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A S
um
mary
of
Pro
po
sed
Ch
an
ges t
o
AA
SH
TO
M 2
95 R
esu
ltin
g f
rom
NC
HR
P P
roje
ct
18-1
3 -
Sp
ecif
icati
on
s a
nd
Pro
toc
ols
fo
r A
cc
ep
tan
ce
Te
sts
of
Fly
As
h
Us
ed
in
Hig
hw
ay C
on
cre
te
La
rry S
utte
r
Mic
hig
an
Te
ch
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n In
stitu
te
2013 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference - April 22-25, 2013 in Lexington, KY
http://www.flyash.info/
Ac
kn
ow
led
ge
me
nts
NC
HR
P 1
8-1
3 S
pecific
ations a
nd
Pro
toco
ls fo
r A
cce
pta
nce
Te
sts
of
Fly
Ash U
sed in H
ighw
ay C
oncre
te
Larr
y S
utt
er1
, D
oug H
ooto
n2,
Scott
Schlo
rholtz
3
&
Zeyad A
hm
ed
1, M
ela
nie
Kueber
Watk
ins
1,
Da
vid
Ha
nd
1, A
nd
re d
e G
roo
t2
1 M
ichig
an T
echnolo
gic
al U
niv
ers
ity
2 U
niv
ers
ity o
f Toro
nto
3 Io
wa
Sta
te U
niv
ers
ity
Dis
cla
imer
Th
e r
ese
arc
h w
ork
pre
se
nte
d h
ere
in w
as p
erf
orm
ed a
s p
art
of
the
Na
tio
na
l C
oo
pera
tive
H
igh
wa
y
Re
sea
rch
P
rogra
m
Pro
ject
18
-13
“Sp
ecific
atio
ns a
nd
Pro
toco
ls f
or
Accepta
nce
Tests
of
Fly
Ash
Use
d
in
Hig
hw
ay
Co
ncre
te”.
T
his
pre
sen
tatio
n
doe
s
no
t ne
ce
ssa
rily
ind
ica
te
acce
pta
nce
by
the
N
atio
na
l A
ca
de
mie
s,
the
F
ed
era
l
Hig
hw
ay A
dm
inis
tra
tio
n,
or
by th
e A
merica
n A
sso
cia
tio
n of
Sta
te
Hig
hw
ay O
ffic
ials
of
the f
ind
ing
s,
co
nclu
sio
ns,
or
reco
mm
end
ations
eith
er
infe
rre
d o
r sp
ecific
ally
exp
resse
d h
ere
in.
Re
fere
nce
:
Sutt
er,
L.L
., R
.D.
Hooto
n,
S.
Schlo
rholtz. “N
CH
RP
Rep
ort
749:
Fly
Ash f
or
Hig
hw
ay
Concre
te.”
N
ational
Coopera
tive
H
igh
wa
y
Researc
h
Pro
gra
m.
Tra
nsport
ation R
esearc
h B
oard
. W
ashin
gto
n D
.C.
(2013).
(In
pre
ss)
•O
bje
ctive
- r
ecom
mend p
ote
ntial
impro
vem
ents
to s
pecific
ations
and t
est pro
tocols
to d
ete
rmin
e
the a
ccepta
bili
ty o
f fly a
sh f
or
use
in h
ighw
ay c
oncre
te
NC
HR
P 1
8-1
3
•C
ha
racte
rization S
tudy –
evalu
ate
exis
ting s
pecific
ations
an
d c
lassific
ation m
eth
ods f
or
CFA
•S
tre
ngth
Test S
tud
y –
investigate
test m
eth
ods f
or
ch
ara
cte
rizin
g t
he
str
en
gth
activity o
f C
FA
•C
arb
on E
ffects
on
Air E
ntr
ain
ment
Stu
dy –
develo
p t
est
me
thods f
or
chara
cte
rizin
g t
he a
dsorp
tion p
ropert
ies o
f
resid
ual ca
rbon
in C
FA
•A
SR
Mitig
ation S
tudy –
exam
ine t
est m
eth
ods t
o
eva
luate
use o
f C
FA
to m
itig
ate
alk
ali-
sili
ca r
eaction in
co
ncre
te
NC
HR
P 1
8-1
3
Ch
ara
cte
riza
tio
n S
tudy
•G
ath
ere
d d
ata
on
10
0+
CFA
so
urc
es
•S
urv
eye
d t
he
SH
As t
o d
ete
rmin
e c
om
mo
n
so
urc
es u
se
d
•S
ele
cte
d 3
0 fo
r com
pre
he
nsiv
e a
naly
sis
–1
7 C
lass F
, 13 C
lass C
–S
ele
cte
d s
ourc
es f
rom
the 3
0 b
est suited f
or
the o
ther
testin
g p
erf
orm
ed
Su
mm
ary
of 3
0 S
ourc
es
•S
um
of S
iO2, A
l 2O
3, and F
e2O
3: 51.8
to 9
2.7
%
•C
alc
ium
oxid
e (
CaO
): 0
.9 to 3
0.6
%
•N
a2O
e: 0.3
to 7
.9%
.
