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In my previous professional life, most eight-hour days werespent sitting in a chair, phone to my ear, staring at acomputer screen. Add to the mix a high stress level, amotion-deprived environment (notwithstanding some armflailing and jaw movement), throw in a diet high in refinedcarbohydrates and excessive amounts of caffeine, and thetable was set for the arrival of my new “little friend.” Theterm “little friend” (I stole this from a customer whoexperienced similar visitations over the years) is ironic. Inthe same fashion that only a good friend can tell us thingsabout ourselves we may not want to hear, a hemorrhoid isa call to revisit lifestyle and diet choices…and this is a “littlefriend” with a loud voice.
So why the unwelcome visit?
Sometimes referred to as “varicose veins of theanus and rectum,” hemorrhoids are enlarged, bulging bloodvessels that come in two endearing iterations, internal andexternal. It doesn’t take much to imagine the distinctionbetween the two, but it is important to know that theseblood vessels lack tone, can be attached to compromisedconnective tissue, and can clot (blood becomes super-viscous and is poorly circulated). More than half of thepopulation develops hemorrhoids, usually after 30 years ofage. Despite the prevalence of these “friendly visits,”conventional medicine talks about conditions associatedwith hemorrhoids rather than what actually causes them.Chronic constipation, overly “toned” musculature, andpregnancy are just a few. Accidents of evolution (being abi-ped) and poor toilet habits (sitting on the toilet too long)are others. In addition, most major medical centerwebsites (Mayo Clinic, Harvard Health, MedlinePlus) onlydiscuss diet as a tool to lessen discomfort and irritation, i.e.lots of water and fiber-rich foods. Less discussed, as eithera cause or a means to prevention, are considerations of dietand exercise.
Chronically elevated blood sugar levels, oftenassociated with diets high in refined carbohydrates andsugars, can erode the linings of blood vessels, a conditionakin to “making-up the guest room” in preparation for ourlittle friend’s arrival. Alcohol consumption in excess raisestriglyceride levels, hardens and thickens veins and arteries,
and impairs circulation. Conversely, exercise improvesmuscle tone (even in areas most people don’t flex in frontof mirrors) and increases metabolism and blood circulation.Bottom line: if the object is to change this relationshipstatus from little friend to rarely seen acquaintance,changes in diet and lifestyle need to be adopted.
Treatment Protocols
Conventional medical treatments for hemorrhoidscan range anywhere from steroidal topicals andsuppositories, ligation (cutting off the blood supply bywrapping a rubber band around the protrudinghemorrhoid) to, in severe cases, surgery. While it isestimated that two million Americans seek treatment forhemorrhoids each year, many sufferers opt for over-the-counter, non-prescription medications. These include zincoxide and mineral oils (protectorants), vasoconstrictorssuch as phenylephrine (Preparation H), treatments foritching (hydrocortisone) and pain (pramoxine), as well asfiber supplements like Metamucil.
Many of the same healthcare/pharmacy-typeretailers that sell these remedies also feature essential oilsby Aura Cacia, Nature’s Bounty and others. Cypresssempervirens (Cypress oil) in particular, as part of anessential oil blend that is easy to make, can be a veryeffective natural alternative for treatment of hemorrhoids.
The use of cypress for hemorrhoids dates backthousands of years: the “shavings” of the plant were part ofa “cataplasm” prescribed by Hippocrates for bleedinghemorrhoids back in the year 400 BCE. Interestingly,Hippocrates suggests using turpentine as a substitute in thepoultice if cypress is unavailable. Turpentine, the resinousextract from conifer trees, is a mixture of monoterpenehydrocarbons. Monoterpenes, known for their astringentand vasoconstrictive qualities, represent up to 50% (in theform of alpha-pinene) of the chemical constituents in theessential oil (EO) of cypress. The tightening or “tonic”quality of monoterpene-rich cypress, along with the oil’sreputation as a “venous decongestant,” makes cypress aparticularly good choice for hemorrhoids.
