41
138 Literature Cited Abd El-rhman, A.M., Khattab, Y.A.E. and Shalaby, A.M.E. 2009. Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas species as probiotics for promoting the growth performance and health of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 27: 175-180. Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic bacterial flora on the growth and disease resistance of ornamental fishes Carassius auratus and Xiphophorus hellari. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 25: 27-30. (Retrievable at http://jfas.ege.edu.tr/). Akshat, T., Kailasapathy, K., Arumugasamy, R., Nguyen, M., and Reynolds, N. 2004. Enhancement of oxygen tolerance of probiotic in dairy. Malaysian Journal Microbiology. 6(1): 41-46. Alexis, M.N. and Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou, E., 1986. Amino transferase activity in the liver and white muscle of Mugil capito fed diets containing different levels of protein and carbohydrate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 83: 245–249. Almeida, F. N. and Stein, H. H. 2010. Performance and phosphorus balance of pigs fed diets formulated on the basis of values for standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus. Journal of Animal Science. 88: 2968-2977. Al-Nozaily, F., Alaerts, G. and Veenstra, S. 2000. Performance of duckweed-covered sewage lagoons - II nitrogen and phosphorus balance and plant productivity. Water Research. 34: 2734-2741. Aly, S.M., Abd-El-Rahman, A.M., John, G. and Mohamed, M.F. 2008a. Characterisation of some bacteria isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and their potential use as probiotics. Aquaculture. 277: 1-6. Aly, S.M., Abd-El-Rahman, A.M., John, G. and Mohamed, M.F. 2008b. Effect of probiotics on the survival, growth and challenge infection in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Research. 39: 647-656. Amado, R., Muller-Riemeyer, R., Morti, U. 1980. Protein, neutral sugar content and amino acid. Composition of Lemnaceae. In: Biosystematic Investigations in the family of Duckweed (Lemnaceae). (Eds. Landolt, E. and Veroff, B.) Geobotanisches Institute ETH, Zurich. pp 102-107.

d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

138

Literature Cited

Abd El-rhman, A.M., Khattab, Y.A.E. and Shalaby, A.M.E. 2009. Micrococcus luteus and

Pseudomonas species as probiotics for promoting the growth performance and health

of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 27: 175-180.

Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic

and gut antagonistic bacterial flora on the growth and disease resistance of ornamental

fishes Carassius auratus and Xiphophorus hellari. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic

Sciences. 25: 27-30. (Retrievable at http://jfas.ege.edu.tr/).

Akshat, T., Kailasapathy, K., Arumugasamy, R., Nguyen, M., and Reynolds, N. 2004.

Enhancement of oxygen tolerance of probiotic in dairy. Malaysian Journal

Microbiology. 6(1): 41-46.

Alexis, M.N. and Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou, E., 1986. Amino transferase activity in the

liver and white muscle of Mugil capito fed diets containing different levels of protein

and carbohydrate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 83: 245–249.

Almeida, F. N. and Stein, H. H. 2010. Performance and phosphorus balance of pigs fed diets

formulated on the basis of values for standardized total tract digestibility of

phosphorus. Journal of Animal Science. 88: 2968-2977.

Al-Nozaily, F., Alaerts, G. and Veenstra, S. 2000. Performance of duckweed-covered sewage

lagoons - II nitrogen and phosphorus balance and plant productivity. Water Research.

34: 2734-2741.

Aly, S.M., Abd-El-Rahman, A.M., John, G. and Mohamed, M.F. 2008a. Characterisation of

some bacteria isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and their potential use as

probiotics. Aquaculture. 277: 1-6.

Aly, S.M., Abd-El-Rahman, A.M., John, G. and Mohamed, M.F. 2008b. Effect of probiotics

on the survival, growth and challenge infection in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis

niloticus). Aquaculture Research. 39: 647-656.

Amado, R., Muller-Riemeyer, R., Morti, U. 1980. Protein, neutral sugar content and amino

acid. Composition of Lemnaceae. In: Biosystematic Investigations in the family of

Duckweed (Lemnaceae). (Eds. Landolt, E. and Veroff, B.) Geobotanisches Institute

ETH, Zurich. pp 102-107.

Page 2: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

139

Anderson, D. P. and Siwicki, A. K. 1995. Basic haematology and serology for fish health

programs. In: Diseases in Asian aquaculture II. (Eds. Shariff, M., Arthur, J.R. and

Subasinghe, P.) Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. pp

185–202.

Ansal, M.D., Dhawan, A. and Kaur, V.I. 2010. Duckweed based bioremediation of village

ponds: An ecologically and economically viable integrated approach for rural

development through aquaculture. Livestock research for rural development.

Retrieved Feb 3, 2013, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/7/ansa22129.htm.

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1995. Official methods of analysis.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists Incorporation. Arlington, USA. p 684.

APHA, 1998. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 20th

edn.

American Public Health Association, New York. pp 80-164.

Araya, R.S., Jorquera, M.S. and Riquelme, C.E. 1999. Association of bacteria to the life cycle

of Argopecten purporatus. Revista Chilena De Historia Natural. 72: 261-271.

Askarian, F., Kousha, A., Salma, W. and Ringo, E. 2011. The effect of Lactic acid bacteria

administration on growth, digestive enzymes activity and gut microbiota in persian

sturgeon (Acipensor persicus) and beluga (Huso huso) fry. Aquaculture Nutrition. 17:

488-497.

Attai, R., Whalen, P. J., Shahani, K. M. and Amer, M. A. 1987. Inhibition of growth of

Staphylococcus aureus during production of acidophilus yoghurt. Journal of Food

Protection. 50: 224-228.

Austin, B. 1988. Marine Microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Austin, B. and Austin, D. A. 1987. Bacterial fish pathogens: Disease in farmed and wild fish.

Ellis Horwood Ltd., West Sussex, England. pp 13 – 350.

Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. 2007. Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease in Farmed and Wild

Fish. 4th Eds. Springer-Praxis, Godalming.

Austin, B., Stuckey, L.F., Robertson, P.A.W., Effendi, I. and Griffith, D.R.W. 1995. A

probiotic strain of Vibrio algilolyticus effective in reducing diseases caused by

Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii. Journal of Fish

Disease. 18: 93-96. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01271.x).

Bairagi, A., Sarkarghosh, K., Sen, S.K. and Ray, A.K. 2002. Duckweed (Lemna polyrrhiza)

leaf meal as source of feedstuff in formulated diets for rohu (Labeo rohita)

fingerlings after formulation with a fish intestinal bacterium. Bioresouce

Technology. 85 (1): 17-23.

Page 3: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

140

Balcazar, J.L., Blas, D.I., Ruiz-Zarzuela, I., Vendrell, D., Muzquiz, J.L. 2004. Probiotics: a

tool for the future of fish and shellfish health management. Journal of Aquaculture in

the Tropics. 19: 239–242.

Balcazar, J.L., de-Blas, D., Ruiz, Z.I., Cunningham, D., Vendrell, D. and Muzquiz, J.L. 2006.

The role of probiotics in aquaculture.Veterinary Microbiology. 114 (3-4):173–186.

Ballestrazi, R., Lanari, D., Agaro, E.D. and Mion, A. 1994. The effect of dietary protein level

and source on growth, body composition, total ammonia and reactive phosphate

excretion of growing seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture. 127:197-206.

Bandyopadhyay, P. 2004. Improvement of growth, nutritional quality and immunity of Indian

major carps through probiotic supplement. Ph.D. thesis, Vidyasagar University,

Midnapore-721102, West Bengal. India. p 292.

Bandyopadhyay, P. and Mohapatra, D.P.K. 2009. Effect of a probiotic bacterium Bacillus

circulans PB7 in the formulated diets: on growth, nutritional quality and immunity of

Catla catla (Ham.). Fish Physiology Biochemistry. 35: 467-478.

Bandyopadhyay, P. and Patra, B.C., 2004. Probiotics for sustainable aquaculture and its

utilization trial. In. Course Manual of the summer school on development of

sustainable Aquaculture Technology for Fresh and Saline Waters, Department Of

Zoology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India. pp 61-66.

Bapita, D.C., Divyagnaneswari, M. and Dhinakaran, M. R. 2007. Oral administration of

Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune response and

disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish shellfish Immunology. 23(4):

840-852.

Bardach, J.E., Ryther, J.H. and McLarney, W.O. 1972. Aquaculture: The farming and

husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. John Wiley and Sons. p 867.

Barth, S., Duncker, S., Hempe, J., Breves, G., Baljer, G. and Bauerfeind, R. 2009.

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 for probiotic use in piglets: evidence for intestinal

colonization. Journal of Applied Microbiology.107: 1697-1710.

Baur, R. J. and Buck, D. H. 1980. Utilization of duckweed in the culture of grass carp, tilapia

and freshwater prawns. Illinois Natural History Survey. Kinmundy, Illinois.

Bazaz, M.M. and Keshavanath, P. 1993. Effect of feeding levels of sardine oil on growth,

muscle composition and digestive enzyme activities of Masheer Tor khudree.