•L
OI:
0.1
to
5.6
%
•F
ineness:
10 t
o 2
4.0
%
•S
trength
Inde
x (
7-d
ay test valu
e):
75 to 1
12%
•S
tre
ngth
In
de
x (
28-d
ay t
est va
lue):
80
to
12
0%
•W
ate
r re
quire
ment: 9
3 to 1
00%
•D
ensity:
2.1
to
2.8
g p
er
cubic
-centim
ete
r
Als
o m
ade b
lends t
o a
chie
ve h
igher
LO
I
Ch
ara
cte
riza
tio
n S
tudy
•C
hara
cte
rized
30
sou
rces u
sin
g A
ST
M C
311
meth
od
s
–A
ll A
AS
HT
O M
295 R
equired a
nd O
ptional C
hem
ical
and P
hysic
al P
ropert
ies
–P
ozzola
nic
Activity Index (
PA
I) u
sin
g A
ST
M C
311
meth
ods
–Q
ualit
ative X
RD
•Q
ua
ntita
tive
XR
D a
nd
TG
A/D
TA
on
8 s
ele
cte
d
so
urc
es
Ch
em
ica
l C
lassific
ation
Ch
em
ica
l C
lassific
ation
Ch
em
ica
l C
lassific
ation
Ch
em
ica
l C
lassific
ation
Ava
ilab
le A
lka
li vs. To
tal A
lka
li
Str
en
gth
Activity In
dex
•S
tre
ngth
Activity I
ndex is q
uestioned a
s it allo
ws inert
ma
terials
to p
ass
•E
xp
erim
ents
perf
orm
ed w
ith n
on
-pozzola
nic
quart
z fill
er
Str
eng
th T
est
Stu
dy
•S
tre
ngth
Activity I
ndex is q
uestioned a
s it allo
ws inert
ma
terials
to p
ass
•E
xp
erim
ents
perf
orm
ed w
ith n
on
-pozzola
nic
quart
z fill
er
Str
eng
th T
est
Stu
dy
•E
valu
ate
d t
he K
eil
Hydra
ulic
Index
•R
ep
lace a
n e
qu
al p
erc
en
tage
of th
e c
ontr
ol sa
mp
le
ce
ment w
ith a
n inert
fill
er
•E
valu
ate
d d
iffe
ren
t fille
rs,
repla
cem
ent
levels
, and
ce
ments
Str
eng
th T
est
Stu
dy
Ke
il H
yd
rau
lic In
de
x
Ke
il H
yd
rau
lic In
de
x
Str
en
gth
Activity In
dex
•Take A
ways
–T
he
Ke
il H
yd
rau
lic In
de
x p
rovid
ed
a te
st th
at id
en
tifie
d s
tre
ng
th
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n s
ep
ara
te fro
m “
fille
r” e
ffe
cts
–T
he test w
as s
ensitiv
e to the c
em
ent used
–O
the
r e
va
lua
tio
ns o
f th
e e
xis
tin
g s
tre
ng
th a
ctivity in
de
x s
ho
we
d
incre
asin
g th
e s
pe
cific
atio
n lim
it t
o 8
5%
elim
ina
ted
in
ert
mate
rials
–N
ee
d to
ch
an
ge
th
e tim
