Curso de Inglés Biginners to Advanced

8/17/2019 Curso de Inglés Biginners to Advanced

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Curso de Inglés para HispanohablantesRecursos del Idioma para Estudiantes y Profesores

Tiempos VerbalesSimple Tenses Progressive Tenses

(1) PresentWhat happens? (4) Past PerfectWhat had happened? (7) ConditionalWhat would happen?

(2) PastWhat happened?

(5) FutureWhat will happen?

(8) Past ConditionalWhat would have happened?

() Present PerfectWhat has happened?

(!) Future PerfectWhat will have happened?

(") #odal $er%sWhat (can& could''') happen?

What happens ? ----------- ¿ Qué pasa

Affirmative--------Subject + V1

V1 V2 V3

I go to the office - Voy ala oficina

go went gone

You come fromBrail - Tu vienes deBrasil

come came come

She bu!sever!thing - Ella compratodo

bu! bought bought

The! live in"hicago - Ellos viven enChicao

live live# live#

We wor$here - !osotros tra"a#amosa$u%

wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + don't/doesn't +V1

I #on&t sell

an!thing - !o vendonada sell sol# sol#

You #on&t #o thatwor$ - T& no haces esetra"a#o

#o #i# #one

'e #oesn&t give theor#ers - 'l no da las(rdenes

give gave given

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She #oesn&t visitan!bo#! - Ella no visita anadie

visit visite# visite#

The! #on&t travelan!where- Ellos novia#an a ninuna parte

travel travele# travele#

Interrogative-----Do/does + subject + V1 ?

(o I bring thebeer ? - ¿ Traio lacerve)a *

bring brought brought

(o !ou ta$e the boo$s? - ¿ +lev,s los li"ros *

ta$e too$ ta$en

What #oes hesa! ? - ¿ Qué dice él *

sa! sai# sai#

(oes she accept

presents ? ¿ cepta ellarealos *

accept accepte# accepte#

(o the! believe in)o# ? ¿ Creen ellos en.ios *

believe believe# believe#

Simple Present* To go

ffirmative !eative /nterroative

o don*t o +o o ?,ou o ,ou don*t o +o -ou o ?

.e oes .e doesn*t o +oes he o ?

/he oes /he doesn*t o +oes she o ?

t oes t doesn*t o +oes it o ?

We o We don*t o +o we o ?

,ou o ,ou don*t o +o -ou o ?

0he- o 0he- don*t o +o the- o ?

Affirmative-------Subject + V2 V1 V2 V3

I went to the office - 0o i"a fui a la oficina go went gone

You came from Brail - Tu viniste ven%as de Brasil come came come

She bought ever!thing - Ella compr( compra"a todo bu! bought bought


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The! live# in "hicago - Ellos vivieron viv%an en Chicao live live# live#

We wor$e# here - !osotros tra"a#amos tra"a#,"amos a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + didn't + V1

I #i#n&t sell an!thing - !o vend% no vend%a nada sell sol# sol#

You #i#n&t #o that wor$ - Tu no hiciste no hac%as ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e #i#n&t give the or#ers - 'l no di( no da"a las (rdenes give gave given

She #i#n&t visit an!bo#! - Ella no visit( no visita"a a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! #i#n&t travel an!where - Ellos no via#aron no via#a"an a ninuna parte


Interrogative-----Did + subject + V1 ?

(i# I bring the beer ? - ¿ Tra#e tra%a la cerve)a * bring brought brought

(i# !ou ta$e the boo$s ? - ¿ +levaste lleva"as los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What #i# he sa! ? - ¿ Qué di#o dec%a él * sa! sai# sai#

(i# she accept presents ? -¿ cept( acepta"a ella realos *

accept accepte# accepte#(i# the! believe in )o# ? - ¿ Creyeron cre%an ellos en .ios * believe believe# believe#

Simple Past* To go


went didn*t o +id o ?

,ou went ,ou didn*t o +id -ou o ?

.e went .e didn*t o +id he o ?

/he went /he didn*t o +id she o ?

t went t didn*t o +id it o ?

We went We didn*t o +id we o ?

,ou went ,ou didn*t o +id -ou o ?

0he- went 0he- didn*t o +id the- o ?

Affirmative--------Subject + have / has + V3 V1 V2 V3

I have gone to the office - 0o he ido a la oficina go went gone

You have come from Brail - Tu has venido de Brasil come came come

She has bought ever!thing - Ella ha comprado todo bu! bought bought


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The! have live# in "hicago - Ellos han vivido en Chicao live live# live#

We have wor$e# here - !osotros hemos tra"a#ado a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + haven't / hasn't + V3

I haven&t sol# an!thing - !o he vendido nada sell sol# sol#

You haven&t #one that wor$ - Tu no has hecho ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e hasn&t given the or#ers - 'l no ha dado las (rdenes give gave given

She hasn&t visite# an!bo#! - Ella no ha visitado a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! haven&t travele# an!where- Ellos no han via#ado a ninuna parte travel travele# travele#

Interrogative-----Have/has + subject + V3 ?

'ave I brought the beer ? - ¿ e tra%do la cerve)a * bring brought brought

'ave !ou ta$en the boo$s ? - ¿ as llevado los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What has he sai# ? - ¿ Qué ha dicho él * sa! sai# sai#

'as she accepte# presents ? ¿ a ella aceptado realos * accept accepte# accepte#

'ave the! believe# in )o# ? ¿ an ellos cre%do en .ios * believe believe# believe#

Simple Present Perfect* To go


have one haven*t one have one ?

,ou have one ,ou haven*t one have -ou one ?

.e has one .e hasn*t one has he one ?/he has one /he hasn*t one has she one ?

t has one t hasn*t one has it one ?

We have one We haven*t one have we one ?

,ou have one ,ou haven*t one have -ou one ?

0he- have one 0he- haven*t one have the- one ?

Affirmative--------Subject + had + V3 V1 V2 V3

I ha# gone to the office - 0o ha"%a ido a la oficina go went gone

You ha# come from Brail - Tu ha"%as venido de Brasil come came come

She ha# bought ever!thing - Ella ha"%a comprado todo bu! bought bought


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The! ha# live# in "hicago - Ellos ha"%an vivido en Chicao live live# live#

We ha# wor$e# here - !osotros ha"%amos tra"a#ado a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + hadn't + V3

I ha#n&t sol# an!thing - !o ha"%a vendido nada sell sol# sol#

You ha#n&t #one that wor$ - Tu no ha"%as hecho ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e ha#n&t given the or#ers - 'l no ha"%a dado las (rdenes give gave given

She ha#n&t visite# an!bo#!- Ella no ha"%a visitado a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! ha#n&t travele# an!where- Ellos no ha"%an via#ado a ninuna parte


Interrogative-----Had + subject + V3 ?

'a# I brought the beer ? - ¿ a"%a tra%do la cerve)a * bring brought brought

'a# !ou ta$en the boo$s ? - ¿ a"%as llevado los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What ha# he sai# ? - ¿ Qué ha"%a dicho él * sa! sai# sai#

'a# she accepte# presents ? ¿ a"%a ella aceptado realos *

accept accepte# accepte#'a# the! believe# in )o# ? ¿ a"%an ellos cre%do en .ios * believe believe# believe#

Simple Past Perfect* To go


had one hadn*t one had one ?

,ou had one ,ou hadn*t one had -ou one ?

.e had one .e hadn*t one had he one ?

/he had one /he hadn*t one had she one ?

t had one t hadn*t one had it one ?

We had one We hadn*t one had we one ?

,ou had one ,ou hadn*t one had -ou one ?

0he- had one 0he- hadn*t one had the- one ?

Affirmative--------Subject + will + V1 V1 V2 V3

I will go to the office - /ré a la oficina go went gone

You will come from Brail - Tu vendr,s de Brasil come came come

She will bu! ever!thing - Ella comprar, todo bu! bought bought


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The! will live in "hicago - Ellos vivir,n en Chicao live live# live#

We will wor$ here - !osotros tra"a#aremos a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + will not (won't)+ V1

I will not +won&t, sell an!thing - !o venderé nada sell sol# sol#

You will not +won&t, #o that wor$ - Tu no har,s ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e will not +won&t, give the or#ers - 'l no dar, las (rdenes give gave given

She will not +won&t, visit an!bo#!- Ella no visitar, a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! will not +won&t, travel an!where- Ellos no via#ar,n a ninuna parte


Interrogative-----Will + subject + V1 ?

Will I bring the beer ? - ¿ Traeré la cerve)a * bring brought brought

Will !ou ta$e the boo$s ? - ¿ +levar,s los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What will he sa! ? - ¿ Qué dir, él * sa! sai# sai#

Will she accept presents ? ¿ ceptar, ella realos *

accept accepte# accepte#Will the! believe in )o# ? ¿ Creer,n ellos en .ios * believe believe# believe#

Simple uture* To go


will o will not o Will o ?

,ou will o ,ou will not o Will -ou o ?

.e will o .e will not o Will he o ?

/he will o /he will not o Will she o ?

t will o t will not o Will it o ?

We will o We will not o Will we o ?

,ou will o ,ou will not o Will -ou o ?

0he- will o 0he- will not o Will the- o ?