Aquaculture. 115: 111-119.

Beamish, F.W.H. and Thomas, E. 1984. Effect of dietary protein and lipid on nitrogen losses

in Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture. 41: 359-371.

Page 4: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

141

Becerra, M., Ogle, B. and Preston T. R. 1994. Effect of replacing whole boiled soybeans with

duckweed (Lemna sp) in the diets of growing ducks. Livestock Research for Rural

Development. 7 (3): 44-55.

Becerra, M., Ogle, B. and Preston, T.R. 1995. Effect of replacing whole boiled soybeans with

duckweed (Lemna sp) in the diets of growing ducks. Livestock research for rural

development.7: 1-10.

Bergh, O. 1995. Bacteria associated with early life stages of halibut, Hippoglossus

hippoglossus L. inhibit growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. Journel of fish Disease. 18:

31-40.

Bernfeld, P. 1955. Amylase [alpha] and [beta]. In: Methods in Enzymology (Eds. Colowick,

S.P. and Kaplan, N.O.). 1: 149-150. Academic Press, NewYork, USA.

Beveridge, M.C.M. 1987. Cage Aquaculture, Fishing News Books Limited., England. p 352.

Beveridge, M.C.M. and Phillips, M.J. 1993. Environment impact of tropical inland

aquaculture, protein 213-236. In: Environment and aquaculture in developing

countries. (Eds. Pullin, R.S.V., Rosenthal, H. and. Maclean, J.L). International Center

for Living Aquatic Resources Management Conference Proceedings. 31: 359-364.

Bhatnagar, A. and Raparia, S. 2014. Optimum dietary inclusion level of Bacillus coagulans

for growth and digestibility improvement for Catla catla (Hamilton). International

Journal of Current Research and Review. 6 (7): 01-10.

Bhatnagar, Anita and Khandelwal, Sudesh. 2009. Enzyme producing bacterial flora isolated

from digestive tract of fresh water teleost Catla catla (Hamilton) In: Abstracts

National Seminar on Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in

Research. Organized by Indian Science Congress Association, Bhopal Chapter Sant

Hirdaram Girls College, Sant Hirdaram Nagar, Bhopal. pp 32-33.

hatnagar, Anita and Sushma. 2008. Role of probiotics as Dietary Supplement in Aquafeeds

In: Abstracts on ‘Recent Advances in Zoological Sciences: Applications to

Agriculture, Environment and Human Health held at PAU, Ludhiana. p 70.

Bhatnagar, Anita., Raparia, Shashi., Kumari, Sudesh. 2012. Influence of isolated Bacillus

coagulans on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of Catla catla.

Journal of Nature Science and Sustainable Technology. 6 (3): 225-235.

Bly, J.E., Quiniou, S.M.A., Lawson, L.A. and Clem, L.W. 1997. Inhibition of Saprolegnia

pathogenic for fish by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Fish Diseases. 20: 35–40.

Bouali, M., Zrafi, I., Mouna, F. and Bakhrouf, A. 2012. Pilot study of constructed wetlands

for tertiary wastewater treatment using duckweed and immobilized microalgae.

African Journal of Microbiology Research. 6 (31): 6066-6074.

Page 5: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

142

Boyd, C.E. 1979. Water Quality in Warm water Fish Ponds. University of Auburn.

Agriculture Experiment Station. Alabama. p 359.

Brett, J.R. and Zala, C.A. 1975. Daily pattern of nitrogen excretion and oxygen consumption

of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under controlled condition. Journal of Fish

research Board Canada. 32: 2479-2486.

Bucio Galindo, A., Hartemink, R., Schrama, J.W., Verreth, J., Bucio Galindo, L. and

Zwietering, M.H. 2009. Kinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum 44a in the faeces of

tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after its intake in feed. Journal of Applied

Microbiology. 107:1967-1975.

Buddington, R.K. 1979. Digestion of an aquatic macrophyte by Tilapia zillii (Gervais).

Journal of fish biology. 15: 449-455.

Cahu, C.L., Zambonino, I. J. L., Peres, A., Quazuguel, P. and Le-Gall, M.M. 1998. Algal

addition in seabass (Dicentrachus labrae) larvae rearing: effect of digestive enzymes.

Aquaculture. 161: 479-489.

Cassani, J. R. and Caton, W. E. 1983. Feeding behaviour of yearling and older hybrid grass

carp. Journal of Fish Biology. 22: 35-41.

Caulton, M.S. 1978. The importance of habitat temperature for growth in the tropical Cichlid

Tilapia rendalli Boulenger. Journal of Fish Biology. 13: 99-122.

Chakraborty, S.C and Chakraborty, S. 1998. Effect of dietary protein level on excretion of

ammonia in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition. 4:

47-51.

Chang, C. I. and Liu, W. Y. 2002. An evaluation of two probiotic bacterial strains,

Enterococcus faecium SF 68 and Bacillus toyoi, for reducing Edwardsiellosis in

cultured European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Fish Disease. 25: 311-315.

Chen, C.C. and Chen, S.N. 2001. Water quality management with Bacillus sp. in the high

density culture of red-parrot fish Cichlasomia citrinellum x C-synspilum. North

American Journal of Aquaculture. 63: 66-73.

Cho, C. Y. 1993. Digestibility of feed stuffs as a major factor in aquaculture waste

management. Fish Nutrition in practice. 61: 365-374.

Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J. and Bayley, H.S. 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy

intake, expenditure and productivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.

73(B): 25–41.

Page 6: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

143

Chowdhury, M.M.R., Shahjahan, M., Rahman, M.S. and Sadiqul, Islam M. 2008. Duckweed

(Lemna minor) as supplementary feed in monoculture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis

niloticus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 3: 54-59.

Christian, B. A. 2007. Understanding Food: Principles and Preparation. 3rd edition. Cengage

Learning. p 546.

Chthanya, R., Karunasagar, I. and Karunasagar, I. 2002. Inhibition of Shrimp pathogenic

vibrios by a marine Pseudomonas 1-2 strain. Aquaculture. 208 (1-2): 1-10.

Collado, M.C., Grzeskowiak, L. and Salminen, S. 2007. Probiotic strains and their

combination inhibit in-vitro adhesion of pathogens to pig intestinal mucosa. Current

Microbiology. 55: 260-265.

Cross, J.W. 2011. Practical Duckweed: Application Areas and Sponsors. Missouri Botanical

Garden. Retrievable at http://www.xklsv.org/viewwiki.php?title=Lemnoideae.

Culley, D. D. and Epps, E. A. 1973. Use of Duckweeds for waste Treatment and Animal

Feed. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 45: 337-47.

Dabrowski, K. and Kozak, B. 1979. The use of fish meal and soybean meal as a protein

source in the diet of grass carp fry. Aquaculture. 18: 107-114.

Dacie, S. I. V. and Lewis, S. M. 1971. Practical Haematology, J and Churchill, A. Ltd.,

Livington, London, Melbourne and New York. p 96.

Datta, N.A. 2006. Effect of probiotics, mineral supplementation and biofertilizers on growth

performance of some euryhaline fish species in inland saline ground water. M Sc

thesis, CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. pp 72-108.

Davies, S.J., Thomas, N. and Bateson, R.L.1989. The nutritional value of a processed Soya

protein concentrate in diets for tilapia fry (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters).

Bamidgeh. 41: 3-11.

Deepak, 1999. Effect of processed soybean and mineral mixture on digestibility and growth

parameter in catfish, Heteropneustus fossils (Bloch) for sustainable culture. M.Sc.

Thesis submitted to Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricutural university, Hisar.

India. p 96.

Deschrijver, R. and Ollevier, F. 2000. Protein digestion in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus

maximus) and effects of dietary administration of Vibrio proteolyticus. Aquaculture.

186: 107-116.

Dhanaraj, A., Haniffa, M.A., Arun singh, S.V., Jesu, A., Muthu, C., Seetharaman, S. and

Arthimanju, R. 2010. Effects of probiotics on growth performance of Koi carp

(Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 22: 202-209.

Page 7: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

144

Dimer, C. and Gibson, G.R. 1998. An overview of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in the

functional food concept: perspectives and future strategies. International Dairy

Journal. 8: 473-479.

Direkbusarakom, S., Yoshimizu, M., Ezura, Y., Ruangpan, L., Danayadol, Y., 1998. Vibrio

spp. the dominant flora in shrimp hatchery against some fish pathogenic viruses.

Journal of Marine Biotechnology. 6: 266–267.

Dong, H., Fredrickson, J.K., Kennedy, D.W., Zachara, J.M., Kukkadapu, R.K. and Onstott,

T.C. 2000. Mineral Transformation associated with the microbial reduction of

magnetite. Chemical Geology. 169: 299-318.

Douillet, P.A. and Langdon, C.J. 1994. Use of probiotic for the culture of larvae of the

Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg). Aquaculture. 119: 25-40.

Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics. 11 : 1-42.

Duncan, P.L. and Klesius, P.H. 1996. Dietary immunastimulants enhance nonspecific

immune responses in channel catfish but not resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri.

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 8: 241-248.

Echevarria, G., Zarauz, N., Lopez, R.J. and Zamora, S. 1995. Study of nitrogen excretion in

the gilt head seabream ( Sparus aurata L.). Influence of nutritional state. Comparative

Biochemistry and Physiology. 105(A): 17-19.

Edward, P., Kamal, M. and Wee, K.L. 1985. Incorporation of composted and dried water

hyacinth in pelleted feed for the tilapia Orechromis niloticus (Peters). Aquaculture

and Fisheries Management. 1: 233-248.

Effiong, B.N. and Sanni, A. 2009. Effect of Duckweed meal on the rate of mold infestation

in stored pelleted fish feed. Report and Opinion. 1(2): 26-31.

El-Haroun, E.R., A-S, Goda., Kabir, A.M. and Chowdhury, M.A. 2006. Effect of dietary

probiotic Biogen supplementation as a growth promoter on growth performance and

feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Aquaculture Research.

37:1473-1480.

Ellis, A. E. 1988. Fish Vaccination. Academic Press, London. p 84.

El-Sayed, A. F. M. 1999. Alternative dietary protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis

spp. Aquaculture. 179: 149-168.

El-Shafai, S.A., Nasr, F.A., El-Gohary, F.A., Vandersteen, N.P. and Gijzen, H.J. 2006.

Toxicity of heavy metals to duckweed-based water treatment ponds with different

depth. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. 17(3): 313-

322.

Page 8: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

145

Endres, J.R., Clewell, A., Jade, K.A., Farber, T., Hauswirth, J. and Schauss, A.G. 2009.

Safety assessment of a proprietary preparation of a novel probiotic, Bacillus

coagulans, as a food ingredient. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 47(6): 1231-1238.

Esiobu, N., Armenta, L. and Ike, J. 2002. Antibiotic resistance in soil and water

environments. International Journal of Environmental and Health Resistance. 12: 133-

144.

Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M. and Fagbenro, O.A. 2001. Evaluation of sun dried water fern

Azolla Africana and duckweed, Spirodella polyrrhiza, in practical diets for Nile

Tilapia, Orechromis niloticus fingerlings. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 11(4): 83-

92.

Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M. and Fasuru, B.E. 1999. Use of duckweed, Spirodela

polyrrhiza, L. Schleiden, as a protein feedstuff in practical diets for tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Research. 30: 313-318.

Forshberg, J.A. and Summerfelt, R.C. 1992. Effect of temperature on daily ammonia

excretion of fingerling Walleye. Aquaculture. 102: 115-126.

Forster, R.P. and Goldstein, L. 1969. Formation of excretory products. Fish Physiology (Eds.

Hoar, W.S. and Randall, D.J.). Academic Press, New York. 1: 313-350.

Fuller, R. 1989. A review, probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Application in

Bacteriology. 66: 365-378.

Fuller, R. 1992. History of development of probiotics. In: Probiotics: the Scientific Basis.

(Eds. Fuller, R.) Chapman and Hall, New York. pp 1-8.

Fuller, R. and Turvy, A. 1971. Bacteria associated with the intestinal wall of the fowl (Gallus

domesticus). Journal of Application in Bacteriology. 34 : 617-622.

Furukawa, A. and Tsukahara, H. 1966. On the acid digestion method for the determination of

chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bulletin

of Japanese Society for the Science of fish. 32: 502–506.

Gaiger, I.G., Porath, D. and Granoth, G. 1984. Evaluation of Duckweed (Lemna gibba) as

feed for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus cross Oreochromis aureus) in recirculating

unit. Aquaculture. 41: 235-244.

Garg, S.K., Kalla, A. and Bhatnagar, A. 2002. Evaluation of raw and hydrothermically

processed leguminous seeds as supplementary feed for the growth of two Indian

Major Carp species. Aquaculture Research. 33: 151-163.

Garriques, D. and Arevalo, G. 1995. An evaluation of the production and use of a live

bacterial isolate to manipulate the microbial flora in the commercial production of

Page 9: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

146

Penaeus vannamei postlarvae in Ecuador. In: Swimming through troubled water.

(Eds. Browdy, C.L., Hopkins, J.S.). Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp

Farming, Aquaculture, 1995. Baton Rouge, World Aquaculture Society. pp. 53–59.

Gatesoupe, F. J. 1991. The effect of three strains of lactic acid bacteria on the production rate

of rotifers, Brachionus plicutilis and their dietary value for larval turbot,

Scophthalmus maximus. Aquaculture. 96: 335-342.

Gatesoupe, F. J. 1994. Lactic acid bacteria increased the resistance of turbot larvae, Scopth

almus maximus, against pathogenic Vibrio. Aquatic Living Resource. 7: 277-282.

Gatesoupe, F. J. 1999. Review: The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 180: 147–

165.

Ghosh, K., Sen, S.K. and Ray, A.K. 2003. Supplementation of an isolated fish gut bacterium,

Bacillus circulans, in formulated diets for rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. Bamidgeh.

55 (1): 13-21.

Ghosh, S., Sinha, A. and Sahu, C. 2008. Dietary probiotic supplementation on growth and

health of live-bearing ornamental fishes. Aquaculture Nutrition. 14(4): 289–299.

Gibson, G .R., Saavendra, J.M., Macforlune, S. and Macforlune, G .T. 1997. Probiotics and

intestinal infections. In. Probiotics 2. Application and Practical Aspects (Eds. Fuller,

B.Y.R.). Chapman and Hall. London.

Gibson, L.F., Woodworth, J. and George, A.M. 1998. Probiotic activity of Aeromonas media

on the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigus, when challenged with Vibrio tubiashii.

Aquaculture. 169 : 111-120.

Gildberg, A., Mikkelsen, H., Sandaker, H. and Ringo, E. 1997. Probiotic effect of lactic acid

bacteria in the feed on growth and survival of fry of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).

Hydrobiologia. 352:279-285.

Giorgio, G., Nina, C. and Yantyati, W. 2010. Importance of Lactobacilli in food and feed

biotechnology. Research in Microbiology. 161: 480-487.

Girones, R., Jofre, J.T. and Bosch, A. 1989. Isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral

properties. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 35: 1015–1021.

Glencross, B. D., Booth, M. and Allan, G. L. 2007. A feed is only as good as its ingredients:

a review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds. Aquaculture

Nutrition. 13: 17-34.

Gomez-Gil, B., Roque, A. and Turnbull, J.F. 2000. The use and selection of probiotics

bacteria for use in the culture of larval organism. Aquaculture. 191: 259-270.

Page 10: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

147

Gomez-Gil, B., Roque, A. and Velasco-Blanco, G. 2002. Culture of Vibrio alginolyticus C7b,

a potential probiotic bacterium, with the microalga Chaetoceros muelleri.

Aquaculture. 211: 43–48.

Guarner, F. and Malagelada, J.R. 2003. Gut flora in health and disease. The Lacent 2003.

360: 512-519.

Hamid, M. A., Chowdhury, S.D., Razzak, M. A. and Roy, C.R 1993. Effects of feeding an

aquatic weed Lemna trisulca as partial replacement of fishmeal on the performance of

growing ducklings. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 61(1): 137-139.

Handy, R.D. and Poston, M.G. 1993. Nitrogen pollution in mariculture: toxicity and

excretion of nitrogenous compounds by marine fish. Revolution in Fish Biology and

Fisheries. 3: 205-241.

Haque, M.S. 2005. Use of duckweed (Lemna minor) as supplementary feed in monoculture

of sharpunti (Puntius gonionotus). MS thesis. Mymensingh: Bangladesh Agricultural

University. p 94.

Hardy, H., Harris, J., Lyon, E., Beal, J. and Foey, A.D. 2013. Probiotics, Prebiotics and

Immunomodulation of Gut Mucosal Defences: Homeostasis and Immunopathology.

Nutrients. 5: 1869-1912.

Harzevilli, S.A.R., Van, D.H., Dhert, P., Swings, J. and Sorgeloos, P. 1998. Use of a potential

probiotic Lactociccus lactis AR21 strain for the enhancement of growth in the rotifer

Brachionus plicatilis (Muller). Aquaculture Research. 29: 411-417.

Hasan, M.S. and Edwards, P. 1992. Evaluation of duckweed (L. perpusilla and S. polyrrhiza)

as feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 104: 315-326.

Henken, A.M., Lucas, H., Tijseen, P.A.T. and Machiels, M.A.M. 1986. A comparison

between methods used to determine the energy content of feed, fish and faeces

samples. Aquaculture. 58: 195-201.

Hepher, B. and Pruginin, Y. 1979. Guide to fish culture in Israel. 4. Fertilisation, manuring

and feeding. Foreign Training Department. Israel. p 61.