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Issue 20 December 2013
Cypress Essential Oil andYour New “Little Friend” by RobertTurchyn
UPCOMING EXAMINATION DATES
April 5-19, 2014Application Deadline: 3/1/2014
October 4—18, 2014Application Deadline: 9/1/2014
Download a Handbook and Application atwww.ptcny.com/clients/ARC
Page 2 Newsletter
Giving Your Friend “The Treatment”
A “neat” application of cypress EO is theequivalent of saying “get out” to your friend and, as inchoosing bluntness over diplomacy, this route can bepainful. Cypress EO undiluted and applied directly on ornear the hemorrhoid a few times a day will get the jobdone but may be too irritating for most people. A “kinderand gentler” approach is to combine different EOs and mixin a carrier oil, cream, or ointment. A blend that I havefound very effective in sending my little friend packing overthe years is made of the EOs of cypress, Pelargoniumgraveolens (geranium) and Chamaemelum nobile (Romanchamomile). Geranium -- rich in the monoterpenollinalool, citroneliol and geraniol -- is analgesic andastringent, and the Roman chamomile is anti-inflammatory,analgesic, and helpful with the itching of hemorrhoids. Thecarrier I use is “Cuts and Scrapes” cream by Nelsons thatcontains hypericum and calendula extracts in an alcohol andglycerin base. For every two drops of cypress, use onedrop each of geranium and Roman chamomile. To oneteaspoon of the Nelsons cream add three to four drops ofthe EO blend; apply two to three times per day. Make alarger batch in the same proportion of blend-to-cream andstore in a small jar in the refrigerator. The coolness makesthe blend more soothing. Other ointments and creams willwork and, if need be, K-Y jelly also can be used.
A word of caution: like nieces and nephews you don’t seeall the time, little friends have a tendency to grow up fast.Worse still, unless the rules are laid out up front, they liketo have parties and invite friends. Prevention through diet,lifestyle, and exercise no doubt is the best method to avoidthese periodic visitations; however, if your little friend doesshow, here is a way to show him the exit.
About the Author—Robert TurchynOwner of "Kauai Island Health, Pain Free North Shore, inPrinceville Kauai, HI. Holistic health practitioner focusing onherbs, essential oils and postural therapy. Certifications: HerbalClinician (David Winston's Center fro Herbal Studies, FiveElements School of Chinese Medicine), Aromatherapy (ARC,ACHS) Postural Therapy (The Egoscue Method®)
References1. "Hemorrhoids and What to Do about Them." HealthInformation and Medical Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 03July 2013. <http://www.health.harvard.edu/>.2. "Hemorrhoids." U.S National Library of Medicine . U.S.National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 03 July 2013.<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/>.3. "American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons -ASCRS." American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons -ASCRS. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 July 2013. <http://www.fascrs.org/>.4. "Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments."LiveScience.com. N.p., 27 May 2013. Web. 04 July 2013.<http://www.livescience.com/>.5. "Over the Counter Treatment for Hemorrhoids."BetterMedicine.com - Health and Medical Information YouCan Trust. - Better Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 July 2013.<http://www.bettermedicine.com/>.6. Hippocrates. "On Fistulae." The Internet ClassicsArchive: 441 Searchable Works of Classical Literature.Trans. Francis Adams. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 July 2013. <http://classics.mit.edu/>.7. Bowles, E. Joy. The Chemistry of AromatherapeuticOils. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2003. Print.8. "Turpentine." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 July 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/>.9. Battaglia, Salvatore. The Complete Guide toAromatherapy. Brisbane: International Centre of HolisticAromatherapy, 2003. Print.
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RA EXAM AVAILABLE IN JAPANESEThe Aromatherapy Registration Council was established in1999 as a resource for a growing community of aroma-therapists. Since that time, we are pleased to say that hun-dreds of aromatherapists have elected to take and havepassed the Registered Aromatherapist Exam, which contin-ues to strengthen our aromatherapy community by affirm-ing our shared commitment to a core body of aromather-apy knowledge and public safety. Our community contin-ues to grow! In fact, we’re going global! ARC now offersthe Registered Aromatherapist Exam in Japanese and can-didates can sit the exam in Japan! Soon the Exam will beavailable for candidates to take in Korean and Chinese,too! If you or an aromatherapist you know would likemore information on the Japanese Registered Aromathera-pist Exam—or forthcoming Exams in Korean or Chinese—you can find more information on the ARC website.
(1) Also referred to as phenotypical(2) Generally referred to as morphology
Page 3Issue 20
If you administer or use essential oils, it is important to understand the term chemotype. But, what exactly is a chemotype ,and why is this term important?
There are numerous misconceptions surrounding the word. It is not uncommon to hear aromatherapists explain a chemotypeas something that results from cultivation rather than a plant’s genetic predisposition, or that a chemotype results fromchoosing the right time to harvest—but both of those answers are just that: misconceptions! As a Registered Aromatherapist(RA), it is very important to understand what a chemotype is and why specific chemotypes are preferred for clinical aro-matherapy.
