CUTTING EDGE • 4 7th lntern~tional Conference of the

ectural Scienc\Association (ANZAScA)

~l!ffel Schnabel Editor

:uTTING EDGE 7th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA)

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Edited by

MARC AUREL SCHNABEL The Chinese University of Hong Kong

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CUTTING EDGE 4?1h International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA)

School of Architecture The Chinese University of Hong Kong 13-16 November 2013

www.anzasca.net

All rights reserved © 2013, The Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA), Australia

ISBN 978-0-9923835-0-3 Printed in Hong Kong

Cover design by Sky Lo Tian Tian

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FOREWORD

The Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA) is an international organi­zation, the objective of which is to promote architectural science, theory and practice primarily in relation to teaching and research in institutions of higher education. It was formerly known as Australian and New Zealand Architec­tural Science Association (ANZAScA) and was formed in 1963. Since 1966 annual conferences are held in the Australasian region providing an interna­tional community of researchers and practitioners with a forum to exchange and publish their latest ideas and accomplishments. This volume contains 61 papers (plus two keynote papers) that were accepted for presentation at the Cutting Edge: 47th International Conference of the Architectural Science As­sociation organised and hosted by the School of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, P.R. China, during 13-16 November 2013. The contained papers can also be obtained digitally from the ASA Website (http://anzasca.net). This volume was produced by a motivated team of volunteers through an extensive collaborative process, and it testifies to ASA's longstanding respectable standing. Calls for papers in early 2013 resulted in the submission of 137 abstracts. These were initially reviewed by the international paper selection committee, who invited 87 abstracts for fur­ther development. Of these, 79 full papers were submitted to the final review stage. A double-blind review of each paper was carried out by two to three international reviewers. Following their recommendations, 64 papers were fi­nally accepted for publication. I congratulate the authors for their accomplish­ment. Next to the authors, the reviewers, all of which volunteered valuable time and effort, deserve our sincerest acknowledgements. Moreover, we owe particular gratitude to the School of Architecture, CUHK and the Faculty of Social Science, CUHK for their generosity and support. I also express my deep gratitude to the CAADRIA (Association of Computer Aided Architectural De­sign Research in Asia) for their advice and guidance to the production of these proceedings. Special thanks and recognition goes to Serdar Aydin and Sky Lo, who worked tirelessly to make this proceedings volume a physical reality. On the following pages, I acknowledge and thank those who contributed to the production of this volume. In closing, I sincerely thank the ASA community for trusting in me with hosting, organising and managing the 4 7th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA) and theed­itorship of this proceedings.

MA. Schnabel (Editor), November 2013

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------------------------------CONFERENCE THEME

"Cutting Edge" is the theme of the 47th International Conference of the Archi­tectural Science Association (ANZAScA). Facing unprecedented challenges in our natural & human-made, cultural, social & built environments the con­ference theme encouraged architectural science practitioners and researchers to work at the intersection of human needs, creative innovation, education, critical thinking, computing, science, design & technology. Since architecture is no longer an organization of matter & space, but systems with multi-layered .

· components & increasingly complex relationships architectural scientists are uniquely placed at this verge to engage with these challenges & frontiers.

Especially in the larger context of the architectural science field, with its philosophical richness and its rising influence on the world stage, cutting edge developments and relevant discourses were called upon to explore and raise awareness to the need of overstepping disciplinary boundaries & reaching cre­ative communities at all levels of expertise, by pooling resources, knowledge and practices, and integrating them into the discipline of applied architectural research and science.

Contributions in the following groupings of research-areas were sought: Architecture & Environment; Buildings & Energy; BIM & City Information Modelling; Construction, Material & Technology; Design Education & De­sign Research; Environmental & Earth Science; Generative, Parametric & Evolutionary Architecture; Interactive Environments & Collaboration; Modes of Production & Mass Customization; Practice-Based & Interdisciplinary De­sign/Research; Simulation, Prediction, & Evaluation; Theory, Philosophy & Methodology; Thermal Comfort, Lighting & Acoustics.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW COMMITTEE

Serdar Aydin Nimish Biloria Hugh Byrd Robert Crawford QunDai Nancy Diniz TubaDogu Annemarie S. Dosen Kerry Francis Tomohiro Fukuda Cyrille Hanappe Dustin Headley Kathryn Healey Anders Hermund Christiane M. Herr Peter Horan Richard Hyde Daniel Irving Patrick Janssen Justyna Karakiewicz Steve Kelly Stefan Krakhofer Tim Law Ju Hyun Lee Chor-Kheng Lim Sky Lo Francesca Madeo Guy Marriage Jules Moloney MarkOlweny Tim O'Rourke Burak Pak Paolo Perulli Darin Phare Stephen Pullen Alessia Riccobono Christopher Romano Kara Rosemeier Nicoletta Sala Marc Aurel Schnabel Sabrina Sequeira