Hillman, W. S. and Culley, D. D. 1978. The Uses of Duckweed American Science. PCT

International Search Report. 66: 442-451.

Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. 1994. Bergey’s

Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th edition.

Hossain, M. A., Sultana, N., Hossain and Hussain, M. G. 2005. Optimum dietary protein

requirement of Gulsha Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) fingerlings. Journal of the

Aquaculture in the Tropics. 20(3): 237-233.

Page 11: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

148

Huis in’t Veld, J.H.J., Havennar, R. and Mareau, P.H. 1994. Establishing a scientific basis for

probiotics R and D. Tibtech. 12: 6-8.

Huisman, J. and Van der Poel, A.F.B. 1991. Antinutrition factors (ANF) in cattle feedstuff

for pigs and chicken. PHLO curcus cattle feed, Wageningen. p 17.

Iehata, S., Inagaki, T., Okunishi, S., Nakano, M., Tanaka, R. and Maeda, H. 2009.

Colonization and probiotic effect of lactic acid bacteria in the gut of abalone ( Haliotis

gigantea). Fish Science. 75: 1285-1293.

Ikeda,Y., Ozaki, H., Hayama, K., Ikeda, S. and Minami, T. 1976. Diagnostic study on blood

constituents in the Yellow tail inoculated with Nocardia kampachi. Bulletin of the

Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 42: 1055-1064.

Irianto, A. and Austin, B. 2002. Use of probiotics to control furunculosis in rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Disease. 25: 1-10.

Jamal, K.H., Faragi, A. and Sundus, A. A. 2012. Isolation and identification of Bacillus

subtilus as probiotic from intestinal microflora of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Proceeding of the Eleventh Veterinary Scientific Conference. pp 355-361.

Jayaram, M.G. and Beamish, F.W.H. 1992. Influence of dietary protein and lipid on nitrogen

and energy losses in lake trout, Salvenalis namayeush. Canadian Journal of Fish and

Aquaculture Science. 49: 2267-2272.

Jobling, M. 1981. Some effects of temperature, feeding andbecer body weight on nitrogenous

excretion in young plaice, Pleuronecies platessa L. Journal of Fish Biology. 18: 87-

96.

Joborn, A., Olsson, C., Westerdahl, A., Conway, P.L. and Kjellberg, S. 1997. Colonization in

the fish intestinal tract and production of inhibitory substances in intestinal mucus and

faecal extract by Carnobacterium sp. strain K. Journal of Fish Diseases. 20: 383-392.

Jonsson, E. 1986. Persistence of Lactobacillus strain in the gut of sucking piglets and its

influence on performance and health. Sweden Journal of Agriculture Research. 16:

43-60.

Jory, D.E. 1988. Use of probiotic in penaeid shrimp growout. Aquaculture Magazine. 24(1):

62-67.

Journey, F., Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R. 1991. The family of Lemnaceae- a monographic

study. Veroffentlich Ungen Des Geobotani Schen Institutes der Edg. Tech. Hochhule,

Stiffung Ruobel, Zuerich. p 638.

Kabir, A. N., Hossain, M. A. and Rahman, M.S. 2009. Use of duckweed as feed for fishes in

polyculture. Agriculture and Rural Development. 7(1&2): 157-160.

Page 12: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

149

Kalita, P., Mukhopadhyay, P.K. and Mukherjee, A.K. 2008. Supplementation of four non-

conventional aquatic weeds to the basal diet of Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala

fingerlings: Effect on growth, protein utilization and body composition of fish. Acta

Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria. 38(1): 21-27.

Kalla, A. 2002. Effects of supplementary feeding in some teleosts on growth, digestibility

and water quality parameters in intensive fish culture system. Aquacultue Research.

54: 68-75.

Kalman, D.S., Schwartz, H.I., Alvarez, P., Feldman, S., Pezzullo, J.C. and Krieger, D.R.,

2009. A prospective randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group

dual site trial to evaluate the effects of a Bacillus coagulans-based product on

functional intestinal gas symptoms. BMC Gastroenterology 2009. 9: 85-96.

Kaur, V.I . and Saxena, P.K. 2004. Incorporation of brewery waste in supplementary feed and

its impact on growth in some carps. Bioresource Technology. 91: 101-104.

Kennedy, S .B., Tucker, J.W., Niedig, C.L., Vermeer, G.K., Cooper, U.R., Jarrell, J.L. and

Sennett., D.G. 1998. Bacterial management strategies for stock enhancement of warm

water marine fish: A case study with common snook (Centropomus undecimalis).

Bulletin March Science. 62: 573-588.

Kibria, G., Nugegoda, D., Fairclough, R. and Lam, P. 1998. Can nitrogen pollution from

aquaculture be reduced? NAGA, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources

Management. 21: 17-25.

Kibria, G., Nugegoda, D., Lam, P. and Fairclough, R. 1996. Aspects of phosphorus pollution

from aquaculture NAGA, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources

Management (ICLARM). 19: 20-24.

Kikuchi, K., Sato, T., Iwata, N., Sakaguchi, I. and Deguchi, Y. 1995. Effect of temperature

on nitrogenous excretion of Japanese flounder. Fish Science. 61: 604-607.

Kim, J.K., Park, K.J., Cho, K.S., Nam, S.W., Park, T.J. and Bajpai, R. 2005. Aerobic

nitrification denitrification by heterotrophic Bacillus strains. Bioresource

Technology. 96: 1897-1906.

Kim, K.H., Hwang, Y.Z. and Bai, S.I. 1999. Resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in juvenile

rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) fed diets containing different doses of aloe. Aquaculture.

180: 13-21.

Krom, M.D., Porter, C. and Gordin, H. 1985. Causes of fish mortalities in semi-intensively

operated seawater ponds in Eilat, Israel. Aquaculture. 49: 159-177.

Page 13: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

150

Kumar, R., Mukherjee, S.C., Prasad, K.P., and Pal, A.K. 2006. Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis

as a probiotic to Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Aquaculture Research. 37: 1215-

1221.

Kwak, J.K., Park, S.W., Koo, J.G., Cho, M.G., Buchholz, R. and Goetz, P. 2003.

Enhancement of the non-specific defense activities in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and

flounder (Paralichthysolivaces) by oral administration of Schizophyllan. Acta

Biotechnology. 23: 359-371.

Lall, S.P. 1989. The minerals, In: Fish nutrition. (Eds. Halver, J.E.). 2nd

edition. Academic

Press. Inc. San Diego. California

Lall, S. P. 1991. Digestibility, metabolism and excretion of dietary phosphorous in fish. In:

Nutritional strategies and aquaculture waste. (Eds. Cowey, C.B. and Cho, C.Y.).

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Nutritional Strategies in

Management of Aquaculture waste. University of Gulph, Ontario, Canada. pp. 163-

185.

Lalles, J.P., Bosi, P., Smidt, H. and Stokes, C.R. 2007. Weaning- A challenge to gut

physiologists. Livestock Science. 108: 82-93.

Lalloo, R., Ramchuran, S., Ramduth, D., Gorgens, J. and Gardiner, N. 2007. Isolation and

selection of Bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water

quality in culture of ornamental fish. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 103(5): 1471–

1479.

Landesman, L., Fedler, C. and Duan, R.B. 2012. Plant nutrient phytoremediation using

duckweed.In Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control. Edited by Ansari

AA, Gill SS, Lanza GR, Rast W. Beilin: Springer-Verlag: 341-354.

Landolt, E., Kandeler, R. 1987. Biosystematics investigations in the family of Duckweeds

(Lamnaceae). Veroffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Institute der Edg. Tech.

Hochschule, Zurich, Stiftung Ruebel, 2:42-43.

Lara, F., Olvera, N., Guzman, M. and Lopez, M. 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus

faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as

growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 216(1–4):193–

201.

Lautner, V. and Mueller, Z. 1954. Feeding value of some water plants (In Czech.). Abornik

Cesk.Akad.Zemedl.Ved. 27(A): 333-354.

Lee, D.Y., Ramos, A., Macomber, L. and Shapleigh, J.P. 2002. Taxis response of various

denitrifying bacteria to nitrate and nitrite. Application of Environmental

Microbiology. 68: 2140-2147.

Page 14: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

151

Lenard, L. 2009. Report on optimizing digestive health. Life Extension magazine, Life

Extension foundation. January 2009, retrievable at www. lef.org/magazine/

may2009/Jan2009-Optimize-Digestive-Health-01.htm-66k.

Leng, R.A. 1999. Duckweed: A tiny aquatic plant with enormous potential for agriculture and

environment. Animal Production and Health Division, University of Tropical

Agriculture Foundation, Phnom Penh (Combodia). FAO Rome (Italy), p 108.

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/resources/documents/DW/Dw2.htm.

Leng, R.A., Stambolie, J.H. and Bell, R. 1995. Duckweed: A potential high-protein feed

resource for domestic animal and fish. Livestock research for rural development. 1:

103-114.

