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D. Bryant and J. HollandsDRDC TorontoHuman Systems Integration
September 2010
Decision Aids for Soldiers
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Combat Identification (CID)
• Combat Identification (CID) is the capability to identify friendly, enemy and neutral forces rapidly and accurately.
– When a weapon is fired, it is fired at an appropriate target
• Major risk factors are the loss of situation awareness and misidentification of the target
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Decision Support Concepts
• IFF Systems
– Markings (fluorescent, infrared reflecting, etc.)
– Non-cooperative approaches (beacons)
– IFF for ground vehicles (millimetre wave (mmW), infrared laser, and radio-frequency (RF) based solutions)
• Blue Force Tracking (BFT)
– Mitigate the risk of fratricide by supplying positional information regarding friendly units to enhance SA
– U.S. Army BFT system consists of a computer, satellite antenna, and Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver
– BFT employs a notebook-size, rugged, 12-inch diagonal daylight-visible computer display, strapped on or bolted into vehicles, as an interface for operators
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IMMERSIVE
• IMMERSIVE (Instrumented Military Modeling Engine for Research using SImulation and Virtual Environments)
– Simulated combat environment
– Based on Unreal Tournament software
– First-person perspective of a dismounted infantry soldier
• This platform presents blocks of trials consisting of:
– Terrain (urban environment)
– roBOTic computer controlled entities (BOTs)
– Scenario (sequence of BOT movements and actions)
• Subjects played the role of a dismounted soldier
– Controlled the movement of the rifle with the mouse and fired by pressing the left button
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IMMERSIVE Environment
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Subject’s View
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IMMERSIVE “BOTs”
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Simulated Rifle-Mounted IFF
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Hand-held BFT
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Hit Rate
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False Alarm Rate
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Blue Force Tracking (BFT)
• Current BFT systems implemented at vehicle level
• Can study impact of hand-held BFT for individual soldiers in the IMMERSIVE environment
– Simulate BFT as PDA device
– Simulate potential problems/errors in system
• Lag or delay in updating positional information
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Experiment 3: False Alarm Rate
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Conclusion
• Computer-based simulation offers two benefits:
– Learn about CID decision making and test models
– Evaluate decision support concepts before they are actually available
• Both IFF and BFT are viable CID support concepts
• Negative effect of update lag on BFT indicates that systems may not provide benefits under some conditions
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Reliance on Soldier Decision Aids
• Advances in soldier decision aids
• Soldier Information requirements
• Disclosing system reliability
• Displaying reliability (uncertainty)
• See through display DIR
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Soldier Information Requirements
• Improved SA, performance benefits and high usability and acceptance with augmented reality information displayed using Virtual Retinal Displays or dashboard, spectacle mounted HMDs
• Consider displaying cueing information (e.g., rolling compass, indicators for next waypoint, bearing, location of friendly and enemy entities) superimposed on real scene.
• Egocentric: FFOV spatial and identity information
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IFF vs BFT: uncertainty about ‘unknown’ feedback
Feedback: ‘friend’ (explicit), ‘unknown’ (implicit) ‘Friend’ reliability : P( friendly | ’friend’ ) ≈ 100%
‘Unknown’ reliability : P( hostile | ‘unknown’ ) < 100%
Individual Combat ID System
Wang, L., Jamieson, G. A., & Hollands, J. G. (2009). Trust and reliance on an automated combat identification system. Human Factors, 51, 281-291.
Wang, L., Jamieson, G. A., & Hollands, J. G. (2009). Trust and reliance on an automated combat identification system. Human Factors, 51, 281-291.
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Human-Automation Performance
• Generally human-automation performance improves with automation reliability
• However, for CID even highly reliable aids failed to improved target identification (Dzindolet, Pierce, Beck, Dawe, & Anderson, 2000, 2001; Dzindolet, Pierce, Pomranky, Peterson, & Beck, 2001; Karsh et al., 1995; Kogler, 2003)
• Trust in automated system not examined
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Methodology and Measures Task: Make correct engagement decisions
if hostile shoot; if friend hold fire
SDT reliance measure
Participant’s viewFriendly Hostile
Hollands, J. G., & Neyedli, H. F. (in press). A reliance model for automated combat identification systems: Implications for trust in automation. In N. Stanton (Ed.), Trust in military teams. Farnham, England: Ashgate.
Hollands, J. G., & Neyedli, H. F. (in press). A reliance model for automated combat identification systems: Implications for trust in automation. In N. Stanton (Ed.), Trust in military teams. Farnham, England: Ashgate.
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CID accuracy was improved in the 80% condition but not in the 67% reliabilty condition
• Informed group changed their response bias more appropriately than the uninformed group
Results
80% 67%
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Displaying Uncertainty• No Feedback (unknown feedback)=????
Finger & Bisantz, 2002
Numeric38% 60% p=0.05
Linguisticlikely, unlikely, probable
Graphic
Neyedli, H., Hollands, J. G., & Jamieson, G. A. (2009). Human reliance on an automated combat identification system: Effects of display format. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society – 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 212-216). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
Neyedli, H., Hollands, J. G., & Jamieson, G. A. (2009). Human reliance on an automated combat identification system: Effects of display format. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society – 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 212-216). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
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Experimental Design
2 display method x 2 display format x 5 reliability levels
display methodMesh Pie
integrated
separated
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Results: Interface Format
Compute ßoptimal equation. ßactual fit to ßoptimal model.
Pie: R2 = 0.24, Mesh: R2 = 0.19 Pie: R2 = -0.04, Mesh: R2 = -0.27
Integrated Separated
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Results: Display Method
Mesh
Pie
Reliability Level
d’
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DIR: See-Through Eyeglass Wearable Display Revision Eyewear Inc.Project Objectives
The primary objective of this DIR is to develop and prototype wearable display related technologies with mid-term future growth to provide long-term technology options to the sniper community and the broader Land Force.
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Implications
• DIR project is supported by the military sponsor (DLR-5) and will have long term benefits for the Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP).
• Image and information display to soldiers using protective eyewear integrated with see-through display combines ISR and protection together
• Our work on Decision Aids for Soldiers provides potential content
• Enhance the situational awareness and survivability of the CF
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