D1-WaterAid-initiative-Improved-Fecal-Sludge-Management-Urban-Bangladesh

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WaterAid’s initiative for

Improved Fecal Sludge Management

in Urban Bangladesh

Khulna, June 2013



www.wateraid.org/bangladesh

About WaterAid

WaterAid has been working in Bangladesh since 1986; registered in

1996;

Currently we work in 34 sub-districts (24 districts), 4 cities and 5

small towns through 30 partner NGOs

In cities, we work with slum dwellers and low income communities,

and floating population

In small towns we are for devising a model of sustainable servicedelivery for the urban poor and the disadvantaged;

We do policy advocacy for pro-poor utility services




Initiatives on FSM

Awareness on FSM in

Khulna City

Campaign by Municipalities

to reduce connection tosurface water

VacuTug Operation in Dhaka

since 2000 (DSK and PSTC)

Action Research on Sludge

Treatment and Composting(Buro Happold, UK)

Regulation and Mass

awarenessCollection and transportation Treatment & re-use

Action Research towards Safe Fecal Sludge Management in Faridpur town (Practical Action)

DEWATS: Sector capacity building and

Introduced two towns (Khulna & Shakhipur)

Studies:

(i) Business Model Assessment in FSM [Khulna, Faridpur & Dhaka] (2011), Prof Firoj Ahmed

(ii) Present Status of FSM in Khulna City (2009-10), Dr. Muhammed Alamgir, KUET

(iii) A step towards improved FSM in Khulna ('09-10), Vincent Courilleau, Canfield University




• Safe disposal of fecal sludge included in the definition sanitation, asindicator for community situation analysis and in the awareness

messages

• Discuss with Municipalities about the situation and practice (connection

of latrine to the drains/ water bodies, pit emptying , transportation and

disposal) and provisions for enforcement of law

• Support municipalities for organizing campaign for reduction of open

connection of latrine and safe disposal of fecal sludge

• Conduct training to the sweepers (municipal and private) on safe

disposal of fecal sludge and provide safety equipment

• Facilitate exposure visit to other municipalities

Regulation and awareness – initiatives




• Municipalities are reluctant to impose legal instruments for unsafedisposal of FS

• Role of City Development Authorities are not visible

• Majority of the town dwellers do not know about the services and

procedures ; hence they depend on traditional methods

• Municipalities rely on NGOs for campaign on improved FSM; hence no

budget put for this purpose

• Small Towns do not yet consider FSM as an important issue for total

sanitation and have not capacity to manage this services

Regulation and awareness – Learning




• Introduced a Vacu Tug in Dhaka city in 2000; two NGOs (DSK & PSTC)are operating two system.

• DSK are at break-event while PSTC system is subsidized

• Disposal place is limited in cities

• Do not get access to low income communities and slums

Collection and transportation



Can’t get access to LIC and slums




Inappropriate technique for collection




• Collection and transportation of FS can a good business - particularly inlarge and medium towns

• NGOs are not the right choice for doing this job; Private sector can do

business as they do for water and solid waste

•Demand for collection and transportation are directly linked withregulation; hence is a considerable factor for business plan

• Municipal tariff based does not always work – customers often need to

bargain

Collection and transportation – Learning




• Sector capacity for introduction of DEWATS in Bangladesh

• Introduced DEWATS in two towns (Khulna and Shakhipur) - for sectoral

learning

• Action research fecal sludge management (jointly with Practical Action

and Faridpur Municipality)› Treatment for reducing pollutant

› Composting for making the system financially viable (business plan)

• Co-composting in Shakhipur: Fecal Sludge, Solid Waste, and Poultry

litters

Treatment and Re-use – Initiatives




DEWATS - Shakhipur




Main aims of the design:

» Maximise evaporation of

water from sludge

» Minimise odors

» Reduce pathogens

» Minimise cost of sludge

treatment

» Minimise materials needed

» Minimise treatment time

Solar sludge drying – action research




FS Treatment– Some key questions

1. Do we need a filter base?

2. What roofing material works best?

3. Does a solar chimney help increase ventilation rates?

4. What pathogen reduction is achievable?

5. How much does ambient temperature and humidity affect the drying rate

and pathogen reduction?

6. How long does it take to dry out sludge to a safe, handleable

consistency?7. What design minimises odours most effectively?

8. How much does a system cost and what materials are needed?





Do we need a filter base? Yes - we have found that a filter base is an important component of thisapproach to sludge drying, even in hot conditions.

What roofing material works best?

We have found that a clear plastic roof performs best in terms of heat gain

and reducing drying times. Its long term and whole-life perofrmance is yet tobe adequately assessed however.

Does a solar chimney help increase ventilation rates?

This is as yet untested, and may actually prove to add unneccessarycomplexity to the design.

What pathogen reduction is achievable?

We have achieved a 99% reduction after ten days in key indicator pathogenssuch as E.Coli. More resistant pathogens such as helminths and ClostridiumPerfringens are difficult to destroy outright through any technology, and resultsare so far inconclusive in terms of how effectively solar sludge drying can

manage their numbers.





How much does ambient temperature and humidity affect the drying rate andpathogen reduction?

Ambient temperature and humidity can have a significant effect on thedrying rate, and should be considered as key variables.

How long does it take to dry out sludge to a safe, handleable consistency?

The current approach takes 5 to 10 days depending on ambienttemperatures.

What design minimises odours most effectively?

No significant odours were noticed around the design, although an

enclosed roof was thought to perform better.

How much does a system cost and what materials are needed?

This will be established once the design has been finalised.

Documents

D1-WaterAid-initiative-Improved-Fecal-Sludge-Management-Urban-Bangladesh