Affirmative--------Subject + will have + V3 V1 V2 V3

I will have gone to the office - a"ré ido a la oficina go went gone

You will have come from Brail - Tu ha"r,r venido de Brasil come came come

She will have bought ever!thing - Ella ha"r, comprado todo bu! bought bought

The! will have live# in "hicago -a"r,n vivido en Chicao live live# live#


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We will have wor$e# here - a"remos tra"a#ado a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + won't have +V3

I won&t have sol# an!thing - !o ha"ré vendido nada sell sol# sol#

You won&t have #one that wor$ - !o ha"r,s hecho ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e won&t have given the or#ers - !o ha"r, dado las (rdenes give gave given

She won&t have visite# an!bo#! - !o ha"r, visitado a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! won&t have travele# an!where - !o ha"r,n via#ado a ninuna parte


Interrogative-----Will + subject + have + V3 ?

Will I have brought the beer ? - ¿ a"ré tra%do la cerve)a * bring brought brought

Will !ou have ta$en the boo$s ? - ¿a"r,s llevado los li"ros* ta$e too$ ta$en

What will he have sai# ? - ¿Qué ha"r, dicho él* sa! sai# sai#

Will she have accepte# presents ? -¿a"r, aceptado realos* accept accepte# accepte#

Will the! have believe# in )o# ? -¿a"r,n cre%do en .ios*

believe believe# believe#

Simple uture Perfect* To go


will have one will not have one Will have one ?

,ou will have one ,ou will not have one Will -ou have one ?

.e will have one .e will not have one Will he have one ?

/he will have one /he will not have one Will she have one ?

t will have one t will not have one Will it have one ?

We will have one We will not have one Will we have one ?

,ou will have one ,ou will not have one Will -ou have one ?

0he- will have one 0he- will not have one Will the- have one ?

Affirmative--------Subject + would + V1 V1 V2 V3

I woul# go to the office - 0o ir%a a la oficina go went gone

You woul# come from Brail - Tu vendr%as de Brasil come came come

She woul# bu! ever!thing - Ella comprar%a todo bu! bought bought

The! woul# live in "hicago - Ellos vivir%an en Chicao live live# live#

We woul# wor$ here - !osotros tra"a#ar%amos a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#


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%egative----------Subject + wouldn't + V1

I woul#n&t sell an!thing - 0o no vender%a nada sell sol# sol#

You woul#n&t #o that wor$ - Tu no har%as ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e woul#n&t give the or#ers - 'l no dar%a las (rdenes give gave given

She woul#n&t visit an!bo#! - Ella no visitar%a a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! woul#n&t travel an!where - Ellos no via#ar%an a ninuna parte travel travele# travele#

Interrogative-----Would + subject + V1 ?

Woul# I bring the beer ? - ¿ Traer%a yo la cerve)a * bring brought brought

Woul# !ou ta$e the boo$s ? - ¿ +levar%as los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What woul# he sa! ? - ¿ Qué dir%a él * sa! sai# sai#

Woul# she accept presents ?- ¿ ceptar%a ella realos * accept accepte# accepte#

Woul# the! believe in )o# ? - ¿ Creer%an ellos en .ios * believe believe# believe#

Simple "on#itional* To go


would o would not o Would o ?

,ou would o ,ou would not o Would -ou o ?

.e would o .e would not o Would he o ?

/he would o /he would not o Would she o ?

t would o t would not o Would it o ?We would o We would not o Would we o ?

,ou would o ,ou would not o Would -ou o ?

0he- would o 0he- would not o Would the- o ?

Affirmative--------Subject + would have + V3 V1 V2 V3I woul# have gone to the office - a"r%a ido a la oficina go went gone

You woul# have come from Brail - Tu ha"r%as venido de Brasil come came come

She woul# have bought ever!thing - Ella ha"r%a comprado todo bu! bought bought

The! woul# have live# in "hicago - Ellos ha"r%an vivido en Chicao live live# live#

We woul# have wor$e# here - !osotros ha"r%amos tra"a#ado a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#


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%egative----------Subject + wouldn't have + V3

I woul#n&t have sol# an!thing - !o ha"r%a vendido nada sell sol# sol#

You woul#n&t have #one that wor$ - T& no ha"r%as hecho ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e woul#n&t have given the or#ers - 'l no ha"r%a dado las (rdenes give gave given

She woul#n&t have visite# an!bo#!- Ella no ha"r%a visitado a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! woul#n&t have travele# an!where- Ellos no ha"r%an via#ado aninuna parte


Interrogative-----Would + subject + have V3 ?

Woul# I have brought the beer ? - ¿a"r%a yo tra%do la cerve)a* bring brought brought

Woul# !ou have ta$en the boo$s ? - ¿a"r%as tu llevado los li"ros* ta$e too$ ta$en

What woul# he have sai# ? - ¿Qué ha"r%a dicho él* sa! sai# sai#

Woul# she have accepte# presents ? ¿a"r%a ella aceptado realos* accept accepte# accepte#

Woul# the! have believe# in )o# ? ¿a"r%an ellos cre%do en .ios* believe believe# believe#

Simple Past "on#itional* To go


would have one would not have one Would have one ?

,ou would have one ,ou would not have one Would -ou have one ?

.e would have one .e would not have one Would he have one ?

/he would have one /he would not have one Would she have one ?

t would have one t would not have one Would it have one ?

We would have one We would not have one Would we have one ?

,ou would have one ,ou would not have one Would -ou have one ?

0he- would have one 0he- would not have one Would the- have one ?

Affirmative--------Subject + (can could !ust """) + V1 V1 V2 V3

I must go to the office - .e"o ir a la oficina go went gone

You coul# come from Brail - T& podr%as venir de Brasil come came come

She shoul# bu! ever!thing - Ella de"er%a comprar todo bu! bought bought

The! might live in "hicago - Ellos podr%an vivir en Chicao live live# live#


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We can wor$ here - !osotros podemos tra"a#ar a$u% wor$ wor$e# wor$e#

%egative----------Subject + (can could""") + not V1

I can not sell an!thing - !o puedo vender nada sell sol# sol#

You shoul#n&t #o that wor$ - Tu no de"er%as hacer ese tra"a#o #o #i# #one

'e shoul#n&t give the or#ers - 'l no de"er%a dar las (rdenes give gave given

She can not visit an!bo#! - Ella no puede visitar a nadie visit visite# visite#

The! coul#n&t travel an!where - Ellos no podr%an via#ar a ninuna parte travel travele# travele#

Interrogative-----(can could""") + subject + V1 ?

Shoul# I bring the beer ? - ¿ .e"er%a traer la cerve)a * bring brought brought

"oul# !ou ta$e the boo$s ? - ¿ 4odr%as llevar los li"ros * ta$e too$ ta$en

What must he sa! ? - ¿ Qué de"e decir él * sa! sai# sai#

.ight she accept presents ? - ¿ 4odr%a ella aceptar realos * accept accepte# accepte#

Shoul# the! believe in )o# ? - ¿ .e"er%an ellos creer en .ios * believe believe# believe#

.o#al Verbs / To go


can o can not o Can o ?

could o could not o Could o ?

a- o a- not o #a- o ?

iht o iht not o #iht o ? ust o ust not o #ust o ?

should o We should not o /hould o ?

To Be* ser o estar To 'ave* ha"er o tener Ver"o To Be Ver"o To 'ave

TI0.P1S orma Afirmativa orma %egativaorma

Interrogativa

Present / am a farmer / have a farm

Past 0ou are tired 0ou have to rest

Present Perfect e5 6he5 /t is sic7 e5 6he 5 /t has fever

Past Perfect 8e are musicians 8e have instruments

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uture +will, 0ou are shoutin 0ou have to shut up

ut +be/going to, They are rich They have money

uture Perfect Tra#ucci2n

"on#itional 6oy un ran#ero Teno una ran#a

Past "on#itional Est,s cansado Tenés $ue descansar

55 Est, enfermo 55 Tiene fie"re 6omos m&sicos Tenemos instrumentos

9ds est,n ritando 9ds tienen $ue callarse

6on ricos Tienen dinero

Verbos Irregulares

+3, + 4 , + 5 , + 6 , + 7 , + 8 , + 9 , + : , + ; , + 3< , + 33 ,6imple 4resent 6imple 4ast 4ast 4articiple :eanins

abi#e a",id abo#e a"(ud abo#e a"(ud soportar

arise ar,is arose ar(us arisen ar%sen sublevarse subir

awa$e auéi7 awo$e au(u7 awo$e au(u7 #espertarse

be am=are=is was=were u(s5uér been "%in ser o estar

beat "it beat "it beaten "%ten golpear

become "ic,m became "i7éim become "ic,m convertise en

begin "iu%n began "i,n begun "i,n comenarben# "end bent "ent bent "ent #oblar

bet "et bet "et bet "et apostar

bin# ",ind boun# ",und boun# ",und atar

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle .eanings

come +cam, came +$>im, come +cam, venir

creep +crip, crept +cr>pt, crept +cr>pt, arrastrarse

#eal +#il, #ealt +#elt, #ealt +#elt, tratar

#ig +#ig, #ug +#ag, #ug +#ag, cavar

#o +#u, #i# +#i#, #one +#oon, hacer

#raw +#ro, #rew +#ru, #rawn +#roon, #ibu@ar atraer

#rin$ +#rin$, #ran$ +#raan$, #run$ +#ran$, beber

#rive +#riv, #rove +#r2uv, #riven +#rven, con#ucir

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eat +it, ate +>it, eaten +ten, comer

