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Figure 2-9: Electricity consumption per end-use in tertiary buildings

Lighting29%

Air conditioning7%

Ventilation6%

Refrigeration6%

Office equipment9%

Electric motors11%

Hot water2%

Heating10%

Other uses21%

Tertiary Buildings

(NACE G-O)

The work attempted has not been undertaken on this scale before (i.e. at EU level). Most studies analysed are of a regional or national nature. The analysis of existing data reveals that obvious problems exist. They are related to the existing studies and/or the technological status of the region, country or sample treated. The current work should be seen as the initial step in a wider attempt. More input is needed (studies, data) and was expected within the framework of the EL-TERTIARY project.

The review reflected the heterogeneous structure of the sector and its buildings and showed many different approaches to analyse the electricity consumption. Most reviewed studies are of a regional or national nature. The analysis of existing data reveals that obvious problems exist. They are related to the existing studies and the technological status of the region, country or sample treated. Creating the technical and methodological foundation for a comprehensive and unified European wide data-base was the target of EL TERTIARY.

2.2 The methodologies used

The data and their sources are described with respect to their statistical basis. A tem-plate was developed which required input for each study considered, the sectors and subsectors analysed, the method of analysis, electricity consumption as a total and – if available – analysed per end-use listed above, surface area of the sample and other explanatory information.

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The data sources found are mainly studies performed in the participating countries by, for instance, research institutes. In order to determine deficiencies, gaps and problems with regard to the data collected, a methodological checklist has been developed. It consists of four parts:

• Part 1 contains questions with regard to the country and the information, whether the study or data were published or are confidential, type of building and NACE code.

• Part 2 indicates the title of the study, year of publication, type of study (survey, measurement, assessment, extrapolation, etc.), number of cases, time period covered, and type of data (individual data, aggregated data or a combination).

• Part 3 is the main part of the methodological checklist. In this part, the data content is described (total electricity consumption and breakdown to different kinds of equipment or installations). For each figure, the methodology of data collection is described (measured, calculated, estimated or surveyed).

• In part 4 comments on the study are included, such as special building characteris-tics, availability of more detailed data, autonomous electricity production, etc.

The methodological checklists give detailed qualitative information about the data. With the help of this information it is possible to determine the quality of the data and to pinpoint gaps, deficiencies and problems with regard to the available data on the elec-tricity usage of a total building and its installations or apparatus.

With regard to the type of study involved: 16 % were based on surveys, 12 % on measurement, 4 % on assessments, 6 % were not specified; no extrapolations were represented. The majority (62 %) used a combination of methods, consisting mainly of survey, assessment, and extrapolation (30 %); 10 % used measurement and surveys, another 10 % measurement and assessment. 34 % of the studies present aggregated data, e. g. for a whole sector, 60 % consist of data on individual buildings and 6 % of aggregated data as well as data for individual buildings.

The search for studies intended to concentrate on recent data. 66 % of the studies were performed in the period 2000–2006. Earlier studies were included when more recent ones were not available in a country (18 %). In 16 % of the studies, the year of origin is not mentioned.

In order to find out which gaps, deficiencies and problems exist in the current data file, quantitative and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the methodological check-lists. Earlier it was determined how to judge the quality of the data. For this judgement the following guidelines are followed. The quality of data is determined by looking at the way the data was gathered. Data gathered with the help of measurement is considered

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to have a good quality. When the data is not measured but, instead, calculated, the quality of the data is of a lesser level, because of the possible flaws that could exist in the calculation. Data which is estimated is of a somewhat lesser quality then data about the electricity usage of an installation which has been calculated. Finally, the data about the electricity usage which has been gathered with the help of surveys is of the least quality.

It has been analysed in how many studies the electricity usage of a building and of the various end-uses has been taken into account. Furthermore, it has been analysed per type of energy consumer how the data has been gathered. With these analyses is it possible to draw conclusions with regard to the quality of the data, the gaps, deficien-cies and problems. One of the results is shown in Figure 2-10.

Figure 2-10: Percentage of studies which take into account different types of electricity end-uses

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Totalconsumption

Lighting Airconditioning

Ventilation Officeequipment

Refrigeration Electricmotor drives

Hot water Electricheating

Not included

Included

As can be seen in Figure 2-10, a lot of data already exist on the total electricity con-sumption of buildings in the tertiary sector and there is some more insight into electric-ity consumption for lighting and ventilation. The other installations in a building have not often been taken into account in the studies found. Figure 2-11 shows the distribution of the ways in which the electricity consumption is determined for the different types of end-uses and the buildings.

The data reveal a very heterogeneous picture concerning the methodology used, the number of cases involved and the split level of end-uses. Some studies present the

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results of individual building audits, others calculate extrapolations for a whole sub-sector on a national level covering many thousands of buildings.

Figure 2-11: Methods of determining the different types of electricity end-uses

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Total consumption

Lighting

Air conditioning

Ventilation

Office equipment

Refrigeration

Electric motor drives

Hot water

Electric heating

Other

Unknown Measured Calculated Estimated Surveyed Combination

Looking at these results it can be said that there exist some gaps and deficiencies in the data found. The first gap or deficiency that can be mentioned is the lack of data with regard to the energy usage of equipment and installations gathered with the help of measurement. Another gap or deficiency is the poverty or lack of information about part of the end-uses. There is a great spread in available information. With regard to the data found on total electricity consumption of various buildings in the tertiary sector the quality is fairly high. The data about the energy usage of the different types of equipment and installations in buildings in the tertiary sector is of a lesser quality because in most cases it is calculated.

With regard to the electricity usage of some types of systems a lot of information is already available: lighting (80 % of the studies found), ventilation (56 %), air condition-ing (42 %), and office equipment (42 %). About other installations little information was found. It concerns the following types of systems: refrigeration (38 % of the found studies), electric heating (30 %), hot water production (24 %), and electric motor drives (20 %). With regard to the quality of the data about the electricity usage of the refrig-eration, electric motor drives, and the hot water there is a great variety in methods used and the few number of studies in which these usages were mentioned.

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The conclusion from these findings is not necessarily that EL-TERTIARY has to focus the attention to these types of end-uses. It is possible that these types of installations do not play an important role in determining the total electricity consumption of the different types of buildings within the tertiary sector.

In general most data on end-uses were calculated except office equipment and refrig-eration, where values were mainly estimated. Measured data are rare; they are avail-able for ventilation, refrigeration, and air conditioning only. A combination of methods was used mainly for electric motor drives, hot water, and electric heating.

The EL-TERTIARY project focuses not only on metering electricity consumption but also on the determination of electricity balances of tertiary buildings. Often lighting, ventilation and air conditioning are the three most important energy users with regard to the total electricity consumption of a building. When taking into consideration the way in which the data is gathered with regard to these electricity users in most cases the electricity usage has been calculated so far. With regard to the different types of lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, a lot of research has already been performed by the manufacturers of these systems. Besides that, it is difficult to get a good insight in the electricity consumption of the different types of, for instance, lighting, because of the great diversity in available types on the market. For these reasons, not only meter-ing but also the determination of the consumption of these systems with the help of standard calculation will be a relevant method in the case studies, e.g. based on the nominal power of the system as stated by the manufacturer and the hours of usage (for instance stated by the Building Management System).

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3 Development of a standardised methodology for electricity audits and documentation

One of the goals of EL-TERTIARY was to develop a harmonised methodology for the documentation of buildings and the metering of their electricity consumption. It had to be applied in at least 100 buildings in 12 European countries.

3.1 Concept

As a conclusion from the review of existing studies at the beginning of the project the key features of the new methodology were

• Adaptability: The database can be improved continuously to be able to react on new technology or systems that have not been regarded in the first dataset.

• Flexibility: Since audits often cover only individual systems or parts of buildings due to time or budget limits the methodology has to work even when only selected parts of the building have been audited.

• Multi-user operability: The system needs to be used by multiple users in different countries

• Ergonomics: the system has to be as self-explaining and easy to use as possible since it will be used by auditors with different backround.

As a consequence the methodology avoided to use a model similar to the Swiss SIA or German EnEV that focus on the calculation of an overall energy balance. These models are often time consuming or intransparent regarding data, accuracy and evaluation strategy. On the other hand the methodology should gather more detailed data than e.g. the German energy certificates that only display annual energy con-sumption specifically for a building.

Instead EL-TERTIARY uses a methodology that distinguishes between building audit (description of the building) and metering data. Buildings are described in a top down approach starting with general information on the whole building like owner, geometry, type, age etc. In addition all technical systems – lighting, ventilation, air condition-ing/cooling, motor drives etc. can be described very detailed. To buildings and all sys-tems the auditor can add metering results. The database allows entering only absolute values (e.g. kWh) and no specific and thus calculated values (W/m²). For all metered values correlating absolute variables can be added (e.g. the supplied area, number of hotel beds). This is to avoid calculations by the auditor that can not be checked if not plausible.

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The tertiary sector consists of a large variety of buildings differing in size, age, technical installations, usage, local climate etc. They were also designed and constructed according to different laws and buildings codes.

The possibilities for documentation of buildings and metering of electricity may also differ strongly among the participants and buildings. In some buildings detailed meter-ing can easily be carried out using existing devices and building management systems. In others the whole metering campaign has to be carried out using additional equip-ment. Auditors have different levels of knowledge usually concentrating more on one subject like HVAC than on others like electrical installations. The frame in which data is supposed to be collected might also be different. In some cases there might be a brought auditing campaign to establish a general data base for a large number of buildings whereas in others there is a special focus on energy efficiency and improve-ments.

The methodology reacts to this be defining a practical and adequate way to the large variety of buildings, standards, electric devices and metering possibilities. It defines a top-down approach to analyze electricity consumption of buildings. It allows a struc-tured way of documentation and gives options for electricity metering and calculation.

The technical solution that has been applied is a state of the art development combined with an innovative software architecture and Microsoft reporting services. This allows very flexible data input interfaces, easy modifications or additions of the data structure and professional reports on all data.

3.2 The methodology

Metering the energy consumption in buildings is a difficult task. Therefore it is neces-sary to start by analyzing the overall target of an audit, creating a general overview of the building stock that is supposed to be audited. After this preparation phase the buildings should be audited. Then in those buildings where it is desired or necessary and technically possible with acceptable effort a metering concept can be installed.

The EL-TERTIARY methodology is based on existing methods and defines some addi-tional procedures and rules for their application. The core of the methodology is the highly flexible database that allows the input of almost unlimited numbers of systems. It considers the basic “design data” such as floor area, climate zone, building type and state of some building parts as well as “operation data” (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2). Figure 3-3 shows an example of the input menu of the web-based tool used with a web browser on a tablet PC as used during an audit on a building site. The technical reali-

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sation was carried out by IGS in cooperation with ATD GmbH, Braunschweig, using a Microsoft SQL Database and ATD’s VISIONTREE software .

The possibility of flexibly combining energy consumption with systems and usage, the database supports any statistic analysis and projection. This allows to collect the data for all parts of the tertiary sector by creating a structure that can be expanded as needed in width (e.g. appliances, systems, system parts) and depth (energy consump-tion of building, … of section, … of air handling unit, … of ventilation). The methodology also considers aspects like state and age of systems to determine saving potentials, not only by optimizing operation but also by replacing or repairing old systems.

The project team successfully applied a prototype of the database by using an Excel form. After this test the methodology has been transferred into the web-based system. Some details changed while being transformed into the new type as a consequence of the evaluation of the first phase.

Figure 3-1: Database – data input surface – general building data

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Figure 3-2: Database – data input surface – specific ventilation system data

Figure 3-3: Data input with a web browser on a tablet PC during an audit

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3.3 The web-based database

The database uses “Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express Edition” running on a “Micro-soft Windows Server 2003”. The application is an “ASP.NET 2.0” web application with “Forms authentication, master pages, and localization role- and profile management system”. It can be used online limiting expenses of the data collection. It can be updated easily. The methodology is explained in draft guidelines that give a clear approach towards auditing and monitoring a building.

The tool offers one partition for the users and an additional one for the administration of the database, which can be accessed by an extra login for the administrator:

• The administrator can use the web based administration surface to easily implement new features, like new systems (e.g. for lighting or ventilation) or defining new attributes to describe systems more detailed.

• The administrator can add new units, building types, references between systems and buildings.

• New users can be added to the database in less then a minute; it is possible to assign different rights for each user by a role and rights functionality.

• New reports can be created by the administrator providing additional options for selecting output data by the user.

The project situation with 12 partners form different countries was a challenge for the administration of the system but it proved to be highly flexible to be adapted to new building attributes, new users and reporting functions.

The user is logged in as member of his institution and is able to work on all buildings of his institution:

• The user can create an unlimited number of new buildings and systems within each building.

• He can continuously add annual consumption data to the building.

• The user can delete data or define datasets as confidential.

• Users can create reports of all buildings by using the reporting services. All data can be exported into different data formats like .xls or .pdf.

The administrator can add or delete users and assign roles to the users. He is also able to access all data and correct it as well. For the expert public the database has a separate login, which allows the guest to see all contents. IGS will provide the LogIn request. The database is not completely open due to safety issues.

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3.4 Experiences

This chapter illustrates the specific experiences of the monitoring campaign with focus on different systems.

Lighting

The assessment of lighting systems seemed to be comparatively easy. The partners evaluated a large number of systems with a variety of data and strategies. The assessment by visual inspection is therefore regarded as a valuable and powerful first step. All information could be gathered in individual rooms which is time efficient and does usually not cause any problems with building users. If the actual use in operation is uncertain metering should follow.

In many cases though, metering lighting systems was impossible due to complicated electric circuits. Often the systems were mixed with office equipment and other consumers. Sometimes it helped to install the metering, turn all lights off and read out the electrical demand. Than all lights have been turned on and the demand has been read out again to derive the difference as power in operation. To meter the operation hours in some cases light detecting metering devices have been applied directly to lamps. Metering of about a week delivered good results.

Ventilation

The general assessment of ventilation systems also proved to be fairly simple describ-ing the system and its parts. The main problem at ventilation systems is that it is diffi-cult to find out information about the exact size of the supplied area and the actual volume rate. When the system is older and the plans are lost it is nearly impossible to get reliable information.

However for air handling units the actual operation is crucial for the performance. Therefore it is usually necessary to carry out at least a short term metering. In most cases the systems work with constant power (at least regarding the accuracy desired in audits) or on discreet levels which can be turned on for metering. The metering of the sub-circuit on switchboards proved to be very convenient since it can be installed and subsequently allow the metering of different AHUs by turning them on and off or form one level to another and noting the differences in power.

A problem is that the consumption should only include the power of the fan and not electric humidifiers, pumps, etc. since it would be difficult to compare the results due to the large impact on the power in operation. Humidifiers should be turned off for meter-ing. They should be documented separately.

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Figure 3-4: Ventilation system and metering on the switchboard

Air handling/cooling

The biggest challenge to evaluate cooling systems is to determine the actual use or supplied rooms and functions. Often cooling is supplied by central systems with chillers and than distributed to different uses e.g. chilled beams, ventilation systems for offices or forced-air cooling for server rooms. Therefore the overall description of the systems is first priority.

Since the consumption of cooling machines depends strongly on the weather condi-tions it is recommended to carry out a long term metering of cooling systems. If this is not possible, short term metering with different weather conditions (peak demand on hot, sunny and humid days / cloudy days with moderate or low temperatures) should be carried out.

