CZ1102 Computing & Problem Solving Lecture 1

8/8/2019 CZ1102 Computing & Problem Solving Lecture 1

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IntroductiontoCZ1102

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Objectiveof

the

module

preparethestudenttoapproachproblemsolvinginanalgorithmicway,withanemphasisoncomputational

aspect.

Inparticular,elementsandpracticalitiesofcomputerprogrammingthroughthehighlevelmathematical

computing

environment

will

be

incorporated

in

the

coursestructure.

Thisisanintensivehandsoncourseoncomputationalproblemsolvingwithmanypracticals.Majortopics:

Fundamentalsof

programming

language.

Arrays

and

structures.Functionsandfiles.ComputingusingMATLAB.

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Detailedsyllabus

Fundamentalsofprogramminglanguage

computer

components

and

software

HierarchyintroductiontoMatlab

programdesignanddevelopment

datatypes

and

memory

allocation

relationaloperatorsandlogicalvariables

conditionalstatement

loopsswitchstructure

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(cont)

Arraysandstructures

vector,

matrix

and

multidimensional

arrayselementaccessoperations

recordandstructurearrays

manipulatingof

data

of

different

types

setoperations

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(cont)

Functionsandfiles

elementary

mathematical

functionsuserdefinedfunctions

argumentsandreturnvalues

stringhandling

readingandwritingdatafiles

basicparadigmsonprogramdebugging

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(cont)

ComputingusingMATLAB

elementarylinearalgebraoperations

workingwithMfiles:functionsandscripts

polynomialmultiplicationandrootfindingbybisection

2Dand3Dfunctionplotting

datafittingandinterpolation

multidimensionaldatavisualization

Codevecterization forcomputingefficiency

lookforwardtootherprogramminglanguages:CandC++

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References

Onlinehelpresources

http://www.mathworks.com/help Ebooks

http://www.mathworks.com/moler/index.html

BookBrianH.andD.Valentine,EssentialMATLABfor

scientistsandengineers,AcademicPress,ISBN13:

9780123748836.

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Timetable

Lecture

Monday Tutorial (oddweek)

1. Wed.

2. Fri.1. Lab(evenweek)

1. Wed.

2. Fri.

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Assessment

Tutorial&Lab

20% Twoprojects

20%

Groupproject

(two

members

each)

Finalexam(2A4sizehelpsheets)

60%

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Computerandprogramming

10

Lecture1


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Acomputer

system

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Printer(output)

Monitor(output)

Speaker(output)

Scanner(input)

Mouse(input)

Keyboard(input)

System unit

(processor, memory)

Storage devices

(CD-RW, Floppy,Hard disk, zip,)


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WhatDoes

A

Computer

Do?

Computers can perform four general operations,which comprise the information processing cycle.

Input

Process

Output Storage

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Dataand

Information

All computer processing requires data, which is a

collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such asnumbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the

computer during the input phase.

Computers manipulate data to create information.

Information is data that is organized, meaningful, anduseful.

During the output Phase, the information that has been

created is put into some form, such as a printed report. The information can also be put in computer storage for

future use.

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WhyComputer

is

important

Theability

to

perform

the

information

processing

cyclewithamazingspeed.

Reliability(lowfailurerate).

Accuracy. Abilitytostorehugeamountsofdataand

information.

Abilityto

communicate

with

other

computers.

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HowDoes

aComputer

Know

what

to

do?

Itmustbegivenadetailedlistofinstructions,

calledacomputeprogram orsoftware,thattellsitexactlywhattodo.

Beforeprocessingaspecificjob,thecomputer

programcorresponding

to

that

job

must

be

stored

inmemory.

Oncetheprogramisstoredinmemorythe

computecan

start

the

operation

by

executing

the

programinstructionsoneaftertheother.

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WhatAre

The

Primary

Components

Of

A

Computer?

Inputdevices.

CentralProcessingUnit

controlunit

arithmetic/logicunit.

Memory.

Outputdevices.

Storagedevices.

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InputDevices

Keyboard.

Mouse.

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TheCentral

processing

Unit

Thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)containselectroniccircuitsthatcauseprocessingtooccur.TheCPU

interpretsinstructionstothecomputer,performsthelogicalandarithmeticprocessingoperations,and

causestheinputandoutputoperationstooccur.Itis

consideredthe

brain of

the

computer.

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Memory Memory also called Random Access Memory or RAM

(temporary memory) is the main memory of the

computer. It consists of electronic components thatstore data including numbers, letters of the alphabet,graphics and sound. Any information stored in RAM

is lost when the computer is turned off.

Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etchedon a chip that has startup directions for yourcomputer. It is permanent memory.

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AmountOf

RAM

In

Computers

The amount of memory in computers is typicallymeasured in kilobytes or megabytes. One kilobyte (K

or KB) equals approximately 1,000 memory locations

and one megabyte (M or MB) equals approximately

one million locations A memory location, or byte,

usually stores one character.

Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory canstore approximately 8 million characters. One

megabyte can hold approximately 500 pages of textinformation.

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Output devices make the information resulting from theprocessing available for use.

printercomputer screen.

The printer produces a hard

copy of your output

computer screen producesa soft copy of your output.

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StorageDevices

Auxiliarystoragedevicesareusedtostoredatawhentheyarenotbeingusedinmemory.Themost

commontypes

of

auxiliary

storage

used

on

personal

computersare

floppydisks (hardtoseenow)

harddisks

CDROMdrives.