fall +fol, fell +fel, fallen +f2len, caer

Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle .eanings

give +guv, gave +gu>iv, given +guven, #ar

go +g2u, went +u>nt, gone +g2n,ir

grin# +grin#, groun# +grun#, groun# +grun#, moler

grow +gr2u, grew +gru, grown +gr2un, crecer

hang +@ang, hung +@aang, hung +@aang, colgar

have +@av, ha# +@a#, ha# +@a#, tener

hi#e +@i#, hi# +@i#, hi##en +@#en, escon#er

hit +@it, hit +@it, hit +@it, golpear

hol# +@2ul#, hel# +@el#, hel# +@el#, sostener asir

$eep +$ip, $ept +$ept, $ept +$ept, guar#ar mantenerSimple Present Simple Past Past Participle .eanings

put +put, put +put, put +put, poner

rea# +ri#, rea# +re#, rea# +re#, leer

ri#e +ri#, ro#e +r2u#, ri##en +r#en, montar an#ar en

ring +ring, rang +raang, rung +rang, sonar

run +ran, ran +raan, run +ran, correr

sa! +s>i, sai# +se#, sai# +se#, #ecir

see +si, saw +so, seen +sin, ver

see$ +si$, sought +sot, sought +sot, buscar

sell +sel, sol# +s2ul#, sol# +s2ul#, ven#er

sha$e +sh>i$, shoo$ +shu$, sha$en +sh>i$en, sacu#ir

sling +sling, slung +slang, slung +slaang, tirar arro@ar

spea$ +spi$, spo$e +sp2u$, spo$en +sp2u$en, hablar

spen# +spen#, spent +spent, spent +spent, gastar

spin +spin, spun +span, spun +span, hilar#ar vueltasstan# +stan#, stoo# +stC#, stoo# +stC#, ponerse +estar, #e pie

steal +stil, stole +st2ul, stolen +st2ulen, robar

stic$ +sti$, stuc$ +sta$, stuc$ +sta$, pegar +con cola, meter

sting +sting, stung +stang, stung +stang, picar pinchar

stri$e +stri$, struc$ +stra$, struc$ +stra$, golpear pegar


13/120

strive +striv, strove +str2uv, striven +strven, esforarse

throw +r2u, threw +ru, thrown +r2un, arro@ar

trea# +tre#, tro# +tro#, tro##en +tr2#en, pisar

un#erstan#+-stan#,

un#erstoo# +-stC#, un#erstoo# +-stC#, enten#er

wear +wer, wore +wor, worn +worn, usar +ropa,

weave +wv, wove +wov, woven +w2ven, te@er

weep +wip, wept +w>pt, wept +w>pt, llorar

win +win, won +won, won +won, ganar

win# +win#, woun# +wun#, woun# +wun#, enrollar

wring +ring, wrung +rang, wrung +rang, estru@ar

write +rit, wrote +r2ut, written +rten, escribir

Verbos .o#alesCan :ay 8ill 6hall :ust

Could :iht 8ould 6hould ;uht to

pol*You can pla! chessT& puedes5sa"es #uar al a#edre)

You can&t sa! that !o puedes decir eso

"an !ou pla! chess?¿4odés56a"és #uar al a#edre)*

'e can go if he wants'l puede ir si $uiere

'e can&t finish this now'l no puede terminar esto ahora

"an we tell !ou something?¿4odemos decirte alo*

That can be ver! #ifficultEso puede ser muy dif%cil

She can&t rea# withoutglassesElla no puede leer sin anteo#os

"an she go out tonight?¿4uede ella salir esta noche*

It can be raining4uede estar lloviendo

It cannot be so eas!alo !o puede ser tan f,cil

"an it fl!?alo¿4uede volar*

We can #o that ver! easil!4odemos hacer eso muy facilmente We can&t un#erstan# this !o podemos entender esto "an we start tomorrow?¿4odemos empe)ar ma>ana*

An!bo#! can have ba# luc$ Cual$uiera puede tener mala suerte

You can&t be so cra! !o puedes estar tan loco

"an I be with !ou?¿4uedo estar contio*

The film can be ver! boringEl film puede ser muy a"urrido

The! cannot live hereEllos no pueden vivir a$u%

"an the! sta! with us?¿4ueden ellos $uedrse con nosotros*

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Affirmative

/0oue

6he/t

8e0ouThey

can

ocome

?or7 livespea7


15/120

1) ACCOUNT FOR - explicar- 4) A! AFTER -preguntar por alguien-

") A## UP -tener sentido- $) A! FOR -preguntar por-

%) A&&O' FOR -tener en cuenta- () A! OUT - invitar a salir-

0@emplos

1 The storm accounts for the plane crash< 6usan is as$ing after your "rother<

2 / canDt understand this< /t doesnDt a## up< e ?as very hunryand as$e# me for somethin to eat<

3 ll ood fishermen allow for the posi"ilityof sna7e "ites<

F Gohn li7es 6usan< e?ill as$ her out toniht<

1) AC! #O'N - echarse atrás *) REA! #O'N - averiarse, descomponerse

") AC! OUT - romper una promesa +) REA! IN,TO) - entrar por la fuerza

%) AC! UP - apoyar -) REA! OUT - comenzar (una calamidad)

4) AC! UP - retroceder 1.) REA! UP - romper relaciones

$) &O' UP - estallar 11) RIN/ UP - educar, criar

() &O' UP - llenar de aire, inflar 1") RIN/ UP - proponer, traer a colación

E#emplos

1 6usan threatened to leaveH "ut latershe bac$e# #own and stayed<

I Gac7 had a terri"le day yesterday< iscar bro$e #own on his ?ay to ?or7<

2 BillDs father promised to "uy him a "icycleH "ut he finally bac$e# out of his promise<

J Burlars bro$e into Gac7Ds apartment ?hilehe ?as on vacation<

3 /f you decide to present that proposalH/Dll bac$ you up <

K The nation ?as happy until a terri"le?ar bro$e outD

Can you bac$ your car up a little* /tDs "loc7in my drive?ay L

1M Tom ot very anry and bro$e up ?ith6usan<

The soldiers blew the "ride up < !o"odycan cross no?<

11 is parents diedH so he ?as brought up "yhis randfather<

F 8ill you help me blow these "alloons up for the party*

12 posi"le solution ?as brought up in thelast meetin<

1) CA&& OFF - cancelar, suspender 11) CO0E ACRO - encontrar, toparse con

") CA&& ON - visitar, acudir a 1") CO0E A&ON/ - acompañar

%) CA&& UP - llamar por teléfono 1%) CO0E A'A 2 OFF - desprenderse, soltarse

4) CARE FOR - gustar (se usa negando) 14) CO0E #O'N 'IT3 - enfermarse de

$) CARR ON - continuar , seguir 1$) CO0E &OOE - aflojarse

() CARR OUT - llevar a cao, realizar 1() CO0E OER - venir a la casa de uno


16/120

*) CATC3 UP ,'IT3) - alcanzar 1*) CO0E ROUN# 2 TO - recorar la conciencia

+) C3EC! IN - registrarse ( en hotel , etc) 1+) COUNT ON - contar con , confiar en

-) C3EC! OUT - investigar 1-) CUT AC! ON - reducir en consumo de

1.) C3EC! OUT OF - irse ( de un hotel, etc) ".) CUT UP - cortar en pedacitos

E#emplos1 The foot"all match ?as calle# off due tothe heavy rain<

11 / came across an old friend yesterday<

2 /f you have pro"lems ?ith your home?or7Hyou can call on me<

12 /f you ?antH you can come along ?ith us<

3 4leaseH call me up ?hen you finish thatreport<

13 / cauht the rope stronly ?ith my handsH "ut it came off <

/ really li7e Bra)ilH "ut /donDt care much for its food<

1 Bo" didnDt come to ?or7 today< e came#own with the flu<

lthouh ?e are very tiredH ?e must carr!on ?ith this ?or7<

1 The rope came looseH so the "oat started todrift a?ay<

F The ?or7 on the "uildin ?as carrie#out in only t?o months<

1F 8e are oin to have a party at hometoniht< 8ill you come over*

I 6ally is so intellient and so fast< /tDs reallyhard to catch up with her<

1I 6he faintedH "ut fortunately she cameroun# very $uic7ly<

J e arrived at the hotel and chec$e# in< 1J 0ou can count on Gac7< e is very honest<

K / thin7 this information is ?ron< Couldyou chec$ it out * 1K 0ou are a little over?eiht< 0ou should cutbac$ on the amount of fat in your meals<

1M e chec$e# out of the hotel "ecause hedidnDt li7e the service<

2M /n order to ma7e this ste?H cut up the meatfirst<

1) #O A'A 'IT3 - aolir, eliminar () #RA' NEAR - acercarse

") #O UP - arochar, atar *) #RA' UP - redactar

%) 3AE TO #O 'IT3 - tener !ue ver con +) #RA' UP - detenerse, pararse

4) #O 'IT3OUT - arreglárselas sin -) #ROP IN ,ON) - dar un visita

$) #RA/ ON - ser interminale 1.) #ROP OUT ,OF) - aandonar, dejar de ir a

E#emplos

1 The police are tryin to #o awa!with crime in this city<

F s summer #raws nearH people thin7 a"outoin to the "each<

2 BillDs mother tauht him ho? to #o up hisshoelaces<

I fter they had areed on the termsHthey #rew up a contract


17/120

3 That story has nothin to #o with the realfacts<

J Bill #rew his car up ?hen he sa? childrencrossin the street<

The refrierator ?as emptyH so / had to #owithout "rea7fast that day<

K !eNt ?ee7 / ?ill have a lot of free time<4leaseH #rop in anytime you ?ant<

Time #rags on ?hen you are ?aitin for

somethin

1M :any youn people are #ropping out

of school no?adays<1) FACE UP TO - hacer frente a () FEE& UP TO - sentirse capaz de

