D1.HSS.CL4.05 Slide 1. Observe and monitor people This Unit comprises five Elements: Slide 2 Prepare for observation and monitoring 1 Implement observation

OBSERVE AND MONITOR PEOPLE

D1.HSS.CL4.05

Slide 1

Observe and monitor peopleThis Unit comprises five Elements:

Slide 2

Prepare for observation and monitoring1

Implement observation and monitoring activities2

Determine apprehension of offenders3

Arrest offenders4

Fulfil administrative responsibilities5

AssessmentAssessment for this unit may include:

Oral questions

Written questions

Work projects

Workplace observation of practical skills

Practical exercises

Formal report from employer/supervisor

Slide 3

Prepare for observation and monitoringPerformance Criteria for this Element are:

Identify areas and people who require observation & monitoring

Read logs and records or previous events

Prepare equipment

Plan the observation and monitoring

Notify relevant other staff or support services

Slide 4

Identify areas and people to monitor

Reasons to observe and monitor:

Predict problems and issues

Gather intelligence

Provide a sense of safety and security

(Continued)

Slide 5


Discharge ‘duty of care’ obligations

Meet expectations

Honour obligations

Slide 6


Areas which may need to be monitored:

Internal and external areas

Known trouble-spots

High-traffic areas

As identified by ‘assignment instructions’

Slide 7


People who may need to be monitored:

VIPs and their entourage

Members of the public who fit an identified profile

Persons displaying certain attributes

Slide 8

Read logs and reportsYou may need to share information and communicate with:

Owner

Managers and supervisors

Other security staff

Operational and support staff

Nominated staff at other venues

Police

Complainants

Victims

Slide 9

Read logs and reportsCommunication and information-sharing options:

Attending meetings and briefings

Using the telephone

Sending emails

Sharing hard-copy materials

Slide 10

Read logs and reportsBefore you start work:

Read relevant comms books, logs, records and reports from previous shift/s

Take notes of important information contained

Integrate ‘new’ information into your personal bank of existing venue knowledge

Slide 11

Prepare equipment

Items/equipment to check before starting work:

Notebook – check:

Working pen/pencil

Spare pages or spare notebook

(Continued)

Slide 12

Prepare equipment Binoculars – check:

Clean lenses

Mechanisms operating as required/expected

Fit for use

Case provided

(Continued)

Slide 13

Prepare equipment Camera and audio recording devices – check:

You know how to use it

Lenses are clean

Batteries charged

Space on memory card – or spare card

Case is provided

(Continued)

Slide 14

Prepare equipment Electronic surveillance equipment (CCTV) – check:

Cameras fully functional

Recording equipment working properly

Tests conducted to verify status

(Continued)

Slide 15

Prepare equipment Electronic surveillance equipment (detection

equipment/systems) – check:

Operational status

Self-diagnosis tests have been conducted

If there are alarms/alerts to be investigated

(Continued)

Slide 16

Prepare equipment Torches/flashlights – check:

Location/availability

How to operate – light/s; SOS function

Batteries/how long they will last

(Continued)

Slide 17

Prepare equipment First aid kits – check:

Location/availability

Kits are fully-stocked

Also check name of First Aid provider on duty for your shift.

(Continued)

Slide 18

Prepare equipment Barriers and signage – check:

Location and availability

Items are ready to use

Sufficient in number

(Continued)

Slide 19

Prepare equipment

Comms equipment is required by Security staff:

So management can communicate with staff

To enable communication in event of emergency

To allow staff to talk with each other

So venue can communicate with patrons/guests

To communicate with emergency services

Slide 20

Prepare equipment

Commonly used Comms equipment:

Hand-held radios

Comms set with headset

Landline phones

Cell phones

Pagers

PA systems

Megaphones

Slide 21

Prepare equipmentChecks on Comms equipment:

Freshly fully-charged batteries

Sending and receiving capacity

Channel check

Headset and earpiece check

Volume setting

Slide 22

Prepare equipment

Vehicles may also be used and therefore need to be checked – check:

Operational status and safety

Fuel

‘Vehicle Use’ form has been completed

‘Required items’ are in the vehicle

Slide 23

Prepare equipment

Examples of PPE:

Body armor

Protective shields

Masks

Safety boots

(Continued)