It should be indicated whether the metering includes the system itself only or also addi-tional pumps, cooling towers etc. since these might be distributed to different place in a building and therefore supplied by different circuits.

Split units were comparatively easy to handle due to detailed information on the machine itself and the small supplied area that they are used for.

Pumps/electric motor drives

Pumps are running in all of the hydraulic systems. It was difficult to meter an annual consumption since the power in operation is very variable on the short term as well as between summer and winter. Therefore it is recommended to carry out a short or a long term metering. Again here the state, age and type of the system give valuable information since for example a modern pump with frequency converter can use up to 80 % less than an older conventional pump.

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Office equipment

The huge variety of different consumers like personal computers, laptops, printers, fax machines, coffee makers, electrical kettles and so on makes it impossible to measure the complete electricity consumption of all devices. Single devices though can usually be measured with plug-in meters. A metering period of one week including work- and weekdays is sufficient. Before a metering is implemented the auditor should note the number and type of appliances and additional features to reduce their energy consumption, e.g. timers, sleeping mode, manual shut off etc. This can be combined with standard values for operation hours.

3.5 Conclusions

The experiences with the database are very positive. All main targets have been achieved:

1. Adaptability

The option to “change the system on the run” proved to be very valuable. Several changes had to be made during the project to add options for answers, to change attributes etc. All this was done without any problem. It can be expected that the system can very well be applied to a large building stock all over the European Union.

2. Flexibility

A web-based version offers all the possibility to enter the information directly into the database by using wireless LAN internet connections or UMTS technology (see Figure 3-3). It can be used “on site” saving time for reworking the results in office. Multi-user work was no problem at all. The use was very comfortable through a reduced amount of data.

3. Easy application

The plain structure of the database, the introduction of how to use it during a workshop in Frankfurt and the manual, made it possible that nearly no one had questions regarding how to fill in the data. The two parts of the database, general information and energy consumption, were self explaining and the members filled in as much data as they could offer. The systems part of the database was somewhat unfamiliar for the users but worked fine after additional explanation. The number of more than 900 evaluated systems is a fantastic result.

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3.6 Outlook

The project partners were experienced experts in the field of monitoring. To make sure that the system can also be used by less professional personnel some additional features can be implemented that have already been included in the prototype.

1. Options

The approach to use pull down menus with lists to choose from systems, which have to be described, proved to be very useful. It should be amended by visual descriptions to reduce the necessary professional knowledge for the application (see Figure 5).

2. Help-function

A help-function should be added to explain precisely the nomenclature and wording within the system. E.g. the different definitions of “net floor area” in Germany (not including interior walls) and Britain (including interior walls) have to be explained since they can cause a difference of more than 5 % in the specific values.

3. Visualisation

The visualisation of the menu could be compressed providing more information on one screen.

4. Additional data

The system can be enlarged and be used for gathering and storing additional building documentation like contracts, photos, maintenance cycles, etc. This will increase the attraction of building owners to use the tool and to continuously provide data to the database.

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4 Results of pilot actions in the countries involved

The main focus of EL-TERTIARY laid on pilot actions. On the one hand these were electricity audits in typical tertiary buildings based on metering. On the other hand, surveys were carried out.

4.1 Results of metering case studies

The "report function" represents one of the most important features of the programme. To create reports on building types or different systems or to get an overview of the database content, the tool uses an embedded reporting services application. All reports can be shown in the browser and exported for further use. “Building reports” can be created by selecting groups of buildings by type, age etc. The user can also select the data to be shown for the chosen group of buildings like net floor area, annual consumption of electricity, etc.

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Figure 4-1: Example of web-based system report

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4.1.1 General information on the buildings audited

The database contains information on 123 buildings from 12 European countries (Figure 4-2). Office buildings (53) and schools (38) were most frequent within the sample. Most of the buildings are located in the Central Atlantic (59) and Continental (41) climate zone (Figure 4-3). 54 buildings have been constructed after 1984, 17 before 1918 (Figure 4-4). The sizes range from 23 buildings with less than 2.000 m² to three buildings with more than 50.000 m² (Figure 4-5). Most buildings have a net floor area between 2.000 and 5.000 m² (30) or between 5.000 and 10.000 m² respectively (48). To this information can be viewed using the public access to the reporting services of the database (“building-report”).

Figure 4-2: Number and type of buildings by country

Figure 4-3: Number of buildings per climate zone

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Figure 4-4: Number of buildings by construction period

Figure 4-5: Number of buildings by size

4.1.2 Definition of benchmarks

The EL-TERTIARY approach for the identification of saving potentials in the tertiary building stock is somewhat different from other methodologies that try to establish energy balances for buildings to identify inefficiencies in individual buildings. The analysis of a single building aims at identifying specific saving potentials for this build-ing. Therefore it must take into account individual problems in use or operation. EL-TERTIARY does not look at individual potentials in the first place but at saving poten-tials that are representative for the tertiary sector. Therefore the methodology assumes that effects of system characteristics on the energy consumption – e.g. the effect that a motion sensor has on the annual energy consumption of a light bulb - can be statisti-cally generalized.

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The authors' experiences in former projects showed that energy audits are usually carried out under time pressure and with limited information on buildings. At the same time buildings in the tertiary sector are highly individual and very complex. Energy con-sumption is heavily influenced not only by the systems that have been installed but also by the concept in which they are combined and the way they are used and operated. Therefore a reliable calculation of the energy consumption of a system is very difficult in a short audit.

For example: the annual energy consumption of a lighting system [kWh] can be deter-mined rather precisely by multiplying the installed (or metered) power in operation [W] by the annual operation time [h/a]. The annual energy consumption [kWh/a] can than be related to the net floor area [m²] that is supplied by the system. This specific annual energy consumption [kWh/(m²a)] can be well compared to the performance of other systems for the same usage.

Within an audit it is quite simple to assess the power in operation of a lighting system simply by reading the values given on the illuminants1. But the determination of the annual operation hours of a lighting system is very difficult and easily varies in a range of 50 to 150 % around standard values. The operation time of a ventilation system in contrast can often be easily determined by checking its schedule in the building man-agement system.

Therefore the authors suggest focusing an audit on the data that can be acquired fast and accurately. The variable effects especially of use and operation should be evalu-ated in separate studies such as on the influence of motion sensors for lighting (Plesser et al. 2008). or the installation of pumps with frequency converters. These studies can provide representative information on the saving potential of these tech-nologies which than can be applied to the data gathered in auditing campaigns.

In the authors' opinion this approach has a multiple benefit: it reduces the time and cost of audits with the effect that more audits can be carried out and it increases the reliabil-ity of the results by avoiding individual assumptions on system performance.

For the statistical evaluation of the data and benchmarking purposes the methodology uses two ways to describe the results. To show the distribution of different systems found in the buildings the figures show the total number of each type of system or its specific characteristic. This type of graph is used for all characteristics that can be 1 The metering is usually difficult since the electric circuits are often also supplying other

systems.

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described in specific categories like “type of ballast” or “type of ventilation system”. For all measured results the methodology uses 25 %, 50 % and 75 % quartile values as explained in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1: Definition of benchmarks

25 % Quartile Target-Value: This value has been achieved by 25 % of all examined buildings or systems in the sample.

50 % Quartile Limit-Value: This value has been achieved by 50 % of all examined buildings or systems in the sample.

75% Quartile Saving potential: This value has been achieved by 75 % of all examined buildings or systems in the sample.

The analysis allows a rough but fast identification of saving potentials. A lack of energy efficient types of systems – e.g. pumps with frequency control – can easily be detected. A large difference between the 25%- and the 75%-Quartile indicates a great difference within the sample of systems and a corresponding potential for improvements.

The definition of these benchmarks can only be considered as a rough statistical evaluation of the data. It hints at large potentials in specific groups of buildings and illustrates the deviation within the sample of buildings. The statistical analysis is com-plemented by individual technical saving potentials and an extrapolation that will be carried out in cooperation with the Odyssee-MURE project. Figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 show the results for the overall annual electricity consumption of office, school and retail buildings and the corresponding benchmarks.

For the interpretation of the resulting coefficients it is important to note that the refer-ence area is the area that is supplied by the system, e.g. the electricity consumption of a lighting system for an office room refers to the offices net floor area. The electricity consumption of a central air conditioning system refers to the net floor area of the rooms it supplies. The overall consumption of electrical energy of a building refers to the buildings total net floor area. These graphs are not yet available in the reporting services. The values for electrical energy are always final energy; primary energy fac-tors are not included.

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4.1.3 Electricity consumption of buildings

The methodology used in EL-TERTIARY analyses the consumption of buildings in two main steps: on the whole building level and on system level by evaluating individual appliances like lighting or ventilation.

The following Figures show the results for electricity consumption on building level. The values give the total annual consumption of electrical energy including IT equipment. The reference value is the net floor area.

Figure 4-6: Specific annual electricity consumption of office buildings

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51

Buildings [-]

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ific

Ann

ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h E/m

² NFA

a]

Specific annual consumption [kWh /( m² * a)]

75 %-Quartile (Target value)

50 %-Quartile (limit value)


830 1576

The sample shows large differences between target (55 kWhE/(m²a)) and limit- value (84 kWhE/(m²a)). A large saving potential is indicated by the very high value for the 75 %-Quartile which is almost twice as high as the median.

The two values of 830 and 1.576 kWhE/(m²a) do not seem plausible yet a mistake in metering or calculation could not be identified.

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Figure 4-7: Specific annual electricity consumption of school buildings

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60

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80

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Buildings [-]

Spec

ific

Ann

ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h E/m

² NFA

a]





The data for school buildings shows a similar distribution of values as the office build-ings. The range is very large starting with values of less than 10 kWh/(m²a) up to more than 60 kWh/(m²a). The difference between target and limit value of 8 kWh/(m²a) is lower than the difference between limit value and 75%-Quartile which is 14 kWh/(m²a). This also indicates a large saving potential especially in the upper 25 % of the build-ings.

Figure 4-8: Specific annual electricity consumption of retail buildings

0

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500

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1.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Buildings [-]

Spec

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ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

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ion

[kW

h E/m

² NFA

a]





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With only a few exceptions the specific energy consumption of retail buildings showed to be significantly higher than for any of the other types. The values range from a little more than 100 kWh/(m²a) to almost 1.000 kWh/(m²a). The large difference between the target and the limit value indicate a high consumption in general. Tackling these con-sumptions will most likely need a mayor change in the way retail stores are designed and operated.

Figure 4-9: Specific annual electricity consumption of hotels

0

25

50

75

100

125

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175

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225

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Buildings [-]

Spec

ific

Ann

ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h E/m

² NFA

a]





Figure 4-10: Specific annual electricity consumption of hospitals

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1 2 3 4 5

Buildings [-]

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In contrast to the retail buildings the hotels show a very narrow range of values for energy consumption in the lower two thirds of the sample resulting in a target value of 61 kWh/(m²a) and a limit value of 70 kWh/(m²a). Three hotels exceeded this range resulting in a 75%-quartile of 108 kWh/(m²a). This hints at the possibility of large savings in buildings of this type.

Five hospitals have been included in the study. The buildings are mostly small medical centres with net floor areas of less than 10.000 m². The number of buildings might be too small to deceive a general message. Nevertheless the data indicates a typical con-sumption of 30 – 40 kWh/(m²a).

Table 4-2 shows an overview of the indicators for all building groups that have been evaluated within the project.

Table 4-2: Specific electricity consumption of different types of buildings

Number of buildings 1 25% Quartile 2 50% Quartile 75% Quartile[-] [kWhE/m²NFAa)] [kWhE/m²NFAa)] [kWhE/m²NFAa)]

Office 51 55 84 156School 26 15 23 37Retail 10 264 503 643Hotel 10 61 70 108Hospital 5 29 35 44Elderly Homes 4 67 108 141Gymnasium 1 15 15 15Courthouse 1 66 66 66

1 The number of buildings given here might be different from the total number of buildings.2 NFA = Net floor area

The number of buildings is certainly by far not large enough to give a comprehensive image of the building stock in the European Union. But the methodology to collect and analyse energy consumption data in Europe proved to work well and suited to be expanded on a large scale.

4.1.4 Composition of electricity consumption

The following figures show the specific annual electricity consumption of five building types and its composition of different subsystems. The graphs also show the average and the median values for each type of system added up to a total average/median consumption. These values include only the existing metering results and are different from the average/median of the total consumption. If no value is given for a specific system it is not included in the average or median.

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Figure 4-11 shows the composition of the electricity consumption in office buildings. Apparently all partners had different opportunities to audit the buildings. In most build-ings the lighting systems have been assessed whereas motor drives have been evalu-ated rarely. The buildings also show large differences for the systems. On the basis of further data collection the samples will be split up into sub groups according to age, size etc. to improve the benchmark quality.

Figure 4-11: Composition of electricity consumption in office buildings

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300

350

Buildings [-]

Spec

ific

annu

al E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h/(m

²a)]

Other Electricity Uses

Central IT/Servers

Electric Heating

Hot Water

Electric Motor Drives

Office Equipment

Refrigeration (Freezing)

Ventilation

Air Conditioning (Cooling)

Annual Energy/Lighting

Other Electricity Uses 55 27 1 15 38 53 5 9 10 0 62 5 53 84 90 339

Central IT/Servers 59 17 1 20 7 9 17 23 336

Electric Heating 1 1 1 2

Hot Water

Electric Motor Drives 3 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 0 7

Office Equipment 25 9 0 3 9 14 6 23 7 37 9 118 45

Refrigeration (Freezing) 9 4 0 3 12 4 24

Ventilation 15 8 0 11 2 1 18 10 0 10 91 6 5 28

Air Conditioning (Cooling) 16 13 1 15 1 22 12 28 13 4 48

Annual Energy/Lighting 25 21 1 6 25 18 25 14 26 14 42 76

Aver. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

830 (total)338336

The added median is 102 kWhE/(m²a) and the total median is 79 kWhE/(m²a). The difference indicates the incomplete and heterogeneous results in some parts. Never-theless the results show plausible values for the total consumption compared to the median value of 85 kWhE/(m²a) as shown in Figure 4-11 for all evaluated office build-ings. The median values for subsystems like lighting of 21 kWhE/(m²a) also correspond well to those of existing studies as published by Plesser et al. (2008).

Figure 4-12 shows a similar result for schools regarding the different strategies for the evaluation. The sample seems to be more homogeneous for schools since the added median of 33 kWhE/(m²a) and the total median of 29 kWhE/(m²a) are almost alike.