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands University of Lincoln, United Kingdom The University of Melbourne, Australia The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China Izmir University of Economics, Turkey The University of Newcastle, Australia Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand Osaka University, Japan Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Architecture de Paris Kansas State University, USA University of Queensland, Australia Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Denmark Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China Deakin University, Australia The University of Sydney, Australia Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand National University of Singapore, Singapore The University of Melbourne, Australia University of South Australia, Australia City University Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Tasmania, Australia · The University of Newcastle, Australia YuanZe University, Taiwan The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Victoria University, New Zealand Victoria University, New Zealand Uganda Martyrs University, Uganda The University of Queensland, Australia KU Leuven University, Belgium University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy The University of Newcastle, Australia University of South Australia, Australia University of Palermo, Italy University at Buffalo, USA Passive House Academy, New Zealand Universita' Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China University of Tasmania, Australia

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~~~------------------...... Susan Shannon Peter Smith James Sullivan Dishita Turakhia Marci Uihlein Anir Upadhyay Josephine Vaughan Alex Webb

The University of Adelaide, Australia The University of Sydney, Australia Victoria University, New Zealand cubeALGO, Research Studio, India University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA The University of Sydney, Australia The University of Newcastle, Australia The University of New Mexico, USA

CONFERENCE STEERING COMMITTEE

Marc Aurel Schnabel Jin-Yen Tsou Richard Hyde

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China The University of Sydney, Australia

CONFERENCE ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Conference Chair: Design: Typesetting: Text: Secretariat:

SPONSORS

Marc Aurel Schnabel, CUHK Sky Lo Tian Tian, CUHK Serdar Aydin, CUHK Thomas Fischer, XJTLU Mandy Chan, CUHK

Faculty of Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China

CONTENTS

Foreword v

Conference Theme vi

Committees vii

Cutting Edge in Architectural Science: Editorial introduction 1 M A. Schnabel

Keynotes

1. Stereo Vision 9 The Dichotomy of Science and Architecture Martin Riese

2. Design Research between different Research Traditions 19 Thomas Fischer

Design Education & Design Research - I 31

3. The Evolution of Media Use in The Design Studio 33 Why are students not engaging in the Cutting Edge? Jeremy Ham

4. Towards Pervasive Hybrid Interfaces 43 Integration of ubiquitous computing technology in the design process Elie! De la Cruz and Martin Tomitsch

5. Selective Simulation In Morphogenetic Investigation 53 A technical approach towards simulation in education Alex Webb

6. Using Social-Geographic Web Platforms to enhance Design 61 Leaming Design Studio 2.0 In Luxembourg Burak Pak and Johan Verbeke

7. Building Systems Integration, Design Studios and a Social 71 Leaming .Cloud Jeremy Ham, Marc Aurel Schnabel and Mark Luther

8. Comparative/Collaborative 81 A teaching methodology for Architectural Design Studio: the need for a comprehensive technical background from concept to detail Francesca Madeo, Fausto Novi and Chiara Piccardo

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Design Education & Design Research - II 93

9. Teaching Building Services like a Pirate 95 Tim Law

10. Beyond Rules Of Thumb 105 Kindling environmental design education in East Africa MarkOlweny

11. Measuring, Mapping, Creating: A mixed method approach to 113 sedentary behaviours and workplace design S. McGann, J.Jancey, M Tye, K. Blackford, R. Creagh, L. Tallis

12. Using PBS Ontology to analyse and Compare Designers' 123 Reasoning Processes in SMM and AMM Design Environments: A pilot study with architectural designers Yi Teng Shih, Willy Sher and Mark Taylor

13. Architectural Design Using Algorithmic Scripting 133 An application ofLinkographic analysis techniques Ju Hyun Lee, Ning Gu and Michael J. Ostwald

Generative, Parametric & Evolutionary Architecture 145

14. Parametric Logics in the Architecture of the 20th Century 147 Some referents and principles MaiteBravo

15. An Insight into Design Thinking of Parametric Design 157 Chor-Kheng Lim

16. Integration of Parametric Thinking within Undergraduate 167 Design Studios Dustin Headley

17. Coding Shape Grammars: Hints for generating a parametric 177 design tool for large-scale urban renewal projects Serdar Aydin