Slide 24

Prepare equipment Head protection

Safety glasses

Knee pads

Clip-on neck ties

(Continued)

Slide 25

Prepare equipment Duty/utility belt – which can carry:

Holders for pager, flashlight and asp

Pouch for handcuffs, medical & camera

Holster for Comms and pistol

Holders for keys, camera, knife and extra clips of ammunition

OC spray carrier

Slide 26

Plan observation and monitoringWork must be planned – this is important to:

Make sure all allocated tasks are factored into the working day/shift

ID and obtain resources available/to be used

Place tasks in logical order/sequence

(Continued)

Slide 27

Plan observation and monitoring Obtain relevant intelligence

Clarify requirements of jobs/tasks

Determine/allocate time for each job

Take responsibility for personal safety

Slide 28

Plan observation and monitoringPlanning activities:

Determining relevant locations and sites for work

Calculating security staff number required for work to be done safely and effectively

Identifying resources required

(Continued)

Slide 29

Plan observation and monitoring Selecting observation points/locations

Identifying targets for observation and monitoring

Human

Physical

Functions/events

Slide 30

Plan observation and monitoring

Tasks/duties you may be required to undertake:

Conducting routine venue security

Monitoring and observing crowds

Undertaking screening activities

(Continued)

Slide 31

Plan observation and monitoring Checking patron ID

Controlling access to:

Venue

Designated areas

Monitoring egress of people from the venue

Slide 32


You may also receive ‘assignment instructions’ for specific tasks as determined by management:

May be in written or verbal form

They are in addition to normal duties

May/will require:

Changes to standard day-to-day activities

Integration of normal work with special assignments

Other staff to undertake your normal duties while you focus on the assignment

Slide 33

Plan observation and monitoringWritten assignment instructions usually provided for tasks such as:

Special surveillance

Investigations

Escort duties

(Continued)

Slide 34


In response to advice/requests from authorities

Where internal risk assessment has identified a problem/threat

Large events/high-traffic situations

Slide 35


Details provided in ‘assignment instructions’:

Specific requirements for the assignment

Objective/s

Access arrangements

Timing

(Continued)

Slide 36


Specified work tasks to be completed as part of the job

Integration of other work with ‘assignment’ requirements

Resources available/to be used

Management structure (reporting, control & command authority) for the assignment

Documentation

Slide 37


Your work will also require you to respond to situations which you have not planned/prepared for – such as:

Investigating alarms

Assisting other staff

Escorting people

(Continued)

Slide 38

Plan observation and monitoring Detaining offenders

Providing ‘first response’ to emergencies

Acting ‘as directed by management’

Liaising/working with police

Fulfilling necessary internal administrative requirements

Slide 39

Notify others

You need to keep others informed of your activities and location so:

Others are updated about what is happening

Personal safety is optimised

Others can use your intelligence/input

Others can give you relevant intel/information

Slide 40

Notify othersCommunication/notification may need to occur:

On arrival at work

When starting work

When taking a break and when returning from a break

When you are ‘involved’

At scheduled times

Slide 41

Notify others

You may need to notify/communicate with:

Management

Owner

Head of Security

Other internal security staff

Police

Emergency services

Private/external security providers

Slide 42

Notify othersNotification/communication can occur in several ways:

Radio

Telephone

Pager

Computer-based

Direct, face-to-face

Slide 43

Summary – Element 1

When preparing for observation and monitoring:

Determine areas and/or people to be observed/monitored

Identify, check and prepare surveillance and detection items, equipment and technology required

Obtain necessary PPE

Obtain and check required communication devices

Identify and clarify required work for the shift

(Continued)

Slide 44

Summary – Element 1 Analyse and clarify requirements for assignment

instructions

Read necessary logs, reports and registers before starting work to update personal knowledge

Plan the upcoming shift – what will be done, where and when

Identify other staff required to support/assist

Advise relevant others regarding start of work/departure for duty

Slide 45

Implement observation and monitoring activitiesPerformance Criteria for this Element are:

Check identification cards

Ensure authorised access to restricted areas

Monitor entry into the premises

Identify unattended items

Identify banned/prohibited persons

Observe people who are behaving suspiciously

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and people

Slide 46

Check ID cardsReasons to check ID:

Verify person presenting ID is the rightful owner of the card

Check age of person

Prove permission to enter restricted areas

Deter illegal activities

(Continued)

Slide 47

Check ID cards Track movement of people in the venue

Ensure compliance with legal requirements

Serve as basis for verifying answers given by customers to questions you ask them

Slide 48

Check ID cardsThere are several types of cards which can be used as ID cards:

Government-issued ID cards

Venue-issued ID cards

Authority/agency ID cards

Slide 49

Check ID cardsYou may be required to check:

Staff ID cards

Visitor ID cards

Supplier ID cards

Patron ID cards

Police ID cards/badges

Slide 50

Check ID cardsProcess for checking ID cards:

Demonstrate appropriate interpersonal skills

Inspect the card

Compare the photograph against the person presenting the card

Ask their date of birth

Conduct ‘other’ checks at the same time

Scan/record the card

Slide 51

Ensure authorised accessReasons to ensure only authorised access is allowed to restricted areas:

Stop public from entering back-of-house areas

Check tickets

Allow delivery drivers access only into approved areas

Check authority of visitors

Identify and remove unauthorised persons

Grant access to suitable authorised staff/persons

Optimise venue, staff and patron security

Meet legal compliance obligations

Slide 52

Ensure authorised access

Techniques to control access to restricted areas:

Swiping ID cards

Using physical barriers

Visual recognition

Inspecting/checking ID cards

Using bio-metric technology

Entering security codes

Using sensors & alarms

Slide 53

Monitor entry to premisesActivities involved in monitoring entry:

Standing near entry points/doors

Observing people as they enter

Talking to people as they walk in

Checking ID

Counting people

Recording details

Slide 54

Monitor entry to premisesAccess should be denied to:

Unwanted persons:

Those who have been barred/black banned

Those who are subject to ‘exclusion orders’

Known trouble-makers

Vagrants

Self-excluded persons

(Continued)

Slide 55

Monitor entry to premises Under-age persons

Intoxicated persons

Anyone with a weapon

Persons prohibited by legislation

Persons ‘in excess’ of maximum patron numbers

People trying to gain access after ‘lock out’ time

Slide 56

Monitor entry to premises

Do not prevent entry to people based only on:

Age

Gender

Race

Language spoken

Disability

Slide 57

Monitor entry to premisesSteps in denying access:

Be form

Be polite

Refrain from physical aggression

Explain the reason

Apologise

Tell them they can come back later/tomorrow – if this is in fact true

Try to give them a stake in the decision – what can you do for them? What useful suggestions can you make?

Slide 58

Identify unattended items Need to promptly identify unattended items:

To return a forgotten items to its owner

Reduce chance of theft

Allow emergency responses to be implemented if item is deemed ‘suspicious’

Slide 59

Identify unattended items

Ways to identify unattended items:

Being constantly alert to the possibility

Actively searching for them

Being advised by another person

Responding to an alarm

‘Suspicious package’:

There is no definition of what is a ‘suspicious package’

Err on the side of caution – best to be safe than sorry

Slide 60

Identify unattended items To deal with an unattended item:

Do not touch it

Inform supervisor

Notify authorities

Make public announcement seeking owner

Ask people nearby if the item belongs to them

Leave package where it was found

Cordon off the area

Evacuate people

Turn off anything likely to trigger an explosion Slide 61


Ways to identify banned or prohibited persons:

Reading internal communications

Talking to other staff

Asking for the person’s ID

As a result of communications from authorities

Through alerts from technology

Slide 62


If banned/prohibited person seeks to make a booking:

Take details of the reservation

Refuse the booking

Be alert to possibility booking may be made later under different name and take appropriate action /advise person making the reservation they will be ‘refused’ on arrival

Slide 63


To deny access to a banned/prohibited person:

Advise other staff immediately

Refuse entry

Explain reason/s

Apologise

Stand your ground

Ask them to leave

Request they do not return

Slide 64

Observe suspicious personsReasons to identify and observe suspicious persons – to:

Comply with assignment instructions

Deter offenders

Safeguard venue, patrons and staff

Identify offenders

Maintain ‘safe and secure’ image of the venue

Slide 65

Observe suspicious persons‘Suspicious’ person/behaviour:

Difficult to define

Can be ‘anyone – any age, any race, male or female

Often determined by the context

May be patron or staff member

Slide 66

Observe suspicious personsExamples of suspicious behaviour:

People who glance around furtively

Someone who spends a lot of time browsing but not buying

Someone wearing bulky clothes

Anyone lingering around known ‘high risk’ stock

Loiterers

People found in restricted areas with no permission to be there

Nervous drivers

Slide 67

Observe suspicious persons Anyone who cannot provide proof-of-age

Unknown workers/service providers

Customers who appear anxious when you approach/talk to them

People who give undue attention to others and or areas where there is cash

Slide 68

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleImportant background information:

Golden rule: Act promptly – ‘nip it in the bud’

Realise everything you do (or do not do) is on public show – this means everything you do/do not do sends a message

You cannot act on ‘hearsay evidence’ you must have first-hand evidence

Slide 69

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleKeys in responding to unlawful acts:

Know what constitutes an illegal act

Notify CCC immediately of what you have discovered/identified

Obtain assistance

Intervene – as required

Provide ‘first responder’ action – fight fire, give first aid

Record evidence – preserve the scene

Slide 70

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleKeys in responding to unacceptable behaviour:

Know with certainty what the ‘house rules’ are

Move closer & observe

Notify CCC

Talk to those involved and ask them to modify their behaviour/language

Ask them to leave

Escort people away/out of the venue

Mingle with others and reassure them/apologise

Maintain contact with CCC Slide 71

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleActivities involved in monitoring and observing suspicious persons:

Covertly watch them

Record activities

Obtain assistance from others

Ask for CCTV tracking and recording

Slide 72

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleWhen immediately responding to a suspicious person situation:

Notify others

Approach the person

Make eye contact

Speak directly to them

Ask them questions

Detain them

Direct them what to do

Thank them for cooperation

Apologise – if appropriate Slide 73

Respond to unlawful or suspicious incidents and peopleWhen immediately responding to a suspicious incident situation :

Notify CCC

Observe

Investigate

Slide 74

Summary – Element 2 When implementing observation and monitoring activities:

Check ID cards as and when required of internal and external personnel

Maintain civility and customer service to the best extent when checking IDs and undertaking other observation and monitoring activities

Control access to, and patrol and monitor restricted areas

Monitor and respond to alarms

(Continued)

Slide 75

Summary – Element 2 Monitor patrons as they enter the premises and certain

areas within the venue to check age, behaviour, dress, language and intoxication

Refuse entry to people as necessary

Ensure all legal obligations are complied with by the venue and persons who are on the premises

Be alert to the presence of unattended items and suspicious packages in the venue and respond promptly to these situations

Identify and remove banned or prohibited persons

(Continued)

Slide 76

Summary – Element 2 Observe, monitor and respond suspicious persons and

incidents

Be sure to address problems quickly so troublesome situations can be 'nipped in the bud’

Never rely totally on hearsay evidence

Respond appropriately to unlawful and suspicious events

Respond appropriately to unacceptable behaviour and suspicious persons

Realise everything you do and say in a public space is ‘on show’ to others in the area

Slide 77

Determine apprehension of offenders

Performance Criteria for this Element are:

Identify if lawful arrest should be effected

Prepare for apprehension

Slide 78

Identify if lawful arrest should be effectedCitizen’s arrest:

“A citizen's arrest is when you, as someone who is not a duly sworn police officer, detains a person because you know the other person is committing or has just committed an offence such as a theft, assault or criminal damage.”

Detaining a person = a citizen’s arrest

Can apply only to specific types of offences (refer Work Project 4.1)

Slide 79

Identify if lawful arrest should be effectedPoints to consider when deciding whether or not to make a citizen’s arrest:

Type of behaviour evaluated against legislation

Having ‘reasonable grounds’

Personal safety

Safety of others

Timeliness of the arrest

What force may be required?