First, it is important to understand that taxonomy is largely based on the observable physical or biochemical (1) form andstructure (2) of plants, rather than their chemical constituents. Thus, taxonomists group plants together into species based ontheir physical appearance, but they may have significantly different chemical characteristics.
A chemotype is based on the chemical composition of a plant, rather than its physical appearance. A particular chemotypewill produce an essential oil with a very specific chemical composition that clearly distinguishes it from other plants withinthe same species.
The basis of chemotypes is the variation in chemical composition that occurs within a genus. As we know, the chemicalcomposition of an essential oil is key to understanding the physiological and psychological actions of the essential oil.
Chemotypes are thought to be genetic adaptations, so the chemical composition remains largely consistent for that particularplant, regardless of environmental factors such as its growing conditions or locale.
Figure 1: Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis has confirmed and well-defined chemotypes. Image byDorene Petersen. © 2007
In order to explore how chemotypes “work,” we’ll examine five different plants with well-established chemotypes: rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis (L.), thyme Thymus vulgaris (L.), basilOcimum basilicum (L.), niaouli Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.), and manuka Leptospermum sco-parium (Forst.). Let’s start by taking a close look at rosemary…
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis (L.)
You are most likely familiar with the predominant chemical components of R. officinalis, whichare:
1,8 cineole (also found in eucalyptus)
A ketone called camphor or borneol
An ester called bornyl acetate (borneol acetate)
But did you know that there are four main chemotypes of rosemary? They include:The cineole type, which you will see listed as R. officinalis ct. cineol. The cineole type has an affinity
for the respiratory system and is an effective bactericidal.
The camphor type, which you will see listed as R. officinalis ct. camphor. Be aware that camphor inexcessive doses may be hazardous to the liver and can cause convulsions if a dose about theRecommended Daily Dose (RDD) is administered. This chemotype is best avoided by anyonewith liver issues.
Comprehending Chemotypes: crucial data for the Registered AromatherapistDorene Petersen
UPCOMING EXAMINATIONDATES
April 5-19, 2014Application Deadline: 3/1/2014
October 4—18, 2014Application Deadline: 9/1/2014
Download a Handbook and Application atwww.ptcny.com/clients/ARC
Page 4 Newsletter
ARC is pleased to announce that the Registra-tion Examination in Aromatherapy now is avail-able in Japanese as a paper-and-pencil exam.For more information, please contact ARC at
The verbenone type, which you will see listed as R. officinalis ct. verbenone. Note that verbenone is a ketone,so it may be hazardous as ketones can be abortifacient when used excessively. Franchome and Pe-noel both list it as contraindicated during pregnancy, but they do not mention the camphor and cineoletypes. (3)
The myrcene type, which you will see listed as R. officinalis ct. myrcene. Myrcene is a monoterpene and a pow-erful analgesic.
From these example, you see why chemotypes—and labeling them clearly—is so important. What if these four very different rose-mary oils were bottled and labeled as just “Rosemary Essential Oil”?
To emphasize the importance of correct identification and labeling even more, let’s take a closer look at each of the four rosemarychemotypes:
R. officinalis ct. cineoleThe R. officinalis ct. cineole is one of the most common. The oil primarily comes from Morocco, Tunisia, and Italy. It ischaracterized by around 50% 1,8 cineole with varying amounts of alpha-pinene, camphor, and borneol. The higher 1,8 cineolmay make it a more effective expectorant. The hydrolat (waters from the distillation) may be a useful anti-inflammatory dueto its content of rosmarinic acid.
R. officinalis ct. camphorThe R. officinalis ct. camphor is usually from Spain and southeastern France. The camphor can be as high as 20% and the 1,8cineole less than 30% with varying amounts of alpha-pinene and borneol. You should consider the camphor borneol typewhere analgesic pain relief is required. But a word of caution: it may be less desirable if a client is predisposed towards epi-lepsy or over activity as camphor is stimulating. The monoterpenols, such as borneol, are said to be anti-infectious and a gen-eral system tonic.