Lessard, M. and Brisson, G.J. 1987. Effect of a Lactobacillus fermentation product on

growth, immune response and faecal enzyme activity in weaned pigs. Journal of

Animal Science. 67: 509-516.

Leung, K.M.Y., Chu, J.C.W. and Wu, R.S.S. 1999a. Effect of body weight, water

temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion by areolated grouper Epinephelus

areolatus and mangrove snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Aquaculture. 170: 215-

227.

Leung, K.M.Y., Chu, J.C.W. and Wu, R.S.S. 1999b. Interacting effects of water temperature

and dietary protein levels on postprandial ammonia excretion by the areolated groups

Epinephelus areolatus (Forskal). Aquaculture Research. 30: 793-798.

Lim, S.J. and Lee, K.J. 2009. Partial replacement of fish meal by cottonseed meal and

soybean meal with iron and phytase supplementation for parrot fish Oplegnathus

fasciatus. Aqauculture. 290: 283-289.

Lloyd, A.B., Coming, R.B. and Kent, R.D., 1977. Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium

infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poultry with intestine extracts.

Australian Veterinary Journal. 53: 82-87.

Lovell, R.T. and Li, Y. 1978. Essentiality of vitamin D in diets of channel catfish (Ictalurus

punctatus). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 107: 809-811.

Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement in

the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology Chemistry. 193: 265-275.

Lyon, W.J. and Glatz, B.A. Isolation and purification of propioncinin PLG-1, a bacteriocin

produced by a strain of Propiobacterium theonii. Applied Environment Microbiology.

1993. 59(1): 83-87.

Page 15: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

152

Mahdhi, A., Fathi, K., Amina, B. 2011. Inhibitory activity and adhesive ability of potential

probiotic Bacillus species to confer protection for Artemia gnotobiotic culture against

pathogenic Vibrio spp. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science. 35(4):

227-233.

Maillard, V.M., Boardman, G.D., Nyland, J.E., Kuhn, D.D. 2005. Water quality and sludge

characterization at raceway-system trout farms. Aquacultural Engineering. 33(4):

271–284.

Makridis, P., Jon, F.A., Skerjmo, J. and Vadstein, O. 2000. Colonization of the gut in first

feeding turbot by bacterial strains added to the water or bioencapsulation in rotifers.

Aquaculture International. 8: 267-280.

Mbagwu, I. J. and Adeniji, H.A.1988. Nutritional content of duckweed Lemna paucicostata

in the Kainji lake area, Nigeria. Aquatic Botany. 29: 357-366.

Mbagwu, I.G. 2001. The effect of long-term storage on the nutrient characteristics of

Duckweed (Lemna pauciscostata Hegelm). Journal of Arid Agriculture. 11: 147-149.

Mbagwu, I.G. and Okoye, F.C. and Adeniji, H.A. 1990. Studies on the use of Duckweed

(Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.) as fish food. New Bussa, Nigeria, National Institute for

Freshwater Fisheries Research, (National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research

Technical Report Series, 22). Microbiology Reviews. 30: 404–427.

McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. and Morgan, C.A. 2002. Animal Nutrition.

sixth edition, Pearson Education Limited (Prentice Hall) U.K. p 693.

Medale, F., Brauge, C., Vallee, F. and Kaushik, S.J. 1995. Effect of dietary protein/energy

ratio, ration size, dietary energy source and water temperature on nitrogen excretion in

rainbow trout. Water Science and Technology. 31: 185-194.

Men, B.X., Ogle, B. and Lindberg, J.E. 2001. Use of Studies on the potential of the aquatic

plant Lemna gibba for pig feeding. Cuban Journal of Agriculture Science. 35: 343-

348.

Men, B.X., Ogle, B. and Preston, T.R. 1996. Duckweed (Lemna sp.) as replacement for

roasted soybeans in diets of broken rice for fattening ducks on a small scale farm in

the Mekong delta. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 8: 3, Retrievable at

http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd8/3/men831.

Merrifield D.L., Dimitroglou A., Bradley G., Baker R.T.M. and Davies S.J. 2009. Probiotic

applications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), effects on growth performance,

feed utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria. Aquaculture

Nutrition. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00689.x).

Page 16: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

153

Merrifield, D.L., Bradley, G., Baker, R.T.M. and Davies, S.J. 2010a. Probiotic applications

for rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss), effects on growth performance, feed

utilization, intestinal microbiota and related health criteria post-antibiotic treatment.

Aquaculture Nutrition. 16: 496-503.

Merrifield, D.L., Dimitroglou, A., Foey, A., Davies, S.J., Baker, R.M.T., Bogwald, J. et al.

2010b. The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for

salmonids. Aquaculture. 302: 1-18.

Mohanty, S.N., Swain, S.K. and Tripathi, S.D., 1996. Rearing of (Catla catla) spawn on

formulated diets. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics. 11: 253-258

Mohapatra, S.B. and Patra.A.K. 2013. Effect of Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with

Duckweed (Lemna minor). Feed on the Growth Performance of Cyprinus carpio Fry.

Journal of Agriculture and Veternary Science. 4(2): 34-37.

Mohedano, R. A., Rodrigues, J. B. R. and Fracalossi, D. M. 2005. Lemna valdiviana, uma

planta que alem de tratar efluentes alimenta os peixes cultivados. Panorama da

Aquicultura 15: 33-40.

Mondal, T.K. and Ray, A.K. 1999. The nutritive value of Acacia auriculiformis leaf meal in

compounded diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings. The Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum

Proceedings, Asian Fisheries Society. Indian Branch, Mangalore, India. pp 295-298.

Moriarty, D.J. 1998.Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds.

Aquaculture.164: 351-358.

Moriarty, D.J.W. 1996. Probiotics and bioremediation in aquaculture. Asian Shrimp News.

26: 3-10.

Moriarty, D.J.W. 1999. Disease control in shrimp aquaculture with probiotic bacteria. In;

Microbial Biosyatems: New Frontiers. Proceedings of the 8th International

Symposium on Microbial Ecology (Eds. Bell, C.R., Brylinsky, M. and Johnson-

Green, P.), Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology, Halifax, Canada.

Murai, T., Ogata, H., Kosutarak, P. and Arai, S. 1986. Effects of amino acid supplementation

and methanol treatment on utilization of soy flour in fingerling carp. Aquaculture. 56:

197-206.

Nayyef, M.A. and Sabbar, A.A. 2012. Efficiency of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) in

Phytotreatment of Wastewater Pollutants from Basrah Oil Refinery.

Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation. 1(4): 163-172.

Negesse, T., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 2009. Nutritive value of some non conventional

feed resources of Ethiopia determined by chemical analyses and an in vitro gas

method. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 154(3-4): 204-217.

Page 17: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

154

New, M.B., 1989. Formulated Aquaculture Feeds in Asia: Some Thoughts of Comparative

Economics, Industrial Potential, Problems and Research Needs in Relation to Small-

Scale Famers. In: Report of the Workshop on Shrimps and Fin fishes Feeds. (Eds.

Badru, J.E.) ASEAN/SF/89/GGEN, USA.

Nikolskij, G. F. and Verigin, B.V. 1966. The basic biological characteristics of white amur

and bighead and their acclimatization in the water reservoirs in our country.

Herbivorous Fish Piscevaja prormilsenviost, Moscow. pp 30-40.

Nikoskelainen, S., Ouwehand, A., Salminen, S. and Bylund, G. 2001. Protection of rainbow

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from furunculosis by Lactobacillus rhamnosous.

Aquaculture. 198 : 229-236.

Nomoto, K. 2005. Prevention of infection by probiotics. Journal of Bioscience and

Bioengineering. 100:583-592.(doi:10.1263/jbb.100.583).

OCE, 1988. State of the Environment Report: Victoria’s inland waters. Office of the

Commissioner of the Environment. Melbourne. p 655.

Ogburn, D.M. & Ogburn, N.J. 1994. Use of duckweed (Lemna sp.) grown in sugar-mill

effluent for milk fish, (Chanos chanos Forskal) production. Aquatic and Fisheries

Management. 25(5): 497-503.

Ogino, C. and Yang, G.Y. 1979, Requirement of carp for dietary zinc. Bulletein

of Japanese Society of Science and Fisheries. 45: 967-972.

Olafsen, J. A. 1998. Proceedings from the US-EC Workshop on Marine Microorganisms:

Research Issues for Biotechnology. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.

Interactions between hosts and bacteria in aquaculture. pp 127-145.

Olivier, G., Lallier, R. and Lariviere, S. 1981. A toxigenic profile of Aeromonas hydrophila

and Aeromonas sobria isolated from fish. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27: 330-

333.

Olva-Teles, A. and Rodrigues, A.M. 1993. The effect of high temperature and diet protein

level on metabolic utilization of diets by rainbow trout. In: Fish nutrition in practice

(Eds. Kaushik, S.J. and Luquet, P.). Fourth International Symposium on Fish nutrition

and Feeding, Biarritz. 301-305.