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HardDisks

Consists of one or more rigid metal plates coatedwith a metal oxide material that allows data to be

magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.

The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed,typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).

Storage capacities of hard disks up to 2000 GB (onebillion bytes are called a gigabyte).

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CompactDiscs

A compact disk (CD/DVD), also called an optical disc,is a flat round, portable storage medium that is

usually 4.75 inch in diameter.

The capacity of a CD is 650 MB of data.

The capacity of a DVD is 4GB.

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How

computer

is

able

to

interact

with

users

Computersoftware

Systemsoftware

Applicationsoftware.

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Machine w ith all its hardware

System Software

Compilers, Interpreters, linker etc.Operating System, Device Drivers

Application P rogramsWord-Processors, Spreadsheets, etc


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(cont) Systemsoftware

Programswrittenforcomputersystems

Example:

OperatingSystems,

Compiler,Loader,Linker,Interpreter.

Applicationprograms

Programswrittenforcomputerusers

Example

Office

Webbrowser

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System Software: Operating

System OperatingSystemisasoftware,whichmakesa

computertoactuallywork.

OSacts

as

an

interface

between

the

application

programsandthemachinehardware.

Loading & running application programs

Allocating memory & processor time

Providing input & output facilities

Managing files of information

Examples:Windows,

Linux,

Unix

and

Mac

OS,

etc.

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How

to

run

a

program

on

OS Steps that the computer goes through to run a

program:

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Memory

Program Output

Machine languageprogram

(executable file)

Data enteredduring execution

Computed results

C P U

Input Data


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Program

Execution

in

CPU StepstakenbytheCPUtorunaprogram

(instructionsareinmachinelanguage):

1. Fetch an instruction

2. Decode (interpret) the instruction

3. Retrieve data, if needed

4. Execute (perform) actual processing

5. Store the results, if needed

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How

to

develop

an

application Application(executablecode)isdevelopedbasedon

sourceprograms(sourcecode)

Twoapproaches

Compilation

Interpretation

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Compilation Application(executablecode)isdevelopedbasedon

sourceprograms(sourcecode)

Sourceprogramsarewritteninprogramminglanguages

PL=programminglanguage

A PLis

Aspecialpurposeandlimitedlanguage

Asetofrulesandsymbolsusedtoconstructacomputer

program

Alanguageusedtointeractwiththecomputer

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Computer

Languages Machine Language

Uses binary code

Machine

dependent Not portable

Assembly LanguageUses mnemonics

Machine

dependentNot usually portable

HighLevel Language (HLL)Uses Englishlike language

Machine independentPortable (but must be compiled for different platforms)Examples: Pascal, C, C++, Java, Fortran, matlab, etc

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MachineLanguage

Operation Address

0010 0000 0000 0100

0100 0000 0000 0101

0011 0000 0000 0110

The representation of a computer program giveinstructions to the computer.

Instructions: Machine instructions are in binary code Instructions specify operations and memory cells involved

in the operation


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AssemblyLanguage

A symbolic representation of the machine language of aspecific processor.

Is converted to machine code by an assembler. Usually, each line of assembly code produces one machine

instruction (Onetoone correspondence).

Programming in assembly language is slow and errorprone

but is more efficient in terms of hardware performance. Mnemonic representation of the instructions and data Example:

Load Price

Add TaxStore Cost


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High

level

language A programming language which use statements consisting of

Englishlike keywords such as "FOR", "PRINT" or IF, ... etc.

Each statement corresponds to several machine languageinstructions (onetomany correspondence).

Much easier to program than in assembly language.

Data are referenced using descriptive names

Operations can be described using familiar symbols

Example:

Cost := Price + Tax


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How

to

convert

source

program

to

application

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Compiler

Assembler

Source

Program

Assembly

Language

Assembly

LanguageMachine

Language


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Compiler Compiler:Acompilerisaprogramthatreadsthe

sourcelanguageandtranslatesintoanequivalent

programinto

machine

language.

Clanguage

Pascallanguage

FORTRANlanguage

C++language

Javalanguage

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Interpretation

Aninterpreter isacomputerprogramthattranslatesandexecutesinstructionswritteninacomputer

programminglanguagelinebyline,unitbyunitetc.,

Example

ConsoleCommend,Matlab system

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Interpreter

Source

Program

Input

Output


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Compilationvs.Interpretation

Compilation:

Syntax

errors

caught

before

running

the

programBetterperformance

Decisionsmadeonce,atcompiletime

Interpretation:Better

diagnostics

(error

messages)

Moreflexibility

Supportscreation/modificationofprogramcodeon

thefly


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Introduction

to

MATLAB MATLABisainterpreterfordoingnumerical

computation.ItsnameisderivedfromMATrix

LABoratory.


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MATLABDesktop

Menu and toolbar

CommandHistory

Workspace


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How

to

learn

Matlab

Rememberthehelp command

MATLAB

help

pages:describehowtousefunctionsandgivesexamples

providestheorybehindmorecomplexfunctions

GettingStarted

MATLABFunctionsListedbyCategory

MATLABFunctionsListedAlphabetically

Twogoodebooks

http://www.mathworks.com/moler/index.html

Documents

CZ1102 Computing & Problem Solving Lecture 1