") FA&& E3IN# - !uedarse atrás *) FI/URE OUT - comprender, entender

%) FA&& FOR - enamorarse de +) FI&& IN 2 UP - rellenar (formularios)

4) FA&& T3ROU/3 - fracasar (un plan) -) FI&& IN FOR - reemplazar, sustituir

$) FEE& &I!E - tener ganas de 1.) FIN# OUT - averiguar, descurir

E#emplos

1 e had to face up to many pro"lems durinhis childhood<

F This is a very difficult tas7< .o you feel upto doin it *

2 Gohn ?as supposed to finish this ?or7todayH "ut he fell behin#D

I Gane is still tryin to figure out ho? tosolve the math pro"lem<

3 Gac7 finds :ary to "e very attractive< /thin7 he fell for her<

J 0our address is missin in the form< Canyou fill it inH please *

/ ?anted to o fishin on 6undayH "ut my plans fell through due to the "ad ?eather<

K The 4rofessor Bro?n is not comin < :rs6mith ?ill fill in for him today<

/ donDt feel li$e ?or7in today<1M The firemen are tryin to fin# out thecause of the fire<

1) /ET A&ON/ ,'IT3) - llevarse ien (con) *) /IE A'A - regalar

") /ET - sorevivir (financieramente) +) /IE IN - ceder, entregarse

%) /ET OER - recuperarse (de algo malo) -) /IE UP - rendirse, darse por vencido

4) /ET T3ROU/3 ,'IT3)- terminar, finalizar 1.) /IE UP - dejar de

$) /ET TO/ET3ER - reunirse, juntarse 11) /O A&ON/ 'IT3 - estar de acuerdo con

() /ET RI# OF - deshacerse de, lirarse de 1") /O ON ,'IT3) - continuar

E#emplos

1 .os donDt usually get along with cats<I 0ou donDt ?ear those shoes anymore< 8hydonDt you give them awa!*

2 The ?hole family had to get b! on themotherDs salary<

J The "oNer cannot continue fihtin< e?ill give in at any moment


18/120

3 Gohn got over his illness very $uic7ly<K 0ou are a"out to finish the race< .onDt giveup no?L

lice ?onDt "e a"le to get through with her pro#ect until neNt year


19/120

() &ET OFF - dejar ir (sin castigo) 1$) &OO! OUT ,FOR) - tener ciudado (de)

*) &ET UP - amainar, disminuir 1() &OO! UP - uscar (una palara, dirección etc)

+) &IE UP TO - cumplir con, actuar de acuerdo a 1*) &OO! UP - visitar

-) &OO! AFTER - cuidar 1+) &OO! UP TO - respetar, admirar

E#emplos

1 The company has lai# off ten ?or7ers thisyear<

1M Orandparents al?ays loo$ bac$ on theiryoun days<

2 Gac7 left out his address in the form<11 Gim is so arroant< e loo$s #ownon every"ody less intellient than him<

3 / trusted youH "ut you let me #ownL 12 Tom is loo$ing for a ne? #o"<

6ally is 7noc7in at the door< Fet her inL13 Billy is loo$ing forwar# to oin onvacation to Europe<

6ally ?ants to leave< Fet her outL1 / thin7 this report is ?ron< Can you loo$

into it*F The #ude felt sorry for the thiefand let him off <

1 Be careful L< Foo$ out for sna7es in thisarea L

I The rain started to let upD1F Ed?ard is loo$ing up a ?ord in thedictionary<

J Every"ody thin7s Po"ert is a ood person<e tries to live up to that reputation<

1I /f you come to my cityH donDt foretto loo$ me up L

K The nanny is loo$ing after the children<1J e is the smartest in the class<Every"ody loo$s up to him<

1) 0A!E FOR - dirigirse a $) 0A!E UP - ma!uillarse

") 0A!E OFF 'IT3 - roar, marcharse con () 0A!E UP ,'IT3) - reconciliarse (con)

%) 0A!E OUT - distinguir, descifrar, entender *) 0A!E UP FOR - compensar

4) 0A!E UP - inventar, hacer +) 0I5 UP - confundir, mezclar

E#emplos

1 The plane ?as ma$ing for the airport< Bec7y uses red lipstic7 and pin7 po?der

to ma$e up her face<2 The maid ma#e off with some of the chinafrom the dinnin room<

F +aura and his "oyfriend had an arumentlast nihtH "ut they ma#e up today<

3 The ship ?as so far from the coast thatno"ody could ma$e out its nationality<

I Bill couldnDt visit :ary yesterday< 6oH he "rouht her a ift to ma$e up for it<

That ?riter ma$es up fantastic stories a"out J The teacher miHe# me up ?ith so much


20/120

life in the future< information<

1) PART 'IT3 - deshacerse de, regalar 1.) PU&& #O'N - derriar, demoler

") PA A'A - morir 11) PU&& OER - detenerse a un lado de la calle

%) PA OUT - distriuir, repartir 1") PU&& T3ROU/3 - salir adelante, recorarse4) PA OUT - desmayarse 1%) PUT A'A - guardar, poner en su lugar

$) PIC! ON - molestar - fastidiar 14) PUT AC! - poner donde estaa

() PIC! OUT - escoger 1$) PUT OFF - posponer

*) PIC! UP- recoger 1() PUT ON - ponerse (ropa, joyas etc)

+) PIC! UP - pasar a uscar 1*) PUT OUT - apagar (fuego, luces etc)

-) POINT OUT - indicar 1+) PUT UP 'IT3 - tolerar, aguantar

E#emplos

1 These "oo7s are occupyin too much space<

/Dll have to part with them<

1M The construction ?or7ers ?ill pull

#own the old "uildin<

2 :y randfather passe# awa! five yearsao<

11 The policeman ordered the speedin driver to pull overD

3 Games ?as passing out ne? "oo7s toeveryone in class<

12 6he ?as in a hard situationH "ut someho?she pulle# through<

!ancy passe# out ?hen she heard the "adne?s<

13 The little "oyDs room is a mess< is mother ?ants him to put his toys awa!<

Everyone in class pic$e# on the ne?

student<

1 / too7 a "oo7 from the "oo7caseH "ut

/ put it bac$ at once<F elen li7es to pic$ out the "est apples atthe supermar7et<

1 8eDll have to put off our meetin for theneNt ?ee7<

I / found a strane coin at the "each and/ pic$e# it up<

1F / put on a ?arm coat "ecause it ?as coldoutside<

J Gane is oin to the movies< Brian?ill pic$ her up at I=3M p


21/120

E#emplos

1 .onDt "uy anythin in that store<TheyDll rip you off

+aura ran into :ary ?hen she ?as at thesupermar7et<

2 Gane ran across her old friend from schoolat the supermar7et<

They ?anted to o to EuropeH "ut theyhad run out of money<

3 The thief tried to run awa!H "ut the policecauht him<

F The car ran over the do that crossed thestreet<

1) EE AOUT - atender a, encargarse de 1.) 3O' OFF - fanfarronear, presumir

") EN# FOR - mandar a uscar 11) 3O' UP - aparecer

%) ET AC! - retrasar, demorar 1") 3UT UP - callar, silenciar

4) ET IN - comenzar 1%) &IP A'A - escaullirse

$) ET OFF - partir 14) TAN# FOR - significar, representar

() ET OUT - partir 1$) TAN# OUT - soresalir, destacarse

*) ET UP - estalecer 1() TAN# UP - dejar ( a alguien ) plantado

+) ETT&E #O'N - estalecerce, adaptarse 1*) TAN# UP FOR - defender (veralmente) a

-) ETT&E UP - pagar lo !ue se dee 1+) TAN# UP TO - hacer frente a

E#emplos

1 +etDs orani)e a partyL 0ou can seeabout ettin the roceries<

1M e al?ays tries to impress people "y showing off <

2 Billy ?as feelin sic7H so his mother sent

for the doctor<

11 8e ?aited for herH "ut she didnDt show up<

3 The ?or7ersD stri7e set bac$ the completionof the ne? "uildin<

12 Be $uietL


22/120

up all his de"ts<

18) You have to be brave. You have

to stand up to that problem.

