Cyber-Physical Systems

Jeannette M. WingAssistant Director

Computer and Information Science and Engineering DirectorateNational Science Foundation

Cyber-Physical Systems Security WorkshopNewark, NJ

July 22, 2009

and Making them Trustworthy!

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Smart Cars

Cars drive themselves

A BMW is “now actually a network of computers.”

[R. Achatz, Seimens, Economist Oct 11, 2007]

Lampson’s Grand Challenge:

Reduce highway traffic deaths to zero.

[Butler Lampson, Getting Computers to Understand, Microsoft, J. ACM 50, 1 (Jan. 2003), pp 70-72.]

Smart parking

Credit: PaulStamatiou.com

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Smart Fliers

An airplane is a network of computers.

smart helicopters

smart insects

Credit: Boeing

Credit: Harvard university

Credit: NASA/JPL

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Embedded Medical Devices

infusion pump

pacemaker

scanner

Credit: Baxter International

Credit: Siemens AG

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Sensors Everywhere

Sonoma Redwood Forest smart buildings

smart bridges

Credit: MO Dept. of Transportation

Credit: Arthur Sanderson at RPI

Hudson River Valley

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Robots Everywhere

At work: Two ASIMOs working together in coordination to deliver refreshments

Credit: Honda

At home: Paro, therapeutic robotic sealCredit: Paro Robots U.S., Inc.

At home/clinics: Nursebot, robotic assistance for the elderly

Credit: Carnegie Mellon University

At home: iRobot Roomba vacuums your house

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Assistive Technologies for Everyone

brain-computer interfaces of today

memex of tomorrow

Credit: Dobelle Institute

Credit: Emotiv

Credit: Paramount Pictures

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What is Common to These Systems?

• They have a computational core that interacts with the physical world.

• Cyber-physical systems are engineered systems that require tight conjoining of and coordination between the computational (discrete) and the physical (continuous).

• Trends for the future– Cyber-physical systems will be smarter and smarter.– More and more intelligence will be in software.

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CSTB National Academies StudySoftware for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence?Daniel Jackson, Martyn Thomas, and Lynette I. Millett, EditorsMay 9, 2007

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U.S Broader Research Agenda and PrioritiesDan Reed and George Scalise, editorsAugust 2007

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U.S Broader Research Agenda and Priorities

#1 Priority: Cyber-Physical Systems Our lives depend on them.

Dan Reed and George Scalise, editorsAugust 2007

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Cyber Security Trustworthy Computing

• Security• Reliability• Privacy• Usability

In what follows for CPS Research Challenges,I will interleave these aspects of Trustworthy Computing

Trustworthiness from the BEGINNING.

Say “NO” to bolt-on security!

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Trustworthiness from the Begin

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Drivers of Computing

Science Technology

Society

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Societal Challenges• How can we provide people and society with cyber-

physical systems they can bet their lives on?– Expectations: 24/7 availability, 100% reliability, 100% connectivity, instantaneous response, store anything and everything forever, unintrusive, predictable (or unsurprising), ...– Classes: young to old, able and disabled, rich and poor, literate and illiterate, …

– Numbers: individual cliques acquaintances social networks cultures populations

– Trustworthiness: reliability, reliability, reliability; privacy, privacy, privacy; usability, usability, usability!

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Technical Challenges

• How can we build intelligent and safe digital systems that interact with the physical world?

– Perception, control, and coordination: continuous and ubiquitous– Self-monitoring, real-time learning and adapting

• Beyond current technology– Computing side

• There are limits to digitizing the continuous world by abstractions• Computing abstractions currently focus primarily on functionality, and secondarily

on aspects of the physical world (e.g., time, space, energy, temperature, human behavior)

• Compositional reasoning may be impossible

– Engineering side• Cautiously over-designed systems preclude flexibility offered by computing’s

power, especially the intelligence embodied in software.– Bridging the two worlds

• Need for smart sensors, transponders, actuators, likely in new form factors• E.g., tracking people may require new “camera” technologies

especially for security (a global property), …

security and reliability

privacy and usability

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Scientific Challenges• Co-existence of Booleans and Reals

– Discrete systems in a continuous world– Need for new models (new mathematics?) or extensions of

existing continuous and/or hybrid ones

• Reasoning about uncertainty– Human, Mother Nature, the Adversary

• Understanding complex, unpredictable systems– Emergent behavior, tipping points, disruptive events…– Chaos theory, randomness, ...

securityprivacy and usability reliability

Communities Needed to Meet These Challenges

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Disciplines and Sectors

• Academic Disciplines– Civil engineering– Control systems– Electrical engineering– Embedded systems– Formal methods– Human-computer interaction– Hybrid systems– Mathematics– Mechanical engineering– Networking– Operations research– Probability and statistics– Real-time systems– Robotics– Security and privacy– Social sciences– Software engineering– Systems engineering– Usability– …

• Industrial Sectors– Aeronautics– Automotive– Buildings– Consumer/Home – Energy– Finance– Medical– Physical infrastructure– Power– Telecommunications– …

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Partnerships

• Theoreticians, experimentalists, domain experts

• Computer scientists, engineers (of all types)

• Industry, Academia, Government– domain experts, domain problems– general solutions that work for specific problems

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A (Flower) Model for Expediting Progress

FundamentalResearch

auto

finance

civil

aero

medical

chemical materials

energy

IndustryGov’t (e.g., military)

IndustryGov’tAcademia

AcademiaGov’t (NSF, NSA, NIH, DoD, …)

transportation

Sectors

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NSF Cyber-Physical Systems Program

• CISE and ENG, $30M FY09– All three divisions in CISE are participating– CISE PDs: Michael Branicky, Helen Gill, Paul Oh, Lenore Zuck– ENG PD: Scott Midkiff– http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=503286&o

rg=CISE• Deadline: February 27, 2009• Small, medium, large

• Unique: CPS-Virtual Organization– My dream is that CPS-VO will help realize my Flower Model!

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What the EU is Spending on CPS

• Advanced Research and Technology for Embedded Intelligent Systems (ARTEMIS) [Cyber-Physical Systems]

• Annual budget of € 243 M ($325M), includes €144M in private funds

• 10-yr budget €1.1B public funds, €1.6B private funds

• Part of European Community Framework 7• One of four ICT calls for proposals for 7-year projects

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NSF/CISE Trustworthy Computing Program

• Covers all aspects of trustworthiness– Foundations: crypto, quantum, algorithms, models, logics,

languages, software– Systems: architecture, O/S, devices, I/O, networking, sensors,

testbeds– Information: data– People: privacy, usability

• CNCI FY09 foci: foundations of trustworthiness, privacy, usablity

• FY09 investment $65M, including $20M ARRA• Program cuts across entire directorate

– PDs: Amy Baylor, Richard Beigel, Karl Levitt, Sylvia Spengler, Lenore Zuck

Thank you!

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Credits

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