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Country Report
SURVEY REPORT
Progress in energy efficiency policies in the EU Member States -
the experts perspective
Findings from the Energy Efficiency Watch Project 2012
Christiane Egger (O.Ö. Energiesparverband) with contributions by Reinhold Priewasser, Michaela Kloiber (University of Linz) Nils Borg (eceee), Dominique Bourges (Fedarene), Peter Schilken (Energy Cities)
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CYPRUS
SURVEY REPORT
Progress in energy efficiency policies in the EU Member States -
the experts perspective
Findings from the Energy Efficiency Watch Project 2012
Christiane Egger (O.Ö. Energiesparverband) with contributions by Reinhold Priewasser, Michaela Kloiber (University of Linz) Nils Borg (eceee), Dominique Bourges (Fedarene), Peter Schilken (Energy Cities)
*
Energy Efficiency in Europe Assessment of Energy Efficiency Action Plans and
Policies in EU Member States 2013
2
This report is one of 27 country reports published within the Energy-‐Efficiency-‐Watch project and assesses both ambition and quality of EU Member States´ energy efficiency action plans and policy implementation (see more at www.energy-‐efficiency-‐watch.org).
Cyprus has the target to achieve 10% energy savings by 2016 compared to the ESD reference period. The intermediate target of 3,3% for 2010 has been exceeded (3,57%) and it is expected that also the target for 2016 will be reached on the basis of the measures implemented from 2004-‐2010. Additional measures that allow exceeding the target will be implemented according to the NEEAP. However, the policy ambition of Cypriot energy efficiency policy can only be assessed as low. None of the policy packages reaches more than a medium result. The policy packages for transport, industry and appliances display particularly high potential for improvement according to the NEEAP analysis. In line with this, the majority of interviewed Cypriot experts state that national energy efficiency policy has great potential for improvement. More than 60% of the experts consider the ambition of the energy efficiency policy of Cyprus as generally low. Similar to the NEEAP assessment, experts see the greatest gaps in the fields of transport and buildings. Half of the experts surveyed consider that much additional savings will not be achieved, even if the ESD target is reached.
The sectoral assessment of policies is as follows: • The governance framework comprises an energy agency, a first framework for the promotion of energy services and energy audits and, as a means for overall co-‐ordiantion and financing, an energy efficiency and renewable energies fund. The revenues of the fund are generated through fees that are imposed on electricity consumption. Distinct grant schemes for the different end-‐use sectors are based on this fund.
• The strategy for the public sector is characterized by information and communication activities and a first framework for public procurement.
• The policy package for the residential sector combines minimum energy performance standards and energy performance certificates with a grant scheme that co-‐finances energy saving measures in dwellings.
• EU legislation is particularly visible in the Cyprian policy packages for appliances and industry. In both sectors, the EU Directives on ecodesign and energy labelling constitute the most important measures while few complementary measures have been implemented.
• The measures in the Cyprian transport sector are mainly focused on the renewal of the vehicle fleet through car scrapping and purchase grants. By establishing a public transport action plan, Cyprus starts to build up a public transport system for bigger cities and intercity connections to raise the share of public transport in the modal split.
The Cyprian energy efficiency policy offers great room for improvement even though targets are expected to be reached. Improvements could be the following: • In the transport sector emphasis is put on the renewal of the vehicle fleet. To strengthen the public transport action plan, it is recommended to establish also restrictions for the individual motorized transport, and traffic calming measures
• It is advised to set up energy saving targets and/or get commitments for energy management from industry and services
• To strengthen the policy for the promotion of energy efficient appliances, specific information tools could be developed, economic incentives for the purchase of efficient appliances could be set and training for staff of the retail chain may be offered.
• For the residential sector it is recommended to also develop and promote information tools and demonstration projects.