1) TA!E AFTER - parecerse a 11) TR OUT - proar, poner a pruea

") TA!E APART- desmontar, desarmar 1") TR OUT FOR - tratar de ingresar a

%) TA!E CARE OF -cuidar 1%) TURN #O'N - rechazar

4) TA!E OFF - despegar (un avión) 14) TURN IN - irse a la cama

$) TA!E OFF - !uitarse (ropa) 1$) TURN INTO - convertir en

() TA!E UP - ocupar 1() TURN ON - prender, encender

*) TA&! OER - discutir 1*) TURN OFF - apagar

+) T3RO' A'A - tirar a la asura 1+) TURN OUT TO E - resultar ser

-) T3RO' UP - vomitar 1-) TURN #O'N - ajar el volumen

1.) TR ON - proarse (ropa) ".) TURN UP - suir el volumen

E#emplos

1 :i7e ta$es after his father< 11 The technicians are tr!ing out the ne? car<

2 / have to repair this TV< / haveto ta$e it apart first<

12 Tim ?ould li7e to tr! out for the "ase"allteam<

3 The nanny is ta$ing care of the children<13 :i7e as7ed Gane outH "utshe turne# him #own<

The plane is ta$ing off at this moment<1 / am tired and it is too late< / thin7 /Dll turn

in< is T-shirt ?as so dirty< e hadto ta$e it off <

1 This sofa turns into a "ed<

F The old piano ta$es up too much space<They ?ill move it some?here else<

1F / ?as "oredH so / turne# the TV on<

I This su"#ect is important< 8emust tal$ it over<

1I / ot tired of ?atchin TVH so/ turne# it off <

J e threw awa! all the thins that he didnDtuse<

1J The film seemed ood at firstH "utit turne# out to be very "orin<

K e had drun7 so much that he had to throwup<

1K The music is too loud<4leaseH turn it #own

1M / li7e this T-shirt< Can / tr! it on * 2M Could you turn the TV up< / canDt hear it


23/120

1) 'AIT ON - atender, servir () 'IPE OUT - destruir completamente

") 'A&! OUT ON - aandonar (novio"a) *) 'OR! OUT - hacer ejercicio (en un gym)

%) 'AR0 UP - entrar en calor +) 'OR! OUT - resolver, elaorar

4) 'ATC3 OUT ,FOR) - tener ciudado (de) -) 'RITE #O'N - anotar, tomar apuntes

$) 'EAR OUT - desgastar completamente 1.) 'RITE UP - redactar

E#emplos

1 The salesirl is waiting on the customer<F The small to?n ?as wipe# out "y thetornado<

2 6ally is sad "ecause her "oyfriend wal$e#out on her<

I Po"ert is in ood shape "ecause he wor$sout at the ym everyday<

3 Punners warm up "efore startin a race<J They have many pro"lems in the companyH "ut they ?ill wor$ them out<

/f you o into the #unleH watch outfor tiers

K The reporter wrote #own everythin theroc7 star had said<

/ have worn these shoes out< / have to "uyanother pair<

1M They have reached an areement and no?they ?ill write up the contract<

Vo PasivaTiempos Simples Tiempos Progresivos

Present Past Perfect Present "ontinuous

Past uture Past "ontinuous

Present Perfect .o#als uture "ontinuous

2rmula = Sub@ect / +am=are=is, / V5

Sentence Translation

The pro#ucts are inspecte# 6e inspeccionan los productos

Wor$ers are replace# b! robots 6e reempla)an los o"reros por ro"ots

Thieves are arreste# 6e arresta a los ladornes

That car is washe# ver! wee$ 6e lava ese auto todas las semanas

'e is as$e# to be uiet 6e le pide $ue esté callado

'e is tol# not to ma$e noise 6e le dice $ue no haa ruidoA solution is foun# 6e encuentra una soluci(n

Those houses are painte# ever! !ear 6e pintan esas casas todos los a>os

I am given a goo# a#vice 6e me d, un "uen conse#o

The stu#ent is or#ere# to leave the room 6e le ordena al estudiante $ue sala del aula

The $i# is tol# not to cross the street 6e le dice al ni>o $ue no cruce la calle

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I am as$e# to give a speech 6e me pide $ue dé un discurso

A million copies are sol# ever! !ear 6e venden un mill(n de copias todos los a>os

The suspect is investigate# 6e investia al sospechoso

Bill is as$e# to pa! what he owes 6e le pide a Bill $ue paue lo $ue de"e

The mur#erer is sentence# to #eath 6e sentencia a muerte al asesino

Gules are change# 6e cam"ian las relasA s$!scraper is built 6e construye un rascacielos

Geporte# Speech

4ara cam"iar una oraci(n de .irect 6peech a Peported 6peechH tendremos $ue tener

en cuenta

1< Ver"os para reportar

2< Tiempos Ver"ales

3< Ver"os :odales

< 4ronom"res 4ersonales

< Peferencias al Tiempo y al +uar

Algunos Verbos Para Geportar

tell tél decirH contar

sa! séi decir

as$ ,s7 preuntarH pedir

a#mit adm%t admitir

;H ;< 0eah< / "ro7e that ?indo?

e a#mitte# that he had "ro7en the ?indo?

agree ar%i estar de acuerdo0eahH of course< / ?ill ive you the money

e agree# to loan me some money

answer ,nser responder


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;hH not no?< / am too "usy at this moment

6he answere# that she ?as too "usy at that moment

invite inv,it invitar ey uysL< .onDt you ?ant to o to the "each ?ith me*

e invite# us to o to "each ?ith him

complain compléin $ue#arse

;hH no< / have this terri"le toothache aainL

e complaine# of a toothache

offer (fer ofrecer / could help you ?ith that math pro"lem if you ?ant

6he offere# to help me ?ith the math pro"lem

suggest soyést suerir /tDs a nice day< 8e could o to the country and have a picnic

Bill suggeste# that ?e have a picnic

#eman# dim,nd eNiir / ?ant to see the manaer of this company inmediatelyL

The man #eman#e# to see the manaer of the company

reuest ri7uést solicitar ENcuse meH :adam< Could / use your telephone for a minute*

e reueste# permission to use the ?omanDs telephone

remin# rim,ind hacer acordar

ey Bill< .onDt foret to mail this letter todayLGac7 remin#e# Bill that he had to mail a letter that day

#escribe discr,i" descri"ir The house is ?hite< /t has three "edrooms and a "eautiful arden

e #escribe# his house

confess confés confesar / must tell you somethin Gane


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refuse rifi&s rehusarse/ ?onDt do this #o" any loner

e refuse# to continue ?or7in

congratulate conr,tchiuléit felicitar Conratulations Gac7< 0our performance ?as eNcellentL

e congratulate# Gac7 on ivin a ood performance at the theater

greet r%it saludar i every"ody

Bill greete# every"ody as he entered the room

intro#uce introdi&s presentar This is my mother< er name is !ancy

e intro#uce# me to his mother

warn u(rn advertir

.onDt drin7 so much or youDll et drun7

Bill warne# Gac7 not to drin7 too much

insist ins%st insistir 0ou must ta7e me thereL< Come on< / really ?ant to o thereL

6he insiste# that she ?anted to o

insult ins(lt insultar 0ou


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is doctor a#vise# him to stop smo7in

inuire in7u,ir preuntar Could you tell me ?here the main li"rary is*

6he inuire# the ?ay to et to the li"rary

praise préis eloiar / really thin7 that the ?or7 you are doin is eNcellent

BillDs "oss praise# him for the ?or7 he ?as doin

#en! din,i near / donDt 7no? ?hat you thin7H "ut / didnDt "rea7 that ?indo?

Billy #enie# that he had "ro7en the ?indo?

assure ash&ur aseurar .onDt ?orry< / ?ill finish my ?or7 on time

e assure# me that he ?ould finish his ?or7 on time

persua#e persuéid persuadir Come on< 0ouDll have a reat time a the party< +etDs oL

Gac7 persua#e# Bill to o to the party

convince conv%ns convencer /nstead of oin to Rrance ?e should o to Bra)il on vacation< /tDs cheaperH nearer and ?armer

6he convince# her hus"and to o to Bra)il instead of Rrance

beg "e roarH suplicar ;h pleaseH :omH pleaseH let me o< / promise /Dll "e "ac7 "efore midnihtL

6he begge# her mother to let her o the party#issua#e disuéid disuadir

/ donDt thin7 it is a ood idea to fly no?< The conditions are danerous

The man #issua#e# him from flyin under those ?eather conditions

confi#e conf,id confiar / am terri"ly afraid of storms

e confi#e# his fear a"out storms to his companion

recommen# ré7oménd recomendar

/ thin7 you should ta7e these shoes< They are very nice and have a ood $ualityThe salesirl recommen#e# that / "uy those shoes

scol# s7(uld rea>ar +oo7 ?hat you have doneL< 0ou "ro7e the vaseL< 0ou must "e more careful ?ith thins in thehouse

Gac7Ds mother scol#e# him for "rea7in the vase


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or#er (rder ordenar RireLL

The sereant or#ere# the soldiers to fire at the enemy

accuse a7i&s acusar / sa? you ?hen you stole my moneyL

The man accuse# his colleaue of stealin his money

eHplain eNpléin eNplicar / couldnDt call you "ecause there ?as no phone near"y

e eHplaine# ?hy he couldnDt call me

mention ménshon mencionar By the ?ayH / am a "it tired after this trip

Bill mentione# that he ?as tired after the trip

compliment c(mplemént felicitarH piropearH hacer un cumplido

Gane


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8e have one to that place "eforeThey said that they had one to that place "efore

/ have "een here many times 6he said that she had "een there many times

Simple uture Simple "on#itional

/ ?ill visit my mother e said that he ?ould visit his mother

6he ?ill "e happy to see me e said that she ?ould "e happy to see himSimple uture perfect Simple "on#itional Perfect

/ ?ill have arrived there "y pm e said he ?ould have arrived here "y pm

/ ?ill have sent all the products "y tomorro?e said that he ?ould have sent all the products "y tomorro?