18. Using Graphs to capture spatio-visual Relations 187 Expanding the properties considered in discursive grammar Peiman Amini Behbahani, Ning Gu and Michael Ostwald

19. Evolutionary Design Of Housing 197 A template for development and evaluation procedures Patrick Janssen and Vignesh Kaushik

20. Definition of Smart Parametric Model for Collaborative Design 207 of Mass Housing Tian Tian Lo, Marc Aurel Schnabel and Yan Gao

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21. Enabling Farm to be Adjusted Based on Performance 217 Performance-based parametric design approach for high-rise buildings' integrated wind turbines F. Abdolhossein-pour, M Alaghmandan, and R.J. Krawczyk

Thermal Comfort 229

22. Unforgivable 231 Exploring comfort, adaptation, and forgiveness in a problem green office building Kathryn Healey

23. Metabolic Rate Estimation in the Calculation of the PMV for 241 Children Shamila Haddad, Paul Osmond and Steve King

24. Relationship between Mean Radiant Temperature and Solar 251 Angle for Pedestrians Qun Dai and Marc Aurel Schnabel

25. Optimizing the Building Envelope 261 For energy efficiency and thermal comfort in the tropic climate of Dhaka Anisur Rahman, Matthew Herman and Robert J. Krawczyk

26. A Field Test to Demonstrate the Benefit of Cool Roof Paints in 271 a Temperate Climate Christopher Jensen, Dominique Hes and Lu Aye

27. Platform-Floored Residential Construction and Reflective 281 Sub:floor Insulation Mark Dewsbury, Detlev Geard and Roger Fay

28. Perceived and Actual Thermal Conditions in Green and 291 Conventional Office Buildings Vanessa Menadue, Veronica Soebarto and Terence Williamson

29. Study on Urban Temperature and Land-Use in Guangzhou 301 based on RS and GIS Relationship of urban heat island effect and land-use trends Chen-yang LI, Jing-yu Zheng, Ying Yao and Lu Yu

Buildings & Energy 313

30. The Simple Characterisation of Thermal Mass in Buildings 315 Terence Williamson

31. Can You Have Too Much Thermal Mass? 325 Is there a point at which adding additional mass to a space will

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....-------------------------........... . not reduce the internal diurnal temperature range during summer beyond its current range? Ben Slee, Tom Parkinson, Richard Hyde and Anir Upadhyay

32. Which Heater Should I Choose? 335 A comparative study of appliances and fuel sources Nilesh Bakshi, Robert Vale and Brenda Vale

33. Analysing Building Energy Use Using Sub-Metering and 345 External Weather Data Mark Luther and Peter Horan

34. Exploring Factors Leading to the Holistic Reduction of Waste 355 in Construction S. Pullen, J.Palmer, K Chiveralls, G. Zillante, J. Zuo, L. Wilson

35. A Web-Based Communication Platform for Building 365 Information Models WoonSeong Jeong and Wei Yan

36. Do 'Green' Buildings' IEQ Improve Productivity? 375 Eziaku Onyeizu and Hugh Byrd

37. Will LEED Survive In Asia? 385 Rujjina Thilakaratne and Marc Aurel Schnabel

Architectural Science Research 397

38. Architecture in Times of Disorders 399 Cyrille Hanappe

39. Tracking Sustainability in the Design Process 409 Seyed Saleh Kalantari Hematabadi

40. Uncommon Energy Technologies in New Zealand Homes 419 Roman Jaques

41. Can A Modelling Exercise be developed to aid and foster 429 Sustainable Planning Processes and guide the Future Growth of a small Coastal Australian City? Murray Herron, John Rollo and Mark Luther

42. Constructive Diagrams 439 An effective method to communicate design intents in BIM environments Stefan Krakhofer

43. Parametric Modelling for the Efficient Design of Daylight 449 Strategies with Complex Geometries S. D. Rahimzadeh, V. Garcia Hansen, R. Drogemuller, G. Jsoardi

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Architecture & Environment 461

44. Design Exploration with Stochastic Models of Variation 463 Sambit Datta

45. A Semiotic Framework to understand how Signs in a Collective 473 Design Task convey fuformation A Pilot Study of design in an open crowd context Darin Phare, Ning Gu, Tony Williams and Carmel Laughland

46. A New Perspective On Architectural Sustainability 483 The impact of planned obsolescence on the overall sustainability of houses Anders Hermund, Lars Klint and Jan Schipull Kauschen

4 7. Wind Environment Characteristics in Chinese Vernacular 493 Courtyard and its Design Application Yuan Shi