R. officinalis ct. verbenoneThe R. officinalis ct. verbenone is a rare chemotype found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. The chemical profile ischaracterized by very low camphor, less than 8%, low or absent 1,8 cineole, and higher amounts of alpha-pinene, verbenone,and bornyl acetate. The verbenone is a ketone. There is conflicting information about the toxic effects of this ketone, but it isgenerally considered a safer chemotype for children than the camphor type. Any situation that requires a decongestant in chil-dren would benefit from this chemotype.
R. officinalis ct. myrceneThe R. officinalis ct. myrcene is also an uncommon chemotype found mainly in southwestern Spain and Portugal. The essen-tial oil is not usually produced in high amounts. The myrcene content can be as high as 25% and camphor is also a majorcomponent. The 1,8 cineole is usually low. The myrcene is a monoterpene, so it would provide support with muscular painrelief, act as a decongestant, and provide a general tonic and stimulant. But the camphor content can provide excess stimula-tion, so pay extra attention to the dilution ration, dose, and duration.
Thyme Thymus vulgaris (L.)
Thyme also offers an instructive example of the importance of chemotypes. Common examples of thyme chemotypes include:T. vulgaris ct. thymolT. vulgaris ct. geraniol
T. vulgaris ct. linalool
T. vulgaris ct. carvacrol
Again, different chemotypes will produce very different essential oils with different actions from plants of the same species. For ex-ample, two out of three chemotypes of T. vulgaris showed strong antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococ-cus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (4)
(3) Price, S. & Price, L. (1999). Aromatherapy for Health Professionals. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone: 342.(4) Lens-Lisbonne C., Cremiux A., Maillard C., & Balansard G. (1987). Methods of evaluating the antibacterial properties of essentialoils: applied to thyme and cinnamon. J Pharm Belg., 42(5):297-302.
Page 4 Newsletter
Page 5Issue 20
The following vapor balm formula provides a useful example of why Registered Aromatherapists must pay careful attention tochemotypes. A different thyme chemotype may not be as effective or will produce different effects from T. vulgaris ct. linalool.You will also notice that while T. vulgaris ct. linalool is the preferred chemotype when using the balm on children 2-10 years old,T. vulgaris ct. thymol can be substituted to make the balm more potent for older children and adults.
Deborah Halvorson’s Vapor BalmOne of ACHS.edu’s former instructors, Deborah Halvorson’s, favorite cough support is a vapor balm, a natural alternative to Va-porub (adapted from a recipe in Kathy Keville and Mindy Green’s Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art):
Olive oil: 1 cupBeeswax: ¾ oz
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus smithii essential oil: 1½ tPeppermint Mentha x piperita essential oil: 1 t
Thyme Thymus vulgaris ct. linalool essential oil: ¼ t
Melt beeswax and olive oil in the top of a double boiler. Allow to cool but not harden, and then add essential oils. Pour into cleancontainers, label, and date. To use, rub a small amount on the child’s chest.
Note: For children 2-10 years old, use eucalyptus Eucalyptus smithii (R.T.Baker) and thyme T. vulgaris ct. linalool; forolder children and adults, Eucaluptus globulus (Labill.) or Eucalyptus radiata (Sieber ex DC.). and T. vulgaris ct. thymolcan be used. For children ages 12 months to two years, the above recipe can be adapted using only the E. smithii and leav-ing out the peppermint and thyme oils.
Basil Ocimum basilicum (L.)
Basil is another useful plant to analyze when studying chemotypes. The Euro-pean sweet basil oil, generally considered to be of superior quality, containsthe phenol methyl chavicol (estragole), linalool, linelol, limonene, citronellol,methyl cinnamate, eugenol, ocimene, and camphor.
Figure 2: Basil essential oil should be used with care. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2009
There are several chemotypes of basil available, including:
Ocimum basilicum ct. methyl chavicol
Ocimum basilicum ct. linalool
Basil essential oil is very potent, and it’s important to be able to know the two primary chemotypes.
Ocimum basilicum ct. methyl chavicol essential oil contains the phenol methyl chavicol. You may also see methylchavicol referred to as etragole. This chemotype should be used with care because methyl chavicol uses upglutathione in the liver. It can potentially lead to liver damage if used excessively or by someone with a com-promised liver. It should also never be used or recommended if there is any estrogen-dependent cancer. Thelinalool chemotype contains a small amount of methyl chavicol and is much safer in these situations.