Present "ontinuous Past "ontinuous

/ am doin my #o" e said that he ?as doin his #o"

8e are livin in !e? 0or7 They said that they ?ere livin in !e? 0or7

Past "ontinuous Past Perfect "ontinuous

/ ?as dancin ?ith :ary e said that he had "een dancin ?ith :ary

8e ?ere tal7in They said that they had "een tal7in

Perfect "ontinuous Past Perfect "ontinuous

/ have "een doin this for t?o yearse said that he had "een doin that for t?oyears

8e have "een tryin to phone himThey said that they had "een tryin to phonehim

uture "ontinuous "on#itional "ontinuous

/ ?ill "e flyin to Chicao e said that he ?ould "e flyin to Chicao

/ ?ill "e stayin at a ood hotele said that he ?ould "e stayin at a oodhotel

uture Perfect "ontinuous "on#itional Perfect "ontinuous

/ ?ill have "een sellin "oo7s for t?o yearse said that he ?ould have "een sellin "oo7sfor t?o years

/ ?ill have "een havin a ood lifee said that he ?ould have "een havin a oodlife

Verbos .o#ales

(irect Speech Geporte# Speech

can coul#

/ can stay here until 6unday e said he could stay there until 6unday

/ can do this alone e said that he could do that alone

ma! might


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/ may o fishin neNt ?ee7end e said he miht o fishin neNt ?ee7end

8e may travel to Europe They said that they miht travel to Europe

will woul#

/ ?ill stay here e said that he ?ould stay there

/ ?ill not o a?ay e said that he ?ouldnDt o a?ay

must ha# to/ must ?or7 everyday e said he had to ?or7 everyday

/ must not arrive late e said he didnDt have to arrive late

Tiempo ! Fugar

(irect Speech Geporte# Speech

no? thenH at that moment

today that daytoniht that niht

last niht the previous nihtH the niht "efore

this mornin that mornin

tomorro? the neNt dayH the follo?in day

yesterday the previous dayH the day "efore

this ?ee7 that ?ee7

neNt ?ee7 the follo?in ?ee7H the ?ee7 after

last year the previous yearH the year "efore

neNt year the follo?in yearH the year after

here there

"on#itional SentencesT!pe I clause .ain "lause

T!pe I Present will= can= ma! =must / V3

T!pe II Past woul#= coul#= might / V3

T!pe III Past Perfect woul#= coul#= might / have V5

'abitual Present Present

Imperativo Present Imperative

Sentence Translation

If he is bus! now I will come bac$ tomorrow 6i est, ocupado ahoraH reresaré ma>ana

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If I have time I&ll visit m! parents thisafternoon

6i teno tiempoH visitaré a mis padres esta tarde

If it is warm tomorrow we&ll go to the beach 6i est, caluroso ma>anaH iremos a la playa

If it is col# !ou must wear warm clothes 6i est, fr%oH de"es usar ropa a"riada

If he #oesn&t #o his homewor$ he can not go

to the part!

6i él no hace su tareaH no puede ir a la fiesta

If she #oesn&t call !ou !ou can call her 6i ella no te llamaH tu puedes llamarla

If !ou wor$ har# !ou ma! become amillonaire some#a!

6i tra"a#as duroH puede $ue te conviertas en unmillonario al&n d%a

If !ou spen# more than !ou earn !ou&llbecome a poor man

6i astas m,s de lo $ue anasH te convertir,s enun hom"re po"re

If the! #on&t invite !ou !ou must not go 6i ellos no te invitanH no de"es ir

If we #on&t hurr! we&ll miss our bus6i no nos apuramosH perderemos nuestroauto"us

If !ou pa! now !ou&ll get a #iscount 6i paas ahoraH o"tendr,s un descuento

If the! #on&t want to go out the! can sta!home

6i no $uieren salirH se pueden $uedar en casa

If !ou #rin$ too much !ou&ll get #run$ 6i "e"es demasiadoH te em"orrachar,s

If !ou feel sic$ !ou must sta! in be# 6i te sientes enfermoH de"es $uedarte en cama

If the! #on&t come here we&ll have to gothere

6i ellos no vienen a$u%H tendremos $ue ir all%

There Be +impersonal,ver / - ?

"on@ugaciones Significa#o 0@emplos

0.3 / (sinular) 'AY 0here is a house

0.3 3 (plural) 'AY 0here are two houses

0.3 W/ (s) 'JB1 'ABKA 0here was a part- last niht

0.3 W3 (p) 'JB1 'ABKA 0here were an- people

0.3 ./ 6 (s) 'A 'ABI(1 0here has %een a hurricane

0.3 .$ 6 (p) 'A 'ABI(1 0here have %een two hurricanes

0.3 .+ 6 'ABKA 'ABI(1 0here had %een an- pro%les

0.3 W 'ABGL 0here will %e a part- toniht

0.3 / 96 09 (s) VA A 'AB0G 0here is oin to %e a cele%ration

0.3 3 96 09 (p) VA A 'AB0G 0here are oin to %e an- uests

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0.3 W/ 96 09 (s) IBA A 'AB0G 0here was oin to %e a part- -esterda-

0.3 W3 96 09 (p) IBA A 'AB0G 0here were oin to %e an- uests

0.3 W .$ 6 'ABGL 'ABI(1 0here will have %een uch one-

0.3 W9:+ 'ABGKA 0here would %e an orchestra

0.3 W9:+ .$ 6 'ABGKA 'ABI(1 0here would have %een an- usicians

0.3 C6 PJ0(0 'AB0G 0here can %e a fire

0.3 C9:+ P1(GKA= PJ(1 'AB0G 0here could %e an- in;ured people

0.3 #, PJ0(0 'AB0G 0here a- %e a stor

0.3 #.0 P1(GKA 'AB0G 0here iht %e %lac


33/120

0ou areThey are

arrive earlyleave late

9stedes van a llear tempranoEllos se van a ir tarde

!eative Traducci(n

/ am not0ou are note is not6he is not/t is not8e are not0ou are notThey are not

going to

onna

come tomorro?go neNt ?ee7 bring his sister ta$e her "rother be very easyhave a partyarrive earlyleave late

%o voy a venir ma>anaT& no vas a ir la pr(Nima semana'l no va a traer a su hermanaElla no va a llevar a su hermano%o va a ser muy f,cil%o vamos a tener una fiesta9stedes no van a llear tempranoEllos no se van a ir tarde

/nterroative Traducci(n

m /re you/s he/s she/s itre ?ere youre they

going to

onna

come tomorro? *go neNt ?ee7 *bring his sister *ta$e her "rother *be very easy *have a party *arrive early *leave late *

¿Voy a venir ma>ana*¿Vas a ir la pr(Nima semana*¿'l va a traer a su hermana*¿Ella va a llevar a su hermano*¿Va a ser muy f,cil*¿!osotros vamos a tener una fiesta*¿9stedes van a llear temprano*¿Ellos se van a ir tarde*

.s e@emplos*

• / am oin to travel to 4aris< voy a via#ar a 4ar%s

• / am oin to visit my randmother voy a visitar a mi a"uela

• 6he is oin to ma7e a ca7e for me ella va a hacer una torta para mi

• They are not oin to remem"er that ellos no se van a acordar de eso

• 8e are not oin to o any?here nosotros no vamos a ir a ninuna parte

• 8ho is oin to come today * ¿Quién va a venir hoy*

• re you oin to "uy a ne? car* ¿Vas comprar un nuevo auto*


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• re they oin to help you * ¿Ellos te van a ayudar*

• 8hat are you oin to "rin * ¿Qué vas a traer*

• 8hen is she oin to arrive * ¿Cu,ndo va a llear ella*

Imperatives

• La forma imperativa se usa para dar instrucciones, órdenes, sugerencias,

advertencias y consejos

En forma afirmativa En forma neativa

Come here - Ven a$u% .onDt cross the street L - S!o cruces la calleL

Oo there - nd, all% .onDt say that L - S!o dias esoL

;pen the door - "r% la puerta .onDt "e so mean L - S!o seas tan maloL+eave me alone - .e#,me solo .onDt fiht L - S!o peléesL

Turn on the TV - Encendé el televisor .onDt drin7 so much L - S!o tomes tantoL

Turn off the radio - pa, la radio .onDt invite so many people L - S!o invitestantas personasL

Be careful - 6é cuidadoso .onDt ma7e noise L - S!o haas ruidoL

+et me see that - .e#,me ver eso .onDt interrupt L - S!o interrumpasL

Call me up - +lam,me por teléfono .onDt drive so fast L -S!o condu)cas tan

r,pidoLRinish that report - Termin, ese informe .onDt "e late L - S!o lleues tardeL

6it do?n - 6ent,te .onDt come so early L - S!o venas tantempranoL

6tand up - +evant,te .onDt "uy so many thins L - S!o comprestantas cosasL

Fet&s

El Let's (let us) se usa para hacer una sugerencia en la cuál uno mismo se incluye

+etDs +etDs not

+etDs ?or7 - Tra"a#emos +etDs not hurry - !o nos apuremos

+etDs ma7e a party - aamos una fiesta +etDs not do that - !o haamos eso


35/120

+etDs "uy some "eers - Compremos alunascerve)as

+etDs not ?aste time - !o desperdiciemostiempo

+etDs play "as7et"all - Guuemos al ",s7et"ol +etDs not ?ait any more - !o esperemos m,s

+etDs o to the movies - Vayamos al cine +etDs not o so fast - !o vayamos tan r,pido

+etDs eat some ice creams - Comamos

alunos helados +etDs not drin7 so much - !o tomemos tanto

+etDs ta7e a ?al7 - Tomemos un paseo +etDs not tal7 a"out that - !o ha"lemos deeso