e r
eq
uir
ed
fo
r te
stin
g to
acco
md
ate
so
me
Cla
ss F
ash
Str
eng
th T
est
Stu
dy
•E
ffe
ct of C
arb
on o
n A
ir E
ntr
ain
ment
–T
he
LO
I te
st is
ad
eq
ua
te fo
r e
stim
atin
g th
e to
tal ca
rbo
n b
ut d
oe
s
not adequate
ly identify
if th
e c
arb
on w
ill e
ffect air e
ntr
ain
ment
–T
he
re is a
ne
ed
fo
r a
te
st to
dire
ctly d
ete
rmin
e a
dso
rptio
n
ca
pa
city
–T
he foam
index test is
usefu
l at dete
rmin
ing the inte
raction o
f th
e
fly a
sh
with
air e
ntr
ain
me
nt a
dm
ixtu
res b
ut h
as n
ot b
ee
n
sta
nd
ard
ized
an
d is n
ot p
art
of A
AS
HT
O M
29
5 o
r A
ST
M C
311
Ca
rbo
n E
ffe
cts
on A
ir E
ntr
ain
me
nt S
tud
y
Carb
on E
ffects
on A
ir E
ntr
ain
ment S
tudy
•F
our
tests
evalu
ate
d:
–F
oam
Dra
inage
–F
oam
Index
–D
irect A
dsorp
tion I
soth
erm
–C
oal F
ly A
sh I
odin
e N
um
ber
Fo
am
In
de
x T
est
•E
valu
ate
d 1
6 p
ublis
he
d v
ers
ions
•A
dop
ted
th
e m
eth
odo
logy o
f H
arr
is w
ith
som
e
mod
ific
atio
ns
Ha
rris
, N
. J.,
K. C
. H
ove
r, K
. J. F
olli
ard
, a
nd
M. T. L
ey.
Th
e U
se
of th
e F
oa
m In
de
x T
est to
Pre
dic
t A
EA
Do
sa
ge
in
Co
ncre
te C
on
tain
ing
Fly
Ash
: P
art
I-E
va
lua
tio
n o
f th
e S
tate
of P
ractice. Jo
urn
al o
f
AS
TM
Inte
rnational, V
ol. 5
, N
o. 7, 2008.
Ha
rris
, N
. J.,
K. C
. H
ove
r, K
. J. F
olli
ard
, a
nd
M. T. L
ey.
Th
e U
se
of th
e F
oa
m In
de
x T
est to
Pre
dic
t A
EA
Do
sa
ge
in
Co
ncre
te C
on
tain
ing
Fly
Ash
: P
art
II-
De
ve
lop
me
nt o
f a
Sta
nd
ard
Te
st M
eth
od
:
Ap
pa
ratu
s a
nd
Pro
ce
du
re. Jo
urn
al o
f A
ST
M In
tern
atio
na
l, V
ol. 5
, N
o. 7
, 2
00
8.
Harr
is, N
. J.,
K. C
. H
over,
K. J. F
olli
ard
, and M
. T. Ley.
The U
se o
f th
e F
oam
Index T
est to
Pre
dic
t A
EA
Do
sa
ge
in
Co
ncre
te C
on
tain
ing
Fly
Ash
: P
art
III
-De
ve
lop
men
t o
f a
Sta
nd
ard
Te
st M
eth
od
:
Pro
po
rtio
ns o
f M
ate
ria
ls. Jo
urn
al o
f A
ST
M In
tern
atio
na
l, V
ol. 5
, N
o. 7
, 2
00
8.