(Continued)

Slide 80

Identify if lawful arrest should be effected Verify you have venue permission to make an arrest

Check back-up is available

Make sure you know the local laws regarding citizen’s arrests

Make sure you know exactly who the offender is

Be 100% sure of your facts – if in doubt, never make an arrest

(Continued)

Slide 81

Identify if lawful arrest should be effected Advise CCC of your intentions

Wait for police if you believe the offender is likely to stay on the premises – and maintain ‘eyes on’

Try to have a male present when apprehending a male – and a female present when apprehending a female

Be as quiet as possible when making the arrest

Slide 82

Identify if lawful arrest should be effectedProblems potentially associated with making an arrest:

Legal action for wrongful arrest or detention:

Criminal action

Civil action

Resistance from the offender

Failure to cooperate

Slide 83

Prepare for apprehensionPlanning to make a citizen’s arrest:

Determine if assistance is needed

Decide if you should make the arrest or if it is best to wait for police to arrive

Plan your actions

Ensure safety of others

Consider protection of assets to best extent possible

Determine how you will hold/restrain the offender

Slide 84

Summary – Element 3 When determining apprehension of offenders:

Ensure you fully understand the relevant laws of the country

Know offences common to your industry/venue

Always take consideration of making a citizen’s arrest seriously

Realise detaining someone is usually the equivalent of arresting them

Be aware of the legal action which can result from a false arrest

Ensure you are totally sure of the identity of the offender

(Continued) Slide 85

Summary – Element 3 Make sure you have proof

Advise others of your intention to make an arrest

Obtain back-up

Delay the citizen’s arrest if possible until police arrive and let them deal with the situation

Be sure your venue authorises you to make a citizen’s arrest

Always consider your personal safety and the safety of others

Plan what you will do, what you will say and how you will implement the arrest

Slide 86

Arrest offendersPerformance Criteria for this Element are:

Observe legal rights of the offender

Apprehend the offender

Search the offender

Maintain personal safety

Detain the offender

Slide 87

Observe legal rights of offender

Rights of the offender after arrest vary between countries – you can learn what applies by:

Speaking with venue solicitor

Talking to police

Reading legislation

Researching on the Internet

Asking management

Attending specific training

Slide 88

Observe legal rights of offenderNeed to respect legal rights of person who has been arrested:

Avoid legal action

Optimise chance of offender being prosecuted

Inform offender of what is occurring

Respect civil liberty and civil rights

Demonstrate professionalism

Slide 89

Observe legal rights of offender

Possible rights of the offender after they have been arrested may include:

To be told why they have been arrested

Be subject only to use of ‘reasonable force’

To be treated with respect and decency

Privacy

Right to protection/safety

Right not to cooperate with you

Right not to speak/answer questions

Right not to incriminate themselves

Right not to be searched

Slide 90

Apprehend the offenderPre-requisites for making a citizen’s arrest:

Personal safety is optimised

Safety of others is assured

You have prepared a plan

You are certain an offence has been committed and can identify the offender

You believe the citizen’s arrest is the best course of action

Slide 91

Apprehend the offenderAlternatives to making a citizen’s arrest:

Ignore the situation and take no action

Look at the offender – let them know they are being watched

Talk into your radio while observing the offender

Talk directly to the person, ask them to modify behaviour and advise of consequences

Ask them to leave the venue

Slide 92

Apprehend the offenderWhen making a citizen’s arrest:

Approach the person following your plan

Identify yourself

Tell them you are arresting them

Place a hand on them

(Continued)

Slide 93

Apprehend the offender

Explain why they are being arrested

Tell them of the evidence/proof you have

Ask them to accompany you to certain location

Restrain the person – if necessary

Comply with all requirements of in-country legislation

Slide 94

Search the offenderAfter arrest you may want to search the offender – but:

Local laws may not allow this

You may be charged by police if you conduct an illegal search

The offender may launch civil action against you

Slide 95

Search the offender

Reasons to search:

Look for items which may cause injury

Find evidence

Identify the offender

Slide 96

Search the offenderIt is usually illegal for you to:

Frisk the person

Forcibly submit them to a search

Open their bags/possessions

Slide 97

Search the offender

It is legal to:

Ask/request the person to turn out their pockets

Ask permission to search their bags/belongings

The best course of action is to leave the search process to police

Slide 98


You must always maintain your safety when making an arrest and the safety of others – if you cannot guarantee this:

Abandon the arrest

Do not initiate the arrest

Slide 99


When making an arrest it is vital to remember:

You are not a police officer

You are not paid to risk your life

The venue carries insurance to cover most losses/damage

Other evidence is likely to exist to enable police to follow-up

Slide 100


Techniques to maintain safety:

Secure/restrain the offender

Getting back-up to assist

Watching the offender

Moving threats/potential weapons out of reach

(Continued)

Slide 101

Maintain personal safety Continue to use only ‘reasonable force’ (and only do

this if necessary)

Advise aggression will be met with force

Move away from the offender

Ask others to move away

Advise others of potential risk

Protect assets from danger/damage

Slide 102

Detain the offender

Once person has been arrested:

They must be handed over to police as soon as possible

Check to confirm police have been called/notified

Contact/call police if this has not already been done

Tell offender police have been called and are on the way

Slide 103

Detain the offender

While detaining an offender:

Maintain/observe their rights

Protect them against harm/injury

Give first aid – if necessary

Provide suitable responses to basic human needs

Slide 104

Detain the offender

Always adhere to internal requirements when a person has been arrested – these may include:

Notifying management/designated person

Recording details of the arrest on internal documentation

Slide 105


When arresting offenders:

Be sure you have sufficient reason/proof to make the arrest

Be convinced making an arrest is the best course of action

Make sure the legal rights of the offender are maintained

Protect the safety, well-being and human rights of the offender

Notify the police as soon as possible to arrange transfer of custody

(Continued) Slide 106

Summary – Element 4 Document the incident according to house policy

capturing all relevant details

Notify the offender they are under arrest

Tell the offender why they have been arrested

Only search the offender is permission to do so is given

Do not frisk the person

Detain the offender in accordance with locallaws/requirements

Slide 107

Fulfill administrative responsibilities

Performance Criteria for this Element are:

Complete necessary internal forms and reports

Cooperate with the authorities to process the offender

Cooperate with management in making recommendations to enhance patron and staff safety

Slide 108

Complete forms and reportsRequirements when completing documents:

Documents and requirements vary between venues

Must be completed in a timely manner

Forms and reports usually need to be ‘forwarded’

Accuracy is vital

Obtain in-house training

Look at forms and reports competed by others

Keep a copy

Seek advice when unsure about what to do

Slide 109

Complete forms and reports

Forms will be either/or:

Paper-based

Electronic

Slide 110


Forms and reports may include:

Incident details/report, log or register

Damage and loss assessments

Patrol logs

Insurance claims

Witness statements

Legally-required documentation

Slide 111


Reasons to complete forms and reports:

Provide source of information

Establish legal cause

Comply with management requirements

Provide basis for evidence

Assist investigation

Monitor incidents and trends

Slide 112

Cooperate with authorities to process offenderHelping police may include:

Being interviewed and making a statement

Providing police with copies of internal forms/reports

Sharing/showing evidence you have

Picking offender from line-up

Providing CCTV footage

Verifying statements of offender

Answering questions

Explaining context of the incident Slide 113

Cooperate with management to enhance safetyWays to help management enhance safety:

Engage with risk management activities

Participate in staff meetings and briefings

Participate in workplace inspections

Attend relevant industry seminars, conventions and conferences

Contribute ideas and suggestions

(Continued)

Slide 114

Cooperate with management to enhance safety Be willing to trial initiatives

Complete all forms and reports as required

Visit other venues to see what they are doing in relation to safety

Develop and use an industry network of security people/staff

Identify and analyse internal indicators of safety problems/issues

Comply with management directives

Slide 115

Cooperate with management to enhance safety

Follow a two-stage approach for making recommendation:

(1) Make verbal suggestion

(2) Supplement with written recommendation:

If management seems interested

If requested

Slide 116

Cooperate with management to enhance safetyInclude the following in written recommendations:

Your name and contact details

Date

Rationale

Action plan

(Continued)

Slide 117

Cooperate with management to enhance safety Recommendations for:

Equipment, systems and technology

Providers/suppliers

Timelines

Training required

Staff/hours required

Transitional arrangements

Benefits anticipated

Costs Slide 118


When fulfilling administrative responsibilities:

Complete all necessary documents following regular shifts & individual incidents

Comply with venue requirements and legally imposed obligations

Forward completed to documents to nominated person/s

View what others have done to get a feel for what is required

(Continued)

Slide 119


Seek to understand why reports and forms are required and what they are used for

Work with authorities/police as required to process offender

Support management in their efforts to enhance patron and venue safety

Make informed suggestion to improve workplace safety

Slide 120