While environmental factors do not affect the constituent profile of chemotypes, they do affect the overall quantity of the constitu-ent profile. All medicinal plants must be harvested at just the right time in their growth cycle and handled and processed correctlyto have the optimal constituent profile and therapeutic action for medicinal herb or essential oil therapy. A 2011 study performedin Oman looked at the essential oil yield and composition of basil O. basilicum in winter, spring, and summer. Researchers discov-
Page 6Issue 20
Congratulations to the aromatherapists who registered in 2013:
In April:
Lynette Casper Amanda Lattin Charity Marquis Won Young ShinJennifer Durante Ji Ah Lee Reiko Osada Marcia WaldenGinny France Jin Ah Lee Ji Suk ParkSu Kyung Han Jung Hyun Lee Miki SanagawaEun Hye Kim Seon Kyung Lee Kaori Sasaki
In October:
Laura Allan Sung-Hae Hong Jung Eun Kim Shinhee ParkTheresa Cangialosi Da Yeon Jeong Min Ju Kim Aeja PyoHyun Mi Choi Ga Ya Jeong Minkyun Kim Kumhee YangJung Sook Choi Minsik Jeong Katherine King Mi Young YoonMichelle Cohen Insung Jo Aeran Lee Mi Hee YuMika Hanai Yu Sun Jung Stacy MoranvilleHyoung Gu Hong Minju Kang Hyung Lyul Park
How you can get involvedThere are many ways you can get involved with ARC activities. One of the easi-est ways is by writing test questions for an upcoming ARC examination.
You may also participate in an ARC item review session to review potential testquestions.
In addition, you may write articles for the ARC Newsletter.
All of these activities also qualify for contact hours for reregistration. Check thereregistration guidelines at www.ptcny.com/clients/ARC/index.html
If you would like to help in any of these capacities, contact ARC for further in-formation at call (503) 244-0726. or email [email protected].
ered that the composition varied considerably from season to season. It was determined that the basil harvested was of the linaloolchemotype. The essential oil from the winter and spring seasons contained the sesquiterpene beta-farnesene, while the summer essen-tial oil contained none. The essential oil extracted in spring had the highest antioxidant levels. (5)
Niaouli Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.)
Niaouli has been used by the aboriginal people of Australia for centuries to treat colds, fevers, and congestion, including vapor bathsand sipping the tea. It is another important plant that requires careful attention to its chemical characteristics. GC/MS (Gas chromatog-raphy—mass spectrometry) analysis of the chemical composition of Madagascan M. quinquenervia essential oil revealed the presenceof four chemotypes:
a chemotype having a high content of 1,8 cineole (37%)a chemotype relatively rich in 1,8 cineole (23%), viridiflorol (20%), and terpinolene (5%)a viridiflorol (48%) chemotypean (E)-nerolidol (87%) chemotype
A study in 2000 showed that, while niaouli oil is not as effective an antibacterial as Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel) and L. scoparium, itstill remains a useful addition to an antibacterial blend, especially if the 1,8 cineole chemotype is used. It’s also important to note thatdrug interactions may occur with niaouli, and in fact with any 1,8 cineole-containing oil, so it is especially important to identify thecorrect chemotype when working with niaouli in aromatherapy.
Tea Tree (New Zealand)/Manuka Leptospermum scoparium (Forst.)
Manuka or tea tree L. scoparium is one of the most widespread New Zealand native plants. There are nine different chemotypes withinthe species of manuka. (6) New Zealand tea tree oil has been on the market since 1993. Most of the essential oil in commerce is fromthe East Cape region of the North Island of New Zealand, although various chemotypes are found in other locations. The East Cape oilis said to have the strongest antibacterial action.
A gas chromatographic analysis of New Zealand tea tree oil at the University of Waikato’s chemistry department showed it contains:monoterpenes alpha-cubebene, beta-pinene, cymene, terpinene, alpha-copaene, beta-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, calamanene,limonene, and myrcene; the oxide 1,8 cineole; a terpene alcohol, linalool, and esters.
There have been many studies showing that manuka oil has different physiological actions depending on the chemotype. Researchersat the ethnopharmacology laboratory at the University in Porto Alegre, Brazil, have shown that the linalool chemotype of manuka isan effective sedative and is rapidly absorbed through the skin and nasal mucosa.
When taken orally, the 1,8 cineole is a stimulating expectorant, and when applied topically it is a mild anesthetic and antiseptic. Limo-nene also has an expectorant and antiviral action. Pinene, also found in cypress and pine oils, and cymene, found in thyme oil, have apowerful antiseptic action.