Oron, G., Porath, D. and Wildschut, L.R. 1986. Wastewater Treatment & Renovation by

Different Duckweed Species. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 112(2): 247-262.

Oron, G., Wildschut, L.R. and Porath, D. 1985. Wastewater recycling by Duckweed for

protein production and effluent renovation. Water Science Technology. 17(4-5): 803-

817.

Page 18: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

155

Ouwehand A.C., Kirjavainen, P.V., Shortt, C. and Salminen, S. 1999. Probiotics:

Mechanisms and established effects. International Dairy. 9: 43-52.

Pandian, T.J. 1976. Mechanisms of heterophy. In: Marine Ecology, (Eds. Kinne, O.). John

Wiley, New York. 2: 179-201.

Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Satoh, S. and Watanabe, T. 2010. Probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus

rhamnosus influences the blood profile in rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss. Fish

Physiology and Biochemistry. 36: 969-977.

Park, K.H. and Jeong, H.D. 1996. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection

in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by administration of protein bound polysaccharide.

Aquaculture. 141: 135–143.

Parker, R.B. 1974. Probiotics. The other half of the antibiotics story. Animal Nutrition

Health. 29: 4-8.

Parthasarathy R. and Ravi D. 2011. Probiotic bacteria as growth promoter and biocontrol

agent against Aeromonas hydrophila in Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). International

Journal of Microbial Technology. 12: 23-30.

Patra, B.C. and Bandyopadhyay, P. 2002. Probiotics can assure nutritional security in

aquaculture: An overview. In. Ecology and Ethology of Aquatic Biota Vol. 2 (Eds.

Kumar, A.). Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India. pp 220-225.

Patra, B.C. and Ray, A.K. 1988. A preliminary study on the utilization of the aquatic weed

Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Rayle as feed by the carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton): growth

and certain biochemical composition of flesh. Indian Biology. 20 (1): 44-50.

Phillips, A.M. 1969. Nutrition, digestion and energy utilization. In: Fish Physiology. (Eds.

Hoar, W.S. and Randall, D.J.). Academic Press, New York. 1: 391-432.

Pieters, N., Brunt, J., Austin, B. and Lyndon, A.R. 2008. Efficacy of in-feed probiotics

against Aeromonasbestiarum and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis skin infections in

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 105: 723-

732.

Piette, J.P.G. and Idziak, E.S. 1992. A model study of factors involved in adhesion

of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 58: 2783–2791.

Pillai, T.G. and Sollows, J.D. 1980. Cage culture of fish (carps) in Nepal. A report prepared

for the Integrated Fisheries and Fish Culture Development Project. Rome, Italy, Food

and Agriculture Organization of the united nations. International Journal of Applied

Biology. 9: 32-41.

Page 19: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

156

Pivnik, H., Blachfeld, B. and D’ Anst J.Y. 1981. Prevention of Salmonella infection in chicks

by treatment with faecal cultures from mature chickens (Nurmicultures). Journal of

Food Product. 44: 909-916.

Planas, M., Vazquez, J., Marques, J., Perez, R., Gonzalez, M. and Murado, M. 2004.

Enhancement of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) growth by using terrestrial lactic acid

bacteria. Aquaculture. 240(1–4): 313–329.

Porath, D. and Agami, M. 1977. Enhancement of protein production in fish ponds with

duckweed (Lemnaceae). Israel journal of Botany. 26: 51-51.

Porubcan, R.S. 1991. Reduction of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite in tanks of Penaeus

monodon using floating biofilters containing processed diatomaceous earth media pre-

inoculated with nitrifying bacteria. Proceedings of the Program and Abastracts of the

22nd Annual Conference and Exposition. World Aquaculture Society, Puerto Rico,

Spain.

Predigon, G., Zlvarez, S., Rachid, M., Aguero, G. and Gobbato, N. 1995. Immune system

stimulated by probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science. 78 : 1597-1606.

Preston, T. R. 1995. Research, Extension and training for Sustainable Farming Systems in the

Tropics. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 7(2): 84-89.

Priyanka, 1999. Evaluation of some plant origin proteins for growth and digestibility in

catfish Heteropneustus fossilis (Bloch). M.Sc. Thesis submitted to Choudhary Charan

Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. pp 1-96.

Puponen-Pimia, R., Aura, A. M., Oksman-Coldenty, K.M., Myllaerian, P., Saarela, M. and

Maathila- Sandholm, T. 2003. Development of functional ingredients for gut health.

Trends Food Science Technology. 13: 3-11.

Queiroz, J.F. and Boyd, C.E. 1998. Effects of a bacterial inoculum in channel catfish

ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 29(1): 67–73.

Rafiee, G., Saad, C.R. 2005. Nutrient cycle and sludge production during different stages of

red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) growth in a re-circulating aquaculture system.

Aquaculture. 244: 109–118.

Rahman, M.A., Hossain, M.K., Azad M.A.K., Kamruzzzaman, M., Rashid, H.A., Rahman,

M.M. 2005. Culture potential of Thai Sharpunti, Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker) with

major carps in seasonal ponds. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 9(10): 1891-

1897.

Rajaharia, N.2008. Role of plant proteins and optimization of dietary calcium and phosphorus

levels for growing Cirrihinus mrigala (Hamilton). M.phil Dissertation, Kurukshetra.

Haryana, India.

Page 20: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

157

Ran, N., Agami, M. and Oron, G. 2004. A pilot study of constructed wetlands using

duckweed Lemna gibba L. for treatment of domestic primary effluent in Israel. Water

Research. 38: 2240-2247.

Rani, S. R., Garg, S. K., Sabhlok, V.P., and Bhatnagar, A. 2004. Intestinal enzyme activity

and enzyme producing microbial flora in relation to feeding behavior in some

brackish water teleost. Journal of Aquaculture. 12: 55-68.

Raparia, S. 2009. Bacillus coagulans CC1 as a potential probiotics in the formulated feeds for

Catla catla. M.phil, Dissertation, Kurukshetra university, Kurukshetra, Haryana,

India.

Ray, A.K. and Das, I. 1992. Utilization of diets containing composed aquatic weed (Salvinia

cuculata) by the Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita, Ham.) fingerlings.

Bioresource Technology. 40: 67-72.

Ray, A.K. and Das, I. 1994. Apparent digestibility of some aquatic macrophytes in rohu,

Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics. 9: 335-342.

Ray, A.K. and Das, I. 1995. Evaluation of dried aquatic weed, Pistia stratiotes meal as

feedstuff in pelleted fed for rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. Journal of Applied

Aquaculture. 5: 35-44.

Refstei, S., Storebakken, T., Baeverfjord, G. and Roem, A.J., 2001. Long-term protein and

lipid growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with partial replacement of

fishmeal by soy protein products at medium or high lipid level. Aquaculture. 193:

91-106.

Rengpipat, S., Phianphak, W. and Piyatiratitivorakul, S. 1998. Effects of probiotic bacterium

on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth. Aquaculture. 167 :

301-313.

Rengpipat, S., Phianphak, W., Piyatiratitivorakul, S. and Menasveta, P. 1998. Effects of a

probiotic bacterium on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth.

Aquaculture. 167: 301-313.

Rengpipat, S., Runkpratanporn, S., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., and Menasaveta, P. 2000.

Immunity enhancenment on black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by a

probiont bacterium (Bacillus S11). Aquaculture. 1991: 271-288.

Ringo E., Storm E. and Tabachek J.A. 1995. Intestinal microflora of salmonids: a review.

Aquaculture Research. 26: 773-789.

Ringo, E. 2004. Lactic acid bacteria in fish and fish farming- in Lactic acid bacteria

Microbiological and functional aspects. 3rd edition Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. p

779.

Page 21: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

158

Ringo, E. and Birkbeck, T.H. 1999. Intestinal microflora of fish larvae and fry. Aquaculture

Research. 30: 73–93.

Ringo, E., Lovmo, L., Kristiasen, M., Bakken, Y., Salinas, I. and Myklebust, R. 2010. Lactic

acid bacteria vs. pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.: a review. Aquaculture

Research. 41: 451-467.

Riquelme, C., Araya, R. and Escribano, R. 2000. Selective incorporation of bacteria by

Agropecten purpuratus larvae: implications for the use of probiotics in culturing

systems of the Chilean scallop. Aquaculture. 181: 25-36.

Robaina, L., Moyano, F.J., Izquierdo, M.S., Socorro, J., Vergara, J.M. and Montera, D. 1997.

Corn gluten ang meat and bone meals as protein sources in diets for gilthead seabream

(Sparus aurata) nutritional and histological implications. Aquaculture. 157: 347-359.

Robertson, P.A.W., O'Dowd, C., Burrells, C., Williams, P. and Austin, B. 2000. Use of

Carnobacterium sp. as a probiotic for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Aquaculture. 185: 235-243.

Robinette, H.R., Brunson, M.V. and Day, E. J. 1980. Use of duckweed in diets of channel

catfish.Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. 4532. Mississippi

Siete University. Mississippi State. p 12-13.