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Figure 4-12: Composition of energy consumption in schools

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Buildings [-]

Spec

ific

annu

al E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h/(m

²a)]

Other Electricity Uses

Central IT/Servers

Electric Heating

Hot Water

Electric Motor Drives

Office Equipment

Refrigeration (Freezing)

Ventilation

Air Conditioning(Cooling)Annual Energy/Lighting

Other Electricity Uses 11 11 1 2 8 2 7 11 32 14 16 12 14 18

Central IT/Servers 6 6 4 7

Electric Heating 4 6 0 1 7 6 8 6 3

Hot Water 4 2 0 1 2 1 6 14

Electric Motor Drives 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1

Office Equipment 3 1 1 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 4 9 11

Refrigeration (Freezing) 2 2 0 1 3 2 5 1 2 2

Ventilation 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Air Conditioning (Cooling) 0 0 0 0

Annual Energy/Lighting 10 5 2 4 4 12 5 6 3 2 26 22 24

Aver. Med. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Figure 4-13: Median composition of energy consumption in buildings

0

10

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30

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50

60

70

80

90

100

Building Types

Spec

ific

Ann

ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h/(m

²a)]

Number of Buildings 14 12 2 4 2

Other 23,2 17,9 22,3 40,4 15,7

Central IT 17,3 5,6 0,0 0,0 0,0

Office equipment 9,3 0,8 0,8 1,3 2,5

Ventilation 7,9 0,3 0,4 7,4 0,8

Lighting 21,3 4,8 4,8 28,2 13,1

Office School Retail Hotel Hospital

The number of buildings in other samples was low: hotels (4), retail buildings (2) and hospitals (2). Figure 4-13 shows the added median values for five building types for which the composition of the electricity consumption was determined. “Other” gives the

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difference between the median of the variables for total consumption and the sum of the given detailed median variables.

4.1.5 Systems

This section describes the evaluation results for the different systems that have been evaluated. The analysis according to systems respectively rooms proofed to be very useful since this increases the number of systems for each group and the comparability of the systems. E.g. the lighting system of an office room in an actual office building can well be compared to an office in a hospital.

Figure 4-14 shows the total number of systems that have been evaluated and the type of assessment that has been applied.

Figure 4-14: Number of evaluated systems per building type

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400

Type of System

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

ed S

yste

ms

[-] Central IT

Electricheating

Hot Water

Electric motordrives

Officeequipment

Refrigeration

Ventilation

Air Condition /Cooling

Lighting

Central IT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Electric heating 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hot Water 0 1 2 2 9 1 0 0

Electric motor drives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Office equipment 6 8 26 2 43 2 1 0

Refrigeration 16 3 12 7 19 0 0 0

Ventilation 18 21 88 17 16 0 0 5

Air Condition / Cooling 3 4 35 13 4 1 0 0

Lighting 63 50 182 36 242 4 1 4

Hospital Hotel Office Retail School Courthouse Gynmnasium Elderly Home

The following analysis focuses on the very detailed data for lighting and ventilation systems since the samples are the largest. There was no data collected on motor drives and electric heating. Metering results for central IT are shown in the chapter “Composition of electricity consumption”.

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Lighting systems

In total the lighting systems in 584 rooms are included in the statistical analysis. Most systems have been evaluated in schools (242) and office buildings (182).

Most of the lighting systems have been analysed in office rooms (108), classrooms (43), toilets (42) and floors, stairs, entrance areas (110) and storage rooms (47), see Table 4-2. The set of room types follows the German DIN V 18599 *** which is used for the calculation of building energy demand according to the EPBD implementation in Germany.

The room types with a sufficiently large number of data (marked in bold in Table 4-2) are described in detail on the following pages. The two office types 01 and 02 have been combined into one group.

Figure 4-15 shows the distribution of evaluated rooms among the different building types. This is important since e.g. office rooms do not only occur in office buildings but also in schools or hospitals. In fact only about 2/3 of the office rooms were located in office buildings. Within EL-TERTIARY this approach increased the number of rooms and systems within the samples. On a large scale it will be interesting to examine whether office rooms in office buildings are of different quality than in schools or retail stores in which they might be treated with minor importance.

Figure 4-15: Evaluated rooms per type of building

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120

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

ed R

oom

s [-]

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

School 25 3 41 21 50 21 14

Retail 4 0 0 2 4 8 0

Office 54 13 1 12 38 11 0

Hotel 0 3 0 1 5 0 1

Hospital 8 2 0 4 11 6 0

01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2 persons)

04 Conference rooms 08 Classroom 16 Toilet, Sanitary

Room19 Floors, stairs,

entrance area

20 Storage, technical room,

archive

31 Gymnasium (sports)

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Table 4-2: Number of monitored lighting systems in room types

Type of room (according to German DIN V 18599) Number of rooms01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2 persons) 6602 Offices (Group rooms, 3-6 persons) 2703 Office (open plan) 1504 Conference rooms 2205 teller rooms 006 Retail (without refrigeration) 607 Retail (with refrigeration) 708 Classroom 4309 Teaching auditorium 810 Hospital bedroom 1411 Hotel room 812 Cafeteria 613 Restaurant 714 Kitchen (Cooking) 1115 Kitchen (Preparation/Strage) 1016 Toilet, Sanitary Room 4217 Social room 918 Side room 019 Floors, stairs, entrance area 11020 Storage, technical room, archive 4721 IT, server room 522 Production, workshop 423 Theater, auditorium 124 Foyer (opera, theater etc.) 025 Stage (theater, opera etc.) 126 Congress 027 Exhibition room, museeum 128 Library (reading section) 429 library (books section) 330 Library (Storage Section) 031 Gymnasium (sports) 1532 Parking (private) 933 Parking (public) 034 Mixed use 18

Figure 4-16 shows the number of types of lamps that have been installed in different types of rooms. The results reflect the way lighting installations are being treated in different rooms. Offices seem to have mostly suspended ceilings with integrated lamps. Suspended lamps that can have a lower luminance are only used in about 25 % of all rooms. In classrooms suspended lamps are more frequent. Down lights are heavily used in floors, stairs and entrance areas. This might be caused by design issues.

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Figure 4-16: Types of lamps per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Typ

es o

f Lam

ps [-

]

no answer 2 0 0 0 18 1 0

Suspended 24 7 18 10 15 14 3

Standard/Floor Lamp 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

Downlight 14 7 11 14 44 21 6

Desk Lamp 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ceiling Integrated 46 7 13 16 31 9 6




entrance area


archive


Luminescent/fluorescent tubes and filament/incandescent lamps are the illuminants used dominantly in all rooms. Compact fluorescent lamps were used in a significant number only in offices (9), toilets (9) and floors (17), see Figure 4-17.

Figure 4-17: Types of illuminants per type of room

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20

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Num

ber o

f Typ

es o

f Illu

min

ant [

-]

no answer 2 0 1 0 9 0 1

Metal Halide Lamp (Low Voltage) 5 1 0 2 3 0 0

Metal Halide Lamp (High Voltage) 0 0 0 0 1 0 2

Luminescent Tube / Fluorescent Lamp 55 15 32 7 49 25 11

Filament Lamp / Incandescent Lamp 20 4 7 22 29 18 1

Compact Fluorescent Lamp 9 1 2 9 17 3 0


04 Conference rooms 08 Classroom 16 Toilet,

Sanitary Room

19 Floors, stairs, entrance

area


archive


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Most of the lamps in all rooms were equipped with conventional ballasts. Only in offices about 25 % had electronic ballasts, see Figure 4-18. The large number of undeter-mined types might result from lamps without ballasts or difficulties to assess the systems by the monitoring team. The database will implement a more detailed expla-nation on these systems.

Figure 4-18: Types of ballasts per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Typ

es o

f Bal

last

of I

llum

inan

t [-]

no answer 37 6 16 25 51 19 5

Electronic 22 7 3 10 16 9 0

Conventional 32 8 23 5 41 18 10




entrance area


archive


Figure 4-19 shows that almost all lighting systems had a direct downward orientation. Only in about 10 % of the office rooms and of floors an indirect fraction.

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Figure 4-19: Orientation of the lighting system per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Typ

es o

f Orie

ntat

ion

[-]

no answer 1 0 1 0 2 0 0

Up+Down 11 2 4 3 18 6 3

Up 3 2 0 0 0 0 0

Down 76 17 37 37 88 40 12

01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2 persons)02 Offices (Group



entrance area


archive


The quality of usable daylight was described by all monitoring teams according to examples given in the methodology. Most of the rooms, especially those with perma-nent use, have been considered to have good or medium daylight quality. Especially offices and classrooms have good daylight conditions, see Figure 4-20.

Figure 4-20: Number of rooms with daylight quality per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Roo

ms

with

Qua

lity

use

of D

aylig

ht [-

]

no answer 2 0 1 0 3 0 1

No Daylight 7 5 0 15 24 17 0

Bad 2 0 2 4 25 15 3

Medium 47 10 20 14 39 10 4

Good 33 6 19 7 17 4 7




entrance area


archive


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Figure 4-21 shows that nearly no room has been equipped with a lightness sensor. There seems to be a great potential for optimization especially regarding the fact that most of the rooms have good daylight conditions (see Figure 19) and that lightness sensors are a state of the art technology often integrated in the lamps without addi-tional installation effort.

Figure 4-21: Number of rooms with lightness sensor per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Roo

ms

with

Lig

ht S

enso

r [-]

no answer 1 0 2 1 20 0 0

Yes, Automatically Off+Dimmer 2 1 0 0 0 0 0

Yes, Automatically On+Dimmer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Yes, Automatically On+Off+dimmer 1 0 0 0 2 1 0

Yes, Automatically On+Off 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No sensor 87 20 40 39 86 45 15

01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-

2 persons)


Sanitary Room19 Floors, stairs,

entrance area


archive


Similarly to the lightness sensors the lighting systems are also not equipped with motion sensors (Figure 4-22). This also shows great saving potential especially in rooms where only temporary use can be expected, e.g. toilets and floors.

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Figure 4-22: Number of rooms with motion sensor per type of room

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Num

ber o

f Roo

ms

with

Lig

ht S

enso

r [-]

no answer 2 0 1 0 2 0 0

Yes, Automatically On+Off 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Yes, Automatically Off 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

No 88 21 41 39 105 46 15



Sanitary Room19 Floors, stairs,

entrance area


archive


The following figures (Figure 4-24 – 4.26) show different technical aspects of the light-ing systems. The figures show the number of systems that had been monitored for the different types of rooms and also the quartiles of the sample as defined above.

Figure 4-23 shows which metering strategies were applied to evaluate the lighting systems. Most of the systems have been assessed by visual analysis. Only in a few cases a short term metering could be carried out. This is a particular problem regarding the accuracy of data on the operation of the systems. Most other information can be gathered precisely and efficient in assessments.

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Figure 4-23: Number of rooms per metering strategy

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60

80

100

120

Num

ber o

f Roo

ms

[-]

no answer 6 3 14 6 19 3 4

Short Term Metering 5 2 7 4 9 6 3

Long Term Metering 8 0 8 2 11 2 0

Assessment 62 16 11 21 62 35 8




entrance area


archive


Figure 4-24 shows the annual operation time of the lighting systems in different types of rooms. The results are considered with some doubt. Although almost none of these systems are equipped with motion or lightness sensors almost all systems have an operation time that is below the typical annual time of use of the rooms. This would mean that all users make perfect use of the systems in terms of energy efficiency. This strongly contradicts existing research for example on use of lighting at nights.

Figure 4-24: Annual operation time of lighting systems

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100

01 Offices (Singlerooms, 1-2persons)

02 Offices (Grouprooms, 3-6persons)

04 Conferencerooms

08 Classroom 16 Toilet, SanitaryRoom

19 Floors, stairs,entrance area

20 Storage,technical room,

archive

31 Gymnasium(sports)

Num

ber o

f eva

luat

ed R

oom

s [-]

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

Ann

ual O

pera

tion

Tim

e of

Lig

htin

g Sy

stem

[h/a

](Q

uart

iles

of S

ampl

e)

Number

75%-Quartile

50%-Quartile

25%-Quartile

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The authors assume that the monitoring teams used mostly standard values for the operation time as for example given by DIN V18599 and not metering data. This assumption is supported by the fact that almost 400 of the systems have been moni-tored by assessment and only about 90 by short or long term metering.

Figure 4-25 shows the results for the specific installed power of the lighting systems in different types of room. The 25%-Quartile of the sample is very low for almost all room types compared to reference values as for example given by the Guideline for Electri-cal Energy ***(LEE, [3]) that sets a value of 7,5 W/m² as a very efficient standard. This may hint to a mistake in the assessment but more likely to a possible poor standard of lighting in rooms.

Figure 4-25: Specific installed power of lighting systems

0

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40

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120

01 Offices (Singlerooms, 1-2persons)

02 Offices (Grouprooms, 3-6persons)

04 Conferencerooms

08 Classroom 16 Toilet, SanitaryRoom

19 Floors, stairs,entrance area


archive


Num

ber o

f eva

luat

ed R

oom

s [-]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Spec

ific

Inst

alle

d Po

wer

[W/m

²](Q

uart

iles

of S

ampl

e)

Number

75%-Quartile

50%-Quartile

25%-Quartile

Nevertheless the 50%-Quartiles show plausible results and also a significant saving potential. Half of the systems in offices have a specific installed power of more than 13 W/m². Regarding the good daylight conditions in most rooms it is likely that this value could be lowered by about 30 % to below 10 W/m² without loss in light quality. Espe-cially toilets and floors seem to be heavy over-equipped in 25 % of the rooms.

The annual consumption is shown in Figure 4-26. Most of these values use the assessed annual operation hours to calculate the annual energy consumption. Since there are some doubts about the data as mentioned above these results are not further discussed in detail. It is though obvious that the difference between 50% and 75%

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Quartile hints to a large saving potential in the lighting systems: the 75%-Quartile for lighting in offices is 300 % higher than the 25%-Quartile.

Figure 4-26: Specific annual consumption of lighting systems

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

01 Offices(Single rooms,1-2 persons)02 Offices

(Group rooms,3-6 persons)

04 Conferencerooms

08 Classroom 16 Toilet,Sanitary Room

19 Floors,stairs, entrance

area


archive


Num

ber o

f eva

luat

ed R

oom

s [-]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Spec

ific

Ann

ual C

onsu

mpt

ion

[kW

h/(m

²a)]

(Qua

rtile

s of

Sam

ple)

Number

75%-Quartile

50%-Quartile

25%-Quartile

The lighting systems showed significant saving potential. The most promising aspects are the installation of electronic ballasts as well as motion and lightness sensors and – if possible – a reduction of the installed power of the lighting system. It has to be ensured that the quality of lighting is not reduced as it might already be in some of the rooms that had been evaluated.

The methodology proofed to work very well on a large sample of lighting systems. More than 500 systems have been evaluated. Assessments were the preferred method for evaluation. It is a fast and precise method except for operational data such as the annual operation hours. This information can be derived from existing research on the effects of motion and lightness sensors and corresponding energy savings. Therefore the authors recommend to carry out metering only in audits were there is sufficient time and budget for a comprehensive analysis. Regular fast audits should focus on visual assessments of the technical equipment and combine these results with existing research data.

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Ventilation Systems

In total 86 ventilation systems were evaluated. More than 50 % of the ventilation systems have been assessed in office buildings. Most of the systems are supplying mixed usages (63). In further improvements of the database it will therefore be possible to describe the usage that is mainly supplied.

Figure 4-27 shows the number of usages that had been supplied by the examined systems. The large number of mixed uses in office buildings shows that especially in office buildings ventilation systems supply different usages. There was no classroom evaluated in the monitoring campaign.

Figure 4-27: Number of usages supplied by the system

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45

Num

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with

Sup

plie

d U

sage

s pe

r Bui

ldin

g Ty

pe [-

]

Other 2 3 0 0 0

Hotel 0 0 2 0 0

Hospital 0 0 4 5 0

Courthouse 0 0 0 0 0

School 1 0 6 4 0

Retail 1 6 0 4 0

Office 17 0 1 2 40

Hotel 0 0 2 0 0

Hospital 0 0 4 5 0

01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2 persons), 02 Offices

(Group rooms, 3-6 persons)

06 Retail (without refrigeration)07 Retail (with

refrigeration)

14 Kitchen (Cooking), 15 Kitchen

(Preparation/Strage)16 Toilet, Sanitary Room 34 Mixed use

Only about 75 % of the ventilation systems in offices and 60 % of the systems for mixed uses were not equipped with frequency converters, see Figure 4-28. This indi-cates a saving potential since especially the mixed use causes different stages of necessary volume rates of the ventilation system.

