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Losses in Yield, Quality, and Profitability of Cotton From Improper Harvest Timing. C.W. Bednarz and W.D. Shurley University of Georgia and W.S. Anthony USDA-ARS. http://www.cottoninc.com/online/index.cfm. http://www.cottoninc.com/online/index.cfm. IS THIS PROBLEM DUE TO:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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C.W. Bednarz and
W.D. Shurley
University of Georgia
and
W.S. Anthony
USDA-ARS
Losses in Yield, Quality, and Profitability of Cotton From
Improper Harvest Timing
http://www.cottoninc.com/online/index.cfm
http://www.cottoninc.com/online/index.cfm
IS THIS PROBLEM DUE TO:
•ENVIRONMENT?•Soil Type
•MANAGEMENT?•Varieties•Population Densities•Insect Control•Harvest Timing
PERCENT HARVESTED BY WEEK(5 year average)
http://www.nass.usda.gov
0102030405060708090
100
% H
AR
VE
ST
ED
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
WEEK OF YEAR
MS
LA
US
GA
Commodity Planted Harvested
GA Cotton 4/25-5/25 10/5-11/15
GA Peanut 4/25-5/20 9/10- 10/15
Cotton and Peanut “Most Active” Planting and Harvest Dates
http://www.nass.usda.gov
What is This Harvest Delay Costing Us?(Objectives of Study)
• Investigate the effects of harvest timing on fiber properties in general and percent uniformity in particular.
• Investigate the effects of harvest timing on lint yield.
• Investigate the effects of harvest timing on profitability.
Cotton Defoliation Timing Study
CPES - Ponder Farm•Established 13 treatments (weeks) in the study area.
•Applied harvest aids every week for 13 weeks (NACB and %OB)
•Machine picked each plot two weeks after applying harvest aids.
•Seed cotton ginned on mini gin and the USDA-ARS Lab.
•HVI and AFIS on lint samples (3 per plot).
•Data subject to ANOVA.
1998 1999 2000
Week % OB HvDAP % OB HvDAP % OB HvDAP
0 6 120 17 122 9 133
1 42 127 31 130 30 142
2 69 134 55 135 57 147
3 73 141 60 143 58 150
4 92 148 64 149 76 155
5 100 155 79 157 80 163
6 100 162 83 162 88 170
7 100 169 97 170 94 177
8 100 176 100 178 100 185
9 100 183 100 185 100 191
10 100 190 100 191 100 199
11 100 197 100 198 100 204
12 100 204 100 207 100 211
Harvest Dates
Percent Open Boll
0 20 40 60 80 100
NA
CB
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Figure 1. Nodes from the uppermost first sympodial position crackedboll to the uppermost harvestable boll (NACB) versus percent openboll in harvest timing studies conducted at the University of GeorgiaCoastal Plain Experiment Station in 1998, 1999 and 2000. ** denotesignificance at the P = 0.01 level.
Y = 10.441 - 0.105X; F = 861**; df = 154
Uniformity 1998
8181.5
8282.5
8383.5
8484.5
8585.5
UN
IF (
%)
6 69 92 100 100 100 100
% Open Boll
ab
a
ab
a aa
a aa
a ab ab
b
P>F 0.0929
Uniformity 1999
80
80.5
81
81.5
82
82.5
UN
IF (
%)
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0026
cd cd
abc abcab
a
bcd
e
bcdcd
bcdcd
de
Uniformity 2000
80
80.5
81
81.5
82
UN
IF (
%)
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0017
d
cdbc
aabc
ab ab
d d
d
bc
cd
d
L(n)CV 1999
55
57
59
61
63
65
L(n
)CV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
WeekF = 4.17**
c c c c c cbc bc
abab ab
a a
L(n)CV 2000
43
44
45
46
47
48
L(n
)CV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
WeekF = 6.19**
bcd
e dee
cde cde
abcbc
abcab
aab
a
Why is Uniformity Changing?
• Increasing up to 70% OB• Crop Maturity?• Non-determinate Crop
• Decreasing after 70% OB• Crop Weathering?