Fo
am
In
de
x T
est
•2
g a
sh
, 8
g c
em
en
t
•25
mL w
ate
r
•A
dd
AE
A s
olu
tio
n d
rop
-wis
e
–5
% v
ol. A
EA
/ W
ate
r solu
tion
–(0
.02 m
L/d
rop)
•S
ha
ke
n,
no
t stirr
ed
•Lo
ok fo
r a s
tab
le fo
am
•Repeat…
•V
ary
Solu
tio
n S
tren
gth
–2
, 6, 10, 15 %
vol. A
EA
•A
chie
ve u
niform
co
nta
ct
tim
e
–1
2 t
o 1
8 m
inu
tes
•D
ete
rmin
e t
ota
l AE
A
ad
de
d
–F
oam
Index
Fo
am
In
de
x T
est
•B
ene
fits
–C
he
ap &
Easy
•Is
su
es
–N
ot
achie
vin
g
eq
uili
brium
–N
ot
quantita
tive
–S
ub
jective
•A
gita
tio
n?
•W
ha
t is
a s
tab
le fo
am
?
Fo
am
In
de
x T
est
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Adsorp
tion B
ased T
ests
•A
dso
rptio
n c
ha
racte
rized
by a
n a
dso
rptio
n
iso
the
rm
•M
ultip
le a
dso
rptio
n m
ode
ls a
nd iso
the
rms
•F
reu
nd
lich I
soth
erm
–q
= m
ass o
f a
dso
rba
te a
dso
rbe
d p
er
un
it m
ass o
f a
dso
rbe
nt, m
g/g
–K
= F
reu
nd
lich
iso
the
rm c
ap
acity p
ara
me
ter,
(m
g/g
) (L
/mg
)1/n
–C
= S
olu
tio
n c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n, m
g/L
–1/n
= F
reundlic
h isoth
erm
inte
nsity p
ara
mete
r, d
imensio
nle
ss
q=
K´
C1/n
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Fre
undlic
h Isoth
erm
S
lope =
1/n
In
terc
ept
= log K
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Direct A
dsorp
tion Isoth
erm
•B
ase
d o
n e
xis
tin
g A
ST
M t
est m
eth
od w
ith
mod
ific
atio
ns:
–M
od
ifie
d p
roced
ure
fo
r d
ete
rmin
ing
so
lution
co
ncentr
ation
•C
OD
te
st ve
rsu
s s
pe
ctr
osco
pic
me
tho
ds
–N
ee
de
d t
o a
ccou
nt
for
the
co
ntr
ibu
tion
of ce
me
nt
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Dire
ct A
dso
rptio
n I
so
the
rm
dete
rmin
es A
EA
adsorp
tion “
capacity”
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Direct A
dsorp
tion Isoth
erm
•M
ea
su
res th
e a
dso
rptio
n c
ap
acity o
f th
e
ash A
ND
th
e a
dsorp
tion c
apacity o
f th
e
AE
A
•C
an
be u
se
d to
estim
ate
AE
A d
osa
ge
•S
imple
exe
cu
tio
n
–S
cale
s
–B
eakers
& S
tir
Pla
te &
Filt
ratio
n
–C
OD
Kits &
Colo
rim
ete
r
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Direct A
dsorp
tion Isoth
erm
V
insol re
sin
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Direct A
dsorp
tion Isoth
erm
A
lpha o
lephin
sulfonate
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Coal F
ly A
sh Iodin
e N
um
ber
•B
ase
d o
n e
xis
tin
g A
ST
M t
est m
eth
od w
ith
mod
ific
atio
ns:
–H
Cl tr
eatm
en
t to
acid
ify t
he
ash a
nd
re
mo
ve S
O3
–In
itia
l solu
tion s
trength
s m
odifie
d (
0.0
25 N
vs 0
.1 N
)
–T
arg
et concentr
ation f
or
dete
rmin
ing c
apacity d
iffe
rs
from
publis
hed t
est m
eth
od (
0.0
1 N
vs 0
.02)
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Coal F