Manuka also offers a good example to illustrate that every botanical has different constituents that require varying degrees of bothtemperature and time to extract. Studies conducted in both Britain and New Zealand have shown manuka to have a broad-spectrumantibiotic action. Tri-ketones, triterpenoids, and flavonoids have also been isolated. The tri-ketones, leptospermone, flavesone andisoleptospermone, which are present in the specific East Cape chemotype, should be present at a minimum of 7% and require at leasteight hours of distillation time to come over in the steam. A South Island chemotype has a higher geraniol and linalol content, whichmakes it the preferred manuka chemotype for perfumery.
Know Your Chemotypes
By closely examining these five plants, it’s easy to see how important it is to know your chemotypes and the different effects theyproduce when practicing essential oil therapy. For more detailed information on chemotypes, you can consult with a Registered Aro-matherapist (RA). You can find an RA in your area on the Aromatherapy Registration Council’s website: http://aromatherapycouncil.org/. Please be sure to also explore the American College of Healthcare Sciences’ accredited programs in aro-matherapy: https://www.achs.edu/academics/aromatherapy.
(5) Al-Maskri, A.Y., Hanif, M.A., Al-Maskari, M.Y., Abraham, A.S., Al-sabahi, J.N., & Al-Mantheri, O. (2011). Essential oil from Ocimumbasilicum (Omani Basil): a desert crop. Nat Prod Commun., 6(10).(6) All the research referenced here relates to a specific chemotype from the East Cape of New Zealand.
Page 6 Newsletter
Page 7Issue 20
Congratulations to the aromatherapists who registered in 2013:
In April:
Lynette Casper Amanda Lattin Charity Marquis Won Young ShinJennifer Durante Ji Ah Lee Reiko Osada Marcia WaldenGinny France Jin Ah Lee Ji Suk ParkSu Kyung Han Jung Hyun Lee Miki SanagawaEun Hye Kim Seon Kyung Lee Kaori Sasaki
In October:Laura Allan Sung-Hae Hong Jung Eun Kim Shinhee ParkTheresa Cangialosi Da Yeon Jeong Min Ju Kim Aeja PyoHyun Mi Choi Ga Ya Jeong Minkyun Kim Kumhee YangJung Sook Choi Minsik Jeong Katherine King Mi Young YoonMichelle Cohen Insung Jo Aeran Lee Mi Hee YuMika Hanai Yu Sun Jung Stacy MoranvilleHyoung Gu Hong Minju Kang Hyung Lyul Park
American College of Healthcare Sciences is seeking contract adjunct faculty for online clinicalaromatherapy teaching positions. ACHS offers accredited, online graduate and undergradu-ate programs in clinical aromatherapy. U.S. Department of Education approved accreditedPhD or professional terminal degree required; RA credential preferred.
ACHS seeks faculty who are caring and attentive to students and provide a collaborativeand engaging online learning experience for students. At least two years teaching experi-ence and subject knowledge required. Experience with an online learning platform suchas eCollege is essential (Angel, Moodle, and Blackboard considered). Instructors shouldbe available to log in to class six days per week and respond to student inquiries within 24hours. Please register to apply online at http://tinyurl.com/achs-adjunct.
About Dorene Petersen:Dorene Petersen is President and Founder of the American College of Healthcare Sciences (ACHS). In addition to teachingcourses for ACHS, researching and writing, Dorene leads the annual ACHS Summer School study-abroad programs to theMediterranean and Indonesia, which explore traditional holistic health, holistic nutrition, therapeutic clinical aromatherapy,and aromatherapy distillation, among other topics. She has presented papers at the International Federation of Essential Oilsand Aroma Trades Annual Conference in California, USA; the Aroma Environment Association of Japan in Tokyo, Japan; theAsian Aroma Ingredients Congress and Expo in Bali, Indonesia; the World Perfumery Congress in Cannes, France; The HerbGrowers and Marketers Conference in Hyannis, Massachusetts; the International Scientific Aromatherapy Symposium inGrasse, France; and at the International Herb Association Conference in Portland, Oregon. Her articles about aromatherapyhave appeared in publications worldwide, including: Perfumer & Flavorist , Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, TheNews Quarterly, Making Scents, The Herbarist, the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal, Massage Magazine, the International HerbAssociation Herb of the Year books, me (a Massage Envy health and wellness publication), and the Aromatherapy RegistrationCouncil newsletter. Dorene currently serves as Chair of the Aromatherapy Registration Council (ARC).