+etDs consider this pro"lem - Consideremoseste pro"lema

+etDs not "other them - !o los molestemos

+etDs see ?hat ?e can do - Veamos $ue podemos hacer

+etDs not interrupt - !o interrumpamos

+etDs try to do it - Tratemos de hacerlo +etDs not say anythin - !o diamos nada

+etDs start ?ith this - Comencemos con esto+etDs not arue aain - !o discutamos denuevo

+etDs finish that - Terminemos eso +etDs not "e upset a"out it - !o estemosmolestos por ello

Agreement

Tambin (too) (so) !!! Tampoco (either) (neither)

ffirmative too so !eative either neither/ am hunryH and so are you</ am hunryH and you are too<

/ am not tiredH and neither are my friends</ am not tiredH and my friends are not either<

:y ?ife is a la?yerH and so am /<:y ?ife is a la?yerH and / am too<

:y sister is not hereH and neither are my parents<:y sister is not hereH and my parents are noteither<

6he ?as here yesterdayH and so ?as he<6he ?as here yesterdayH and he ?as too<

They ?ere not ?or7inH and neither ?as she<They ?ere not ?or7inH and she ?as not either<

They ?ere ?or7inH and so ?as /<They ?ere ?or7inH and / ?as too<

6he ?as not from Bra)ilH and neither are they


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/ could finish on timeH and my colleaues couldtoo<

They miht o fishinH and so miht ?e<They miht o fishinH and ?e miht too<

e miht not stay lonerH and neither miht ?e<e miht not stay lonerH and ?e miht noteither<

8e must ?or7 hardH and so must he<8e must ?or7 hardH and he must too<

8e must not "e lateH and neither must you<8e must not "e lateH and you must not either<

/ should study moreH and so should you</ should study moreH and you should too<

/ shouldnDt drin7 so muchH and neither shouldyou</ shouldnDt drin7 so muchH and you shouldnDteither<

They ?ill o to the moviesH and so ?ill /<They ?ill o to the moviesH and / ?ill too<

They ?onDt attend the concertH and neither ?ill/<They ?onDt attend the concertH and / ?onDteither<

/ ?ould earn moreH and so ?ould my partner</ ?ould earn moreH and my partner ?ould too<

8e ?ouldnDt ?or7 on 6undaysH and neither

?ould she<8e ?ouldnDt ?or7 on 6undaysH and she?ouldnDt either<

Bill is oin to restH and so are his friends<Bill is oin to restH and his friends are too<

:ary is not oin to comeH and neither are herchildren<:ary is not oin to comeH and her childrenarenDt either<

Gane studies OermanH and so do /<Gane studies OermanH and / do too<

6usan doesnDt 7no? youH and neither do /<6usan doesnDt 7no? youH and / donDt either<

/ li7e to o fishinH and so does my "rother</ li7e to o fishinH and my "rother does too<

/ donDt li7e novelsH and neither does my

irlfriend</ donDt li7e novelsH and my irlfriend doesnDteither<

Gohn cleaned the houseH and so did his ?ife<Gohn cleaned the houseH and his ?ife did too<

Bill didnDt comeH and neither did his "rother<Bill didnDt comeH and his "rother didnDt either<

Gac7 ?or7ed hardH and so did his colleaues<Gac7 ?or7ed hardH and his colleaues did too<

Gac7 didnDt "rin anythinH and neither did hissister<Gac7 didnDt "rin anythinH and his sister didnDteither<

e has lived in this city for yearsH and so have

?e<e has lived in this city for yearsH and ?e havetoo<

6he has not seen that film yetH and neither has

her "oyfriend<6he has not seen that film yetH and her "oyfriend hasnDt either<

They have one on vacationH and so has theirson<They have one on vacationH and their son hastoo<

Billy has not finished his ?or7 yetH and neitherhave his companions<Billy has not finished his ?or7 yetH and hiscompanions havenDt either


37/120

/ had heard a strane noiseH and so had myfriend</ had heard a strane noiseH and my friend hadtoo<

e hadnDt "een thereH and neither had hisfamily<e hadnDt "een thereH and his family hadnDteither<

They have timeH and so do /<They have timeH and / do too<

They donDt have moneyH and neither do ?e<They donDt have moneyH and ?e donDt either<

A#@etivos

"ontrastes "omparativos NSuperlativosA#@etivos NVerbos

A#@etivos NA#verbios

A#@etivos NSustantivos

"ontrastes

Awa$e - despierto Asleep - dormido

Beautiful - hermoso Jgl! - feo

Big - rande Small - pe$ue>o

Bitter - amaro Sweet - dulce

Blac$ - nero White - "lanco

"areful - cuidadoso "areless - descuidado

(ar$ - oscuro Fight - claro

(ea# - muerto Alive - vivo

(eep - profundo Shallow - superficial

(ifficult - dif%cil 0as! - f,cil(irt! - sucio "lean - limpio

(run$ - "orracho Sober - so"rio

0Hpensive - caro "heap - "arato

ar - le#ano %ear - cercano

ast - r,pido Slow - lento

at - ordo Thin - flaco

ull - lleno 0mpt! - vac%o

)la# - contento Sa# - triste)oo# - "ueno Ba# - malo

'app! - feli) Sorr! - apenado

'ar# - duro Soft - "lando

'ealth! - saluda"le Sic$ - enfermo

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'eav! - pesado Fight - liviano

'igh - alto Fow - ba@o

'ot - caliente "ol# - fr%o

Interesting - interesante Boring - a"urrido

Fate - tarde 0arl! - tempranoFong - laro Short - corto

%ew - nuevo 1l# - vie#o

1n - encendido 1ff - apaado

Past - pasado uture - futuro

Polite - cortésH atento Gu#e - rosero

Gich - rico Poor - po"re

Gight - derecho Feft - i)$uierdo

Gight - correcto Wrong - e$uivocadoGough - ,spero Smooth - suaveH liso

Safe - seuro (angerous - peliroso

Same - mismo (ifferent - diferente

Simple - simple "ompleH - comple#o

Single - soltero .arrie# - casado

Straight - derecho "roo$e# - torcido

Strong - fuerte Wea$ - dé"il

Tall - alto Short - "a#o

Thic$ - rueso Thin - delado

True - verdadero alse - falso

Jseful - &til Jseless - in&til

Warm - c,lido "ool - fresco

Wet - mo#ado (r! - seco

Wi#e - ancho %arrow - anostoH estrecho

Young - #oven 1l# - vie#o

A#verbios6e clasifican en adver"ios de=

0#P9 :3 F3C:6C #9+9 3+9 /3C>6 3C9C69

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After - después %ever - nunca

Afterwar#s - después %ewl! - recién

Again - otra ve) %eHt - lueo

Alrea#! - ya %o longer - ya no

Alwa!s - siempre %ow - ahoraAs soon as - tan pronto como %ow an# then - de ve) en cuando

At last - al fin 1ften - a menudo

Before - antes Presentl! - lueo

0arl! - temprano Sel#om - rara ve)

0ver - siempreH aluna ve) Shortl! - en "reve

inall! - finalmente Since then - desde entonces

irst - primeramente Sometimes - alunas veces

ormerl! - anteriormente Soon - pronto'ereafter - después Then - entonces

Fast - por &ltimo Till now - hasta ahora

Fastl! - finalmente To#a! - hoy

Fate - tarde Tomorrow - ma>ana

Fatel! - &ltimamente Jntil now - hasta ahora

Fatterl! - &ltimamente When - cuando

Fong - mucho tiempo Yester#a! - ayer

.eanwhile - entretanto Yet - todav%a

"on@unciones

Accor#ing to - de acuerdo a %amel! - a sa"er

After - después $ue %eitherDDD nor - ni


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As long as - mientrasH con tal $ue 1r else - sino

As soon as - en cuanto 1therwhise - de otra maneraH si no

As though - como si Provi#e# - siempre $ue H con tal de $ue

As well as - adem,s de Provi#ing - siempre $ue H con tal de $ue

Because - por$ue Since - puesto $ueH ya $ueH desde $ueBecause of - de"ido a So as to - para

Before - antes $ue So as not to - para no

BothDDDan# - tanto


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An# - !- Bill bu!s things an# sells them at a higher price -- Bill compra cosas y las vende a un preciom,s alto

As - cuan#o mientras a me#i#a ue como- As the two bo!s wal$e# #own the street the! foun# a wallet -- :ientras los dos chicos

camina"an por la calleH encontraron una "illetera- As winter approaches the temperature gets col#er an# col#er -- medida $ue se aproNimael inviernoH la temperatura se pone cada vés m,s fr%a- As she entere# the restaurant she saw us -- Cuando entr( al restaurantH ella nos vi(- She acte# as a cra! woman -- Ella actua"a como una loca- 'e is not as intelligent as the! thin$ -- 'l no es tan inteliente como ellos piensan

As if - como si - +as if O as though,

- 'e acts as if he were rich -- 'l act&a como si fuera rico- The! treat me as if the! #i#n&t $now me -- :e tratan como si no me conocieran- Bill starte# to shop as if he ha# won the lotter! -- Bill comen)( comprar como si hu"iera

anado la loter%a- The! loo$e# as if the! ha#n&t slept for #a!s -- 6e ve%an como si no hu"ieran dormido desdehace d%as

As long as as l(n as - mientras siempre ue- You can sta! here as long as !ou wor$ har# -- Te puedes $uedar a$u% mientras tra"a#es duro- I will live in this cit! as long as I can -- Viviré en esta ciudad mientras pueda- %obo#! will $now about this secret as long as !ou $eep mum -- !adie sa"r, de este secretomientras mantenas la "oca cerrada