Introd
uctio
n Sectoral Assessm
ent
Conclusion
s Summary Assessment
3
long-‐term strategy
other actors involved
energy-‐agencies
coordina\on/financing
energy services
horizontal measures
MRV
Public Sector
Comprehensiveness of policy package
Long-‐term EE target(s) and strategy
• A primary energy savings target for 2020 has been set; some municipalities and communities have set targets for 2020
Involvement of non-‐governmental and market actors, and sub-‐national authorities
• Some municipalities are pursuing energy efficiency strategies; Schools sensitize pupils for energy saving
Energy agencies and climate protection agencies • An energy agency has been established
EE mechanisms for overall coordination and financing
• A fund for energy efficiency and renewables has been set up
Favourable framework conditions for energy services
• Cyprus has set requirements regarding the qualification and training of energy auditors and has stated the norms and principles governing their work; Regulations on the operation of energy service companies are to be adopted in 2012
Horizontal measures • No horizontal measure clearly described
Monitoring, reporting and verification
• Only bottom-‐up methods are used; The NEEAP differentiates between all and additional savings; The saving estimates of the first NEEAP are compared with the actually achieved savings
Overarching Energy Efficiency Governance Framework
Comprehensiveness of policy package
Public sector strategy
• A specific strategy for the public sector is missing;
• Some municipalities have developed strategies;
• Funding for measures in the public sector is available
Role model, transparency, and demonstration
• Many communication activities;
• Education and communication on energy savings in schools; Lack of damonstration by the public sector
Public procurement • A national action plan has been adopted;
• A list of products has been drafted
Public buildings • Energy saving officers have been appointed in publc buildings; An annual energy saving event is organized; Lack of a roadmap/ targets
Adequacy of policy package • The policy package considers different actors and addresses supply and demand of energy efficiency services
Screening of the NEEAP
public sector strategy
role model
public procurement
public buildings
adequacy of package
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MEPS
other regula\ons
financing instruments
EPCs
informa\on
demonstra\on
adequacy of package
economic incen\ves
advice and audits
educa\on and training
MEPS
economic incen\ves
energy labels
informa\on tools
educa\on and training
adequacy of package
Comprehensiveness of policy package
Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) • The Ecodesign Directive has been implemented
Economic incentives • Compact fluorescent lamps were distributed for free to residential electricity consumers (2007-‐2011)
Energy labels
• The EU Energy LabellingDirective has been implemented; A market surveillance system has been established; Voluntary labels are not mentioned
Information tools • Information on ecodesign is disseminated
Education and training for retail staff and other supply chain actors
• Trainings on energy efficiency are offered;
• Unclear whether and to what extent these deal with appliances
Adequacy of policy package • The policy package is based on the Ecodesign and the energy labelling Directive; Complementary measures are often lacking
Residential Sector -‐ Appliances
Residential sector -‐ Buildings Comprehensiveness of policy package
Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)
• Minimum energy performance standards have been set for new dwellings and existing dwellings that are to be renovated.
Other regulations • Regluation concerning the maintenance and inspection of boilers, heating installations and air conditioning systems
Economic incentives • A grant scheme for energy saving measures in existing dwellings has been established
Financing instruments • Not included in the NEEAP
Energy performance certificates (EPCs)
• Energy performance certificates have been established;
• A register of qualified exerts and a control system has been set up
Energy advice and audits
• The framework conditions for energy audits have been established;
• Information on heating and air conditioning systems is provided
Information tools • An energy saving award addresses companies and households
Demonstration projects • Not mentioned
Education and training for stakeholders
• The Chamber of professional engineers and the Chamber of Industry and Trade organize training programs that, amongst others, also deal with buildings
Adequacy of policy package • The supply and demand side have been addressed;
• The policy mix is rather balanced
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standards
ES&A targets
economic incen\ves
tradable permits
energy labelling
adequacy of package
obliga\ons
energy taxa\on
planning instruments
regulatory instruments
economic incen\ves
informa\on
R&D support
adequacy of package
Comprehensiveness of policy package
Standards for equipment, production process, products • The Ecodesign Directive has been implemented
Energy savings and action targets for individual companies • Not mentioned in the NEEAP
Obligations / commitments • Not mentioned in the NEEAP
Economic incentives
• A grant scheme for energy saving measures in industrial companies has been set up;
• A grant scheme for energy saving investments in the tertiary sector has been established
Tradable permits • EU ETS only
Energy or CO2 taxation
• The excise duty on gas for business use is above the minimum rate;
• The excise duty on electricity for business use is below the minimum rate
Energy labelling • The energy labelling Directive has been implemented
Other sectors • Several measures in the agricultural sector.
Adequacy of policy package • Demand and supply side addressed;
• Neither targets nor commitments are mentioned
Industry and Tertiary Sector
Comprehensiveness of policy package
Planning instruments • Action plans of municipalities, communities and larger cities have been set up
Regulatory instruments • Only EU minimum standards/instruments
Economic incentives • Grants for the purchase and scrapping of vehicles
Information and advice • Personal training mentioned but not explained: Passenger car labelling (MURE)
R&D support • Not mentioned
Adequacy of policy package
• Potential is considered;
• Policy package is not well balanced;
• Only few actors are adressed by the measures;
Transport Sector
6
In 2011 and 2012, Energy-‐Efficiency-‐Watch conducted a quantitative and qualitative survey with national experts on implementation of energy efficiency policies in EU Member States.
More than 60% of the experts (8 questionnaires were completed for Cyprus) consider the ambition of the Cypriot energy efficiency policy as generally low. This is the highest score of all Member States. However, more than 30% of the experts consider that Cyprus made no progress at all during the last three years. With regard to the barriers to energy efficiency more than 60% of the respondents point to financing as the greatest hurdle. The most important gaps in energy efficiency policies are reported for the residential and the transport sector.
Energy efficiency in the existing housing stock is considered to be rather low. One of the main challenges reported is the effective implementation of the (first) EPBD (Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings). Support programmes exist, however, they have seen interruptions due to lack of sufficient funding. Experts call for a more reliable and long-‐term framework for investments in the residential sector. They observe that support programmes in general put much higher priorities on renewable energy sources than energy efficiency. However, experts recognise that policies for buildings are starting to develop both in legislation and in funding.
The development of public transport systems is also perceived as a key issue. Historically, the offer of public transport was extremely limited. Experts think that this is slowly changing. However, there is a clear need for performance improvement and consumer information.