48. Passive Climate Modification in Compact House Forms in 503 Galle Fort A case of thermal mass integration Malthi Rajapaksha and Upendra Rajapaksha

Simulation, Prediction, Evaluation 515

49. Spatial Design Analysis within an Atrium 517 Guy Marriage and Sunil Bakshi

50. funovative Design Method of Tall Buildings 525 A computational-based approach in optimizing the wind effects on tall buildings M Alaghmandan, F. Abdolhossein-pour and J. Mohammadi

51. Key fufluences on Office Comfort and Energy Performance in 5 3 5 Different Climates: A Comparison Astrid Roetzel, Aris Tsangrassoulis and Udo Dietrich

52. One-Size-Fits-All Housing 545 An exploration of 6-star requirements in the volume builder sector Patrick Nelson and Priyadarsini Raj

53. futeractive Environmental Performance Analysis within 555 Virtual Environments Marc Aurel Schnabel and Tian Tian Lo

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Construction, Material & Technology 567

54. Results from the Simulated Use of Mass-Timber Construction 569 to Improve the Thermal Performance of Lightweight Residential Buildings in Australia Mark Dewsbury, Tooker Maxim and Roger Fay

55. Analysing Material Behaviour Using Cold-Formed, Textured 579 Stainless Steel Christopher Romano and Nicholas Bruscia

56. The Consumer Fight Back 589 New refurbishment policies for New Zealand's residential buildings Chris Murphy

57. An Innovative Reusable Modular System for Steel Truss 599 Structures: Technical features, environmental impacts and architec­tural applications C. Calderini, M Pongiglione, B. Mongiardino, A. Traverso, P. Brescia and T. Principi

58. Sustainable Architecture: Utilizing smart materials in 609 architecture and importance of applying them M Iranmanesh, M Mahmoodi, H Abna and P. Abna

Theory, Philosophy & Methodology 621

59. Paradigm Shift: A city for the 21st century 623 Justyna A. Karakiewicz

60. Integrating the Human Factor into the Holistic Understanding 633 of Sustainability Roshani de Silva and Astrid Roetzel

61. Visual Permeability and the Architecture of Glenn Murcutt: 643 Comparing the characteristic complexity of opaque and transparent building facades Josephine Vaughan and Michael J Ostwald

62. Environmental Preference and Spatio-Visual Geometry 653 A method for combining isovists and psychological testing Annemarie S. Dasen, Michael J. Ostwald and Michael Dawes

63. Digital Expressionism: The Architecture of Complex Shapes 663 Multi-case analysis, classification and interpretation Alessia Riccobono, Alexander Koutamanis, Giuseppe Pellitteri

Author Index 675

xiv

M.A. Schnabel (ed.), Cutting Edge: 47111 International Conference of the Architectural Science Associa­tion, pp 1-3. © 2013, The Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA), Australia

CUTTING EDGE IN ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE

Editorial Introduction

MARC AUREL SCHNABEL The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong marcaurel@cuhk.edu. hk

After 17 years the annual conference of the Architectural Science Associa­tion returns to Hong Kong, where it is hosted again by the School of Archi­tecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Since the last conference in Hong Kong in 1996 with the theme 'Architectural Science, Information and Design' captivating years ofresearch have passed allowing insights into the developments over time of research relating to the field and expertise of Ar­chitectural Science. A review of the topics in the calls for papers shows how some topics draw sustained attention, such as 'Buildings & Energy', 'Archi­tecture & Environment' and 'Design Education & Design Research'. Other topics stand out as new additions to the research repertoire. These are worthwhile to mention here since they indicate directions into which archi­tectural science is likely to develop in its future .. Among these new additions are 'Interactive Environments & Collaboration', 'BIM & City Information Modelling', as well as 'Practice-Based & Interdisciplinary De­sign/Research'. Taken together, these new topics indicate a broadening in­terdisciplinary scope and a growing maturity of our field. They also high­light a renewed theoretical discourse on the relationship of design, science and research. The 47th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association called for research papers addressing the theme 'Cutting Edge'. This title aimed to provoke researchers and practitioners .to reflect on the epistemological dimensions of their enquiries: Where do we stand and where are we heading? What is the impact of our research tomorrow? What novel avenues are we anticipating? And how do we generate lasting value in our research and contributions? This theme acknowledges the needs to not only find solutions for existing problems, but also to look ahead and anticipate

-2 M. A. SCHNABEL

architectural needs in future. Novel ways of seeing are being explored and brought forth by the realisation that research methods, technologies and 'des­ignerly' thinking are interdependently giving rise to each other. Creative thought brings forth research. Research, in return, promises to support crea­tive thought. Investigations into the potential of architectural science in this relationship hence call for holistic research approaches. With its interest in architectural science related technology, problems and issues, ASA has a long and productive tradition focused on research for issues that are in close relationship with architectural designing, applied science and practice.