ly A
sh Iodin
e N
um
ber
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Coal F
ly A
sh Iodin
e N
um
ber
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Coal F
ly A
sh Iodin
e N
um
ber
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Iodin
e N
um
ber
vs. C
apacity
Mate
rials
in S
usta
inable
Tra
nsport
ation Infr
astr
uctu
re -
Mic
hig
an T
ech
Coal F
ly A
sh Iodin
e N
um
ber
•M
ea
su
res th
e a
dso
rptio
n c
ap
acity o
f th
e
ash
•D
oe
s n
ot
acco
un
t fo
r th
e a
dso
rptio
n
ca
pacity o
f th
e A
EA
•S
imple
exe
cu
tio
n
–S
cale
s
–B
eakers
& S
tir
Pla
te &
Filt
ratio
n
–T
itra
tio
n
•Ta
ke
Aw
ays
–P
ub
lish
a s
tan
da
rdiz
ed v
ers
ion
of th
e fo
am
in
de
x te
st th
at
pro
vid
es a
un
ifo
rm te
st tim
e a
nd
me
ch
an
ica
l a
gita
tio
n
–S
pe
cify u
se
of th
e th
e c
oa
l fly a
sh
io
din
e n
um
be
r to
eva
lua
te a
sh
ad
so
rptio
n p
ote
ntia
l
–S
pecify u
se o
f th
e d
irect adso
rption isoth
erm
test to
evalu
ate
fly
ash
– a
ir e
ntr
ain
er
co
mb
ina
tio
ns
Carb
on E
ffects
on A
ir E
ntr
ain
ment S
tudy
•E
valu
ate
pro
toco
ls fo
r app
lyin
g e
xis
tin
g t
est
me
tho
ds (
AS
TM
C1
56
7 a
nd
AS
TM
C1
29
3)
•E
valu
ate
the
Alk
ali
Le
achin
g T
est (S
heh
ata
an
d
Thom
as,
20
06
) an
d c
orr
ela
te w
ith
th
e r
esults o
f
AS
TM
C1
29
3 a
nd
AS
TM
C1
56
7
–T
he a
lkali
leach
ing t
est is
used t
o d
ete
rmin
e t
he fre
e
alk
alis
availa
ble
to b
e leached f
rom
a p
art
icula
r
co
mbin
ation o
f cem
ent
and f
ly a
sh
AS
R M
itig
ation
Stu
dy
AS
TM
C1
29
3
AS
TM
C1
567
– 1
4 d
ays
AS
TM
C1
567
– 2
8 d
ays
•Ta
ke
Aw
ays
–C
on
firm
ed
th
e A
AS
HT
O P
P-6
5 lim
its o
f 0
.1%
exp
an
sio
n @
14
da
ys fo
r A
ST
M C
15
67
–P
rovid
ed
da
ta s
ho
win
g a
28
-da
y lim
it o
n A
ST
M C
15
67
do
es n
ot
co
rre
late
with
AS
TM
C1
29
3
–A
lkali
Leachin
g T
est –
no c
lear
thre
shold
of alk
ali
rele
ase w
as
ide
ntifie
d th
at co
rre
late
d w
ith
a 0
.04
% A
ST
M C
12
93
exp
an
sio
n
AS
R M
itig
ation S
tudy
•A
dd
a m
axim
um
su
m o
f th
e o
xid
e lim
it (
i.e
., 7
0%
) to
th
e
Cla
ss C
cla
ssific
ation
•R
ep
ort
CaO
, M
gO
, N
a2O
, and K
2O
•A
do
pt th
e u
se o
f th
e I
odin
e N
um
ber
Test and the D
irect
Adso
rption I
soth
erm
Test under
Optional C
hem
ical
Req
uire
me
nts
Reco
mm
en
ded
Ch
an
ges t
o A
AS
HT
O M
295
•R
ais
e t
he
th
e S
tre
ngth
Activity I
nde
x t
o 8
5%
of
con
tro
l
BU
T a
llow
the m
ate
rial to
be q
ualif
ied a
t 7, 28,
OR
56
da
ys
•D
ele
te t
he a
vaila
ble
alk
ali
limit
•D
ele
te u
se o
f A
ST
M C
441 (
Pyre
x G
lass T
est)
and a
dopt
AS
TM
C15
67
with
a 1
4 d
ay lim
it o
f 0
.1%
Reco
mm
en
ded
Ch
an
ges t
o A
AS
HT
O M
295
Qu
estio
ns?
llsutter@
mtu
.edu
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