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Figure 4-28: Number of ventilation systems with frequency control

0

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15

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45

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

ed S

yste

ms

[-]

no answer 7 0 11 8 3

Constant 9 5 2 6 21

Frequency Converter 5 4 0 1 16


(Group rooms, 3-6

06 Retail (without refrigeration)07 Retail

(with refrigeration)



The data for the position of the ventilation system shows a mixed sample. Ventilation systems for offices and retail are mostly central systems and located on the roof of the building, see Figure 4-29. For kitchens and toilets decentralized systems in the room were mostly identified. It is unclear why for mixed uses the largest number of systems was central and floor based.

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Figure 4-29: Number of positions of evaluated ventilation systems

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45

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

ed S

yste

ms

[-]

no answer 6 0 0 0 0

Decentral (Outside) 1 1 2 4 1

Decentral (In Room) 1 0 8 7 1

Decentral (in Facade) 1 0 1 1 0

Central (Basement) 3 0 2 2 1

Central (Floor) 2 1 0 0 31

Central (Roof) 7 7 0 1 6


(Group rooms, 3-6





Since EL-TERTIARY focused on the consumption of electrical energy the evaluation of ventilation systems looked at single fans and their energy consumption instead of com-plete air handling units. Figure 4-30 shows the number of system types that have been evaluated. It is not surprising that in offices the number of supply and exhaust systems is almost the same. It is typical for those rooms to have supply and exhaust air handling units. On the other hand retail stores, kitchens and toilets often have exhaust air systems only.

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Figure 4-30: Number of System Types

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

ed S

yste

ms

[-]

no answer 9 1 0 1 5

Exhaust Air 5 6 11 13 17

Supply Air 7 2 2 1 18


(Group rooms, 3-6 persons)

06 Retail (without refrigeration)07 Retail (with

refrigeration)



Figure 4-31 shows which metering strategies had been applied to evaluate the ventila-tion systems. Most of the systems have been assessed by visual analysis, by checking the system documentation or the operation schedule of the building management system. Only in some cases a short term metering of the power in operation has been carried out. A long term metering was only carried out in two retail buildings.

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Figure 4-31: Number of systems per metering strategy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Num

ber o

f Eva

luat

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ms

[-]


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Short Term Metering 7 0 2 1 2

Long Term Metering 0 2 0 1 0

Assessment 5 6 8 11 5


(Group rooms, 3-6





Figure 4-32 shows the statistical information for the specific power in operation of the ventilation systems. The systems for office and retail ventilation show a rather narrow range but especially kitchens and toilets have big differences. In kitchens this may be due to different usages (“kitchens for cooking” and “catering only kitchens”). For toilets the data reliably indicates a large saving potential of at least 50 % since the needs for these rooms for ventilation are comparable. A reduction from the 75%-Quartile to the 50%-Quartile would reduce the specific power by 5 W/m². Assuming an annual opera-tion hour of 2.000 h/a this equals savings of 10 kWh/(m²a).

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Figure 4-32: Specific power in operation

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75%-Quartile 4,9 4,3 18,1 10,4 2,8

50%-Quartile 3,0 3,0 10,7 5,5 1,8

25%-Quartile 2,3 2,8 5,9 2,6 0,0

01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2

persons), 02

06 Retail (without refrigeration)07

Retail (with

14 Kitchen (Cooking), 15

Kitchen

16 Toilet, Sanitary Room 34 Mixed use

Figure 4-33 shows the annual operation time of the ventilation systems for different types of rooms. In offices the 25%- and 50%-Quartiles are in a range that is adequate but the 75%-Quartile is far higher with more than 6.000 h/a. This indicates a saving potential of about 50 % by simply turning off systems or, in toilets, by linking fans with motion sensors. The large number of systems that supply mixed usages also indicates extended operation schedules at least for full operation since most of the systems are not equipped with frequency converters, see Figure 4-28.

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Figure 4-33: Annual operation hours of ventilation systems

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75%-Quartile 6205 6570 3103 3650 4335

50%-Quartile 3432 4380 1510 1838 3380

25%-Quartile 2705 4380 547 456 3120


persons), 02


Retail (with


Kitchen


Figure 4-34 shows the annual electricity consumption of the evaluated ventilation systems. The data for consumption shows less extreme values for offices and retail as the results for operation. Due to the high value for kitchens the saving potential for offices doe not appear as significant as it is: the 75%-Quartile of 13,7 kWh/(m²a) is almost twice as high as the 25%- and 50%-Quartile. This equals a saving potential of 6-8 kWh/(m²a).

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Figure 4-34: Specific annual electricity consumption of ventilation systems

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Number 10 6 12 14 2475%-Quartile 13,7 17,5 31,0 11,4 12,850%-Quartile 8,7 13,3 8,4 3,0 9,5

25%-Quartile 7,4 11,2 3,1 0,8 4,6


persons), 02


Retail (with


Kitchen


The ventilation systems also show significant saving potential. Only a small number of buildings have been equipped with frequency converters. The specific fan power in operation varies a lot especially in toilets and sanitary room indicating a significant saving potential though this might be related to the individual construction of the system. The largest and easiest to use potential is a reduction of operation hours of the systems. Many systems apparently exceed the regular times of use of the supplied rooms by 100 % - presumably caused by wrong schedules in the building management system or “manual” operation by building managers.

The sample lacks any ventilation system for classrooms maybe due to the fact that there was no Scandinavian partner in the project where classrooms are regularly ventilated.

The methodology proofed to work well on a large sample of ventilation systems. 160 systems have been evaluated. Assessments were the preferred method for evaluation. It proofed to be fast and precise. For ventilation systems the annual operation hours are plausible. The information seems to be easy to gather from the building automation systems. In contrast it seemed to be rather difficult to determine the actual ventilation rate in rooms or at least the designed rate. If the ventilation rate is not measured this information had to be gained from the building documentation. The description of the “system position” will be clarified in the future version of the methodology.

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Air conditioning/cooling

The analysis of air conditioning and cooling systems is one of the most difficult tasks. This is mainly due to the technical variety and complexity of the systems as well as due to the strong connection of their performance to weather conditions. Air conditioning can be provided via ventilation systems or with radiant cooling. Both can use different kinds of systems to supply cooling and work at different temperature levels. Both strongly influence the energy consumption. Especially radiant systems with moderate temperatures can also effectively use environmental energy sources like the ground or ambient air at night time. The performance of these systems also has to be evaluated regarding the supplied use which can range from office rooms, for which cooling in northern parts of Europe is an exception, to retail stores in southern Europe in which cooling might be required almost all year long.

To simplify the methodology in EL-TERTIARY the systems have been reduced to three options regarding the supply side: central compression chillers, central absorption chillers and split units. It is known to the authors that systems are far more complex but for a first application of the methodology this simple approach seemed appropriate.

Metering of energy consumption of air conditioning/cooling systems are exceptionally difficult since it requires measurement of high loads and a metering period that covers different weather conditions in a representative way, usually at least typically winter and summer weeks, better half a year or more. Most systems have been evaluated in office and retail buildings.

The metering of energy consumption of air conditioning systems is difficult and time consuming as stated above. Therefore it is not surprising that most systems have been assessed. Some have been measured in long term metering. The most frequent supplied usages were offices, retail and IT centres. Naturally there was a significant number of mixed usages.

There was an almost equal distribution between compression chillers (18) and spilt units (21). One absorption chiller was evaluated and 23 systems or about one third have not been assigned to one group. This indicates that the definition of systems should be further improved.

Figure 4-35 shows the specific power in operation for the evaluated systems. All groups indicate a large range of variables. This reflects in the first place the complexity and variety of different systems, supplied usages and climate conditions. Within the sample it was not yet possible to analyse results for different climatic regions. This will

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be part of further work. Nevertheless the spread for systems supplying IT-centers is very large and should be a mayor focus of future audits.

Figure 4-35: Specific power in operation

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01+02+03 Offices * 06+07 Retail ** 21 IT, server room 34 Mixed use

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The analysis of the annual operation hours of the AC systems is similar to the specific power in operation. The data in Figure 4-36 shows a wide spread of variables espe-cially in retail and IT rooms. The 75%-Quartiles of more than 7.000 hours show that a large number of systems is running almost all year long. In shops this should not be necessary in most cases regarding the opening times and weather conditions.

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Figure 4-36: Annual operation hours of ventilation systems

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Figure 4-37 shows the specific annual energy consumption of the air conditioning systems. The results correspond to the specific power and operation hours and show a very large spread for the 7 IT rooms that have been analysed. The median of the specific energy consumption of the other systems is about 20-30 kWh/(m²a) whereas the median for IT rooms is 282 kWh/(m²a).

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Figure 4-37: Specific annual electricity consumption of air conditioning systems

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749

Office Equipment

Surprisingly most office equipment has been evaluated in schools (44) and not in offices buildings (15), although the most common type of room were naturally offices. The preferred method for evaluation was the assessment. Figure 4-38 shows the number of rooms per metering strategy.

Due to a lack of defining the reference area specific values of electricity consumption could not been calculated. However according to the auditors' recommendations given to the building managers a large saving potential was found by reducing the operation hours of office equipment which is not switched off after the end of work (see Report "Disaggregated consumption and saving potentials").

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Figure 4-38: Number of rooms per metering strategy

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(Group rooms, 3-6





Refrigeration

Most refrigeration systems were evaluated in schools, hotels and offices, mostly in kitchens. In retail stores refrigeration includes mainly the freezers. About half of the systems have been evaluated by assessments, the others predominantly by short term monitoring (Figure 4-39).

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Figure 4-39: Number of evaluated refrigeration systems

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no answer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Short Term Metering 3 0 2 0 1 9 2 9

Long Term Metering 0 5 0 0 2 1 0 0

Assessment 4 0 1 2 2 10 2 2

01+02+03 Offices * 07 Retail 10 Hospital

bedroom 11 Hotel room 12 Cafeteria 14+15 Kitchen 34 Mixed use Other

* 01 Offices (Single rooms, 1-2 persons)+02 Offices (Group rooms, 3-6 persons)+03 Office (open plan), ** 14 (Kichen cooking)+15 Kitchen (catering)

Hot Water

Electric hot water systems were mostly analysed in schools (9), 6 in other types of buildings. 10 systems have been assessed and 4 evaluated with short term metering. There is no analysis of values for the specific annual energy consumption. The new version of the database allows distinguishing between central and decentral supply as well as systems with and without storage.

4.1.6 Conclusion

The methodology has successfully been applied to 123 buildings in the European Union. Various types of buildings and individual systems have been evaluated. The results especially on the system level show significant saving potentials. This is a result of the special approach of El-TERTIARY: the in-depth-audit of different systems allows a very detailed analysis of the state of technology and operation of the systems. At the same time it reduces the necessary amount of work to a minimum. The auditing and metering campaign showed:

• Important measures that have been indicated are low hanging fruits like the improvement of reduction of operation hours of ventilation and installation of motion sensors for lighting systems. Therefore the audit should always be the first step in any optimization strategy.

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• Metering is an expensive, technically challenging and time consuming way to evalu-ate the energy efficiency of buildings. EL Tertiary enables users to focus this effort effectively to individual systems where the additional information supports the evaluation.

• The synthesis of data from several partner institutions in different countries proved to be a powerful tool to create a consistent and comprehensive database.

The audits showed that the methodology can very well be used for fast and accurate audits. They also indicated some possible further improvements for an easy under-standing of standard descriptions and additional information to be gathered for evalua-tion:

• The methodology should have an option to add documents to the database like photos or system documents. This would further improve the detailed understanding of the buildings and data.

• To make the use of the system even easier and at the same time more precise the tool should carry examples for different types of systems, e.g. photos of illuminants to chose from in addition to the verbal description. This would enable more mainte-nance staff to use the tool.

These experiences will be included in the next version of the methodology. The meth-odology should be used on a large scale especially in standard buildings like schools, supermarkets or public office buildings. It is expected to have the best effect of an audit in these buildings due to their relatively low individual complexity. In addition employ-ees of public authorities that are in charge of building maintenance or management should be trained to use the tool by themselves to reduce consulting cost. The authors are currently cooperating with public authorities and private companies to implement the suggested improvements in the tool and to apply it in every day building manage-ment. The enhanced version of EL-TERTIARY will be installed in the end of 2008 and will be open for public use. The authors will provide teaching workshops for interested partners.

The complete results of the metering campaign can be downloaded using the reporting services of the EL-TERTIARY tool: http://el-tertiary.ed-bs.de. IGS can be contacted to receive LogIn and Password.

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4.2 Surveys

Within the case studies most of the building managers (109) participated in a survey of energy management activities and attitudes. In the following chapter an evaluation of this survey is presented.

The hotel sector was taken as an example for gathering data using surveys instead of energy audits and metering. Two types of questionnaires were developed: a very detailed one used in five cases in Portugal and a shorter one used for a representative sample of 93 hotels in Germany. Both yield helpful results on the statistics of electricity consumption per type of use. The surveys in Germany took about 1–1.5 hours and were carried out by interviewers from a market research institute, whereas the surveys in Portugal took a specialised engineer about one day.

4.2.1 Energy management survey

In the framework of the case studies the auditors carried out short interviews with building or energy managers on the basis of a structured questionnaire (see Annex). It was regarded important to receive additional information from the company or building managers on energy issues such as role of energy efficiency in the company or institution, energy-efficiency activities and type of measures taken, energy management, control and evaluation of energy consumption, exchange of experiences, and influence and motivation of users. These could also be indicators whether energy-saving potentials are used or not.

At the end of the project 109 filled-in questionnaires were available from the following types of buildings: office buildings (43), schools (34), hotels (12), retail buildings (9), elderly homes and hospitals (11).

Some indicators show that the building owners or managers are quite active in the energy management. They have persons or positions responsible for energy (55 %) or environment management (21 %), prepare yearly energy reports (39 %) or environmental reports (14 %). 37 % of the respondents even use energy efficiency in the company’s or institution’s image.

Energy-efficiency measures were taken in the past 5–7 years by 49 %, measures are ongoing or planned in the near future by 58 %. However 67 % said that there is need for action: 72 % of those who have taken measures already and 97 % of the others. Many companies or institutions concentrated on lighting, either technical improvements or behavioural measures, followed by switching off appliances when not used Figure 4-40).

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Figure 4-40: Energy-efficiency measures taken in the past

75%72%

53%

35% 33% 31% 28%25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

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70%

80%

improvedlighting

switch offlighting

switch offappliances

energymanagement

insulation heatingsystem

a-c orventilation

officeequipment

Facility managers sometimes believe that energy saving measures affect comfort and working conditions. However, in this survey, only 23 % said that energy efficiency adversely affects comfort (Figure 4-41). 51 % even believe it improves working conditions. For 48 %, comfort is more important than energy saving; this is mainly the case for hotels (67 %), less for the retail trade (22 %).