Strength 1998
27282930313233343536
ST
R (
g/t
ex)
6 69 92 100 100 100 100
% Open Boll
P>F 0.0001
a
b
c bcc
cde cde
f
cd
ef de
f
def
Strength 1999
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
ST
R (
g/t
ex)
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open Boll
P>F 0.0001
ab a a ab ababc bc
d
bc
d
cd
dd
Strength 2000
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
ST
R (
g/t
ex)
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open Boll
F = 13.91**
a a
b bc bcd
cdef defefg
bcde
fg fg fgg
HVI-UHM 1998
1.11.111.121.131.141.151.161.171.181.19
UH
M (
inch
es)
6 69 92 100 100 100 100
% Open Boll
P>F 0.1699
a
a
a
a
a a
a
a
a a
a
a
a
HVI-UHM 1999
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
UH
M (
inch
es)
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0833
a
a
a
aa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
HVI-UHM 2000
1.0251.03
1.0351.04
1.0451.05
1.0551.06
1.0651.07
UH
M (
inch
es)
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open Boll
F = 3.94**
ab abc abca
abc abc bcde
def cdef
f
bcde
def
f
AFIS-Length(n) 1999
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
L(n
) in
ches
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0006
ab
a a aa a
abc
bcdbcd bcd bcdcd
d
AFIS-Length(n) 2000
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
L(n
) in
ches
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open BollF = 8.70**
cd ababc
abcd cd
defg defg de efg
fg
g g
AFIS-SFC(w) 1999
7.67.8
88.28.48.68.8
99.29.49.6
SF
C(w
) %
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0071
cdbcd
d dd
d
bcdabcd
abcabc
ab abc a
AFIS-SFC(n) 2000
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
SF
C (
n)
%
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open BollF = 9.24**
def
fg fgg
efg def
bcdcde bc
aba
abc
a
HVI Micronaire 1998
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Mic
ron
aire
6 69 92 100 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0011
c
bc
c
aba ab ab a ab ab ab ab a
HVI Micronaire 1999
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
Mic
ron
aire
17 55 64 83 100 100 100
% Open BollP>F 0.0001
e ed bcd cd abc abc
aabc abc abc ab ab
HVI Micronaire 2000
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
Mic
ron
aire
9 57 76 88 100 100 100
% Open BollF = 59.40**
gf
e bcde cde bcd bc a de bc bcde ab ab
Week
1998 1999 2000
Events Total Events Total Events Total
-------------------------------------------------Inches--------------------------------------------------
0 5 3.5 2 0.2 0 0
1 1 0.3 2 0.3 4 4.2
2 1 0.2 2 0.8 3 2.6
3 2 8.7 2 0.3 3 2.2
4 0 0 3 1.3 5 2.1
5 3 4.2 1 0.9 0 0
6 3 0.7 4 1.3 1 1.5
7 3 3.8 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 1 1.0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 0 0 0 0 4 1.1
12 2 0.2 3 0.7 4 3.0
TOTAL 20 21.5 20 6.7 24 16.7
Rainfall During Harvest
Week 1998 1999 2000
0 41 31 42
1 41 31 41
2 41 31 42
3 51 31 41
4 51 31 41
5 52 41 41
6 52 31 41
7 51 41 41
8 51 41 41
9 51 41 51
10 51 41 51
11 61 41 51
12 61 41 51
Color Grades
Week1998 1999 2000
--------------------Cents per pound--------------------
0 +0.5 +0.5 -2.0
1 +0.5 +1.5 +0.5
2 +0.5 +0.5 -2.0
3 -4.5 +1.5 +0.1
4 -4.5 +1.5 +0.1
5 -6.0 0 -1.5
6 -6.0 +1.5 -1.5
7 -4.5 0 -1.5
8 -4.5 0 -3.4
9 -4.5 0 -7.1
10 -4.5 0 -3.8
11 -9.0 0 -3.8
12 -9.0 0 -7.1
Sum of Premiums/Discounts
Week% OB Lint % OB Lint % OB Lint
1998 1999 2000
0 6 1154 c 17 795 f 9 633 f
1 42 1313 ab 31 881 ef 30 823 e
2 69 1305 ab 55 1054 de 57 896 de
3 73 1339 ab 60 1343 ab 58 1140 ab
4 92 1363 ab 64 1412 ab 76 1105 b
5 100 1409 a 80 1456 a 80 1117 ab
6 100 1361 ab 83 1297 bc 88 1153 ab
7 100 1313 ab 97 1237 cd 94 1049 bc
8 100 1355 ab 100 1275 bc 100 1219 a
9 100 1224 bc 100 1314 bc 100 1144 ab
10 100 1363 ab 100 1327 bc 100 1075 bc
11 100 1226 bc 100 ------ 100 980 cd
12 100 1286 abc 100 1338 abc 100 974 cd
Lint Yields
Weeks After First Open Boll
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pe
rcen
t of A
vera
ge
Ad
just
ed
Gro
ss In
com
e
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1998; Y = 103.17 - 1.20X - 0.23X2; F = 9.76**; df = 10
1999 - 2000; Y = 112.98 + 1.66X - 0.93X2; F = 42.11**; df = 22
Figure 2. Percent of the yearly average adjusted gross income versusweeks after first open boll in harvest timing studies conducted at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station in 1998, 1999 and 2000. ** denote significance at the P = 0.01 level.
CONCLUSIONSApplication of Harvest-Aids at
60-80% Open Boll:• Maximized
• Length Uniformity• Fiber Length• Lint Yield (1999)• Profit (1999)
• Minimized• Short Fiber Content