Rosenberg, M. and Doyle, R.J. 1990. Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity: history,

measurements and significance. In: (Eds. Doyle, R.J., Rosenberg, M.), Microbial cell

surface hydrophobicity. American society of microbiology, Washington, D.C. pp 1-37

Ruiz-Ponte, C., Samain, J.F. and Nicolas, J.L. 1999. The benefit of a Roseobacter species on

the survival of scallop larvae. March Biotechnology. 1: 52-59.

Rusoff, L. L. 1980. Duckweed. A potential feedstuff for cattle and man. Bayou Dairyman.

1978-80.

Rychly, J. and Marina, B.A. 1977. The ammonia excretion of trout during a 24 hour period.

Aquaculture. 11: 173-175.

Saarela, M., Mogesen, G., Fonden, R., Matto, J. and Mattila-Sandholm, T. 2000. Probiotic

bacteria: Safety, functional and technological properties. Journal of Biotechnology.

84: 197-215.

Saha, J.K., Rahmatullah, S.M. and Mazid, M.A. 1999. Optimization of stocking density of

duckweed, Wolffia arhiza (Linn.) and Lemna sp. Bangldesh Journal of Fisheries

Research. 7: 161-168.

Sahoo P.K., Mukherjee S.C. and Sahoo S.K. 1998. Aeromonas hydrophila versus

Edwardsiellatarda: a pathoanatomical study in Clariasbatrachus. Journal of

Aquaculture. 6: 57-66.

Page 22: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

159

Said, M,Z., Culley, D,D., Standifar, L.C., Epps, A., Myers, M.V. and Boney, S.A. 1979.

Effect of harvest rate, waste loading and stocking density on the yield of duckweeds.

Journal of the World Mariculture Society. 10: 764-780.

Salminen, S., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, E. 1997. Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the

gut mucosal barrier: successful strain and future challenges. Antone Van

Leeuwenhoek. 70: 347-358.

Sanders, M.E. 1998. Overview of functional foods: Emphasis on probiotic bacteria. 8: 341-

347.

Sanders, M.E., Morelli, L. and Tompkins, T.A. 2003. Sporeformers as human probiotics:

Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus, and Brevibacillus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food

Science and Food Safety. 2: 101-110.

Sansawat, A. and Thirabunyanon, M. 2009. Anti-Aeromonas hydrophila activity and

characterisation of novel probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis isolated from the

gastrointestinal tract of giant freshwater prawns. Maejo International Journal Science

and Technology, 3(1): 77-87.

Satoh, H., Yamakawa, T., Kindaichi, Tito. T. and Okabe, S. 2006. Community structures and

activities of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in industrial wastewater-treating

biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 94: 762-772.

Satpathy, B. B., Mukhrejee, D. and Ray, A.K. 2003. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels

on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton),

fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition. 9(1): 17 -24.

Savage, D.C. 1977. Microbial ecology of the human gastrointestinal tract. Annual Review of

Microbiology. 31: 107-133.

Savage, D.C. 1992. Growth phase cellular hydrophobicity and adhesion in vitro of

Lactobacilli colonizing the keratinizing gastric epithelium in the mouse. Applied

Environment Microbiology. 58(6): 1992-1995.

Sawhney, S.K. and Singh, R. 2000. Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Narosa Publishing

House. p 452.

Schroder, K., Clausen, E., Sandberg, A.M. and Raa, J. 1980. Phychrotriphic Lactobacillus

plantarum from fish and its ability to produce antibiotic substances. In: (Eds. Connell,

J.J). Advances in fish science and technology, Fishing New Books Ltd. pp 480-483.

Secombes, C.J. 1996. The nonspecific immune system: cellular defences. In: The fish

immune system. (Eds. lwana, G., Nakanishi, T.). Organism, Pathogen and

Environment. Academic Press, San Diego. pp 63-101.

Page 23: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

160

Selvaraj, V., Sampath, K. and Sekar, V. 2005. Administration of yeast glucan enhances

survival and some non-specific and specific immune parameters in carp (Cyprinus

carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 19:

293-306.

Shelby, R., Lim, C., Yildirim-Aksoy, M. and Delaney, M.A., 2006. Effects of probiotic diet

supplements on disease resistance and immune response of young Nile Tilapia,

Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Application in Aquaculture. 18: 49-60.

(doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01152x).

Shi, D. L., Xu, Y., Hopkinson, B.M. and Morel, F.M.M. 2010. Effect of Ocean Acidification

on Iron Availability to marine phytoplankton. Science. 327: 676–679.

Shiau, S.Y., Chuang, J.L. and Sun, C.L. 1987. Inclusion of soybean in tilapia (Oreochormis

niloticus x O. aurous) diets at two protein levels. Aquaculture. 65: 251-261.

Shireman, J.V. and Smith, C.R. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass

carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1884). FAO Fisheries

Synopsis. 135: 86-88 .

Shoemaker, C.A., Klesius, P.H. and J.A. Plumb, 1997. Killing of Edwardsiella ictaluri by

macrophages from channel catfish immune and susceptible to enteric septicemia of

catfish. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopatholologgy. 58: 181-190.

Simon, O., Valijen, W. and Taras, D. 2007. Potential of probiotics in pig nutrition-A review

article. Feed Mix. 15: 2-3.

Siwicki, A.K., Anderson, D.P. and Rumsey, G.L. 1994. Dietary intake of immunostimulants

by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis.

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 41(1-2): 125-139.

Skillicorn, P., Spira, W. and Journey, W.1993. Duckweed Aquaculture. A new aquatic

farming system for developing countries. The World Bank, Washington, DC.

Skjermo,G. and Vadstein, O. 1999. Techniques for microbial control in the intensive rearing

of marine larvae. Aquaculture. 177: 333-343.

Smith, M.D. and Moelyowati, I. 2001. Duckweed based wastewater treatment (DWWT):

design guidelines for hot climates. Water Science and Technology. 43:291-299.

Smith, P. and Davey, S. 1993. Evidences for the competitive exclusion of Aeromonas

salmonicida from fish with stress-inducible furunculosis by a florescent

pseudomonad. Journal of Fish Disease. 16: 521-524.

Spanggaard, B., Huber, I., Nielsen, J., Sick, E.D., Pipper, C.B., Martinussen,T., Slierendrecht,

W.J. and Gram, I. 2001. The probiotic potential against Vibriosis of the indigenous

microflora of rainbow trout. Environmental Microbiology 3: 755-765.

Page 24: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

161

Stavric, S. and Kornegay, T. 1995. Microbial probiotics for pigs and poultry. In:

Biotechnology in animal feeds and animal feeding . ( Eds. Wallace, R.J. and Chesson,

A.) Weinheim, NewYork. pp 205-235.

Storebakken, T., Refsite, S. and Ruyter, B. 2000. Soya products as fat and protein sources in

fish feeds for intensive Aquiculture. In: (Eds. Drackley, J.K.), Soy in Animal

Nutrition. Animal Feed Science and technology. 11: 127-170.

Sudesh, 2008. Studies on enzyme producing microflora and potential probiotic bacteria from

the gut of Catla catla (Hamilton). M.phil Dissertation, Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

Sugita, H., Matsuo, N., Shibuya, K. and Deguchi, Y. 1996. Production of antibacterial

substances by intestinal bacteria isolated from coastal crab and fish species. Journal

of March Biotechnology. 4 : 220-223.

Sumagaysay-Chavoso, N.S. 2003. Nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility and excretion of

different sized groups of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fed formulated and

natural food-based diets. Aquaculture Research. 34: 407–418.

Sumathi, C., Dillibabu, V., Madhuri, D. K., Priya, D.M., Nagalakshmi, C. and Sekaran, G.

2014. Dietary Inclusion of Protease Producing Novel Pontibacter spp. and Bacillus

megaterium as a Probiotic Enhances Immune Responses in Labeo rohita. Pakistan

Journal of Biological Science. 17: 451-461.

Sun, Y.Z., Yang, H.L., Ma, R.L. and Lin, W.Y. 2010. Probiotic applications of two dominant

gut Bacillus strains with antagonistic activity improves the growth performance and

immune responses of grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish Shellfish Immunology. 29:

803-809.

Sushma, 2007. Effect of artificial feeding and probiotics on growth performance, survival and

digestibility in fresh water fish, Aorichthys aor (Hamilton). M.phil, Dissertation,

Kurukshetra university, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

Swain, S.K., Rangacharyulu, P.V., Sarakar, S. and Das, K.M. 1996. Effect of a probiotic

supplement on growth, nutrient utilization and carcass composition in Mrigal fry.

Journal of Aquaculture. 4 : 29-35.

Tacon, A.G.J. 1990. Standard methods for the nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and

shrimp. Washington DC, Argent Laboratories Press. p 454 .

Tacon, A.G.J. 1993. Feed ingredients for warm water fish. Fish meal and other processed

feed stuffs, FAO Fish. Circ. No. 856, FAO, Rome, Italy. p 64.