As soon as as s&n as - en cuanto tan pronto como-- I will #o this wor$ as soon as I can -- aré con este tra"a#o tan pronto como pueda

-- She starte# to wor$ as soon as she gra#uate# from the universit! -- Comen)( a tra"a#artan pronto como se radu( de la universidad

As though as d(u - como si - +as if O as though,

Ver As if

As well as - a#ems #e- .! sister as well as ohn will go to the movies tomorrow -- :i hermanaH as% como GohnHir,n al cine ma>ana- She is intelligent as well as $in# -- Ella es inteliente adem,s de ama"le- She wor$s as well as she stu#ies -- Ella tra"a#a adem,s de estudiar

Because "ic(s - porue- I #on&t want to go out because it is too col# -- !o $uiero salir por$ue est, demasiado fr%o

Because of - #ebi#o a- The! sta!e# in because of the ba# weather -- Ellos se $uedaron en casa de"ido al maltiempo- She can not pla! sports because of her illness -- Ella no puede practicar deportes de"ido a suenfermedad


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Before "if(r - antes ue- Bill! washe# his han#s before he starte# to eat -- Billy se lav( sus manos antes de empe)ara comer - 'e ha# traine# for !ears before he #eci#e# to boH professionall! -- 'l ha"%a entrenadodurante a>os antes de decidirse a "oNear profesionalmente

BothDDDan#"(u)


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If - si- If !ou #rin$ too much !ou&ll get #run$ -- 6i "e"es demasiadoH te em"orrachar,s- If !ou spen# more than !ou earn !ou&ll become a poor man -- 6i astas m,s de lo $ueanasH te convertir,s en un hom"re po"re- If he were in m! place he woul#n&t #o this -- 6i él estuviese en mi luarH no har%a esto

In case +of,in 7éis ov

-en caso +#e,

- Brea$ the win#ow in case of emergenc! -- Pomper la ventana en caso de emerencia- "all this number in case !ou get lost -- +lam, a este n&mero en caso de $ue te pierdas

In or#er to - para- The! left earl! in or#er to arrive on time for the movie -- Ellos salieron temprano parallear a tiempo para la pel%cula- We are wor$ing har#er in or#er to earn more mone! -- Estamos tra"a#ando m,s duro paraanar m,s dinero

.oreover mor(uver - a#ems por otra parte - +furthermore O moreover,

ver furthermore

%amel! néimli - a saber- There were two people in the house namel! Tom an# .ar! -- a"%a dos personas en lacasaH a sa"er Tom y :ary

%eitherDDD nor n%der


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tarde

1therwhise (der?,is - #e otra manera si no- We shoul# finish this now otherwise we&ll have to #o it tomorrow -- .e"er%amos terminaresto ahoraH sino tendremos $ue hacerlo ma>ana- ortunatel! the! left earl!Q otherwise the! woul#n&t have arrive# on time --fortunadamente salieron temprano de otra manera no ha"r%an lleado a tiempo

Provi#e# prov,ided - siempre ue con tal #e ue - +provi#e# O provi#ing,

- I will bu! the pro#uct provi#e# I can pa! for it b! cre#it car# - Compraré el productoHsiempre $ue pueda paarlo con la tar#eta de crédito- The! will believe !ou provi#e# !ou swear that it is true - Te creer,nH siempre $ue #ures $uees verdad

Provi#ing prov,idin - siempre ue con tal #e ue - +provi#e# O provi#ing,

- The! will go fishing neHt wee$en# provi#ing it #oesn&t rain -- Ellos ir,n a pescar el pr(Nimo fin de semanaH siempre $ue no llueva

Since s%ns - puesto ue !a ue #es#e ue- 'e #i#n&t un#erstan# a wor# since he #oesn&t spea$ 0nglish -- !o entendi( ni una pala"ra puesto $ue no ha"la inlés- Since it was too lateH the! #eci#e# to go to sleep -- 4uesto $ue era demasiado tardeHdecidieron irse a dormir- She shoul#n&t eat so much since she is a little fat -- !o de"er%a comer tanto puesto $ue est,un poco orda

So as to - para- The! #eci#e# to ta$e a plane so as to travel faster -- .ecidieron tomar una avi(n para via#arm,s r,pido- She pai# b! cash so as to get a goo# #iscount -- 4a( en efectivo para o"tener un "uendescuento

So as not to - para no- 'e too$ a short nap so as not to be too tire# for the part! -- El tom( una "reve siesta parano estar demasiado cansado para la fiesta- She wrote #own his telephone number so as not to forget it -- Ella anot( su n&mero deteléfono para no olvidarlo

So that - para ue- You shoul# learn more vocabular! so that !ou can spea$ better -- .e"er%as aprender m,svoca"ulario para $ue puedas ha"lar me#or

- The! #eci#e# to save eHtra mone! so that the! woul# be able to go on vacation --.ecidieron ahorrar dinero eNtra para poder ir de vacaciones- 'e gave her a present so that she woul# feel better -- 'l le di( un realo para $ue ella sesienta me#or

Still - sin embargo no obstante- ac$ #i#n&t stu#! much for the testQ still he manage# to pass it -- Gac7 no estudi( mucho para la prue"aH no o"stanteH se las arrel( para apro"ar


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- 'e can not spea$ ver! wellQ still he un#erstan#s ever!ting -- !o puede ha"lar "ienH sinem"aroH entiende todo- The! felt ver! sa#Q still the! force# themselves to smile all the time -- 6e sent%an muytristesH no o"stanteH se o"lia"an a si mismos a sonre%r todo el tiempo

Than - ue en comparaciones - The! starte# to have more problems than the! eHpecte# -- Empe)aron a tener m,s pro"lemas $ue lo $ue espera"an- She #iscovere# that learning 0nglish is more #ifficult than she thought -- Ella descu"ri($ue aprender inlés es m,s dificil $ue lo $ue pens(

Therefore dérf(r - por lo tanto- I #i#n&t have enough time to stu#! for the test an# therefore I coul#n&t pass it -- !o tuvesuficiente tiempo para estudiar para la prue"a yH por lo tantoH no pude apro"arla- ohn left ver! late an# therefore he #i#n&t arrive on time -- Gohn sali( muy tarde yH por lotantoH no lle( a tiempo

Though d(u - aunue - +although O though O even though,

- ver althoughJnless anlés - a menos ue- You can not #rin$ alcohol here unless !ou are an a#ult -- !o puedes "e"er alcohol a$u%H amenos $ue seas un adulto- The! won&t be able to travel to 0urope unless the! have their passports -- !o podr,nvia#ar a EuropaH a menos $ue tenan sus pasaportes- Jnless !ou can spea$ 0nglish ver! well !ou can not stu#! in an american universit! -- menos $ue puedas ha"lar inlés muy "ienH no puedes estudiar en una universidad americana

Jntil ant%l - hasta ue- The! listene# in silence until he finishe# his speech -- Escucharon en silencio hasta $ue éltermin( su discurso- 'e loo$e# for his $e!s until he foun# them -- Busc( sus llaves hasta $ue las encontr(- Bill can not go out to pla! soccer until he completes his homewor$ -- Bill no puede salir a #uar al f&t"ol hasta $ue termine su tarea

Whenever ?enéver - ca#a ve ue cuan#o- 'e goes to the movies whenever he has the time -- 'l va al cine siempre cada ve) $ue tienetiempo- Whenever the! have to wor$ the! feel sic$ -- Cada ve) $ue tienen $ue tra"a#arH se sientenenfermos

Whereas uéras - sien#o ue mientras- The weather is ver! nice here in summer whereas in winter it is not so goo# -- El tiempoes muy lindo a$u% en veranoH mientras $ue en invierno no es tan "ueno

Whether ?éder - si- You must tell me whether !ou will come -- .e"es decirme si vendr,s- I #on&t $now whether to bu! this computer or not -- !o sé si comprar esta computadora ono


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WhetherDDD or - siDDD o- I #on&t $now whether to ta$e it or leave it -- !o sé si llevarlo o de#arlo- She #i#n&t un#erstan# whether she ha# to go or sta! -- Ella no entendi( si ten%a $ue ir o$uedarse

While ?,il - mientrar mientras ue aunue

- .an! things happene# here while !ou were out --:uchas cosas pasaron a$u% mientras t&estuviste afuera- While the! #i#n&t $now her ver! well the! invite# her to their we##ing -- un$ue no laconoc%an "ienH la invitaron a su "oda

Yet iét - sin embargo no obstante- 'e wante# to repl! to that accusation !et he #i#n&t -- 'l $uer%a contestar a esa acusaci(nHsin em"aro no lo hi)o

TerminacionesVer"os terminados enler>it, acceleration

accomo#ate - +ac2mo#>it, alo@ar accomo#ation

accumulate - +a$iCmul>it, accumulation

activate - +$tiv>it, activit!

a#ulterate - +a#2lter>it, a#ulteration

a#vocate - +#vo$>it, - abogar por a#vocac!

aggravate - +grav>it, aggravation

agitate - +!it>it, agitation

alienate - +>ilien>it, alienation

allocate - +lo$>it, asignar allocationalternate - +2ltern>it, alternation

amalgamate - +amlgam>it, amalgamation

amputate - +mpiut>it, amputation

animate - +nim>it, animation

annihilate - +aniel>it, annihilation

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