Figure 4-41: Comfort more important than energy saving

67%64%

53%

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70%

80%

Hotel Home-Hosp. Office School Retail

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56 % record electricity consumption at least half-yearly, but only 34 % do so in detail and only 20 % evaluate it continuously (Figure 4-42).

Figure 4-42: Recoding and evaluating energy consumption

15%

30%

11%

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28%26% 27%

0%

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occa

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Record Evaluation

Less than half of the respondents (41 %) were able to quantify the percentage of turnover (institutions: percentage of operational costs) spent on energy. In many cases the percentage was overestimated. 26 % consider this energy cost high, 39 % medium, and 23 % low; nobody said they are "negligible", but 12 % could not give an answer.

The role of energy efficiency in investment decisions depends on the frame conditions: It is less often an issue in subsidiaries and even less so in public institutions. In total for 32 % it is always an issue for investment decisions, for 46 % partially, and for 22 % seldom or never.

33 % of respondents said that users, e.g. employees, have a large influence on energy consumption; 54 % said they have some influence. Therefore 80 % have taken measures to inform or train their staff.

It is often said that a lack of information is an obstacle for implementing energy-saving measures. The survey included some questions concerning this issue. 69 % keep informed about energy saving issues (16 % continuously and 53 % sometimes), and 46 % exchange experiences with colleagues in other companies or institutions at least sometimes (7 % often).

An energy audit is considered a suitable instrument to overcome a lack of information of the building owner or manager. 82 % of the respondents have asked advice from an

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energy consultant in the past: in 57 % of the cases it was a general energy check, in 28 % it was for a special area or equipment, and 39 % had a consultation about tariffs.

Finally, an indicator of energy saving activities was defined on the basis of 14 items: energy efficiency an issue in purchase, responsible person for energy or environment management, energy or environment report, energy as image issue, measures taken or planned, record and evaluation of energy data, energy audit, information, exchange of experiences, and instructions for building users. 0 means not activity at all, 14 includes all activities. Summarising the results it can be said that 15 % of the companies or institutions are very active (10 or more activities), 42 % are active (4–9), 35 % are not so active (1–3) and 8 % are not active (0). The average of activities was 4,8. The degree of energy-efficiency activity is strongly correlated with size of companies, buildings types, and ownership (Figure 4-43).

Figure 4-43: Correlation of activity with structural factors

6,5

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4.2.2 Survey of hotels in Germany

There are about 43,000 hotels in Germany with 264.000 employees. The hotel sector is characterised by a high share of small companies. On an average the companies have only six employees. In almost 17.500 hotels (40 %) are only owners and family work-ers, and 53 % of the hotels have less than 20 employees. In 2005 the total energy con-sumption of the hotel sector amounted to 13,233 GWh of which 72 % are fuels and 28 % electricity.

In the survey a representative sample of 93 companies were selected for personal interviews by trained interviewers of the marketing research Institute GfK Marketing Services. The structure of the sample is described in Table 4-3.

Table 4-3: Surveyed sample of hotels in Germany

Number of respondents 93 Average Median Number of employees 7,2 5 Owners and family workers 1,8 2 Full time employees 3,6 2 Part-time employees 2,9 2 Net floor area 683 500 Area per employee 136 100 Number of buildings 1,3 1 Share of own use of the building(s) 89 % 100 % Rented premises 14 % 3 %

For the energy consumption it is relevant whether a hotel has a restaurant, i.e. that it offers hot meals. 68 of the 93 hotels surveyed (73 %) have a restaurant, others offer bed and breakfast only (Hotel garni).

The hotels surveyed have 16 rooms on the average (1 and 82 in the individual compa-nies) and 30 beds. In 2006 they had 2.650 overnight stays of a total of 1.666 guests on the average. 7 % of the hotels are awarded by one star, 8 % by two stars, 20 % three and 3 % four stars. 62 % are not classified or did not answer this question. Table 4-4 shows a list of special hotel equipment which is relevant for energy and especially for electricity consumption.

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Table 4-4: Equipment of hotels with relevance for energy consumption

% % Sauna 15 Minibar in the room 36 Solarium 10 TV in the rooms 96 Indoor swimming pool – LAN 22 Wellness area 4 WLAN 22 Laundry 16

Even if the hotels do not have a laundry of their own, part of the washings, mostly towels, are treated in the hotel itself. 3 % of the hotels do not have any of this equipment, 35 % have one of it (TV), 26 % have two (TV and internet or minibar), and 35 % have three or more.

Hotel restaurants have 117 seats on average and serve 35 hot meals per day. About 11.300 portions of coffee or tea are prepared per year. Table 4-5 shows an overview of refrigerators and freezers and Table 4-6 an overview of dishwashers in the hotels surveyed.

Table 4-5: Refrigeration and freezing in hotels

Avail-able

Aver. number

Lenght Temperature Covered Day Night

Integrated lighting

% ° Celsius % % % Refrigerator 68 3,2 2,8 m 5,0 ./. ./. 83 Freezer cabinet 43 1,5 2,0 m 4,5 46 67 42 Refrigerat. counter 91 1,5 3,4 m 5,8 49 64 67 Upright freezer 68 1,7 1,7 m – 17,7 ./. ./. 55 Freezer 71 2,4 3,9 m – 17,4 65 65 42 Floor area Cold store 83 1,8 15,9 m2 4,5 ./. ./. ./. Freezing store 68 1,0 7,5 m2 – 17,3 ./. ./. ./.

Table 4-6: Dishwashers in hotels

Available (%)

Number/ hotel

Processes per day

Connectedn to hot water (%)

Dishwasher for glasses 42 1,2 9,5 60 Dishwashers 70 1,2 8,4 56 Instantaneous dishw. for glasses 9 1,0 8,6 64 Instantaneous dishwasher 25 1,0 14,5 84

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Ventilation and air conditioning is more common in hotels than in other service sectors in Germany. 22 % of the hotel room areas have partial or complete air condi-tioning, 7 % are cooled and 7 % are ventilated mechanically. 17 % of service areas such as lounges, restaurants, etc. have air conditioning, 7 % cooling and 20 % mechanical ventilation (Table 4-7). 2 % of the hotels have central air conditioning, 8 % have small appliances of which half is mobile and half split-level devices.

Table 4-7: Air conditioning, cooling and ventilation in hotels

Air conditioning Cooling Ventilation

Lounge Room Office Lounge Room Office Lounge Room Office

%

Not available 82 77 81 92 93 93 75 87 97

up to 50 of area 3 3 2 2 1 1 6 7 3

51–100 of area 15 20 16 5 6 6 19 6 –

The age of the lighting systems amounts up to 50 years, the average value is 15 years. Only 16 % of the respondents were informed about the total installed lighting power in their hotel. The answers led between 1 and 85 kW. 41 % of the hotels have a light control system, mostly dimmers, 16 % have automatic room control and 18 % control over larger parts of the building. Compared to other sectors hotels and restau-rants show by far the largest share of incandescent and halogen lamps. On the aver-age the total service sector is equipped with 80 % fluorescent lamps, whereas the hotels have a share of only 51 % in rooms and 23 % in restaurants (Figure 4-44).

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Figure 4-44: Share of types of lamps in hotels

0%

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Restaurant Rooms Office Storage Windows Fassade,ads

Openspace

Incandescent

Halogen

Fluorenscent,CFL

Hotels are relatively advanced regarding to office equipment compared to other sectors. Almost all companies have computers, printers and copiers. Two thirds have one or more servers (Table 4-8).

Table 4-8: Office equipment in hotels

Available %

Number per hotel Number per 100 employees

Daily operation hours

Servers 67 0,1 2,0 17,8 • up to 300 W 5 0,1 0,8 12,8

• up to 2000 W 3 0,0 0,7 24,0

• > 2000 W 2 0,0 0,5 24,0

Computers 83 1,6 24,7 8,0 • PC 74 1,2 19,3 7,8

• Notebook/Laptop 28 0,3 5,2 5,5

Monitors 76 1,4 21,3 7,9 • LCD 56 0,9 14,6 7,7

• Others 33 0,4 6,6 7,1

Printers 81 1,1 17,9 5,3 • Ink 55 0,6 9,5 5,3

• Laser 42 0,5 8,5 5,7

Copiers 88 0,7 11,2 2,8 • Large 14 0,1 2,2 3,8

• Small 53 0,6 8,8 2,9

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Computer network 16 PCs connected 2,9 Access to the internet 80

• LAN 36

• WLAN 24

Electricity consumption

The evaluation of the electricity consumption includes 88 cases because five answers are lacking or not plausible. The specific electricity consumption per m2 (Figure 4-45) shows a broader distribution than the case studies. This representative sample includes hotels of all types and sizes whereas the hotels in the case studies are larger on average. Therefore the 75 % quartile and the Median of the survey are very well comparable to the case studies whereas the 25 % quartile is lower.

Figure 4-45: Specific electricity consumption of 88 hotels in the survey

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Ann

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25 % Quartile

50 % Median

Table 4-9 shows the specific fuel consumption of the hotels as well as the total energy consumption. A main sector-specific indicator is the energy consumption per room, per bed, or per overnight stay.

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Table 4-9: Energy consumption in the hotels surveyed

Average Median

Electricity consumption [kWh/m2 a] 98 65

Fuel consumption [kWh/m2 a] 224 164

Total energy consumption [kWh/m2 a] 322 229

Average per room per bed per overnight stay

Electricity consumption [kWh/m2 a] 3.631 2.005 45

Fuel consumption [kWh/m2 a] 8.800 4.766 114

Total energy consumption [kWh/m2 a] 12.431 6.771 159

The specific electricity consumption shows a correlation with the size of the hotel (number of employees), air conditioning, type of hotel (garni/restaurant), type of lamps, and energy-relevant equipment (Figure 4-4).

Figure 4-46: Correlations between electricity consumption and some features

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The data provided by the survey allow calculating the shares of electricity consumption used for different purposes and – due to representativeness of the sample – also extrapolating the results for the whole hotel sector in Germany (Figure 4-47). The highest percentage of electricity is used for mechanical processes, mainly ventilation (including small units in cold appliances), various machines (kitchen, laundry, cleaning, etc.), elevators, pumps, etc. The second area is lighting, followed by process heat (hot water, cooking, laundry, wellness area, etc.), and refrigeration. Office equipment and electric heating has only a small share. Air conditioning only includes cold production and humidifiers; ventilation is subsumed under "power".

Figure 4-47: Electricity end-uses in hotels in Germany

Lighting25,2%

Power32,7%

Process heat19,4%

Refrigeration18,9%

Air conditioning0,2%

Office equipment1,8%

Heating1,8%

There are many more options for the evaluation of the data, also in combination with the questions concerning energy management.

4.2.3 Survey of hotels in Portugal

A very detailed questionnaire was developed in Portugal and used in five 4 star hotels. A specialised engineer took about one day to collect the data required.

In Portugal In 2005 hotels were responsible for 5 % of the total energy consumption in the service sector (95 000 toe), of which 55 % was electricity, 31 % gas, and 14 % other fuels. The distribution of end-uses is shown in Figure 4-48.

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Figure 4-48: Electricity end-uses in hotels in Portugal

Hot water17%

Lighting10%

Kitchen16%

Others26% Heating +cooling

31%

The first part of the questionnaire covered general data on the building and its use, services offered, employees, guests, etc. as well as electricity consumption data with monthly values. Structural data of the five hotels are shown in Figure 4-49.

Figure 4-49: Surveyed hotels in Portugal– general information

348

180 168

247279

696

349 336

494

536

168

68101 115

0

250

500

750

1 2 3 4 5

Hotels

Tota

l Num

ber

RoomsBedsWorkers

113 Workers

244 Rooms

482 Beds

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The electricity consumption in all hotels was higher in summer than in winter periods (Figure 4-50).

Figure 4-50: Electricity consumption in hotels in Portugal – yearly curve

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

Jan Feb Mae Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMonth

KW

h

Hotel 1 Hotel 2 Hotel 3

Hotel 4 Hotel 5

Typical reference values in hotels are specific values, i.e. consumption per room or per bed (Figure 4-51), and per sleeps as shown in Figure 4-52 in comparison to the consumption per m2.

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Figure 4-51: Sector-specific reference values in hotels in Portugal

5,6

6,3

4,2

6,6

2,8 2,83,1

2,1

3,4

5,4

0

2

4

6

8

1 2 3 4 5Hotels

MW

h/ro

om

MWh/room MWh/beds

5,6

2,8

Figure 4-52: Specific electricity consumption in hotels in Portugal

12,2 11,7

38,7

8,4

58,4

69,2

121,2

141,6

120,7

0

50

100

150

1 2 3 4 5Hotels

kWh

kWh/sleeps kWh/area

18 kWh/sleep

102 kWh/m2

The survey showed that the questionnaire yielded helpful results for statistics of electricity consumption per type of use and for electricity saving potentials, e.g. with regard to lighting (Figures 4-53 and 4-54). Incandescent lamps represent 59 % of the average value per hotel which includes a highly profitable potential for energy saving.

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In addition, there are large differences between the installed power of lamps in hotel rooms.

Figure 4-53: Type of lamps in Portuguese hotels

2178

14641400

2400 2402

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5Hotels

Num

ber o

f lam

ps

Lamps Incandescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Total total

84%

50%

97%

16%

70%

50%

3%

63%

30%

37%

1156 lamps

813 lamps

1969 lamps

Figure 4-54: Average power per kind of lamp and number of lamps per room

3835

40

26

20

31

14

21

48

76,08,1 8,1

10,08,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5Hotels

Incandescent Fluorescent lamp/room

31,6 W

24,3 W

8,1 lamps

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4.2.4 Survey on comfort and behaviour in Belgium

An energy behaviour and comfort survey of 24 buildings was performed by Cenergie (Belgium) in the frame of the EL-TERTIARY project in November 2007. It was an online survey (see examples of screenshots). The results are documented in a separated detailed report (D26a; Cenergie: Energy analysis and energy behaviour and comfort survey of 24 Belgian offices. Antwerp 2008).

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866 questionnaires were completely filled in and analysed via amongst other multiple regression analysis. About 1500 multiple regression models, that technically could be meaningful, were estimated and only equations which were statistical significant (confi-dence level of at least 90 % for all coefficients) were kept and presented in the report.

Comfort temperature

Men with age 40+ have the highest complaints related with summer comfort (too hot summer). Women younger the 40 have the highest complaints related with winter comfort (too cold winter).

Employees with a bad general job situation and in general complaints about their job situation, give significantly worse scores for thermal comfort – as well as for all other comfort scores (air, light and noise) – compared to other colleagues. Buildings with mainly employees with a seated job give negative thermal comfort scores (-7,1% satisfaction) while a loose dress code increases thermal comfort satisfaction score with 1,3%.

High thermal losses (i.e. un-insulated buildings) generate significantly lower thermal satisfaction scores for buildings (-4,1% satisfaction). Thermal mass (+4% satisfaction) and cooling (+3,5%) have a comparable positive influence on thermal comfort . The way users experience control over the heating installation is the far most influencing factor (+21% satisfaction).

Comfort air

The major building related factor influencing comfort air on building level is the score ventilation via windows (+19% satisfaction). The score ‘ventilation via windows’ describes the extent the employees experience that ventilation of workspace via open-ing of windows is possible. Another less important factor is the presence of mechanical ventilation (+3% satisfaction).

Comfort light

Comfort light was evaluated by surveying the extent users experienced lighting levels as too dark, too light, sufficient daylight and sun blinding. Sufficient daylight is by far the most important comfort parameter related with light.