Regarding the institutional framework, experts are concerned by the lack of ambition of the relevant ministries. Positive comments were made about the activities of the Cyprus Energy Agency in promoting energy efficiency.
As to the public sector, experts referred to the lack of a comprehensive strategy to promote energy efficiency. However, municipalities are getting more active in energy efficiency.
Increasing prices are reported to have had a positive impact on energy efficiency in the service and industry sector.
Asked about the effectiveness of policy instruments, the vast majority of respondents referred to energy efficiency funds (75% consider them as partly effective and 13% as very effective). Very differently from many other countries, 50 % consider energy audits as not effective (most negative indicator of all countries -‐ EU average 15 %) and similarly, 50% consider qualification, accreditation and certification as not effective.
Findings from the Expert Survey
62%
25%
13%
Cyprus: overall ambiWon of the energy efficiency policies
generally, rather low
ambi\ous in a few sectors, less so in most others
ambi\ous in a range of sectors, less so in a few others
13%
37%
25%
25%
Cyprus: achievement of naWonal energy savings target
target will not be achieved
target will be achieved but will not lead to a lot of addi\onal savings target will probably be achieved
target will certainly be achieved
not aware of energy savings target
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The policy package for the public sector is rather balanced. A good practice example in this sector is the implementation of several communication and education activities in schools. To promote public procurement Cyprus has revised its action plan for public procurement and defined clear criteria for different energy using product groups.
The policy packages for transport and for appliances, however, are rather weak. With regard to appliances the NEEAPs of the Netherlands, France, and Ireland can be considered as good practice examples to improve the Cypriotic appliances sector. Information is provided through labels that uses standards and therefore give orientation which can be found in the Netherlands. As well information centres, websites and web based tools e.g. for calculating energy savings provide help and orientation. Those can be found in the Netherlands and especially in France. Concerning the governance framework the implementation of the Ecodesign Directive on national level can be seen as first step. In France there is additionally a co-‐operation with the lighting trade union to remove the least efficient products from the market. Financial incentives that target businesses are available in the Netherlands. Incentives are for instance energy investment allowances and tax rebates for purchase of energy efficient equipement. A tax incentive is also provided by Ireland. The corresponding list of efficient equipment is also used used as a best practice list by public bodies for public procurement. This instrument thus links public and private sector purchases and creates a greater market for the eligible energy efficient products. R&D funding (Energy Research Subsidy) is available for energy saving technologies but it is not clear whether the subsidy will be available also in future.
The policy package for the buildings sector is rather balanced. However, in view of delivering the expected savings (87% of savings are expected from the residential sector) it is advised to strengthen most of its aspects. In particular financing instruments, information measures and demonstrating measures could be improved. Germany can be used as an good practice example for information, finance & incentives and the governance framework. Minimum energy performance standards are in place for new and existing buildings undergoing major renovations. There is also a regular strengthening of targets and obligations. France is a good example for enforcement mechanisms. An official Energy Performance Certificate is issued in Ireland for each home which receives and energy upgrade detailing all energy efficiency measures carried out on the house.
Good Practice Examples
Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The analysis performed here is based almost exclusively on the information provided in the NEEAPs. Consequently, a low score for any of the criteria analysed could also be the result of a NEEAP lacking detailed information. The purpose of this assessment is not an absolute ranking among Member States but is focusing on each Member State’s individual conditions.
Photography Credits: PhotoDisc, iStock, www.openclipart.org
The Project In 2006, the European Union adopted the Directive on energy end-‐use efficiency and energy services ("ESD"). The Directive sets an indicative energy saving target of 9 % by 2016 as well as obligations on national authorities regarding energy savings, energy efficient procurement and the promotion of energy efficiency and energy services. It requires Member States to submit three National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs), scheduled for 2007, 2011 and 2014.
The Energy-‐Efficiency-‐Watch Project aims to facilitate the implementation of the Energy Service Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive. This Intelligent Energy Europe project tried to portray the progress made in implementation of energy efficiency policies since the Energy Service Directive via NEEAPs screening and an extensive EU wide expert survey.
www.energy-‐efficiency-‐watch.org
The Authors Ralf Schüle, Thomas Madry, Vera Aydin, Jonas Fischer, Jan Kaselofsky, Thorsten Koska, Carolin Schäfer-‐ Sparenberg, Lena Tholen (Wuppertal Institute) Daniel Becker, Nikolas Bader (Ecofys) Christiane Egger (O.Ö. Energiesparverband)
with contributions by Reinhold Priewasser, Michaela Kloiber (University of Linz) Nils Borg (eceee), Dominique Bourges (Fedarene), Peter Schilken (Energy Cities)
List of Abbreviations EE – Energy Efficiency, EED – Energy Efficiency Directive, EPC – Energy Performance Certificates, EPDB – Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, ES&A Targets -‐ Energy Savings and Action Targets, ESCO – Energy Service Company, ESD – Energy Service Directive, EU – European Union, EEW – Energy-‐Efficiency-‐Watch, MEPS – Minimum Energy Performance Standards, MRV – Monitoring, Reporting and Verification, MURE – Mesures d’Utilisation Rationelle de l’Energie, NEEAP – National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, R&D – Research and Development