Page 25: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

162

Taoka, Y., Maeda, H., Jo, J.Y., Kim, S.M., Park, S., T. Yoshikawa, T. and Sakata, T. 2006a.

Use of live and dead probiotic cells in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fisheries

Science. 72: 755-766.

Taoka, Y., Maeda, H., Jo, J.Y., Kim, S.M., Park, S.I., Yoshikawa, T. and Sakata, T 2006b.

Use of live and dead probiotic cells in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fisheries

Science. 72: 755-766.

Tavares, F. de A., Roudrigues, J.S.R., Fracalossi, D.M., Esquivel, J., Roubach, R. 2008.

Dried duckweed and commercial feed promote adequate growth performance of

tilapia fingerlings. Biotemas. 21(3): 91-97.

Tavares, F.de A., Lapolli, F.R., Roubach, R., Jungles, M.K., Fracalossi, D.M., De Moraes,

A.M. 2010. Use of Domestic effluent through duckweeds and red tilapia farming in

integrated system. Pan-America Journal of Aquatic Science. 5(1):1-10.

Teguia, A. and Fon Fru, S. 2007. The growth performances of broiler chickens as affected by

diets containing common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) treated by different methods.

Tropical Animal Health Production. 39: 405-410.

Tovar- Ramirez., Mazurais, D., Gatesoupe, J., Quazuquel, P., Cahu, C. and Zambonino, J.

2010. Dietary probiotic live yeast modulates antioxidant enzyme activities and gene

expression of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture. 300(1–4):142–

147.

Tovar-Ramirez, D., Zambonino, J., Infante, C., Cahu, F., Gatesoupe, J. and Vazquez-Juarez,

R. 2004. Influence of dietary live yeast on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

larval development. Aquaculture. 234: 415-427.

Traux, R., Culley, D.D., Griffth, M., Johnson, W. and Wood, J. 1972. Duckweed for chick

feed. Louisiana Agriculture. 18: 9-18.

Uddin, M.N., Rahman, M.S. and Shahjahan, M. 2007. Effects of duckweed (Lemna minor) as

supplementary feed on monoculture of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Progressive Agriculture. 18: 183-188.

Urdaci, M.C. and Pinchuk, I. 2004. Antimicrobail activity of Bacillus probiotics, in Bacteria

Spore Formers: Probiotics and Emerging Applications. (Ed. E. Ricca, A. O.

Henriques, and S. M.Cutting), Horizon Bioscience Press. pp. 171-182.

Vadstein, O. 1997. The use of immunostimulation in Marine larvae culture. Possibilities and

Challenges. Aquaculture. 155: 401-417.

Vajpayee, P., Rai, U.N., Sinha, S., Tripathi, R.D. and Chandra, P. 1995. Bioremediation of

tannery effluent by aquatic macrophytes. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and

Toxicology. 55 (4): 546-553.

Page 26: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

163

Van Dyke, J. M. and Sutton, D. L. 1977. Digestion of duckweed (Lemna sp.) by the Grass

carp (Ctenopharyngodon Welk). Journal of Fish Biology. 11: 273-278.

Vandersteen, P., Brenner, A. and Oron, G. 1998. An Integrated Duckweed and Algae Pond

System for Nitrogen Removal and Renovation. Water Science and Technology. 38(1):

335-343.

Vanweerd, J.H., Khalaf, K.H.A., Aartsen, F.J. and Tijssen, P.A.T 1999. Balance trials with

African catfish Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-treated soybean meal based diets.

Aquaculture Nutrition. 5:135-142.

Vendrell, D., Balcazar, J.L., Blas, D. I, Zarzuela, R.I., Girones, O., Muzquiz, J.L. 2008.

Protection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from lactococcosis by probiotic

bacteria. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 31: 337-

345.

Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. 2000. Probiotic bacteria as

biological agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

64(4): 655-671.

Vine, N .G., Leukes, W .D., Kaiser, H., Daya, S., Baxter, J. and Hecht, T., 2004. Competition

for attachment of aquaculture candidate probiotic and pathogenic bacteria on fish

intestinal mucus. Journal of Fish Disease. 27(6): 319-326.

Viola, S., Mokady, S. R. and Arieli, R. 1983. Effects of soybean processing methods on the

growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio) Aquaculture. 32: 27-28.

Viola, S., Mokady, S. R. and Arieli, R.1981. Experiments in the nutrition of carp:

replacement of fish meal by soybean meal. Bamidgeh. 27(2): 40-48.

Viola, S., Mokady, S.R. and Arieli, Y. 1982. Partial and complete replacement of fish meal

by soybean meal in feeds for intensive culture of carp. Aquaculture. 26: 223-236.

Wadstrom, T., Andersson, K., Sydow, M., Axelsson, L., Lindgren, S. and B. Gullmar.1987.

Surface properties of Lactobacilli isolated from the small intestine of pigs. Journal of

Bacteriology. 62: 513-520.

Walter, H.E. 1984. Probionases : Methods with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as

substrates. In :( Eds. Bergmeyer, H.U.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 5: 270-277.

Wang, Y.B. 2007. Effect of probiotics on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity

of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 269: 259–264.

Wang, Y.B. and Xu, Z.R. 2006. Effect of probiotics for common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Animal Feed Science

and Technology. 127: 283–292.

Page 27: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

164

Wang, Y.B., Li, J.R. and Lin, J. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and

outlook. Aquaculture. 281(1–4): 1–4.

Wang, Y.B., Xu, Z.R. and Xia, M.S. 2005. The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in

northern white shrimpPenaeus vannamei ponds. Fisheries Science. 71 (5): 1036–

1041.

Wang, Y.G., Hassan, M.D., Shariff, M., Zamri, S.M. and Chen X. 1999. Histopathology and

cytopathology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in cultured Penaeus

monodon from peninsular Malaysia with emphasis on pathogenesis and the

mechanism of white spot formation. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 39(1):1–11.

Wayne, K. 2004. Bioremediation of aquaculture waste and degraded waterways using finfish.

Queensland Government Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Tools.

Retrieviable at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae.

Wee, K.L. and Wang, S.S.1987. Nutritive value of Leucaena leaf meal in pelleted feed for

Nile Tilapia.Aquaculture.62: 97-108.

Wee, K.L. and Shu, S.W. 1989. The nutritive value of boiled full fat soybean in pelleted feed

for Nile tilapia. Aquaculture. 81: 303-314.

Westerdahl, A., Olsson, J.C., Kjelleberg, S. and Conway, P.L. 1991. Isolation and

characterization of turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus)-associated bacteria with inhibitory

effect against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied Environment Microbiology. 57: 2223–

2228.

Willett, D. 2005. Duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems: Design aspects and

integrated reuse options for Queensland conditions. Queensland Department of

Primary Industries and Fisheries. DPI and F Publication’s Brisbane, p. 24.

Wilson, M.R. and Warr, G.W. 1992. Fish immunoglobulins and the genes that encode them.

Annual Review of Fish Disease. 2: 201–221.

Yilmaz, E., Akurt, I. and Gunal, G. 2004. Use of duckweed, Lemna minor, as a protein

feedstuff in practical diets for common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fry. Turkish Journal of

Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 4: 105-109.

Young, H.C., Jong, K., Hong, J. K., Won, Y. K., Young, K. and Yong, H.P. 2001. Selection

of a potential probiotic Lactobacillus strain and subsequent in-vivo studies. A. V.

Leeuwenhoek. 80: 193-199.

Zeitoum, I.H., Ulrrey, D.E., Magee, W.T., Gill, J.L and Bergen, W.G. 1976. Quantifying

nutrient requirements of fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 33:

167-172.

Page 28: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

165

Zhou, X., Tian, Z., Wang,Y. and Li, W., 2009. Effect of treatment with probiotics as water

additives on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune

response. Fish Physiology Biochemistry. (doi 10.1007/s10695-009-9320-z).

Ziaei-Nejad, S., 2004. The effect of Bacillus sp. bacteria as a probiotic on growth,

survival and digestive enzyme activity on Indian white shrimps, Fenneropenaeus

indicus, larvae andpost-larvae. Msc thesis. Tehran University. p 100.

Zimmo, O.R., Vandersteen, N. P. and Gijzen, H.J. 2004. Nitrogen mass balance across pilot

scale algae and duckweed based wastewater stabilazation ponds. Water Research. 38:

913-920.

Zirschky, J. and Reed, S.C. 1988. The Use of Duckweed for Wastewater Treatment. Journal

of the Water Pollution Control Federation. 60 (7): 1253-1257.

Page 29: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

166

Page 30: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

167

Page 31: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

168

Page 32: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

169

Page 33: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

170

Page 34: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

171

Page 35: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

172

Page 36: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

173

Page 37: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

174

Page 38: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

175

Page 39: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

176

Page 40: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

177

Page 41: d phd thesis - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36821/15/15...Abraham, J., Mondal, S. and Babu, C.H. 2008. Effect of commercial aquaculture probiotic and gut antagonistic

178