One of the remarkable conclusions of present study is that, at least in the range of 270 lux to 550 lux for which we have measurements, the illuminance level has no positive influence on specifically the comfort score too dark and in general the general light comfort score.

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The use of conventional ballasts or luminaires with prismatic covers has a negative influence on light comfort scores.

Comfort noise

If we are comparing buildings, the most important building related explaining variables of noise general are the following: >5 persons in office (-4% satisfaction), glazing (-3% satisfaction) and mechanical ventilation (+1% satisfaction, because of less noise from outside).

Comfort TALN (Temperature, air, light, and noise)

Figure 4-55 presents the effect of the 10 main explaining variables on the satisfaction score comfort TALN on building level. A building with a maximal score of control heat-ing has averagely a satisfaction score comfort TALN that is 12% better then the build-ing with a minimal score of control heating. The effect of ventilation via window is the second most important explaining variable: +7.1% effect on satisfaction score comfort TALN. The very high effect of these two variables stresses the importance of user control on comfort perception.

Very remarkable is the low, almost negligible, effect of cooling on TALN-comfort: only +1%. In practice a newly constructed well insulated building will perform worse if cool-ing is present then if it is not present. Indeed, cooled buildings score generally worse for control heating (e.g. centrally driven air conditioning or complex individual control systems), for ventilation via windows (sealed building envelopes) and for thermal mass (low thermal mass in cooled buildings).

The best performing systems are straightforward HVAC-systems with easy control of the heating system (e.g. radiators with thermostatic valves) and natural ventilation possibly combined with limited mechanical ventilation.

Energy behaviour survey

The most important factors explaining energy consciousness (‘energy saving is impor-tant’) are gender (-3% score for man), age (+4% score for 40+ employees), educational level (+9%) and general work situation (+19%).

Energy consciousness is by far the most important factor explaining actual energy saving behaviour, such as turning off the lights, the heating and PC’s.

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Figure 4-55: Effect of most important explaining variables on satisfaction scores of comfort TALN on building level

Energy analysis

The primary energy consumption of an average Belgian office amounts to 311 kWh primary energy (54% electricity and 46% fuel1) per m².

As a rule of thumb, one can say that in Belgium electricity consumption of an office due to cooling – and the accompanying installations such as humidification, ventilation systems, etc. – increases the primary energy consumption with about 100 kWh per m². Due to cooling, the primary energy consumption of an office increases thus with + 32%.

In spite of the generated fuel savings, new constructed cooled buildings will consume net 38 kWh per m² more primary energy compared with old, non-cooled and single glazed buildings.

Policy recommendations

New norms and design guidelines of buildings should have a good scientific base. Existing norms and design guidelines should be reviewed independently. The weight of groups representing end users (building users and owners) and representing the envi-ronment in the decision process should be increased. Specific points to take into consideration when formulating norms and design guidelines:

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• The way people can control the heating appears to be the most important comfort variable. Ergonomic guidelines, information campaigns, etc. should be developed in order to maximise the controllability of the heating system by the building users. This will increase the comfort and decrease the need for expensive and energy consuming HVAC-installations.

• The possibility for controlling ventilation via windows has, after the controllability of the heating system, the biggest positive influence on general comfort.

• Cooling as such has a limited, but significant positive influence on comfort percep-tion. Yet, as cooling because of technical reasons is mostly accompanied with a sealed building envelope, air-driven cooling systems, control problems, etc., it generally generates a net discomfort as is proved in this study.

• The actually required illuminance level (500 lux for offices) appears not generating more comfort then an illuminance level of for instance 300 lux. There are even indi-cations that a high artificial illuminance level generates discomfort, especially if day-light availability is limited.

• The availability of sufficient daylight is by far the most important factor influencing light comfort.

Energy saving campaigns for employees should address adaptation of clothing for selected target groups (women younger then 40 years, men older then 40 years). Sen-sitisation campaigns with regard to energy consciousness can promote behavioural measures such as switching off lights, etc. Building owners and designers should be sensitised in accepting and using energy saving design guidelines. Furthermore, building owners can play an important role in making their employees more energy conscious, by increasing their awareness of energy saving behaviour and adapting clothing in function of the season. They should allow employees loosen the dress code during summertime in order to reduce the need for cooling energy.

Independent multidisciplinary research is needed based on energy and comfort per-formance of buildings in practice (research of practical application of comfort TALN in optimisation of comfort and energy related measures, also in case of Energy Perform-ance Contracting, relation between Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and comfort TALN, explaining variables of ‘control heating/cooling’, etc.). It can support an independent review of existing norm and design guidelines and contribute to the creation of a large building database with comfort, energy consumption and building-related variables.

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5 Conclusions for policies

Policy recommendations were mainly based on electricity saving potentials found in the case studies. Three sources were used: the potentials identified by the auditors and communicated to the building managers, the evaluation of metering results, and a quantitative extrapolation of the saving potentials to EU level.

5.1 Electricity saving potentials

After the audits, the results were presented to the facility owners or managers together with recommendations for energy efficiency measures. In total, 119 recommendations were made for lighting, 62 for general measures, 50 for office equipment, and 22 for ais conditioning. All other uses show less than 20 tips.

General recommendations regarded first the electric installation:

• Installation of a building management system or of an energy reporting function in an existing system

• Installation of electricity meters for submetering

Also, some behavioural changes have been underlined or proposed either general, as staff involvement, or regarding specific organisational aspects. In offices, it has been proposed for instance to clean office during office hours in order to avoid electric equipment to remain on an important share of the night.

Lighting

In most organisations lighting accounts for around 20–40 % of total electricity costs. Installing newer, more efficient systems with good controls can often halve existing lighting costs but even good practice and maintenance of existing systems can often provide lighting energy savings of 30 %. Improving lighting systems also improves the working environment which can help staff motivation and productivity.

The following recommendations were given:

• Reduction of a too high illuminance level

• Placing lamps close to the work place

• Increasing lighting efficiency, e.g. installation of an electronic power supply, better cleaning lamps and fixtures, labelling of light switches, establish a maintenance schedule, replacing dim or failing lights

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• Reducing hours of operation, e.g. by developing strategies to provide or maximize the use of daylight, a “switch of” policy, switch in parallel, separate switches, time and occupancy control, photoelectric switching and dimming, and motion sensors.

Office equipment

Office equipment and small power machines (PCs, monitors, fax machines, photocopiers, printers, etc.) are the fastest growing users of energy in the business world, this is expected to double by 2020.

The following measures were recommended:

• Reducing the number of printers, copiers, etc. per person

• Replacing CRTs with more efficient LCD monitors

• Substitution of fix PCs by mobile computers that consume less energy

• Purchase of more energy-efficient servers

• Avoiding standby consumption: To reduce power consumption of the equipment it is recommended to switch it off when it is not in use, e.g. in offices not permanently used during a working day, printers and copiers as well as some kitchen appliances used in offices such as coffee machines and microwaves, such as audio-video equipment

• Assigning responsibility to e.g. maintenance personnel to shut down the equipment for nights, week-ends, etc.

• Central switching-off of the electricity to equipment in retail hall and offices

Air conditioning

• Reducing the need for cooling: Switch off unnecessary electrical equipment and lighting, Let the building cool overnight, placing heat-emitting equipment in a separate, naturally ventilated area, placing service computer server rooms separately from the main system and cool only to the maximum temperature at which the equipment can operate effectively, use external shading

• Installation of controls, e.g. time control, temperature controls

• Zoning: Splitting a cooling system into multiple zones allows different parts of a building to be cooled to different temperatures and/or at different times

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• Influencing the behaviour of consumer: set internal temperatures in line with external conditions, Keep windows and doors closed when air conditioning is on, encouraging staff involvement by demonstrating how building occupants can be more in control of their own environment, turn cooling thermostats up, match air flow rates to demand

• Regular checks according to a maintenance schedule: check of condensers, refrigerant charge and leakage, insulation on pipework and replace any damaged sections, check fans, filters and air ducts, ensure thermostats are calibrated annually

Refrigeration

Energy savings of up to 20 % can be achieved in many refrigeration plants using no-cost or low-cost measures. In addition, improving the efficiency and reducing the load on a refrigeration plant can improve its reliability and reduce the likelihood of a breakdown.

A few simple measures could help make significant energy savings:

• Monitor the control settings

• Check you are not refrigerating below the recommended temperatures

• Make sure that doors aren’t left open for longer than necessary

• Consider cooling rather than refrigeration

• Fit night blinds

• Have a maintenance schedule

• Keep condensers clean and free from blockages

• De-ice evaporators

• Check noisy compressors

• Check the oil level

• Monitor pipe work

• Finally, the need for the number of refrigerators should be closely examined

• Positioning: placing as far as possible from heat sources, creating enough space around the unit to let it draw in and expel air through its vents

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Ventilation, pumps

For ventilation systems mainly heat recovery, replacement of old and inefficient equipment, switching off when rooms are not used, and automatic control were mentioned:

• Control time to use ventilation only during business hours

• Lighting heat recovery

• Automatic control of air recirculation

Electric hot water production

A few simple measures can help to provide hot water, whether it’s distributed centrally or locally, using less energy:

• Check and repair of damaged insulation around pipework and water tanks

• Installing time controllers to hot water boilers, immersion heaters and any circulating pumps

• If a centralised system and a boiler already provides hot water, turning off any immersion heaters

• If there is a single boiler that provides hot water and heating: considering a separate, smaller boiler for the hot water

• Use of electric point-of-use heaters locally when a small amount of hot water is needed a long way from the central water storage

• Use of adequate temperature and time controls

Other electricity uses

In the case of electric motor drives, mainly heat circulation pumps with low energy-efficiency were found. Some are operated all year round for 24 hours per day and could at least be turned off at night. Others are oversized. A further recommendation in a number of cases was to install automatic control equipment.

Various other electricity uses and saving measures were mentioned, e.g. switching off vending machines, replacing old kitchen or laundry equipment or using them more efficiently, disconnecting the power factor compensation overnight, checking the efficiency and the use of small appliances such as water heaters and coffee machines.

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The questionnaire reported in the Annex (Measures follow-up questionnaire) has been sent to the auditors of the EL-TERTIARY case studies in order to receive information what happened with the measures proposed, and which kind of measures were taken.

It appears that most of the measures recommended have been implemented, are being or are planned to be implemented.

The measures which are not planned to be applied concentrate on:

• General advises: installation of (sub-)metering equipment

• measure implying major construction efforts in the building: increased day-lighting in some parts of the building, improved insulation, or change of glazing

• lighting: motion sensors were not installed except in one case a conveyor with huge reduction of electricity consumption (two thirds)

• time or demand control equipment of pumps.

Regarding replacement opportunities for lighting and appliances, most managers have seized them or plan to do it.

5.2 Modelling the impact of policies

One of the work packages aimed at running a simulation of potential energy savings once the electricity consumption data per sub-sector and end uses have been set up. The exercise is considering a sample of countries for which the metered data are of sufficient quality. For each of the countries involved the impact of the simulation in terms of energy savings will then be discussed. Four countries were chosen: France, Germany, Italy and The Netherlands. Six groups of tertiary subsectors (wholesale and retail trade, office buildings, hotels and restaurants, health and social work, education, and other services) and major electricity end-uses (lighting, office equipment, ventila-tion and air conditioning, refrigeration, heating and electric hot water production) were included.

France: The data the French team has provided refers to the national level. The data cover all the above listed sub-sectors but only the office buildings (Financial, intermediation, real estate sector) have been analysed in detail. For the other sub-sectors only the air conditioning energy consumption has been provided. In this simulation exercise the French energy consumption data and the saving potentials refer to the country level and are provided in terms of ktoe.

Germany: The German data refer to rather big aggregation of buildings (generally hundred or more buildings per sector), cover five out of the six above outlined sub-

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sectors and provide the energy consumption break down for all these five sub-sectors. In this simulation exercise the energy consumption data and the saving potentials for Germany refer to the investigated group of buildings and are provided in terms of toe.

Italy: Also the Italian data refer to aggregation of a large number of buildings per sector but only four sub-sectors out of the six above outlined have been analysed in detail (that is, per end use). Like in the German case, the energy consumption data and the saving potentials for Italy refer to the investigated group of buildings and are provided in terms of toe.

The Netherlands: The Dutch data for which the break down per end use have been provided refer to few units of buildings per sector (in some cases just one building) and four sub-sectors out of the six taken into consideration have been analysed in detail. For this reason the energy consumption data and the saving potentials are provided in koe.

5.2.1 The MURE simulation tool

The MURE simulation tool allows calculating the potential impact of either measures or technologies. Their definition and the relationship between them is critical to understand well how the model works. A measure, in fact, is an intervention generally enacted by the government or national energy agency for energy savings promotion. A technology, instead, is the mean by which energy savings are actually achieved. Tech-nologies concern the application of both physical patterns (e.g. installation of controls or insulation enhancements) as well, with minor extent management and behavioural ones.

The simulation tool only calculates the impact of technologies and it is based on two assumptions:

• Each measure is associated to one or more technologies.

• Its impact is the result of the combined action of the energy performance of the considered technologies and of its level of penetration in the corresponding or involved stock.

The MURE Tertiary tool

The model used within EL-TERTIARY project, the so-called MURE Tertiary Tool, breaks down the energy consumption of a given sub-sector by its main energy end-uses: first by the electricity and thermal consumption and then by the main energy end-uses operating within each of these two main subsets (i.e. air conditioning, lighting,

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office devices for the electricity uses and space heating, warm water or cooking for the thermal ones).

Each end use is linked to a set of energy saving technologies (i.e. zone controlling or high efficiency lamps for lighting, insulation for space heating) to which the corre-sponding possible energy gains and penetration rates are associated (all these values are pre-set in MURE but can be easily changed or updated thanks to its high flexibility).

With a simple selection mechanism, one or more sub-sectors and/or energy end-uses can be chosen and the relative energy saving technologies can be selected for the simulation. Once the selection is made, the system provides the corresponding savings calculated as the difference between the initial energy consumption and the one obtained by applying the energy saving technologies.

During the simulation phase the following data can be inserted if required (preset figures are always provided):

• the percentage of energy savings (percentage gain) achievable by applying a given technology to a selected end-use

• the achievable penetration rate

These figures are provided in an interactive simulation screen showing:

• all the technologies linkable to the selected end-use

• the percentage of energy savings resulting from the implementation of each technol-ogy listed

• the suggested penetration rate of the technology for this particular application

The results are provided by synthesis tables displaying the achieved savings by sub-sector and, within each sector, by end-use. The resulting tables can be exported to an Excel spreadsheet for further analysis.

5.2.2 EL-TERTIARY sub-sectors, end-uses and technologies parameterization

To build up the reference MURE structure we started from the data collected by part-ners during the metering campaigns (electricity consumption by sub-sectors and differ-ent end-uses) and calculated the percentage of each end-use with respect to the total energy consumption of the buildings pertaining to the considered sectors.

Table 5-1 shows the settings adopted for the configuration of the energy-saving tech-nologies per end-use. The figures concern the percentage of energy savings by proc-

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ess improvement (the relative gains) and the maximum feasible penetration within the stock of every technology.