Especially in the larger Australasian context, with its philosophical rich­ness and its rising influence on the world stage, the 47th instalment of the conference aims to present latest developments, relevant discourses and, possibly, appropriate cures. The on-going developments of research over the past decades present a successful engagement where holistic appreciations of systemic interdependencies and self-cultivating consciousness have long tra­ditions. These developments demonstrate that research in the fields of archi­tectural science have neither reached a point of saturation with respect to its topics of interest, nor have they arrived at a set of conclusively developed standards for valuing the rich and varied work conducted under its umbrella. This indicates that exciting further advances can be expected on the future path of ASA, along which the present volume of proceedings represents only one step.

To start with, in this volume, two Keynote Papers set an overall critical reflection to the conference. Martin Riese' s dichotomy of science and archi­tecture, critically explores how 'mankind is a captive participant in the fasci­nation with the definitive dialogue about "evolution," technology adoption, and our individual and collective human experiences, which appear to be tentative and negotiated "minute by minute".' H~ discusses this paradox in the context of building design and construction projects, which display some of the qualities of this apparent dilemma (pp 9-18). In a more academic con­text, Thomas Fischer explores the challenge~ of different design research traditions: systems research and design research. Based on a case study he establishes a common ground from which to 'develop design research that satisfies both designerly and cybernetic, as well as scientific ideals.' (pp 19-18).

Next following in the section 'Design Education and Design Research', several authors call for a rethinldng of how building technologies and ser­vices are taught in the' context of ubiquitous computation, social networks and rich information flow (Cruz and Tomitsch, pp 43-52; Law, pp 95-104; and Ham at al, pp 71-80). Exploring the discipline from a design-based per-

EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 3

spective, we are again inspired by future developments of our field (Headley, pp 167-176).

Issues related to 'Thermal Comfort' and 'Buildings and Energy' take a centre role in this proceeding. Hereby research finds are presented from the perspective of the individual (Haddad et al, 241-250) to the building enve­lope (Rahman et al, pp 261-260) and the influence of the urban form on hu­mans (Dai et al, pp 251-260). How much thermal mass is needed (Slee et al, pp 325-334) and 'vvlrich heater should I choose' (Bakshi et al, pp 335-344) answer very specific but important questions.

'Generative, Parametric and Evolutionary Architecture' have matured from the initial excitement of form exploration to in depth studies that con­tribute to our built environment. Design exploration with stochastic models (Datta, pp 463-462), effective methods to BIM (Krakhofer, pp 439-448), and templates for development and evaluation procedures (Janssen and Kaushik, pp 197-206) are offered for other researchers and practitioners to apply in their contexts.

This volume ends with theoretical, conceptual, and methodical explora­tions such as how 'Digital Expressionism' are classified and interpreted (Riccobono et al, pp 663-672), what role the human factor plays in a holistic understanding of sustainability (Roshani de Silva et al, pp 633-642), and how recent paradigm shifts demand a rethinking of .our current ways of re­acting to challenges of the 21st century (Karakiewicz, pp 623-632).

Beyond a broadening of its scope and the deepening of its discourse, ASA is taking further steps in advancing architectural science research. These include the establishment of the 'ASA Postgraduate Student Consor­tium', which supports the next generation of researchers. To sustain design­based enquiries, practical implementations, and qualitative research ap­proaches, ASA also encourages further alternative forms of presentation, such as posters, exhibitions, and professional based enquirers. These devel­opments have been presented at the conference, yet are not included in the proceeding. Nevertheless, they call for a renewed discourse on rigour in a field that engages in, and takes responsibility for, all justifiable forms of en­quiry including those at the fringe of the confines of the scientific.

The papers collected together in this volume offer a snapshot of ideas that are being pursued around the world, by both established and emerging re­searchers in computer-aided design. Needless to say this is but one snapshot of the landscape of ideas at a particular moment in time and space. I hope researchers, educators, practitioners and technologists will find these papers stimulating and valuable, as a record of current knowledge and understand­ing and also as a jumping-off platform for future research and development in computer-aided design.

ISBN 978-0-9923835-0-3

9 780992 383503

' Published'by

The Architectura (ANZAScA)

This volume contains the refereed papers of the 47th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA), held at the School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China, during 13 -16 November 2013. They provide a current snapshot of cutting edge research in the field from around the world.