It is worth noting that these settings may be applied to evaluate the energy saving potential provided by the implementation of the following set of measures:

• White certificates and audits for French and Italy (i.e. from the French and Italian NEEAPs)

• Mandatory audits and voluntary labelling for the Netherlands

• The “European Top Runner Strategy” as well “Advice on energy savings in SMEs in the trade, industry and service sectors” for Germany (i.e. from the German NEEAP)

The penetration percentages take into account the economic and structural potential of these technologies for a short term improvement (i.e. not all the lamps or the lighting systems can be technically substituted at short time without restructuring the ceilings).

Actually, in this simulation exercise, the impact of these technologies is referred to the building energy consumption at the time in which the measurement was made (2006–2007), without carrying out any type of energy consumption forecast. This means that the improvements concern what can be done in one or two years from the starting reference period and thus do not consider deep building refurbishment or restructuring. The following criteria for the technology penetration settings were used:

• All the management measures (mainly controls of the machinery and lighting on and off status) can involve up to 75 % of the initial energy consumption; the remaining, prudential, 25 % is to take into consideration residual (bad organisation or bad habit or already implemented measures).

• The simple interventions like the piping (further) insulation also may arrive up to 75 %

• The major equipment substitutions cover no more than 50 % of the penetration potential.

It is finally important to underline that the technologies settings outlined in Table 6 are applied to all four countries analysed here.

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Table 5-1: Technologies associated to the electric end-uses

Air Conditioning

Technology Savings by process improvement (%) Max. penetration (%)

Management 10% 75% Substitution with new equipment 30% 50%

Lighting Technology Savings by process impr. (%) Max. penetration (%)

Auto-manual control 10% 75% High efficiency lamps 60% 50% Time control 10% 75% Zoning control 5% 75%

Motor drives Technology Savings by process impr. (%) Max. penetration (%)

High rpm motors 5% 25% Variable speed drives 25% 25%

Office equipment Technology Savings by process impr. (%) Max. penetration (%)

Auto-manual control 5% 75% Stand-by controls 15% 75% Substitution with new equip-ment and stand-by control 25% 50%

Refrigeration Technology Savings by process impr. (%) Max. penetration (%)

Cooling load analysis 10% 75% Floating pressure head control 5% 75% (Further) Insulation 3% 75% Maintenance issues 2% 75% Optimum delta T 10% 75% Scheduling 5% 75%

Electric Sanitary Hot Water Technology Savings by process impr. (%) Max. penetration (%)

Auto-manual controls 5% 75% (Further) Insulation 3% 75% Energy Efficiency Improvement 20% 50%

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5.2.3 Simulation results

As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the impact of the energy-saving technologies outlined in Table 5-1 refers to the buildings' energy consumption at the time in which the measurements are made (2006–2007). This impact is shown in Tables 5-2 – 5-5 that provide the results of the simulation exercise for each of the four countries considered.

The first four columns of the tables show the total and the target energy consumption as well as the savings expressed in terms of energy saved and percentage of savings. The following six columns show the breakdown of these savings by the electricity end-uses. The figures shown in the tables refer to the country level for France and to the set of measured buildings for the other three countries. The measure units are thus expressed in ktoe for France, in toe for Germany and Italy and in koe for The Nether-lands where the measurements refer to just one building per sub-sector.

Given the different references and the different breakdown by the measured end-uses it is not possible to compare the French results with those of the other countries. Also the Dutch results should be analysed with care due to the fact that they refer to just one building per sub-sector and thus have a very limited statistical usefulness.

In any case, by comparing the German, Italian and Dutch data it is possible to see that the percentage savings don’t differ both at total and at detailed level. The average savings are in fact around the 20 % with little differences among the sub-sector. These savings represent the technically achievable targets even if, as also outlined before, the organisational issues have been taken into consideration by setting the penetration rates below 100 %.

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Table 5-2: Energy consumption and savings for France

Energy consumption and savings referring to the measured set of

buildings

Savings by electricity end uses

Subsectors Electric reference

Electric target

Total Savings Air Condi-tioning

Lighting Office Equip-ment

Motor drives

Space heating

Refrig-eration

Toe Toe Toe % Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe Toe

Total 24.534,2 22.814,7 1719,5 7,0% 378,70 732,20 91,90 – 516,70 –

Education 223,6 218,10 5,5 2,5% 5,50 0,00 0,00 – 0,00 –

Financial and business 21.077,6 19.466,8 1610,8 7,6% 270,00 732,20 91,90 – 516,70 –

Hotels and restaurants 361,10 344,60 16,5 4,6% 16,50 0,00 0,00 – 0,00 –

Wholesale and retail trade 2.012,00 1.958,70 53,30 2,6% 53,30 0,00 0,00 – 0,00 –

Health and social works

541,70

523,30

18,40 3,4% 18,40 0,00 0,00 – 0,00 –

Other services 318,20

303,20

15,00

0,05 15,00 0,00 0,00 – 0,00 –

Table 5-3: Energy consumption and savings for Germany


buildings



Electric target



Motor drives

Space heating

Refrig-eration


Total 6.107,10 4.624,00 1483,1 24,3% 33,70 888,80 204,00 88,70 115,70 152,20

Education 373,17 274,57 98,6 26,4% 7,90 73,80 7,40 6,60 2,90 0,00

Financial and business 1694 1.274,00 420 24,8% 18,10 256,50 96,70 30,30 18,40 0,00

Hotels and restaurants 1.184,90 952,70 232,2 19,6% 0,00 117,40 10,90 14,30 55,30 34,30

Wholesale and retail trade 2.405,00 1.746,10 658,90 27,4% 0,00 400,60 84,40 30,80 25,20 117,90

Health and social works 355,50 282,10 73,40 20,6% 7,70 40,50 4,60 6,70 13,90 0,00

Other services – – – – – – – – – –

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Table 5-4: Energy consumption and savings for Italy


buildings



Electric target



Motor drives

Space heating

Refrig-eration


Total 2.890,00 2.291,10 598,9 20,7% 159,4 256,1 34,4 31,1 1,3 116,6

Education 330 275,50 54,5 16,5% 18,8 14,3 9,1 9,2 0,1 3

Financial and business 420 325,20 94,8 22,6% 36,5 32,8 20,3 2,5 0,9 1,8

Hotels and restaurants 1.580,00 1.258,50 321,5 20,3% 93,1 172,5 4,3 16,9 0 34,7

Wholesale and retail trade 560,00 431,90 128,10 22,9% 11,00 36,50 0,70 2,50 0,30 77,10

Health and social works – – – – – – – – – –

Other services – – – – – – – – – –

Table 5-5: Energy consumption and savings for The Netherlands


buildings



Electric target



Motor drives

Space heating

Refrig-eration


Total 72,28 56,96 15,323 21,2% 1,80 11,30 1,12 0,16 0,04 0,90

Education 2,898 2,07 0,83 28,6% 0,00 0,83 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

Financial and business 22,46 15,62 6,84 30,5% 1,00 4,00 0,93 0,70 0,21 0,00

Hotels and restaurants – – – – – – – – – –

Wholesale and retail trade 14,79 11,69 3,10 21,0% 0,24 1,60 0,18 0,18 0,00 0,90

Health and social works 32,12 25,75 6,37 19,8% 0,56 4,87 0,01 0,74 0,19 0,00

Other services – – – – – – – – – –

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Figure 5-1 shows the percentage of savings of each end-use with respect to the corresponding reference energy consumption. The settings of the energy-saving technologies (see Table 5-1) the same for all the four countries, also these percentage savings are the same for all these countries.

Figure 5-1: Percentage savings by final end-use

Air conditioning

22%Hot water & space heating

14%

Refrigeration24%

Electric motor drives

7%

Office equipment

27%

Lighting38%

The highest saving potential is provided by the improvements of the lighting systems, followed by the office equipment, the refrigeration and the air conditioning systems. The electric hot water and space heating systems and the electric motors provide a minor contribution to the total savings. Concerning the space heating and air condi-tioning systems, it is worth remembering here that this simulation exercise does not take into consideration the improvement of the building shell insulation but only improvements concerning the heating and cooling equipment. It is also important to underline that the high saving potential due to the improvement of the lighting systems can be further enhanced. In fact this result has been obtained despite the penetration rate of the intervention concerning the lamps (or ballast) substitution has been set at 50 %.

Figures 5-2– 5-5 show the share of the electric savings by final end-use with respect to the total savings achievable by the set of measured buildings for Germany, Italy and The Netherlands and at country level for France. In all the cases the greatest contribution is provided by the improvements of the lighting systems. Air conditioning is (as expected) important in Italy where, together with the lighting end-use, it provides the majority of the savings, but it is practically negligible in Germany where the lighting end-use provides alone more then 60 % of the total savings. In The Netherlands the

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contribution of the air conditioning to the total savings seems to be rather important (around 10 %), but this depends on the rather relevant contribution provided by the financial and other business sector (i.e. the offices sector) where this end-use provides 15 % of the total savings (see also Table 5-5). It is also worth remembering that the Dutch data refer to just one building per sub-sector (for example, in the case of the financial and other business sector the data refer to one building pertaining to the public administration that, most probably, is equipped with a big air conditioning system).

Figure 5-2 for France has to be evaluated with care, because the measurement of each final end use was carried out for only one sector (financial and other business activities). Nevertheless this sector provides 94 % of the total savings with respect to the other five sub-sectors and so the data shown in Figure 5-7 are sufficiently reliable. See for instance the table below in which the national share of final end-uses is com-pared with the share of the financial and other business sub-sector.

National level Financial and other business sub-sector

Lighting 42,6 % 45,5 % Hot water 30,0 % 32,1 % Air conditioning 22,0 % 16,8 % Office equipment 5,3 % 5,7 %

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Figure 5-2: Share of electric savings by end-use – France

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Lighting Hot Water Air Conditioning Office equipment

Figure 5-3: Share of electric savings by end-use – Germany

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Lighting Officeequipment

Refrigeration,freezing

Hot Water Electric motordrives

AirConditioning

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Figure 5-4: Share of electric savings by end-use – Italy

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Lighting AirConditioning

Refrigeration Officeequipment


SHW & SH

Figure 5-5: Share of electric savings by end-use – The Netherlands

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Lighting AirConditioning

Officeequipment

Refrigeration,freezing


Hot Water

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5.3 Recommendations to policy makers

5.3.1 Saving potentials, existing and planned policies

The results from the EL-TERTIARY case studies show a great variety of situations: variety of usages of electricity, usages different from one type of building to another, a large range of values of consumption for the same usage, new usages are emerging (for instance for communication), they are not necessarily energy efficient. By definition appliances and equipments are submitted to the existing regulations, standards, labels and voluntary agreements, but they are not optimized from an energy point of view. Manufacturers can design, produce and sell very inefficient appliances and equipment, without specific requirement for energy consumption in use, in standby or even when off. In general there is a large potential of energy savings, as electricity consumption is not well known by tertiary building’s users and by managers.

Three usages are dominant within the total electricity consumption of a tertiary building: lighting, ventilation and air conditioning (cooling). It is important that policies act on the sources of these three usages: for instance a cooling demand can be due to a bad design of the building and the multiplication of office equipment with a heat production (internal gains of heat).

The study of comfort perception by buildings’ users showed interrelations between building performance, comfort issues and user behaviour: e.g. buildings’ users feel comfortable in a building in which they can open windows, choose internal tempera-ture, they do not adapt their clothes to the external temperature, too hot summer impacts on comfort are generally over-estimated, humidification decreases satisfaction scores, and light comfort depends more on daylight availability than on illuminance level.

From the MURE database (www.mure2.com, state: April 2008) the measures related to electricity usages in the tertiary sector were extracted for the countries of the EU. Figure 5-6 shows the number of measures in the tertiary sector by end-uses:

• Information – education – training: can be general or dedicated campaigns. Most of the measures are directed to to ventilation/air conditioning and to lighting.

• Grant programmes: are mainly subsidies for investment in energy savoing and renewable energies, and some for audits and education. They are is mainly directed to ventilation, air conditioning, and lighting.

• Voluntary agreements: are in general concentrated on a specific usage; lighting is the main usage targeted.

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• Legislative measures, either informative or normative type or combinations: are mainly expressed through building codes, audit and labelling usages. They are mainly targeted to lighting (7 measures), and ventilation-AC (12 measures).

Figure 5-6: Type of measures by end-uses

MURE 2 - type of measures

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Motor &

drive

s

Lighti

ng

Cookin

g

Office M

achin

es

Refrige

ration

Ventila

tion -

Air-C

ondit

ionnin

g

All sec

tors

Voluntary agreement

Co-operative M.

Cross-cutting

Grant subsidies

Inform/Educ/training

Legisl./Inform.

Legisl./Inform./Normat.

Legislative/Informative/Normative/Formation/Financial GrantsLegis/Norma

Legis/Norma./inform/Educ/training

Main elements from the NEEAPs (National Energy Efficient Action Plans) based on the European Union and member states existing and planned measures especially the following innovative measures are interesting from a technological point of view:

• For Austria, the promotion of energy efficient technologies for outdoor lighting, like LED for decorative lighting is planned.

• In Germany, it is recommended to use the Eco-Design Directive to extend and rein-force standards and labelling for equipment. This measure can only be realized at the EU level.

• In Denmark, a similar approach is preferred: the Government will try to ensure that the Eco-Design Directive leads to minimum efficiency standards for a range of prod-ucts, particularly with respect to standby use, as quickly as possible.

From a point of view of visibility and Improving knowledge the following measures were found:

• For Belgium, a label “enterprise écodynamique” will focus on energy.

• In Denmark, the government is working on a new, market-oriented strategy for energy-conservation efforts, including the promotion of transparency of energy con-sumption and development of advanced energy meters. It must be easy to monitor

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individual consumption and to compare it with the consumption of others, for instance by using advanced meters.

• In Germany too, it is expected that the liberalization of electricity market is a precon-dition for the rapid circulation of smart metering (experiences exist for example in Ontario)

• For France, suggestion in the Grenelle de l’environnement of a carbon audit for all organizations with more than 50 people.

• In Ireland, all public sector bodies must produce annual reports setting out their energy efficiency actions and progress towards the 2020 target.

• For UK, it’s possible to implement an obligation that energy suppliers provide all but the smallest non-household users with advanced metering services within the next five years.

5.3.2 Influencing factors and suitable policies

Three “internal” elements, i.e. related to the buildings, are important for electricity consumption in a tertiary building: the standard (or theoretical) consumption of the equipment, due to its power and calculated in normalized conditions, the system in which the equipment or the appliance is used, and the behaviour of the users. "Exter-nal" elements, such as electricity prices, specific policies of the companies, will also influence and determine the electricity consumption of the building. They are consid-ered as “policies”.

The peak load of electricity demand is not well addressed by the current tariffs of elec-tricity. Even if the ratings’ cost is increasing with the power subscribed, the electricity cost is generally decreasing with the increase of consumption. This gives a bad signal to the users, as it is sometimes more interesting to subscribe a larger rating than a smaller one, in terms of electricity costs.

As an example, the electricity consumption due to lighting depends on the power of the lamps, the design of the building, which determines the availability of daylight, the lighting management systems (manual, automatic, etc…), the behaviour of the users turning lights on and off, maintenance of the installation, etc.

Generally, policies should be simple, easy to understand and to apply, without possi-bilities to circumvent them. However energy savings policies are more or less complex to understand and to apply. They should be based on information which is easy to understand for the users. For instance, a policy is much easier to understand if it is considering the total cost of an equipment including investment and operational costs.

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Policies should encourage a good relation, a balance between electricity needs and the way to satisfy them, a good sizing of the needs. This is the very beginning of an elec-tricity saving policy, but not the easiest to implement. Furthermore policy should encourage the choice of the most efficient equipment; for this target policies are already existing, such as the EU energy efficiency label for appliances or, buildings.

Another consideration is new: it is urgent to anticipate the appearance of new appli-ances and apparatus, in order to make their design and performance as energy-effi-cient as possible.

5.3.3 Policy recommendations

Based on the results of the EL-TERTIARY case studies and the analysis of existing and planned measures six new policies are proposed:

1. Design not only efficient equipment but also sober equipment, this action will be step forward the existing labelling directives

2. Design equipment and buildings in cooperation with the users, review norms and standards (it is now crucial to define the comfort that is expected, in relation to three types of costs, its investment, functioning and environmental cost)

3. Develop standards and building codes that will strengthen the most efficient equipments and appliances, including during their use in buildings, not just for their design and that will optimize the global chain of consumption.

4. Develop information campaign for buildings’ users

5. Define a two levels tariffs for electricity consumption, for “normal” and extra consumption, with a low and high price

6. Continue research on what comfort in a building means and how it can be reached

Design not only efficient equipment but also sober equipment

The main idea is to establish policies that encourage a balance between electricity needs and the way to satisfy them, which means a good "sizing" of the needs. For tertiary building, this can be done through four main policies:

• Regulation and labels: The implementation of a regulation should be realized by the national government or the European Commission, it can set up a maximum level of consumption per type of use, for instance for heating, cooling, lighting, etc. This regulation should be mandatory. A label will target even more efficient solutions than the ones targeted by the regulation. It can be an option, inside the regulation, or a specific instrument, managed by an NGO for instance. A label is a voluntary com-

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mitment of the target group. Both measures can be designed for new and existing buildings. (In the past, mainly new buildings and appliances are targeted by the regulations and labels.) An example of such a regulation is the building code, a European Directive, with national building codes for tertiary buildings. The tertiary building codes include a maximum level of consumption, for instance for air condi-tioning, lighting, etc. An example of a label is all the labels around the “Green Build-ings”, like Minergie in Switzerland, Effinergie in France. In France, Effinergie label requires a decrease of 50 % of energy consumption compared to the French Build-ing Code. The labels are working on a more precise and efficient sizing of the equipment, more than the building codes.

• Support for design of building and equipment: The period when the design of a building is being developed, is the best time to propose a building with the lowest possible energy consumption. Support for the design of buildings and equipment can help designers and architects to propose a building with lower electricity consumption, due to its design. This approach, in the building code, was first targeted on heating and hot water supply, it is now extended to air conditioning, lighting, and ventilation. It can also be extended to other electricity usages in a building (cooking, communication, etc.). The support should provide help to size the equipment for the building, in a global system approach. For instance, lighting power should be decided not only on the best efficiency of bulbs but firstly on the real needs with regard to lighting (how many lumen for the different areas of the rooms, prevention of over-dimensioning the lighting system), then, secondly on the characteristics of the bulb (how many lumen per watt?). The same aspect occurs with regard to air conditioning: there is no energy efficiency gain when A class air conditioner is chosen, but its power is twice as high as the actual need. Support can be training, guidelines on “Which level to reach?” and “How to reach the level you choose?” available or not on Internet, with or without labels for the designers, etc. The Minergie label is working with a website, allowing finding easily the levels of efficiency required for a building. It’s presented below for the retail buildings.

• Support for renovation of building and equipment: The same policy as for the design of new buildings and equipment is proposed with respect to renovation.

• Information and visits of buildings with pertinent balances between needs and their fulfilment: It is always important to show examples of buildings and equipment with high performances ("Best practice"), to get feedback on the difficulties encountered and the solutions used.

• Addressing new appliances: It is urgent that policy makers anticipate the emergence of new usages of electricity through new appliances, so that the equipment will be designed to perform in the most energy-efficient way.

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Design equipment and buildings, review norms and standards in cooperation between planners and users

Even if users are not always present at the design state of a building, they should, as much as possible, be involved in its design, and in the design of equipment too. Experiments of buildings where users were involved in the design phase are rather good ones, as demonstrated by the “green” process (the Haute Qualité Environne-mentale process in France associates users to the design of the buildings, with a rather good success).

Norms, standards and guidelines should be reviewed, so they will be adapted to the results on comfort’s research, and to the needs of real employees in real buildings, especially to their needs to interact with their environment (opening of windows, heat-ing regulation, etc.). This is particularly important for lighting comfort, as demonstrated in the Belgian survey.

Develop information campaigns for building users

Information campaigns, directed to the employees of tertiary buildings, are a suitable way to increase energy consciousness, influencing the attitude of employees. The poli-cies should differentiate:

• the “normal” user of a building, who is just an user of the building, and who has only influence on his near surroundings (for lighting, radiator, windows opening), this “normal” user can be characterized by gender, age, work conditions, etc. and spe-cific policies can be defined according to the profile of the user,

• the technician – management and maintenance staff, who can take actions inside the building with effects on energy consumption, and who can influence the man-agement system of the building (decide when the heating or cooling system is on or off, decide on the temperature of the different zones, decide on the new equipment that will replace the old one…), and

• the management team of the companies, who is often paying the energy bill, and who can propose actions to reduce the energy costs or to modify the dressing codes of the company (for instance in summer, encourage male employees to abandon the ties).

Policies for users can consist of the following elements:

• development of regular preventive maintenance

• diffusion of best practices for users; this diffusion should define different messages according to the different characteristics of the people that are the targets of the messages: It appears (from the Belgian survey) that gender and age are two fun-

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damental parameters to understand the energy-related behaviour of people, espe-cially because women are more dressed according to the last fashion of the year than to the climate of the day. One important challenge to convince women to take care of the season, and so to be able to decrease internal heating temperature, is to convince fashion designers of the climate change challenge, so they should propose dressing codes taken into account the season. The diffusion of this new way of being would be naturally in feminine press. Another measure could be a bonus for employees if there is a decrease in energy expenses. In France, this action can be proposed by ADEME as a new standardized action, like the ones developed for the PNAQ.

Define a two levels tariff for electricity consumption, for “normal” and extra consumption, with a low and high price

There is also a measure to create a real interest to decrease the consumption and the peak load, in terms of costs of electricity invoices, for the companies. Today, in general, due to a fixed part (e.g. for metering) electricity cost is decreasing with the increase of consumption. This means that tariffs give a signal to users which is in con-trary to energy saving.

EL-TERTIARY, through its measurement of consumption, can help to define a stan-dardized consumption, according to the NACE classification. Existing electricity con-sumption guidelines can be checked and improved. The standardized demand will be covered by an attractive (low) electricity tariff, and any consumption above this stan-dardized value will be more expensive.

Develop research on comfort and rationale for employees’ decision

The main work on comfort, and perception of comfort, remains the work and the book of Fanger (1973). This work should be updated, and completed. It is recommended

• to analyze comfort in real conditions: It is essential to analyze the demand of comfort of real users, real men and women, in real buildings, not just in laboratory. The University of Delft noted that: “there is a discrepancy between a high performance level of several technologies in the design phase and in the testing room, and an unexpected low performance of these same technologies in practical circumstances”.

• to analyze both objective, measurable parameters, but also feelings of users Of course, temperature, humidity, air speed, luminance, and noise level provide a very important information to analyze comfort, but alone, they are not sufficient because comfort perception is subjective (even in the best optimal thermal environ-ment, still 5% surveyed people are complaining). Subjective perception of comfort

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by building users, complaints about the fact that users can not control their environ-ment or open windows are regarded mostly as ‘subjective’ and ‘irrational’ and are so more or less neglected. These perceptions should be taken into account, even if weighted by some coefficients (which can vary according to gender and age, hierar-chical position in company, etc.).

• to analyze the cost of comfort, both in terms of investment, maintenance and envi-ronmental impacts, and compare “complex”, technological solutions with more simple solutions. The Belgian survey shows that yet, research focuses on avoiding any complaints by controlling strictly the environment by means of large HVAC-installations, lighting installations, etc., but results are more comfort complaints because in practice these installations do not generate the expected indoor environment. By trying to control completely the environment (sealed envelope, complex heat emitters, high lumi-nance, etc.) users feel losing controlling over their own environment and cut off out-side environment. Solutions should not be only focused on technical, and often expensive and energy consuming solutions.

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6 Dissemination of the project results and relation to other IEE projects

Dissemination of the results was an important task in the EL-TERTIARY project. It consisted of the following steps:

• implementation of a project website

• presentations on conferences

• an expert workshop

• national dissemination workshops

• various publications

• leaflets for multiple target groups and especially for building owners and managers

• transfer of data to the Odyssee-MURE project in order to improve the database.

The project website was installed at the beginning of the project (www.eu.fhg.de/el-tertiary). After one year downloads of results were implemented although in preliminary versions because the work was ongoing. The final versions of all public deliverables are available now at the end of the project.

Two important conferences took place during the project duration where the EL-TERTIARY project was presented, two other take place after the end of the project for which papers are accepted or a speaker invited respectively:

• ECEEE (European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy) Summer Study 2007, 4–9 June 2007, La Colle sur Loup, France

• IEECB Focus 2008 Conference – Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial Build-ings, 10–11 April 2008, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

• ICEBO, International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, 20–22 October 2008, Berlin, Germany

• ESCO Europe 2008, The Networking Event for Energy Services & Energy Manage-ment Professionals, 4–5 November 2008, Brussels, Belgium

The conference presentations are available on the project website.

An expert workshop was held in Berlin, 29 May 2008 under the title "Energy Efficiency in Buildings – Improving the Database". The results from three projects of the EU "Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE)" programme were presented (REMODECE, EL-TERTIARY, and Odyssee-MURE), which deal with the improvement of data on energy consumption. The main focus of the workshop was on the energy consumption in resi-dential and tertiary buildings. More than 70 experts participated in the workshop; they

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represented target groups such as energy agencies, national government, energy consultants, equipment manufacturers, planners, energy service companies, associa-tions, and research institutions. The participants were very interested in the EL-TERTIARY project. They confirmed that there is a need for more information about electricity consumption in the tertiary sector and that the project has some remarkable achievements to promote electricity savings in tertiary buildings.

National dissemination workshops took place in all participating countries, most of them also presenting two or more projects in one day, because this increases the chance to get important but always busy experts for participation. An overview of activities can be found on the project website on the national pages.

Various publications were launched, either in connection with the national workshops (e.g. press releases, articles in newsletter) or separately in journals.

Leaflets: Two leaflets were developed; one provides general information about the project, and one addresses especially building owner and managers. The second one also contains general information, but additionally rules for metering electricity in a building, more detailed results of the comfort and behaviour survey, and a checklist for efficient energy use which focuses on short-term organisational measures.

Relations to other EU projects

Improved data about electricity end-uses and saving potentials in tertiary buildings help to design and implement adequate energy efficiency policies and programmes both at national and EU level, e.g. the Green Building Programme, the Green Light Pro-gramme, the Motor Challenge Programme, the Directive on Energy Efficiency for Lighting, the Eco-Design Directive for energy using equipment, the Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings, and the Directive on Energy Efficiency and Energy Services (ESD), as well as the negotiations on the Energy Star and voluntary initiatives such as the Codes of Conduct on energy efficiency of selected electronic equipment, the EICTA agreement with producers, and the Group for Energy-Efficient Appliances (GEEA).

In order to support theses activities at the EU level, the EU-funded programme “Intelli-gent Energy Europe” co-finances European projects for the promotion of energy effi-ciency and the use of renewable energies. It covers implementation aspects such as capacity building, spreading of know-how, exchanges of experience, policy input, awareness raising, education and training. In this context EL-TERTIARY (Monitoring Electricity Consumption in the Tertiary Sector) is part of a set of projects which include

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metering and analysis of electricity consumption. Some of these projects in the area “Energy-efficient equipment & products” concentrate on technologies such as pumps, motor systems, boilers, or lighting, others on certain sectors, such as EL-TERTIARY, ENERinTOWN (municipal buildings), or REMODECE (private households). Other pro-jects like ODYSEE-MURE or EMEEES have a broader view and include all end-use sectors and a couple of products and technologies.

During the expert workshop and by separate e-mails the national teams of the Odyssee-MURE project were informed about the availability of the data collected in the EL-TERTIARY project. They will check, how this data can be used. Input from EL-TERTIARY is important because there is a lack of energy consumption data by branches and by end-uses in the ODYSSEE database and in the MURE model. For the improvement of MURE, especially energy consumption data per activity (e.g. m2) by subsector or building type are needed. ODYSSEE-MURE EU-27 is a project on the "Monitoring of Energy Demand Trends and Energy Efficiency in the EU". The project is co-ordinated by ADEME and carried out by energy efficiency agencies or their repre-sentatives in the 27 countries in Europe plus Norway and Croatia.

ODYSSEE relies on a comprehensive database that contains, on the one hand, detailed data on the energy consumption drivers in the main energy demand sectors (households, tertiary, industry, transport) by end-use and sub-sector and, on the other hand, energy efficiency and CO2 related indicators. The network of national teams updates the data regularly. The present data situation in the tertiary sector is worse than for the other energy demand sectors, which means that there are a lot of data gaps in the ODYSSEE database with regard to energy consumption by end-uses and sub-sectors. Projects like EL-TERTIARY could contribute to an improvement of the database in future.

MURE provides information on energy efficiency policies and measures that have been carried out in the countries covered and enable the simulation and comparison at a national level of the potential impact of such measures. The MURE database is constructed in five sections which contain the energy efficiency measures, statistical data and a simulation tool for the four main energy demand sectors and general cross-cutting measures. The network of national teams guarantees the continuous updating of the database. As in the case of ODYSSEE, the EL-TERTIARY project could provide additional data for the MURE database and reduce the exisiting data gaps in the terti-ary sector.

The EMEEES project deals with the "Evaluation and Monitoring for the EU Directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services”. The project is carried out by a

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consortium of 21 European partners and coordinated by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. The project aims at the design of top-down and bottom-up methods to evaluate the energy efficiency measures implemented to achieve the 9% energy savings target set out in the EU Directive (2006/32/EC) (ESD) on energy end-use efficiency and energy services.

The data demands with regard to energy consumption by sub-sectors, end-uses, tech-nologies and products both for the bottom-up and top-down methods are high. Projects like EL-TERTIARY can contribute to a considerable improvement of the existing data with regard to the tertiary sector and its sub-sectors and end-uses.

The objective and the methodology of the REMODECE project on "Residential Moni-toring to Decrease Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in Europe" is very similar to the EL-TERTIARY project. The overall objective of the project is to contribute to an increased understanding of the energy consumption in the EU-27 households for the different types of equipment, including the consumer behaviour and comfort levels, and to identify demand trends and potential electricity savings. The availability of high quality data is an essential condition for the definition of policy recommendations to influence both the energy efficiency of the equipment to be sold in the next decade, and to influence the user behaviour in the selection and operation of that equipment. For that reason, measurement and surveying campaigns in a large number of house-holds have been carried out within the REMODECE project in all 12 EU-countries (plus Norway) involved in the project.

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D26 ELT Report-on-results...Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) Type of action: Energy efficiency and rational use of energy, in particular in buildings and industry Key action: VKA4: