CURRICULUM VITAE

Robert Schwarcz, Ph.D.

Date and place of birth: November 22, 1947, Vienna, Austria

Marital status: Married to Patricia Damian Schwarcz since February, 1978 Two children (Aniko, b. 09/04/1982; Elizabeth, b. 07/31/1986)

Education

1968: B.Sc. in Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria

1974: Ph.D. in Biochemistry, University of Vienna, Austria

Professional Positions (research)

1972 - 1974: Research Assistant, Institute of General Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria

1975 - 1977: Postdoctoral Fellow with J.T. Coyle, M.D., Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

1977 - 1979: Postdoctoral Fellow with K. Fuxe, M.D., Department of Histology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

1979 - 1982: Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

1982 - 1986: Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center

1986 - : Professor of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center

1986 - : Professor of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine

2000 - : Professor of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine

2009- : Adjunct Professor (elected), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Professional Positions (administration)

1987 - : Director, Neuroscience Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center1994 - : Deputy Director for Neuroscience, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center2004 - : Director of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine

Robert Schwarcz

Faculty

Michael Vogel, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1988-1997Associate Professor, 1997-

Paul D. Shepard, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1989-1994Associate Professor, 1994-

Rosalinda C. Roberts, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1990-1996 Associate Professor, 1996-2001

Professor, 2001-2007Fu Du, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1992-2003Hui-Qiu Wu, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1993-James I. Koenig, Ph.D., Associate Professor, 1995-2001 Professor, 2001-2013 Gregory Elmer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 1997-2001

Associate Professor, 2002-Paolo Guidetti, Ph.D., Instructor, 1996-1999

Assistant Professor, 1999-2007Gianpiera Ceresoli-Borroni, Ph.D., Lecturer, 1997-2003Zuzana Justinova, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 2005-Andrée Lessard, Ph.D., Instructor, 2009-2013 Assistant Professor, 2013-2014Julie Markham, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 2010-2011Todd Gould, M.D., Assistant Professor, 2010-2012 Associate Professor, 2012- Leonardo Tonelli, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 2010-2013 Associate Professor, 2013- Ana Pocivavsek, Ph.D., Instructor, 2014-2015 Assistant Professor, 2015-Francesca Notarangelo, Ph.D., Instructor, 2015-

Fellowships and Scholarships

1. Department of Education - Austria, 1968-1974 (annual)2. Department of Education - Austria, 1975 and 1976

(for continued education in the United States)3. Fulbright-Student Exchange Scholarship, 1975-19774. Fellowship - Swedish Medical Research Council for Visiting Scientists, 1978

Honors/Special Lectures (selected)

Friedrich Merz Professor, University of Frankfurt, Germany (1993)Merck Neuroscience Lecturer, British Pharmacological Society (1994)Faculty Researcher of the Year, University of Maryland (1997)4th Hillarp Lecture, Society for Neuroscience (1998)Visiting Professor, University of Perugia, Italy (2000, 2007)Dezsö Miskolczy Memorial Lecturer, University of Szeged, Hungary (2001)ASPET Epilepsy Research Award (2007)University System of Maryland Regents’ Faculty Award (2007)Musajo Medal – International Tryptophan Society (2015)

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Memberships

American Society for NeuroscienceAmerican Association for the Advancement of ScienceInternational Study Group for Tryptophan Research (Executive Board 1988-1995)American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (Member 1988, Fellow 2003)American Epilepsy SocietyAmerican Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET)

Boards

Editorial Board, "Neuropharmacology" (1987-1993) "Current CNS Patents" (1990- )

"Journal of Neural Transmission" (1996-2006)"Amino Acids" (1997-2009)“Current Drug Targets - CNS and Neurological Disorders” (1999- )“Medicinal Chemistry Reviews” (2003- )“Schizophrenia Bulletin” (2005-2010)“International Journal of Tryptophan Research” (2008- )“Frontiers in Molecular Psychiatry” (2010- )

Scientific Council, Huntington's Disease Society of America (1987-1993)Council, International Study Group for Tryptophan Research (1987-1998)Member, Neurological Sciences 2, NINDS Study Section (1990-1994)Member, Investigator's Workshop Committee, American Epilepsy Society (1994-1997)

NIH Reviewer's Reserve (1994-1998)Scientific Advisory Committee, Huntington's Study Group for drug development (1994- 1998)Advisory Board, Vienna Brain Research Institute (Chair) (1995-2000)Member, Research Recognition Awards Committee, American Epilepsy Society (1999-2001)Member, Lennox Award Committee, American Epilepsy Society (1999-2001) (Chair, 2001)Member, ACNP Award Committee (2001)Member, ACNP Program Committee (2002-2004)Artemis Neuroscience, Inc., Scientific Advisory Board (Chair) (2002-2003)

Vistagen, Inc., Scientific Advisory Board (2003- ) Member, Otto-Loewi-Preis Committee, Austrian Neuroscience Association (2005) Member, International Review Board, Vienna Brain Research Institute (2005- ) Member, ACNP Program Committee (2006-2008; Co-Chair, 2006, Chair, 2007) Member, Program Committee, American Epilepsy Society (2007-2008) Member, Research Initiative Fund Review Committee, American Epilepsy Society (2007-2009) Board of Trustees, Medical University of Vienna (2008-2018) Member, ACNP Liaison Committee with Government Agencies and the Pharmaceutical Industry (2009-2011) Member, Scientific Council, National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) (2009- ) Member, ACNP Ethics Committee (2012-2015)

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Member, ACNP Honorific Awards Committee (2016- )

Trainees

Postdoctoral: Richard M. Mangano, Ph.D. 1981 - 1982Caterina Aldinio, Ph.D. 1981 - 1983Alan C. Foster, Ph.D. 1981 - 1984Annamaria Vezzani, Ph.D. 1983 - 1985Etsuo Okuno, Ph.D. 1984 - 1986Carmela Speciale, M.D. 1985 - 1989Masayuki Nakamura, Ph.D. 1986 - 1988Waldemar A. Turski, M.D., Ph.D. 1986 - 1988Diana A. Jauch, M.D. 1987 - 1993Jan Bert Gramsbergen, Ph.D. 1987 - 1989Fu Du, M.D., Ph.D. 1988 - 1992Halina Baran, Ph.D. 1988 - 1993Werner Schmidt, Ph.D. 1989 - 1991Julie L. Walsh, Ph.D. 1989 - 1991Hui-Qiu Wu, Ph.D. 1989 - 1993Ewa Urbanska, M.D. 1991 - 1994Clifford Eastman, Ph.D. 1991 - 1996Paolo Guidetti, Ph.D. 1991 - 1996Owen McMaster, Ph.D. 1992 - 1993Tommy Andersson, M.D. 1992 - 1993Gianpiera Ceresoli, Ph.D. 1993 - 1997Tore Eid, M.D. 1993 - 1994Paul Hodgkins, Ph.D. 1995 - 1998Burkhard Poeggeler, Ph.D. 1995 - 1998Elin Lehrmann, Ph.D. 1996 - 2000Csaba Kiss, M.D. 1999 - 2001Miguel Melendez-Ferro, Ph.D. 2003 - 2005

Tsutomu Fukuwatari, Ph.D. 2004 - 2006 Laura Rowland, Ph.D. 2004 - 2006 Laura Amori, Ph.D. 2005 - 2008 Arash Rassoulpour, Ph.D. 2006 Korrapati V. Sathyasaikumar, Ph.D. 2007 - 2013 Giacomo Capone, Ph.D. 2007 - 2008 Veronica Pérez-De La Cruz, Ph.D. 2009 - 2010 Ana Pocivavsek, Ph.D. 2009 - 2014 Francesca Notarangelo, Ph.D. 2010 - 2015 Sarah Beggiato, Ph.D. 2013 - 2015 Panos Zanos, Ph.D. 2013 -

Graduate students: Richard M. Mangano, 1979 - 1981 Owen G. McMaster, 1987 - 1992

Michael T. Sapko, 1999 - 2003 Arash Rassoulpour, 2002 - 2006 Michelle Potter, 2003 - 2008

Francesca Notarangelo, 2008 - 2010 Xiaodan Wang, 2010 - 2012 Alex Klausing, 2015 -

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Major Institutional Committees (local)

University of Maryland task force on Geriatrics and Gerontology, 1986 - 1987Maryland Brain Collection, steering committee, 1989 - 2006, 2007 - (Chair)Anatomy chair, University of Maryland School of Medicine, search committee, 1992 - 1993Strategic Planning Committee - Neuroscience developments (Univ. Maryland), 1992 - 1995Neuroscience Development Committee (Univ. Maryland) (Chair), 1996 - 2000Neuroscience Program Executive Committee (Univ. Maryland), 1996 -LCME Research Subcommittee (Univ. Maryland), 1999Novartis/University of Maryland joint steering committee, 1998 - 2003Research Advisory Committee (Univ. Maryland School of Medicine), 1999

Advanced Center for Interventions and Services Research steering committee (Univ. Maryland), 2003 - Pharmacology chair, University of Maryland School of Medicine, search committee, 2009 - 2010 Veterinary Resources Advisory Committee (University of Maryland School of Medicine), 2010 - Council, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 2013 - 2015 Neurology chair, University of Maryland School of Medicine, search committee, 2015 - 2016

Major Institutional Search Committees (extramural)

Neuroimmunology chair (Univ. Vienna, Austria), 1995Developmental Neurobiology chair (Univ. Vienna, Austria), 1999Biochemical and Molecular Neuropharmacology chair (Univ. Vienna, Austria), 2000

Thesis Committees

Charles Mantione (Univ. Pittsburgh, Dept. Psychiatry, WPI)defense: June, 1983

Robert Zaczek (Johns Hopkins Univ. School Med., Dept. Neuroscience)defense: July, 1987 (chair)

Eva Westerberg (Lund Univ., Lab. Exp. Brain Res.)defense: October, 1988 (opponent)

Marco Favaron (Georgetown Univ., Dept. Anat & Cell Biol.)defense: February, 1990

Owen G. McMaster (Univ. Maryland School Pharm., Dept. Pharmacology)defense: May, 1992

Kristen A. Keefe (Univ. Pittsburgh, Dept. Behav. Neuroscience)defense: July, 1992

Charlotta Eriksson (Karolinska Institute, Dept. Clin. Neuroscience)defense: February, 2000 (opponent)

Sophie Erhardt (Karolinska Institute, Dept. Pharmacology)defense: October, 2001 (opponent)

Corey Hilmas (Univ. Maryland School Med., Dept. Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics) defense: November, 2001

Michael T. Sapko (Univ. Maryland School Med., Program in Neuroscience) defense: July, 2003 (chair) Arash Rassoulpour (University of Maryland Baltimore County, Dept. Biol. Sci.)

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defense: February, 2006 (chair) Erica Martin (Univ. Maryland School Med., Program in Neuroscience) defense: April, 2006 Michelle C. Potter (University of Maryland Baltimore County, Dept. Biol. Sci.) defense: April, 2008 (chair) Camelia Danilov (Univ. Maryland School Med., Program in Neuroscience) defense: July, 2008 Tamara Blutstein (Univ. Maryland School Med., Program in Neuroscience) defense: July, 2009 Linnéa Asp (Karolinska Institute, Dept. Pharmacology)

defense: September, 2009 (opponent) Jill Heisler (Univ. Texas San Antonio, Dept. Pharmacology)

defense: June, 2014 Adam Van Dyke (Univ. Maryland School Med., Program in Neuroscience) defense: May, 2016

GRANT SUPPORT (TOTAL DIRECT COSTS)

(Robert Schwarcz, P.I., unless noted otherwise)

Past Support

1. "Platelets, Glutamate and Huntington's Disease": 11/1/79 - 12/31/80; The Wills Foundation; $15,000.

2. "Kainic Acid and Striatal Dopamine Turnover": 01/01/80 - 12/31/80; NIMH small grant; $10,638.

3. "Properties of Synthetic and Degradative Enzymes for Glutamate in HD": 7/1/80 - 12/31/81; The Wills Foundation; $15,000.

4. "Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid Mechanisms in vivo and in vitro": 1/1/81 - 12/31/83; NINCDS grant; $149,550.

5. "Kainic Acid, Hippocampus and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy": 8/1/81 - 7/31/84; NINCDS grant; $137,515.

6. "GMl and Hippocampal Lesions": 8/1/82 - 7/31/85; FIDIA Research Laboratories; $31,330.

7. "Excitotoxic Amino Acids: Antagonism in vivo and in vitro":2/1/83 - 1/31/85; NATO grant for international collaboration in research; $10,400.

8. "Synthesis of (-)2-Amino-7-Phosphonoheptanoic Acid": 4/1/83 - 6/30/83; Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease; $5,000.

9. "Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid Mechanisms in vivo and in vitro":

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1/1/84 - 12/31/86; NINCDS grant; $265,450.

10. "Quinolinic Acid and Seizure Disorders" 8/1/84 - 7/31/87; NINCDS grant; $209,417.

11. "Quinolinic Acid and Parkinson's Disease": 7/1/85 - 6/30/86; American Parkinson Disease Association; $20,000.

12. "Quinolinic Acid and Parkinson's Disease/II": 7/1/86 - 6/30/87; American Parkinson Disease Association: $20,000.

13. "Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid Mechanisms in vivo and in vitro": 1/1/87 - 12/31/89; NINCDS grant; $504,613.

14. "Quinolinic Acid and Seizure Disorders": 8/1/87 - 7/31/90; NINCDS grant; $335,643.

15. "Neuroscience Center for Research in Schizophrenia" (W.T. Carpenter, P.I.); subproject "Neuroleptic Treatment and Brain Kynurenines": 3/1/89 - 2/28/94; NIMH grant; $220,000.

16. "Quinolinic Acid and Seizure Disorders": 9/24/90 - 9/23/93; NINDS grant; $601,502.

17. "Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid Mechanisms in vivo and in vitro": 1/1/90 - 12/31/94; NINDS grant; $1,187,086.

18. "Neuroactive Kynurenines": 1/1/92 - 12/31/94; Pharmacia/Farmitalia (Milano); $304,500.

19. "Quinolinate Synthesis Inhibitors": 1/1/91 - 12/31/94; ASTRA Arcus AB (Södertälje); $114,333.

20. "Neuroactive Kynurenines": 1/1/95 - 12/31/95; Pharmacia (Milano); $150,000.

21. "Neuroactive Kynurenines": 1/1/96 - 12/31/96; Pharmacia (Milano); $150,000.

22. "Kynurenines, Glia and Epilepsy": 4/1/94 - 1/31/98; NINDS grant; $926,068.

23. "Neuroactive Kynurenines": 1/1/97 - 12/31/97; Pharmacia & Upjohn (Milano); $150,000

24. "Neuroexcitatory Amino Acid Mechanisms in vivo and in vitro": 1/1/95 - 12/31/99; NINDS grant; $1,069,605.

25. "Kynurenines, Glia and Epilepsy": 2/1/98 - 1/31/03; NINDS grant; $1,027,158.

26. "Metabolic and Developmental Aspects of Mental Retardation" (H.R. Zielke, P.I.); subproject "Kynurenic Acid Formation & Function During Development": 5/1/98 - 4/30/03; NICHD grant; $513,665.

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27. “Kynurenic Acid, Nicotine and Schizophrenia”: 5/1/02 - 4/30/03;NARSAD Distinguished Investigator grant; $99,746.

28. “The Role of Kynurenic Acid in Development”: 5/1/01 - 7/1/03; NRSA grant; $50,933.

29. “Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase as a Target for Drug Development”: 11/1/01 - 10/31/03; Newron (Milano); $170,000.

30. “Quinolinic Acid in HD Mouse models”: 4/1/04 – 9/30/04; HighQ-Hereditary Disease Foundation; $67,500.

31. “Chronic Interventions to Influence Brain Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism in Mice”: 7/1/05-12/31/05; HighQ Foundation; $74,500.

32. “Kynurenic Acid Synthesis and Schizophrenia”: 7/1/05-3/31/08; Mitsubishi Pharma; $185,000.

33. “Nicotinic Receptor: Role in Hippocampal Synaptic Function” (E.X. Albuquerque, P.I.): 8/1/02-7/31/07; NINDS grant; $200,000.

34. "Kynurenines, Glia and Epilepsy”: 7/1/03 - 6/30/07; NINDS grant; $1,160,168.

35. “Imaging Tryptophan Metabolism in Children with Epilepsy” (D.C. Chugani, P.I.): 12/01/03-11/30/08; NINDS grant; $66,000.

36. "Metabolic and Developmental Aspects of Mental Retardation" (H.R. Zielke, P.I.); subproject "Kynurenic Acid Formation & Function During Development": 4/1/04-3/31/09; NICHD grant; $675,000.

37. “The Kynurenine Pathway in Huntington’s Disease”: 11/01/06-10/31/08; HighQ Foundation; $550,000.

38. “Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism: In Vivo Drug Effects”: 5/15/08-5/14/09; CHDI Inc.; $110,402.

39. “Kynurenic Acid Synthesis and Schizophrenia”: 9/1/08-8/31/09; Mitsubishi-

Tanabe; $85,000.

40. “Kynurenine Pathway Enzymes in the Human Brain in Huntington’s Disease”: 9/1/09-8/31/10; CHDI Inc.; $175,853.

41. “Understanding Effects of Chronically Manipulated Brain Kynurenate Levels on Neural Systems”: 9/1/09-8/31/10; Mitsubishi-Tanabe; $95,000.

42. “Validation of KAT II as a Therapeutic Target for Schizophrenia”: 7/1/2010-

6/30/2012; Bristol-Myers-Squibb Innovation grant; $230,000.

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43. “Understanding Effects of Neurochemical Consequences Caused by Systemic Manipulation of the Brain Kynurenine Pathway from Viewpoints of Psychiatric Symptoms”: 8/1/10-3/31/13; Mitsubishi-Tanabe; $275,000.

44. ”The Role of Microglia and the Kynurenine Pathway in Huntington’s Disease" (co-P.I. with P.J. Muchowski): 3/1/09-2/28/14; NINDS grant; $625,000.

45. “Proteopathies of the Aging Central Nervous System“ (L. Mucke, P.I.); subproject “Kynurenines, Microglia and Alzheimer’s Disease” (co-P.I. with P.J. Muchowski): 8/1/08-7/31/13; NIA grant; $265,000.

46. “Nicotinic Receptor: Role in Hippocampal Synaptic Function” (co-P.I. with E.X. Albuquerque): 8/1/08-7/31/13; NINDS grant; $337,500.

47. “Endogenous Kynurenic Acid Modulates Prefrontal ACh Levels and Cognitive Behavior” (co-P.I. with J.P. Bruno): 12/1/09-11/30/14; NIMH grant; $1,250,000.

48. “An NMDA Glycine Site Antagonist for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder” (co-P.I. with T.D. Gould): 9/9/13-9/8/15; NIMH grant; $275,000.

Present Support

49. “Development of Novel, Systemically Active KAT II Inhibitors”: 3/1/2014 - 2/28/2016; Mitsubishi-Pharma; $200,000.

50. “Inflammation, Kynurenines and Psychiatric Diseases”: 9/1/13-8/31/16; Lundbeck Research USA; $708,000.

51. “Kynurenic Acid and Cognitive Abnormalities in Schizophrenia”: 4/1/2014 - 3/31/2019; NIMH grant (Conte Center); $10,712,744.

52. “Kynurenic Acid and Cognitive Abnormalities in Schizophrenia”: 6/11/2015- 6/10/2016; NIMH Supplement (Conte Center); $100,000.

Donations

1. Estate of Lena Marcus (New York, NY) - 1983; $10,000.

2. ASTRA Pharmaceuticals (Södertälje) - 1991; $30,000.

3. ASTRA Pharmaceuticals (Södertälje) - 1992; $30,000.

4. ASTRA Pharmaceuticals (Södertälje) - 1993; $30,000.

5. Vistagen (Burlingame, CA) - 2003; $25,000.

6. Mitsubishi Pharma (Tokyo) - 2004; $20,000.

7. Lundbeck Foundation (Copenhagen) - 2013 ; $30,000.

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UNITED STATES PATENTS (+ year of original filing)

1. "Aminoacid Isomers, their Production and their Medicinal Use" (with J.F. Collins and K. Curry) (1981) US Patent 4,483,853 (issued November 20, 1984)

2. "NMDA Antagonists" (with M. G. Palfreyman, I.A. McDonald, F. G. Salituro and B.M. Baron) (1991) US Patent 5,470,870 (issued November 28, 1995)

3. “New Compounds” (with S.K.M. Björk, B.K. Carpenter, B.K. Gotthammar, M.T. Linderberg, J.P. Luthman and K.M.I. Persson) (1994) US Patent 5,523,475 (issued June 4, 1996)

4. “3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Derivatives” (with S.K.M. Björk, B.K. Gotthammar, M.T. Linderberg, J.P. Luthman and K.M.I. Persson) (1995) US Patent 5,661,183 (issued August 26, 1997)

5. “Compounds” (with S.K.M. Björk, B.K. Gotthammar, M.T. Linderberg, J.P. Luthman and K.M.I. Persson) (1996) US Patent 5,688,945 (issued November 18, 1997)

6. "Substituted Kynurenines and Process for their Preparation" (with M. Varasi, A. Della Torre, C. Speciale and A. Bianchetti) (1995) US Patent 5,786,508 (issued July 28, 1998)

7. "Hydroxylated Anthranilic Acid Derivatives" (with S.K.M. Björk, B.K. Gotthammar, M.T. Linderberg, J.P. Luthman, K.M.I. Persson and B.K. Carpenter) (1995) US Patent 5,883,129 (issued March 15, 1999)

8. "Recombinant KAT Enzyme and Process for its Preparation" (with L. Benatti, J. Breton, C. Speciale, E. Okuno and M. Mosca) (1997) U.S. Patent 6,136,572 (issued October 24, 2000)

9. “4-Sulfonyl-substituted Benzoylalanine Derivatives Useful as Kynurenine-Aminotransferase Inhibitors” (with R. Pellicciari and P. Guidetti) (2004)

10. “Small Inhibitors of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase” (with P.J. Muchowski, J.M. Muchowski and P. Guidetti) (2007) U.S. Patent 7,994,338 (issued August 9, 2011)

11. “Kynurenine Aminotransferase Inhibitors” (with Y. Kajii) (2007)

12. “Inhibitors of Kynurenine Aminotransferase and Uses Therefor" (with P. Guidetti and R. Pellicciari) (2007)

13. “Small Molecule Inhibitors of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase” (with P.J. Muchowski and J.M. Muchowski) (2011) U.S. Patent 8,710,237 (issued April 29, 2014)

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14. “A new class of 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase (3-HAO) inhibitors as potential neuroprotective drugs” (with G. Costantino) (2011) United States Patent 9,260,394 (issued February 16, 2016)

PUBLICATIONS

THESIS

R. Schwarcz: Zur Kenntnis der Biosynthese phosphorylierter Derivate des myo-Inosits in Hühnerblut. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universität Wien, 1974.

BOOKS/SPECIAL ISSUES EDITED

K. Fuxe, P.J. Roberts and R. Schwarcz (Editors): Excitotoxins. Macmillan, 363 pp., 1983.

R. Schwarcz and Y. Ben-Ari (Editors): Excitatory Amino Acids and Epilepsy. Plenum, 735 pp., 1986.

R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown (Editors): Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research. Plenum, 715 pp., 1991.

H.E. Scharfman, M. Witter and R. Schwarcz (Editors): The Parahippocampal Region: Implications for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, volume 911, 502 pp., 2000.

R. Schwarcz (Guest Editor): Glial Dysfunction in Epilepsy. Epilepsia Supplement, 2008.

R. Schwarcz (Editor): Neuropsychopharmacology: a Tribute to Joseph T. Coyle. Advances in Pharmacology, volume 76. Elsevier, 400 pp., 2016.

G. Clarke, R. Schwarcz and T.W. Stone (Guest Editors): Kynurenines. Neuropharmacology (Special Issue), 2016.

ARTICLES IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS

R. Schwarcz, W. Fried, F. Pittner and O. Hoffmann-Ostenhof: Anwendung der Affinitäts- chromatographie an NAD-Sepharose zum Nachweis und zur Reinigung von myo-Inosit-

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l-phosphat-Synthase in Erythrocyten von Hühnern und in Lemma gibba. Monatsh. f. Chemie, 105, 445-451 (1974).

J.T. Coyle and R. Schwarcz: Lesion of striatal neurons with kainic acid provides a model for Huntington's chorea. Nature, 263, 244-246 (1976).

R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Adenylate cyclase activity in chick retina. Gen. Pharmacol., 7, 349-354 (1976).

R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Neurochemical sequelae of kainate injections in corpus striatum and substantia nigra of the rat. Life Sci., 20, 431-436 (1977).

R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Kainic acid: neurotoxic effects after intraocular injection. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 16, 141-148 (1977).

R. Schwarcz, J.P. Bennett, Jr. and J.T. Coyle: Loss of striatal serotonin receptor binding induced by kainic acid lesions: correlations with Huntington's disease. J. Neurochem., 28, 867-869 (1977).

R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Striatal lesions with kainic acid: neurochemical characteristics. Brain Res., 127, 235-249 (1977).

R. Schwarcz, J.P. Bennett and J.T. Coyle: Inhibitors of GABA metabolism: implications for Huntington's disease. Ann. Neurol., 2, 299-303 (1977).

J.T. Coyle, R. Schwarcz, J.P. Bennett and P. Campochiaro: Clinical, neuropathologic and pharmacologic aspects of Huntington's disease: correlates with a new animal model. Progr. Neuro-Psychopharmacol., 1, 13-30 (1977).

P. Campochiaro, R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: GABA-receptor binding in rat striatum: localization and effects of denervation. Brain Res., 136, 501-511 (1977).

R. Schwarcz, D. Scholz and J.T. Coyle: Structure-activity relations for the neurotoxicity of kainic acid derivatives and glutamate analogues. Neuropharmacology, 17, 145-151 (1978).

R. Schwarcz, I. Creese, J.T. Coyle and S.H. Snyder: Dopamine receptors localised on cerebral cortical afferents to rat corpus striatum. Nature, 271, 766-768 (1978).

R. Zaczek, R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Long-term sequelae of striatal kainate lesion. Brain Res., 152, 626-632 (1978).

R.E. Hruska, R. Schwarcz, J.T. Coyle and H.I. Yamamura: Alterations in muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the rat caudate nucleus after kainic acid injections. Brain Res., 152, 620-625 (1978).

R. Schwarcz, K. Fuxe, L.F. Agnati and J.-Å. Gustafsson: Effects of bromocriptine on 3H-spiroperidol binding sites in rat striatum. Evidence for actions of dopamine receptors not linked to adenylate cyclase. Life Sci., 23, 465-469 (1978).

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R. Schwarcz, R. Zaczek and J.T. Coyle: Microinjection of kainic acid into rat hippocampus. Europ. J. Pharmacol., 50, 209-220 (1978).

W. Sieghart, J. Forn, R. Schwarcz, J.T. Coyle and P. Greengard: Evidence for neuronal localization of specific brain phosphoproteins. Brain Res., 156, 345-350 (1978).

C. Köhler, R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: Perforant path transections protect hippocampal granule cells from kainate lesion. Neurosci. Lett., 10, 241-246 (1978).

R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: 3H-Kainic acid binding: relevance for evaluating the neurotoxicity of kainic acid. Life Sci., 24, 1471-1480 (1979).

R. Schwarcz, K. Fuxe, L.F. Agnati, T. Hökfelt and J.T. Coyle: Rotational behavior in rats with unilateral striatal kainic acid lesions: a behavioral model for studies on intact dopamine receptors. Brain Res., 170, 485-495 (1979).

M.-L. Tjörnhammar, R. Schwarcz, T. Bartfai and K. Fuxe: Guanylate cyclase activity increases after kainic acid lesion of rat striatum. Brain Res., 171, 567-572 (1979).

C. Köhler, R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: Intrahippocampal injections of ibotenic acid provide histological evidence for a neurotoxic mechanism different from kainic acid. Neurosci. Lett., 15, 223-228 (1979).

C. Köhler, R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: Hippocampal lesions indicate differences between the excitotoxic properties of acidic amino acids. Brain Res., 175, 366-371 (1979).

R. Schwarcz, T. Hökfelt, K. Fuxe, G. Jonsson, M. Goldstein and L. Terenius: Ibotenic acid induced neuronal degeneration: a morphological and neurochemical study. Exp. Brain Res., 37, 199-216 (1979).

K. Andersson, R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: Compensatory bilateral changes in dopamine turnover after striatal kainate lesion. Nature, 283, 94-96 (1980).

R. Schwarcz, K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt, L. Terenius and M. Goldstein: Effects of chronic striatal kainate lesions on some dopaminergic parameters and enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in the basal ganglia. J. Neurochem., 34, 772-778 (1980).

R. Schwarcz and C. Köhler: Evidence against an exclusive role of glutamate in kainic acid neurotoxicity. Neurosci. Lett., 19, 243-249 (1980).

R. Schwarcz: Effects of tissue storage and freezing on brain glutamate uptake. Life Sci., 28, 1147-1154 (1981).

R.M. Mangano and R. Schwarcz: The human platelet as a model for the glutamatergic neuron: platelet uptake of L-glutamate. J. Neurochem., 36, 1067-1076 (1981).

C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Monosodium glutamate: increased neurotoxicity after removal of neuronal re-uptake sites. Brain Res., 211, 485-491 (1981).

R.M. Mangano and R. Schwarcz: Platelet glutamate and aspartate uptake in Huntington's disease. J. Neurochem., 37, 1072-1074 (1981).

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R.M. Mangano and R. Schwarcz: Huntington's disease: glutamate and aspartate metabolism in blood platelets. J. Neurol. Sci., 53, 489-500 (1982).

R. Schwarcz and W.O. Whetsell Jr.: Post-mortem high affinity glutamate uptake in human brain. Neuroscience, 7, 1771-1778 (1982).

E.D. French, C. Aldinio and R. Schwarcz: Intrahippocampal kainic acid, seizures and local neuronal degeneration: relationships assessed in unanesthetized rats. Neuroscience, 7, 2525-2536 (1982).

R. Schwarcz, J.F. Collins and D.A. Parks: α-Amino--phosphonocarboxylates block ibotenate but not kainate neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett., 33, 85-90 (1982).

R. Schwarcz, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R.M. Mangano: Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that causes axon-sparing lesions in rat brain. Science, 219, 316-318 (1983).

R.M. Mangano and R. Schwarcz: Chronic infusion of endogenous excitatory amino acids into rat striatum and hippocampus. Brain Res. Bull., 10, 47-51 (1983).

C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Comparison of ibotenate and kainate neurotoxicity in rat brain: a histological study. Neuroscience, 8, 819-835 (1983).

C. Aldinio, E.D. French and R. Schwarcz: Effects of intrahippocampal ibotenic acid and their blockade by (-) 2-amino 7-phosphono-heptanoic acid: morphological and electroencephalographical analysis. Exp. Brain Res., 51, 36-44 (1983).

R. Schwarcz and C. Köhler: Differential vulnerability of central neurons to quinolinic acid. Neurosci. Lett., 38, 85-90 (1983).

A.C. Foster, J.F. Collins and R. Schwarcz: On the excitotoxic properties of quinolinic acid, 2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acids and structurally related compounds. Neuropharmacology, 22,1331-1342 (1983).

W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R. Schwarcz: The organotypic tissue culture model of corticostriatal system used for examining amino acid neurotoxicity and its antagonism: studies of kainic acid, quinolinic acid and (-) 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid. J. Neural Transm., Suppl. 19, 53-63 (1983).

M. Wolfensberger, U. Amsler, M. Cuénod, A.C. Foster, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R. Schwarcz: Identification of quinolinic acid in rat and human brain tissues. Neurosci. Lett., 41, 247-252 (1983).

R. Schwarcz, A.C. Foster, E.D. French, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and C. Köhler: Excitotoxic models for neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci., 35, 19-32 (1984).

R. Schwarcz, G.S. Brush, A.C. Foster and E.D. French: Seizure activity and lesions following intrahippocampal injection of quinolinic acid. Exp. Neurol., 84, 1-17 (1984).

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A.C. Foster, L.P. Miller, W.H. Oldendorf and R. Schwarcz: Studies on the disposition of quinolinic acid after intracerebral or systemic administration in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 84, 428-440 (1984).

H.X. Steiner, G.J. McBean, C. Köhler, P.J. Roberts and R. Schwarcz: Ibotenate-induced neuronal degeneration in immature rat brain. Brain Res., 307, 117-124 (1984).

A.C. Foster, A. Vezzani, E.D. French and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid blocks neurotoxicity and seizures induced in rats by the related brain metabolite quinolinic acid. Neurosci. Lett., 48, 273-278 (1984).

B.L. Gibson, R. Schwarcz and L. Reif-Lehrer: Quinolinate: a selective neurotoxin in embryonic and posthatching chicken retinas. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 26, 50-57 (1985).

A.C. Foster, W.C. Zinkand and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in rat brain. J. Neurochem., 44, 446-454 (1985).

A.C. Foster, W.O. Whetsell, Jr., E.D. Bird and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human and rat brain: activity in Huntington's disease and in quinolinate lesioned rat striatum. Brain Res., 336, 207-214 (1985).

A.C. Foster and R. Schwarcz: Characterization of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human blood and observations in Huntington's disease. J. Neurochem., 45, 199-205, (1985).

C. Aldinio, S. Mazzari, G. Toffano, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Effects of intracerebral injections of quinolinic acid on serotonergic neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res., 341, 57-65 (1985).

C.B. Nemeroff, G.A. Mason, G. Bissette, D.A. Parks and R. Schwarcz: Effects of intrahypothalamic injection of quinolinic acid on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in the unanesthetized rat. Neuroendocrinology, 41, 332-336 (1985).

A. Vezzani, U. Ungerstedt, E.D. French and R. Schwarcz: In vivo brain dialysis of amino acids and simultaneous EEG measurements following intrahippocampal quinolinic acid injection: evidence for a dissociation between neurochemical changes and seizures. J. Neurochem., 45, 335-344 (1985).

E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Purification of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase from rat liver and brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 841, 112-119 (1985).

R. Schwarcz and B. Meldrum: Excitatory amino acid antagonists provide a novel therapeutic approach to neurological disorders. Lancet, 2, 140-143 (1985).

A. Vezzani and R. Schwarcz: A noradrenergic component of quinolinic acid induced seizures. Exp. Neurol., 90, 254-258 (1985).

H. Björklund, L. Olson, D. Dahl and R. Schwarcz: Short-and long-term consequences of intracranial injections of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid as evidenced by GFA immunohistochemistry of astrocytes. Brain Res., 371, 267-277 (1986).

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Robert Schwarcz

M. Goldstein, S. Kuga, N. Kusano, E. Meller, J. Dancis and R. Schwarcz: Dopamine agonist-induced self-mutilative biting behavior in monkeys with unilateral ventromedial tegmental lesions of the brain stem: possible pharmacological model for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Brain Res., 367, 114-120 (1986).

A.C. Foster, R.J. White and R. Schwarcz: Synthesis of quinolinic acid by 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase in rat brain tissue in vitro. J. Neurochem., 47, 23-30 (1986).

S. Mazzari, C. Aldinio, M. Beccaro, G. Toffano and R. Schwarcz: Intracerebral quinolinic acid injection in the rat: effects on dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res., 380, 309-316 (1986).

A.C. Foster, E. Okuno, D.S. Brougher and R. Schwarcz: A radioenzymatic assay for quinolinic acid. Anal. Biochem., 158, 98-103 (1986).

C. Köhler, E. Okuno, P.R. Flood and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase: preferential glial localization in the rat brain visualized by immunocytochemistry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.), 84, 3491-3495 (1987).

R. Schwarcz, C. Speciale and E.D. French: Hippocampal kynurenines as etiological factors in seizure disorders. Pol. J. Pharmacol. Pharm., 39, 485-494 (1987).

A. Vezzani, L. Sangalli, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: ATP as a marker of excitotoxin-induced nerve cell death in vivo. J. Neural Transm., 70, 349-356 (1987).

E. Okuno, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Rat 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase: purification from the liver and immunocytochemical localization in the brain. J. Neurochem., 49, 771-780 (1987).

C. Speciale, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Increased quinolinic acid metabolism following neuronal degeneration in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res., 436, 18-24 (1987).

C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: Effect of systemic kainate administration on cerebral quinolinic acid metabolism in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 99, 213-218 (1988).

C. Köhler, A. Peterson, L.G. Eriksson, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Immunohistochemical identification of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in glial cultures from rat brain. Neurosci. Lett., 84, 115-119 (1988).

C. Köhler, L.G. Eriksson, P.R. Flood, J.A. Hardie, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid metabolism in the rat brain. Immunohistochemical identification of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase and quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in the hippocampal region. J. Neurosci., 8, 975-987 (1988).

E. Okuno, R.J. White and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase: purification and partial characterization from human liver and brain. J. Biochem., 103, 1054-1059 (1988).

R. Schwarcz, E. Okuno, R.J. White, E.D. Bird and W.O. Whetsell Jr.: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase activity is increased in the brains of Huntington disease victims. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.), 85, 4079-4081 (1988).

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Robert Schwarcz

W.A. Turski, M. Nakamura, W.P. Todd, B.K. Carpenter, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R. Schwarcz: Identification and quantification of kynurenic acid in human brain tissue. Brain Res., 454, 164-169 (1988).

C. Speciale, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Effect of kynurenine loading on quinolinic acid production in the rat: studies in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci., 43, 777-786 (1988).

W.A. Turski and R. Schwarcz: On the disposition of intrahippocampally injected kynurenic acid in the rat. Exp. Brain Res., 71, 563-567 (1988).

R. Schwarcz, C.A. Tamminga, R. Kurlan and I. Shoulson: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of quinolinic acid in Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Ann. Neurol., 24, 580-582 (1988).

C. Köhler, L.G. Eriksson, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Localization of quinolinic acid metabolizing enzymes in the rat brain. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase and quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase. Neuroscience, 27, 49-76 (1988).

W.O. Whetsell, Jr. and R. Schwarcz: Prolonged exposure to submicromolar concentrations of quinolinic acid causes excitotoxic damage in organotypic cultures of rat corticostriatal system. Neurosci. Lett., 97, 271-275 (1989).

W.A. Turski, J.B.P. Gramsbergen, H. Traitler and R. Schwarcz: Rat brain slices produce and liberate kynurenic acid upon exposure to L-kynurenine. J. Neurochem., 52, 1629-1636 (1989).

C. Speciale, K. Hares, R. Schwarcz and N. Brookes: High-affinity uptake of L-kynurenine by a Na+-independent transporter of neutral amino acids in astrocytes. J. Neurosci., 9, 2066-2072 (1989).

R. Schwarcz, E. Okuno and R.J. White: Basal ganglia lesions in the rat: effects on quinolinic acid metabolism. Brain Res., 490, 103-109 (1989).

W.P. Todd, B.K. Carpenter and R. Schwarcz: Preparation of 4-halo-3-hydroxyanthranilates and demonstration of their inhibition of 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase in rat and human brain tissue. Prep. Biochem., 19, 155-165 (1989).

C. Speciale, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Production of extracellular quinolinic acid in the striatum studied by microdialysis in unanesthetized rats. Neurosci. Lett., 104, 345-350 (1989).

R. Schwarcz: Excitotoxic and anti-excitotoxic mechanisms in neurological disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. Neurosurg., 2, 504-508 (1989).

C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: Uptake of kynurenine into rat brain slices. J. Neurochem., 54, 156-163 (1990).

E. Westerberg, K. Magnusson, T. Wieloch, U. Ungerstedt, C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: Extracellular levels of quinolinic acid are moderately increased in rat neostriatum

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Robert Schwarcz

following severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Acta Physiol. Scand., 138, 417-422 (1990).

F. Du, E. Okuno, W.O. Whetsell Jr., C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Distribution of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in the human hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol., 295, 71-82 (1990).

H. Baran and R. Schwarcz: Presence of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in rat tissues and evidence for its production from anthranilic acid in the brain. J. Neurochem., 55, 738-744 (1990).

C. Speciale, H.-Q. Wu, J.B.P. Gramsbergen, W.A. Turski, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Determination of extracellular kynurenic acid in the striatum of unanesthetized rats: effect of aminooxyacetic acid. Neurosci. Lett., 116, 198-203 (1990).

A. Vezzani, J.B.P. Gramsbergen, P. Versari, M.A. Stasi, F. Procaccio and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid synthesis by human glioma. J. Neurol. Sci., 99, 51-57 (1990).

E. Okuno, F. Du, T. Ishikawa, M. Tsujimoto, M. Nakamura, R. Schwarcz and R. Kido: Purification and characterization of kynurenine-pyruvate aminotransferase from rat kidney and brain. Brain Res., 534, 37-44 (1990).

S.J. Kish, F. Du, D.A. Parks, Y. Robitaille, M.J. Ball, L. Schut, O. Hornykiewicz and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid catabolism is increased in cerebellum of patients with dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Ann. Neurol., 29, 100-104 (1991).

E. Okuno, M. Nakamura and R. Schwarcz: Two kynurenine aminotransferases in human brain. Brain Res., 542, 307-312 (1991).

F. Du, E. Okuno, W.O. Whetsell, Jr., C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Immunohistochemical localization of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in the human neostriatum. Neuroscience, 42, 397-406 (1991).

T. Andersson, M. Schultzberg, R. Schwarcz, A. Löve, C. Wickman and K. Kristensson: NMDA-receptor antagonist prevents measles virus induced neurodegeneration. Eur. J. Neurosci., 3, 66-71 (1991).

S. Fukui, R. Schwarcz, S.I. Rapoport, Y. Takada and Q.R. Smith: Blood-brain barrier transport of kynurenines: implications for brain synthesis and metabolism. J. Neurochem., 56, 2007-2017 (1991).

H.-Q. Wu, W.A. Turski, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Systemic kainic acid administration in rats: effects on kynurenic acid production in vitro and in vivo. Exp. Neurol., 113, 47-52 (1991).

E. Okuno, W. Schmidt, D.A. Parks, M. Nakamura and R. Schwarcz: Measurement of rat brain kynurenine aminotransferase at physiological kynurenine concentrations. J. Neurochem., 57, 533-540 (1991).

J.L. Walsh, W.P. Todd, B.K. Carpenter and R. Schwarcz: 4-Halo-3-hydroxyanthranilic acids: potent competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol., 42, 985-990 (1991).

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Robert Schwarcz

O.G. McMaster, F. Du, E.D. French and R. Schwarcz: Focal injection of aminooxyacetic acid produces seizures and lesions in rat hippocampus: evidence for mediation by NMDA receptors. Exp. Neurol., 113, 367-374 (1991).

M.R. Poston, M.S. Bailey, R. Schwarcz and M.T. Shipley: Differential complementary localization of metabolic enzymes for quinolinic acid in olfactory bulb astrocytes. J. Comp. Neurol., 311, 367-374 (1991).

H.-Q. Wu, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Regulation of kynurenic acid synthesis studied by microdialysis in the dorsal hippocampus of unanesthetized rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 213, 375-380 (1992).

F. Du, W. Schmidt, E. Okuno, R. Kido, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Localization of kynurenine aminotransferase immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol., 321, 477-487 (1992).

J.B.P. Gramsbergen, W. Schmidt, W.A. Turski and R. Schwarcz: Age-related changes in kynurenic acid production in rat brain. Brain Res., 588, 1-5 (1992).

R.C. Roberts, F. Du, K. McCarthy, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Immunocytochemical localization of kynurenine aminotransferase in the rat striatum. A light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol., 326, 82-90 (1992).

F. Du and R. Schwarcz: Aminooxyacetic acid causes selective neuronal loss in layer III of the rat medial entorhinal cortex. Neurosci. Lett., 147, 185-188 (1992).

H.-Q. Wu, H. Baran, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid in the quinolinate-lesioned rat hippocampus: studies in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci., 4, 1264-1270 (1992).

C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: On the production and disposition of quinolinic acid in rat brain and liver slices. J. Neurochem., 60, 212-218 (1993).

R. Schwarcz: Metabolism and function of brain kynurenines. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 21, 77-82 (1993).

D.A. Jauch, V.H. Sethy, B.G. Weick, T.N. Chase and R. Schwarcz: Intravenous administration of L-kynurenine to rhesus monkeys: effect on quinolinate and kynurenate levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuropharmacology, 32, 467-472 (1993).

W. Schmidt, P. Guidetti, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Characterization of human brain kynurenine aminotransferases using [3H]kynurenine as a substrate. Neuroscience, 55, 177-184 (1993).

F. Du, J. Williamson, E. Bertram, E. Lothman, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenine pathway enzymes in a rat model of chronic epilepsy: immunohistochemical study of activated glial cells. Neuroscience, 55, 975-989 (1993).

H. Baran and R. Schwarcz: Regional differences in the ontogenetic pattern of kynurenine aminotransferase in the rat brain. Dev. Brain Res., 74, 283-286 (1993).

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Robert Schwarcz

T. Andersson, R. Schwarcz, A. Löve and K. Kristensson: Measles virus-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in the mouse: a novel, subacute model for testing neuroprotective agents. Neurosci. Lett., 154, 109-112 (1993).

F. Du, W.O. Whetsell, Jr., B. Abou-Khalil, B. Blumenkopf, E.W. Lothman and R. Schwarcz: Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the entorhinal cortex in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res., 16, 223-233 (1993).

O.G. McMaster, H. Baran, H.-Q. Wu, F. Du, E. French and R. Schwarcz: Gamma-acetylenic GABA produces axon-sparing neurodegeneration after focal injection into the rat hippocampus. Exp. Neurol., 124, 184-191 (1993).

H. Baran, E. Okuno, R. Kido and R. Schwarcz: Purification and characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase I from human brain. J. Neurochem., 62, 730-738 (1994).

J.L. Walsh, H.-Q. Wu, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: 4-Chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate inhibits quinolinate production in the rat hippocampus in vivo. Brain Res. Bull., 33, 513-516 (1994).

C.L. Eastman, E. Urbanska, A. Löve, K. Kristensson and R. Schwarcz: Increased brain quinolinic acid production in mice infected with a hamster neurotropic measles virus. Exp. Neurol., 125, 119-124 (1994).

H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and P.D. Shepard: Excitatory amino acid-induced excitation of dopamine-containing neurons in the rat substantia nigra: modulation by kynurenic acid. Synapse, 16, 219-230 (1994).

F.G. Salituro, R.C. Tomlinson, B.M. Baron, M.G. Palfreyman, I.A. McDonald, W. Schmidt, H.-Q. Wu, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Enzyme activated antagonists of the strychnine-insensitive glycine/NMDA receptor. J. Med. Chem., 37, 334-336 (1994).

C.L. Eastman, E.M. Urbanska, A.G. Chapman and R. Schwarcz: Differential expression of the astrocytic enzymes 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase in seizure-prone and non-epileptic mice. Epil. Res., 18, 185-194 (1994).

P. Malherbe, C. Köhler, M. Da Prada, G. Lang, V. Kiefer, R. Schwarcz, H.-W. Lahm and A.M. Cesura: Molecular cloning and functional expression of human 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 13792-13797 (1994).

R.C. Roberts, K.E. McCarthy, F. Du, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Immunocytochemical localization of the quinolinic acid synthesizing enzyme, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase, in the rat substantia nigra. Brain Res., 650, 229-238 (1994).

P. Guidetti, J.L. Walsh and R. Schwarcz: A fluorimetric assay for the determination of anthranilic acid in biological materials. Anal. Biochem., 220, 181-184 (1994).

M. Mosca, L. Cozzi, J. Breton, C. Speciale, E. Okuno, R. Schwarcz and L. Benatti: Molecular cloning of rat kynurenine aminotransferase: identity with glutamine transaminase K. FEBS Lett., 353, 21-24 (1994).

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Robert Schwarcz

S. Ferré, R. Schwarcz, X.M. Li, P. Snaprud, S.O. Ögren and K. Fuxe: Chronic haloperidol treatment leads to an increase in the intramembrane interaction between adenosine A2 and dopamine D2 receptors in the neostriatum. Psychopharmacology, 116, 279-284 (1994).

R.C. Roberts, K.E. McCarthy, F. Du, O.P. Ottersen, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat striatum. J. Neurosci., 15, 1150-1161 (1995).

D. Jauch, E. Urbanska, P. Guidetti, E.D. Bird, J-P.G. Vonsattel, W.O. Whetsell and R. Schwarcz: Dysfunction of brain kynurenic acid metabolism in Huntington's disease: focus on kynurenine aminotransferases. J. Neurol. Sci., 130, 39-47 (1995).

T. Eid, F. Du and R. Schwarcz: Differential neuronal vulnerability to aminooxyacetic acid and quinolinic acid in the rat parahippocampal region. Neuroscience, 68, 645-656 (1995).

H.-Q. Wu, U. Ungerstedt and R. Schwarcz: L-α-Aminoadipic acid as a regulator of kynurenic acid production in the hippocampus: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 281, 55-61 (1995).

P. Guidetti, C.L. Eastman and R. Schwarcz: Metabolism of 5-3H-kynurenine in the rat brain in vivo: evidence for the existence of a functional kynurenine pathway. J. Neurochem., 65, 2621-2632 (1995).

F. Du, T. Eid, E.W. Lothman, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Preferential neuronal loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex in rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurosci., 15, 6301-6313 (1995).

H.-Q. Wu, A. Monno, R. Schwarcz and A. Vezzani: Electrical kindling is associated with a lasting increase in the extracellular levels of kynurenic acid in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett., 198, 91-94 (1995).

H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Seizure activity causes elevation of endogenous extracellular kynurenic acid in the rat brain. Brain Res. Bull., 39, 155-162 (1996).

M. Varasi, A. Della Torre, F. Heidempergher, P. Pevarello, C. Speciale, P. Guidetti, D.R. Wells and R. Schwarcz: Derivatives of kynurenine as inhibitors of rat brain kynurenine aminotransferase. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 31, 11-21 (1996).

D. Giulian, J. Yu, X. Li, D. Tom, J. Li, E. Wendt, S.-N. Lin, R. Schwarcz and C. Noonan: Study of receptor-mediated neurotoxins released by HIV-1-infected mononuclear phagocytes found in human brain. J. Neurosci., 16, 3139-3153 (1996).

G. Ceresoli, M.S. Fuller and R. Schwarcz: Excitotoxic lesions of the rat striatum: different responses of kynurenine pathway enzymes during ontogeny. Dev. Brain Res., 92, 61-69 (1996).

T. Eid, B. Jorritsma-Byham, R. Schwarcz and M.P. Witter: Afferents to the seizure-sensitive neurons in layer III of the medial entorhinal area: a tracing study in the rat. Exp. Brain Res., 109, 209-218 (1996).

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M.J. Tsai, Y.-F. Chang, R. Schwarcz and N. Brookes: Characterization of L-α-aminoadipic acid transport in cultured rat astrocytes. Brain Res., 741, 166-173 (1996).

C. Speciale, H.-Q. Wu, M. Cini, M. Marconi, M. Varasi and R. Schwarcz: (R,S)-3,4-dichloro-benzoylalanine (FCE 28833A) causes a large and persistent increase in brain kynurenic acid levels in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 315, 263-267 (1996).

M. Hokari, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and Q.R. Smith: Facilitated brain uptake of 4-chloro-kynurenine and conversion to 7-chlorokynurenic acid. NeuroReport, 8, 15-18 (1996).

H.-Q. Wu, F.G. Salituro and R. Schwarcz: Enzyme-catalyzed production of the neuroprotective NMDA receptor antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid in the rat brain in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 319, 13-20 (1997).

G. Ceresoli, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Metabolism of [5-3H]-kynurenine in the developing rat brain in vivo: effect of intrastriatal ibotenate injections. Dev. Brain Res., 100, 73-81 (1997).

J.B.P. Gramsbergen, P.S. Hodgkins, A. Rassoulpour, W.A. Turski, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Brain-specific modulation of kynurenic acid synthesis in the rat. J. Neurochem., 69, 290-298 (1997).

P. Guidetti, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Characterization of rat brain kynurenine amino-transferases I and II. J. Neurosci. Res., 50, 457-465 (1997).

S.O. Ögren, S. Ferré, R. Schwarcz and K. Fuxe: Prolonged treatment with haloperidol and clozapine in the rat: differential effects on spontaneous and theophylline-induced motor activity. Neurosci. Lett. 232, 21-24 (1997).

F. Du, T. Eid and R. Schwarcz: Neuronal damage after the injection of aminooxyacetic acid into the rat entorhinal cortex: a silver impregnation study. Neuroscience, 82, 1165-1178 (1998).

R. Schwarcz, B. Poeggeler, A. Rassoulpour, G. Ceresoli-Borroni and P.S. Hodgkins: Regulation of kynurenic acid levels in the developing rat brain. Amino Acids, 14, 243-249 (1998).

B. Poeggeler, A. Rassoulpour, P. Guidetti, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Dopaminergic control of kynurenate levels and NMDA toxicity in the developing rat striatum. Dev. Neurosci., 20, 146-153 (1998).

P.S. Hodgkins and R. Schwarcz: Interference with cellular energy metabolism reduces kynurenic acid formation in rat brain slices: reversal by lactate and pyruvate. Eur. J. Neurosci., 10, 1986-1994 (1998).

P.S. Hodgkins and R. Schwarcz: Metabolic control of kynurenic acid formation in the rat brain. Dev. Neurosci., 20, 408-416 (1998).

A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, B. Poeggeler and R. Schwarcz: Systemic d-amphetamine administration causes a reduction of kynurenic acid levels in rat brain. Brain Res., 802, 111-118 (1998).

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H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Focal microinjection of γ-acetylenic GABA into the rat entorhinal cortex: behavioral and electroencephalographic abnormalities, and preferential neuron loss in layer III. Exp. Neurol., 153, 203-213 (1998).

H.E. Scharfman, J.H. Goodman, F. Du and R. Schwarcz: Chronic changes in synaptic responses of entorhinal and hippocampal neurons after entorhinal cortical cell loss produced by intracortical amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) injection: an in vitro and in vivo study in the rat. J. Neurophysiol., 80, 3031-3046 (1998).

P.S. Hodgkins, H.-Q. Wu, H.R. Zielke and R. Schwarcz: 2-Oxoacids regulate kynurenic acid production in the rat brain: studies in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem., 72, 643-651 (1999).

B. Poeggeler, M.A. Pappolla, R. Hardeland, A. Rassoulpour, P.S. Hodgkins, P. Guidetti, and R. Schwarcz: Indole-3-propionic acid: a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger in rat brain. Brain Res., 815, 382-388 (1999).

G. Ceresoli-Borroni, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Acute and chronic changes in kynurenate formation following an intrastriatal quinolinate injection in rats. J. Neural Transm., 106, 229-242 (1999).

T. Eid, R. Schwarcz and O.P. Ottersen: Ultrastructure and immunocytochemical distribution of GABA in layer III of the rat medial entorhinal cortex following aminooxyacetic acid-induced seizures. Exp. Brain Res., 125, 463-475 (1999).

M. Linderberg, S. Hellberg, S. Björk, B. Gotthammar, T. Högberg, K. Persson, R. Schwarcz, J. Luthman and R. Johansson: Synthesis and GSAR of substituted 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid derivatives as inhibitors of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (3-HAO). Eur. J. Med. Chem., 34, 729-744 (1999).

P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: 3-Hydroxykynurenine potentiates quinolinate but not NMDA toxicity in the rat striatum. Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 3857-3863 (1999).

H.E. Scharfman, P.S. Hodgkins, S.-C. Lee and R. Schwarcz: Quantitative differences in the effects of de novo produced and exogenous kynurenic acid in rat brain slices. Neurosci. Lett., 274, 111-114 (1999).

B. Fornstedt-Wallin, J. Lundström, G. Fredriksson, R. Schwarcz and J. Luthman: 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid accumulates following administration of the 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3,4-dioxygenase inhibitor, 4,6-di-bromo-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (NCR-631) in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 386, 15-24 (1999).

J.T. Coyle and R. Schwarcz: Mind glue: Implications of glial cell biology for psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 57, 90-93 (2000).

H.-Q. Wu, S.-C. Lee and R. Schwarcz: Systemic administration of 4-chlorokynurenine prevents quinolinate neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 390, 267-274 (2000).

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Robert Schwarcz

P. Guidetti, P. H. Reddy, D.A. Tagle and R. Schwarcz: Early kynurenergic impairment in Huntington’s disease and in a transgenic animal model. Neurosci. Lett., 283, 233-235 (2000).

H.-Q. Wu, P. Guidetti, J.H. Goodman, M. Varasi, G. Ceresoli-Borroni, C. Speciale, H.E. Scharfman and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenergic manipulations influence excitatory amino acid receptor function and excitotoxic vulnerability in the rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroscience, 97, 243-251 (2000).

P. Guidetti, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: In situ produced 7-chlorokynurenate provides protection against quinolinate- and malonate-induced neurotoxicity. Exp. Neurol., 163, 123-130 (2000).

H.E. Scharfman, J.H. Goodman and R. Schwarcz: Electrophysiological effects of exogenous and endogenous kynurenic acid in the rat brain: studies in vivo and in vitro. Amino Acids, 19, 283-297 (2000).

G. Ceresoli-Borroni and R. Schwarcz: Perinatal kynurenine pathway metabolism in the normal and asphyctic rat brain. Amino Acids, 19, 311-323 (2000).

G. Battaglia, A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, P.S. Hodgkins, C. Kiss, F. Nicoletti and R. Schwarcz: Some metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands reduce kynurenate synthesis in rats by intracellular inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase II. J. Neurochem., 75, 2051-2060 (2000).

R. Schwarcz: Glutamate 2000: Old dog, new tricks. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 296, 659-662 (2001).

P. Guidetti, V. Charles, H. Reddy, W.O. Whetsell, R. Schwarcz and D. Tagle: Early degenerative changes in transgenic mice expressing mutant huntingtin involve dendritic abnormalities but no impairment of mitochondrial energy production. Exp. Neurol., 169, 340-350 (2001).

S.-C. Lee and R. Schwarcz: Excitotoxic injury stimulates pro-drug-induced 7-chlorokynurenate formation in the rat striatum in vivo. Neurosci. Lett., 304, 185-188 (2001).

G. Ceresoli-Borroni and R. Schwarcz: Neonatal asphyxia in rats: acute effects on cerebral kynurenine metabolism. Pediatr. Res., 50, 231-235 (2001).

T. Eid, F. Du and R. Schwarcz: Ibotenate injections into the pre- and parasubiculum provide partial protection against kainate-induced epileptic damage in layer III of rat entorhinal cortex. Epilepsia, 42, 817-824 (2001).

C. Hilmas, E.F.R. Pereira, M. Alkondon, A. Rassoulpour, R. Schwarcz and E.X. Albuquerque: The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits 7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications. J. Neurosci., 21, 7463-7473 (2001).

R. Schwarcz, A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, D. Medoff, C.A. Tamminga and R.C. Roberts: Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat., 50, 521-530 (2001).

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Robert Schwarcz

E. Lehrmann, A. Molinari, C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: Immunohistochemical visualization of newly formed quinolinate in the normal and excitotoxically lesioned rat striatum. Exp. Brain. Res., 141, 389-397 (2001).

M.J. Denslow, T. Eid, F. Du, R. Schwarcz, E.W. Lothman and O. Steward: Disruption of inhibition in area CA1 of the hippocampus in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Neurophysiol., 86, 2231-2245 (2001).

H.-Q. Wu, A. Rassoulpour and R. Schwarcz: Effect of systemic L-dopa administration on extracellular kynurenate levels in the rat striatum. J. Neural Transm., 109, 239-249 (2002).

R. Schwarcz and R. Pellicciari: Manipulation of brain kynurenines: glial targets, neuronal effects and clinical opportunities. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 303, 1-10 (2002).

R. Schwarcz and M.P. Witter: Memory impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy: the role of entorhinal lesions. Epil. Res., 50, 161-177 (2002).

H.-Q. Wu, S.-C. Lee, H.E. Scharfman and R. Schwarcz: L-4-Chlorokynurenine attenuates kainate-induced seizures and lesions in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 177, 222-232 (2002).

C. Kiss, G. Ceresoli-Borroni, P. Guidetti, C.L. Zielke, H.R. Zielke and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenate production by cultured human astrocytes. J. Neural Transm., 110, 1-14 (2003).

P.D. Shepard, B. Joy, L. Clerkin and R. Schwarcz: Micromolar brain levels of kynurenic acid are associated with a disruption of auditory sensory gating in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 1454-1462 (2003).

P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Determination of -aminoadipic acid in brain, peripheral tissues and body fluids using GC/MS with negative chemical ionization. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 118, 132-139 (2003).

R. Schwarcz: The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation as a drug target. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 4, 12-17 (2004).

C. Kiss, P.D. Shepard, F. Bari and R. Schwarcz: Cortical spreading depression augments kynurenate levels and reduces malonate toxicity in the rat cortex. Brain Res., 1002, 129-135 (2004).

M. Alkondon, E.F.R. Pereira, P.Yu, E.Z. Arruda, L.E.F. Almeida, P. Guidetti, W.P. Fawcett, M. T. Sapko, W.R. Randall, R. Schwarcz, D.A. Tagle and E.X. Albuquerque: Targeted deletion of the kynurenine aminotransferase II gene reveals a critical role of endogenous kynurenic acid in the regulation of synaptic transmission via α7 nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci., 24, 4635-4648 (2004).

H.-Q. Wu, K. Fuxe and R. Schwarcz: Neuronal A1 receptors mediate increase in extracellular kynurenic acid after local intrastriatal adenosine infusion. J. Neurochem., 90, 621-628 (2004).

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Robert Schwarcz

P. Yu, N.A. Di Prospero, M.T. Sapko, T. Cai, A Chen, M. Melendez-Ferro, F. Du, W.O. Whetsell Jr., P. Guidetti, R. Schwarcz and D.A. Tagle: Biochemical and phenotypic abnormalities in kynurenine aminotransferase II-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol., 24, 6919-6930 (2004).

P. Guidetti, R.E. Luthi-Carter, S.J. Augood and R. Schwarcz: Neostriatal and cortical quinolinate levels are increased in early grade Huntington’s Disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 17, 455-461 (2004).

A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, E.X. Albuquerque and R. Schwarcz: Prolonged nicotine

administration results in bi-phasic, brain-specific changes in kynurenate levels in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 697-704 (2005).

A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, S. Ferré and R. Schwarcz: Nanomolar concentrations of kynurenic acid reduce extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum. J. Neurochem., 93, 762-765 (2005).

P. Samadi, L. Gregoire, A. Rassoulpour, P. Guidetti, E. Izzo, R. Schwarcz and P. Bédard: Effect of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition on the dyskinetic and anti-parkinsonian response to L-Dopa in parkinsonian monkeys. Movement Dis., 20, 792-802 (2005).

H.-Q. Wu, A. Rassoulpour, J. H. Goodman, H.E. Scharfman, E. H. Bertram and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenate and 7-chlorokynurenate formation in chronically epileptic rats. Epilepsia, 46, 1010-1016 (2005).

D.X. Zhang, J.M. Williamson, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and E.H. Bertram: 1In situ produced 7- chlorokynurenate has different effects on evoked responses in rats with limbic epilepsy in comparison to naive controls. Epilepsia, 46, 1708-1715 (2005).

M.T. Sapko, P. Guidetti, P. Yu, D.A. Tagle, R. Pellicciari and R. Schwarcz: Endogenous kynurenate controls the vulnerability of striatal neurons to quinolinate: implications for Huntington’s disease. Exp. Neurol., 197, 31-40 (2006).

F. Bari, K. Nagy, P. Guidetti, R. Schwarcz, D.W. Busija and F. Domoki: Kynurenic acid attenuates NMDA-induced pial arteriolar dilation in newborn pigs. Brain Res., 1069, 39-46 (2006).

G. Ceresoli-Borroni, A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Chronic neuroleptic treatment reduces endogenous kynurenic acid levels in rat brain. J. Neural Transm., 113, 1355-1365 (2006).

R. Pellicciari, R. Rizzo, G. Costantino, M. Marinozzi, L. Amori, P. Guidetti, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Modulators of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of (S)-4-(ethylsulfonyl)benzoylalanine, a potent and selective kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) inhibitor. ChemMedChem, 1, 528-531 (2006).

P. Guidetti, G.P. Bates, R.K. Graham, M.R. Hayden, B.R. Leavitt, M.E. MacDonald, E.J. Slow, V.C. Wheeler, B. Woodman and R. Schwarcz: Elevated brain 3-hydroxykynurenine and

quinolinate levels in Huntington disease mice. Neurobiol. Dis., 23, 190-197 (2006).

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Robert Schwarcz

M.L. Belladonna, U. Grohmann, P. Guidetti, C. Volpi, R. Bianchi, M.C. Fioretti, R. Schwarcz, F. Fallarino and P. Puccetti: Kynurenine pathway enzymes in dendritic cells initiate tolerogenesis in the absence of functional IDO. J. Immunol., 177, 130-137 (2006).

P. Guidetti, G.E. Hoffman, M. Melendez-Ferro, E.X. Albuquerque and R. Schwarcz: Astrocytic localization of kynurenine aminotransferase II in the rat brain visualized by immunocytochemistry. Glia, 55, 78-92 (2007).

H.-Q. Wu, A. Rassoulpour and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid leads, dopamine follows: a new case of volume transmission in the brain? J. Neural Transm., 114, 33-41 (2007).

G. Ceresoli-Borroni, P. Guidetti, L. Amori, R. Pellicciari and R. Schwarcz: Perinatal kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition in rodents: pathophysiological implications. J. Neurosci. Res., 85, 845-854 (2007).

M. Alkondon, E.F.R. Pereira, M.C. Potter, F.C. Kauffman, R. Schwarcz and E.X. Albuquerque: Strain-specific nicotinic modulation of glutamatergic transmission in the CA1 field of the rat hippocampus: August Copenhagen Irish versus Sprague-Dawley. J. Neurophysiol., 97, 1163-1170 (2007).

P. Guidetti, L. Amori, M.T. Sapko, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: a third kynurenate-producing enzyme in the mammalian brain. J. Neurochem., 102, 103-111 (2007).

R. Schwarcz and C.A. Hunter: Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: linkage through astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid? Schiz. Bull., 33, 652-653 (2007).

C. Lopes, E.F.R. Pereira, H.-Q. Wu, P. Purushottamachar, V. Njar, R. Schwarcz and E.X. Albuquerque: Competitive antagonism between the nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand galantamine and kynurenic acid at α7* nicotinic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 322, 48-58 (2007).

B. Poeggeler, A. Rassoulpour, H.-Q. Wu, P. Guidetti, R.C. Roberts and R. Schwarcz: Dopamine receptor activation reveals a novel, kynurenate-sensitive component of striatal NMDA neurotoxicity. Neuroscience, 148, 188-197 (2007).

L. Grégoire, A. Rassoulpour, P. Guidetti, P. Samadi, P.J. Bédard, E. Izzo, R. Schwarcz and T. Di Paolo: Prolonged kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibition reduces development of

levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys. Behav. Brain Res., 186, 161-167 (2008).

V.H. Brun, S. Leutgeb, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz, M.P. Witter, E.I. Moser and M.-B. Moser: Impaired spatial representation in CA1 after lesion of direct input from entorhinal cortex. Neuron, 57, 290-302 (2008).

R. Schwarcz: Early glial dysfunction in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 49, Suppl. 2, 1-2 (2008).

1E. Lehrmann, P. Guidetti, A. Löve, J. Williamson, E.H. Bertram and R. Schwarcz: Glial activation precedes seizures and hippocampal neurodegeneration in measles virus-infected mice. Epilepsia, 49, Suppl. 2, 13-23 (2008).

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Robert Schwarcz

F. Giorgini, T. Möller, W. Kwan, D. Zwilling, J.L. Wacker, S. Hong, L.-C.L. Tsai, C.S. Cheah, R. Schwarcz, P. Guidetti and P.J. Muchowski: Histone deacetylase inhibition modulates kynurenine pathway activation in yeast, microglia, and mice expressing a mutant huntingtin fragment. J. Biol. Chem., 283, 7390-7400 (2008).

R. Pellicciari, F. Venturoni, D. Bellocchi, A. Carotti, M.Marinozzi, A. Macchiarulo, L. Amori and R. Schwarcz: Sequence variants in kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) orthologs determine different potencies of the inhibitor S-ESBA. ChemMedChem, 3, 1199-1202 (2008).

F. Rossi, R. Schwarcz and M. Rizzi: Curiosity to kill the KAT (kynurenine aminotransferase): structural insights into brain kynurenic acid synthesis. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 18, 748-755 (2008).

L. Amori, H.-Q. Wu, M. Marinozzi, R. Pellicciari, P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: Specific inhibition of kynurenate synthesis enhances extracellular dopamine levels in the rodent striatum. Neuroscience, 159, 196-203 (2009).

A. Zmarowski, H.-Q. Wu, J.M. Brooks, M.C. Potter, R. Pellicciari, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid modulates basal and evoked cortical acetylcholine release. Eur. J. Neurosci., 29, 529-538 (2009).

L. Amori, P. Guidetti, R. Pellicciari, Y. Kajii and R. Schwarcz: On the relationship between the two branches of the kynurenine pathway in the rat brain in vivo. J. Neurochem., 109, 316-325 (2009).

H.-Q. Wu, E.F.R. Pereira, J.P. Bruno, R. Pellicciari, E.X. Albuquerque and R. Schwarcz: The astrocyte-derived α7 nicotinic receptor antagonist kynurenic acid controls extracellular glutamate levels in the prefrontal cortex. J. Molec. Neurosci., 40, 204-210 (2010).

R. Schwarcz, P. Guidetti, K.V. Sathyasaikumar and P.J. Muchowski: Of mice, rats and men: re-visiting the quinolinic acid hypothesis of Huntington’s Disease. Progr. Neurobiol., 90, 230-245 (2010).

I. Wonodi and R. Schwarcz: Cortical kynurenine pathway metabolism: a novel target for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull., 36, 211-218 (2010).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, E.K. Stachowski, L. Amori, P. Guidetti, P.J. Muchowski and R. Schwarcz: Dysfunctional kynurenine pathway metabolism in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington’s disease. J. Neurochem., 113, 1416-1425 (2010).

M.C. Potter, G.I. Elmer, R. Bergeron, E.X. Albuquerque, P. Guidetti, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Reduction of endogenous kynurenate formation enhances extracellular glutamate,

hippocampal plasticity and cognitive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 1734-1742 (2010).

Å. Konradsson-Geuken, H.-Q. Wu, C.R. Gash, K.S. Alexander, R. Pellicciari, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Changes in cortical kynurenic acid bi-directionally modulate prefrontal glutamate levels as assessed by microdialysis and rapid electrochemistry. Neuroscience, 169, 1848-1859 (2010).

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F. Rossi, C. Valentina, S. Garavaglia, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, R. Schwarcz, S.-I. Kojima, K. Okuwaki, S.-I. Ono, Y. Kajii and M. Rizzi: Crystal structure-based selective targeting of the PLP-dependent enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase II for cognitive enhancement. J. Med. Chem., 53, 5684-5689 (2010).

M.A. Thevandavakkam, R. Schwarcz, P.J. Muchowski and F. Giorgini: Targeting kynurenine 3- monooxygenase (KMO): implications for therapy in Huntington's disease. Curr. Drug Targ., 9, 791-800 (2010).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, E.K. Stachowski, I. Wonodi, R.C. Roberts, A. Rassoulpour, R.P. McMahon and R. Schwarcz: Impaired kynurenine pathway metabolism in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull., 37, 1147-1156 (2011).

R.W. Buchanan and R. Schwarcz: α7 Nicotinic receptor agonists as cognitive remedies: is less (or less often) more? Biol. Psychiat., 69, 5-6 (2011).

M. Alkondon, E.F.R. Pereira, H.M. Eisenberg, Y. Kajii, R. Schwarcz and E.X. Albuquerque: Age dependency of inhibition of α7 nicotinic receptors and tonically active NMDA receptors by endogenously produced kynurenic acid in the brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 337, 572-582 (2011).

S. Campesan, E.W. Green, C. Breda1, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, P.J. Muchowski, R. Schwarcz, C.P. Kyriacou and F. Giorgini: The kynurenine pathway modulates neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Huntington’s disease. Curr. Biol., 21, 961-966 (2011).

D. Zwilling, S.-Y. Huang, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, P. Guidetti, H.-Q. Wu, J. Lee, J. Truong, Y. Andrews-Zwilling, E.W. Hsieh, J.Y. Louie, T. Wu, K. Scearce-Levie, C. Patrick, A. Adame, F. Giorgini, S. Moussaoui, G. Laue, A. Rassoulpour, G. Flik, Y. Huang, J.M. Muchowski, E. Masliah, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition in blood ameliorates neurodegeneration. Cell, 145, 863-874 (2011).

I. Wonodi, O.C. Stine, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, R.C. Roberts, B.D. Mitchell, L.E. Hong, Y. Kajii, G.K. Thaker and R. Schwarcz: Downregulated kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene expression and enzyme activity in schizophrenia and genetic association with schizophrenia endophenotypes. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 68, 665-674 (2011).

A. Pocivavsek, H.-Q. Wu, M.C. Potter, G.I. Elmer, R. Pellicciari and R. Schwarcz: Fluctuations in endogenous kynurenic acid control hippocampal glutamate and memory. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 2357-2367 (2011).

E. Stachowski and R. Schwarcz: Regulation of quinolinic acid neosynthesis in mouse, rat and human brain by iron and iron chelation in vitro. J. Neural Transm., 119, 123-131 (2012).

F.M. Notarangelo, H.-Q. Wu, A. Macherone, D.R. Graham and R. Schwarcz: GC/MS/MS detection of extracellular kynurenine and related metabolites in normal and lesioned rat brain. Anal. Biochem., 421, 573-581 (2012).

K.S. Alexander, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility: normalization by the alpha7 positive modulator galantamine. Psychopharmacology, 220, 627-637 (2012).

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V. Pérez-De La Cruz, L. Amori, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, X.-D. Wang, F.M. Notarangelo, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Enzymatic transamination of D-kynurenine generates kynurenic acid in rat and human brain. J. Neurochem., 120, 1026-1035 (2012).

A. Pocivavsek, H.-Q. Wu, G.I. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Pre- and postnatal exposure to kynurenine causes cognitive deficits in adulthood. Eur. J. Neurosci., 35, 1605-1612 (2012).

X.-D. Wang, F.M. Notarangelo, J.-Z. Wang and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine production from D-kynurenine in mice. Brain Res., 1455, 1-9 (2012).

R. Schwarcz, J.P. Bruno, P.J. Muchowski and H.-Q. Wu: Kynurenines in the mammalian brain: when physiology meets pathology. Nature Rev. Neurosci., 13, 465-477 (2012).

E.W. Green, S. Campesan, C. Breda, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, P.J. Muchowski, R. Schwarcz, C.P. Kyriacou and F. Giorgini: Drosophila eye color mutants as therapeutic tools for Huntington's disease. Fly, 6, 117-120 (2012).

K.S. Alexander, A. Pocivavsek, H.-Q. Wu, M.L. Pershing, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Early developmental elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility in adults: reversal with galantamine. Neuroscience, 238, 19-28 (2013).

S. Beggiato, T. Antonelli, M.C. Tomasini, S. Tanganelli, K. Fuxe, R. Schwarcz and L. Ferraro: Kynurenic acid, by targeting α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, modulates extracellular GABA levels in the rat striatum in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci., 37, 1470-1477 (2013).

E.X. Albuquerque and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem. Pharmacol., 85, 1027-1032 (2013).

Z. Justinova, P. Mascia, H.-Q. Wu, M.E. Secci, G.H. Redhi, L.V. Panlilio, M. Scherma, C. Barnes, A. Parashos, T. Zara, W. Fratta, M. Solinas, M. Pistis, J. Bergman, B.D. Kangas, S. Ferré, G. Tanda, R. Schwarcz and S.R. Goldberg: Reducing cannabinoid abuse and preventing relapse by enhancing endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid. Nature Neurosci., 16, 1652-1661 (2013).

F. Giorgini, S.-Y. Huang, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, M.A.R. Thomas, M. Tararina, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Targeted deletion of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) in mice: a new tool for studying kynurenine pathway metabolism in periphery and brain. J. Biol. Chem., 288, 36554-36566 (2013).

X.-D. Wang, K.J. Horning, F.M. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: A method for the determination of D-kynurenine in biological tissues. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 405, 9747-9754 (2013).

G.P. Vallerini, L. Amori, C. Beato, M. Tararina, X.-D. Wang, R. Schwarcz and G. Costantino: 2-Aminonicotinic acid 1-oxides are chemically stable inhibitors of quinolinic acid synthesis in the mammalian brain: a step towards new anti-excitotoxic agents. J. Med. Chem., 56, 9482-9495 (2013).

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Robert Schwarcz

F.M. Notarangelo, E.H. Wilson, K.J. Horning, M.A.R. Thomas, T.H. Harris, Q. Fang, C.A. Hunter, R. Schwarcz: Evaluation of kynurenine pathway metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mice: implications for schizophrenia. Schiz. Res., 152, 261-267 (2014).

H.-Q. Wu, M. Okuyama, Y. Kajii, A. Pocivavsek, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Targeting kynurenine aminotransferase II in psychiatric diseases: promising effects of an orally active enzyme inhibitor. Schiz. Bull., 40, S152-S158 (2014).

A. Pocivavsek, M.A.R. Thomas, G.I. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Continuous kynurenine administration during the prenatal period, but not during adolescence, causes learning and memory deficits in adult rats. Psychopharmacology, 231, 2799-2809 (2014).

S. Beggiato, S. Tanganelli, K. Fuxe, T. Antonelli, R. Schwarcz and L. Ferraro: Endogenous kynurenic acid regulates extracellular GABA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology, 82, 11-18 (2014).

J. Chiappelli, A. Pocivavsek, K.L. Nugent, F.M. Notarangelo, P. Kochunov, L.M. Rowland, R. Schwarcz and L.E. Hong: Stress-induced increase in kynurenic acid as a potential biomarker for patients with schizophrenia and distress intolerance. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 761-768 (2014).

M.L. Pershing, D.M. Bortz, A. Pocivavsek, P.J. Fredericks, C.V. Jørgensen, S.A. Vunck, B. Leuner, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Elevated levels of kynurenic acid during gestation produce neurochemical, morphological, and cognitive deficits in adulthood: implications for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology, 90, 33-41 (2015).

J.L. Drewes, K.A. Meulendyke, Z. Liao, K.W. Witwer, L. Gama, C. Ubaida-Mohien, M. Li, F.M. Notarangelo, P.M. Tarwater, R. Schwarcz, D.R. Graham, M.C. Zink: Quinolinic acid/tryptophan ratios predict neurological disease in SIV-infected macaques and remain elevated in the brain under cART. J. Neurovirol., 21, 449-463 (2015).

T. Blanco-Ayala, R. Lugo-Huitrón, L. Carmona-Aparicio, D. Ramírez Ortega, D. González Esquivel, J. Pedraza-Chaverrí, G. Pérez-de la Cruz, C. Ríos, R. Schwarcz and V. Pérez-de la Cruz: Alternative kynurenic acid synthesis routes studied in the rat cerebellum. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9, Article 178 (2015).

P. Zanos, S.C. Piantadosi, H.-Q. Wu, H.J. Pribut, M.J. Dell, A. Can, H.R. Snodgrass, C.A. Zarate Jr., R. Schwarcz and T.D. Gould: The prodrug 4-chlorokynurenine causes ketamine-like antidepressant, but not side effects, by NMDA/glycineB-site inhibition. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 355, 76-85 (2015).

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F.M. Notarangelo, X.-D. Wang, K.J. Horning and R. Schwarcz: Role of D-amino acid oxidase in the production of kynurenine pathway metabolites from D-tryptophan in mice. J Neurochem., 136, 804-814 (2016).

S.M. Clark, A. Pocivavsek, J.D. Nicholson, F.M. Notarangelo, P. Langenberg, R.P. McMahon, J.E. Kleinman, T.M. Hyde, J. Stiller, T.T. Postolache, R. Schwarcz and L.H. Tonelli: Reduced kynurenine pathway metabolism and cytokine expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed individuals. J. Psychiat. Neurosci., 41, 150226 (2016).

C. Breda, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, S.S. Idrissi, F.M. Notarangelo, J.G. Estranero, G.G.L. Moore, E.W. Green, C.P. Kyriacou, R. Schwarcz and F. Giorgini: Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition ameliorates neurodegeneration by modulation of kynurenine pathway metabolites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.), 113, 5435-5440 (2016).

P.B. Larkin, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, H. Funakoshi, T. Nakamura, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 make separate, tissue-specific contributions to basal and inflammation-induced kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, in press

R. Schwarcz and T.W. Stone: The kynurenine pathway and the brain: challenges, controversies and promises. Neuropharmacology, in press.

M.L. Pershing, D. Phenis, V. Valentini, A. Pocivavsek, D.H. Lindquist, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Prenatal kynurenine exposure results in age-dependent changes in NMDA receptor expression and conditioned fear responding. Psychopharmacology, in press.

BOOK CHAPTERS AND INVITED REVIEWS

H.I. Yamamura, R.E. Hruska, R. Schwarcz and J.T. Coyle: Effect of striatal kainic acid lesions on muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding: correlation with Huntington's disease. In: Animal Models in Psychiatry and Neurology (I. Hanin and E. Usdin, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 411-414, 1977.

S.R. Childers, R. Schwarcz, J.T. Coyle and S.H. Snyder: Radioimmunoassay of enkephalins: levels of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin in morphine-dependent and kainic acid-lesioned rat brains. In: Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 18 (E. Costa and M. Trabucchi, eds.), Raven, pp. 161-173, 1978.

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J.T. Coyle, K. Biziere and R. Schwarcz: Neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids in the neural retina. In: Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology (E.G. McGeer, J.W. Olney and P.L. McGeer, eds.), Raven, pp. 177-188, 1978.

J.T. Coyle, E.G. McGeer, P.L. McGeer and R. Schwarcz: Neostriatal injections: a model for Huntington's chorea. In: Kainic Acid as a Tool in Neurobiology (E.G. McGeer, J.W. Olney and P.L. McGeer, eds.), Raven, pp. 139-160, 1978.

S.-O. Ögren, K. Fuxe, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: The interaction between brain noradrenaline and the pituitary adrenal axis in avoidance learning. In: Catecholamines: Basic and Clinical Frontiers (E. Usdin, I.J. Kopin and J. Barchas, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 1720-1722, 1979.

R. Schwarcz, K. Fuxe, K. Andersson and L. Ferland: ß-Endorphin and metenkephalin induced changes in amine turnover in discrete dopaminergic nerve terminal systems of the neostriatum and the limbic forebrain. In: Catecholamines: Basic and Clinical Frontiers (E. Usdin, I.J. Kopin and J. Barchas, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 1047-1049, 1979.

J.T. Coyle, K. Biziere, P. Campochiaro, E. London, R. Schwarcz and R. Zaczek: An animal model for Huntington's disease: striatal kainic acid lesion. In: Catecholamines: Basic and Clinical Frontiers (E. Usdin, I.J. Kopin and J. Barchas, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 1608-1610, 1979.

K. Fuxe, P. Bolme, G. Jonsson, L.F. Agnati, M. Goldstein, T. Hökfelt, R. Schwarcz and J. Engel: On the cardiovascular role of noradrenaline, adrenaline and peptide containing neuron systems in the brain. In: Perspectives in Nephrology and Hypertension (H. Schmitt and P. Meyers, eds.), Wiley, pp. 1-17, 1979.

K. Fuxe, K. Andersson, S.-O. Ögren, M. Perez de la Mora, R. Schwarcz, T. Hökfelt, P. Eneroth, J.-Å. Gustafsson and P. Skett: GABA neurons and their interaction with monoamine neurons. An anatomical, pharmacological and functional analysis. In: GABA Neurotransmitters (P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, J. Scheel-Krüger and H. Kofod, eds.), Munksgaard, pp. 74-94, 1979.

J.T. Coyle, K. Biziere, P. Campochiaro, R. Schwarcz and R. Zaczek: Kainic acid induced lesion of the striatum as an animal model for Huntington's disease. In: GABA Neurotransmitters (P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, J. Scheel Krüger and H. Kofod, eds.), Munksgaard, pp. 419-431, 1979

K. Fuxe, K. Andersson, A. Löfström, T. Hökfelt, L. Ferland, L.F. Agnati, M. Perez de la Mora, R. Schwarcz, P. Eneroth, J.-Å. Gustafsson and P. Skett: Neurotransmitters mechanisms in the control of the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. In: Central Regulation of the Endocrine System, Nobel Symposium 42 (K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt and R. Luft, eds.), Plenum, pp. 349-380, 1979.

K. Fuxe, K. Andersson, R. Schwarcz, L.F. Agnati, M. Perez de la Mora, T. Hökfelt, M. Goldstein, L. Ferland, L. Possani and R. Tapia: Studies on different types of dopamine nerve terminals in the forebrain and their possible interactions with neurons containing GABA, glutamate and opioid hormones and with hormones. In: Adv. Neurol. 24 (L.J. Poirier, T.L Sourkes and P.J. Bedard, eds.), Raven, pp. 199-215, 1979.

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R. Schwarcz, C. Köhler, K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt and M. Goldstein: On the mechanism of selective neuronal degeneration in the rat brain: studies with ibotenic acid. In: Adv. Neurol. 23 (T.N. Chase, N. Wexler and A. Barbeau, eds.), Raven, pp. 655-668, 1979.

R. Schwarcz, K. Fuxe, T. Hökfelt, K. Andersson and J.T. Coyle: Dopamine and Huntington's disease: assessment using the kainic acid model. In: Dopaminergic Ergot Derivatives and Motor Function (K. Fuxe and D.B. Calne, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 115-126, 1979.

K. Fuxe, R. Schwarcz, L. Agnati, B. Fredholm, S.-O. Ögren, C. Köhler and J.-Å. Gustafsson: Actions of ergot derivatives at dopamine synapses. In: Dopaminergic Ergot Derivatives and Motor Function (K. Fuxe and D.B. Calne, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 141-157, 1979.

K. Fuxe, S.-O. Ögren, H. Hall, L.F. Agnati, K. Andersson, C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Effects of chronic treatment with L-sulpiride and haloperidol on central monoaminergic mechanisms. In: Long-term Effects of Neuroleptics, (F. Cattabeni, G. Racagni, P.F. Spano and E. Costa, eds.), Raven, pp. 193-206, 1980.

T. Hökfelt, O. Johansson, Å. Ljungdahl, J.M. Lundberg, M. Schultzberg, K. Fuxe, L. Skirboll, R. Schwarcz and M. Goldstein: Peptidergic neurons in the nervous system with special reference to the extrapyramidal system: Morphological and functional aspects. In: Parkinson's Disease - Current Progress, Problems and Management (U.K. Rinne, M. Klinger and G. Stamm, eds.), Elsevier, pp. 29-48, 1980.

R. Schwarcz, C. Köhler, R.M. Mangano and A.N. Neophytides: Glutamate induced neuronal degeneration: Studies on the role of glutamate re-uptake. In: Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter (G. Di Chiara and G.L. Gessa, eds.), Raven, pp. 403-412, 1981.

J.T. Coyle and R. Schwarcz: The use of excitatory amino acids as selective neurotoxins. In: Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, volume 1 (A. Björklund and T. Hökfelt, eds.), Elsevier, pp. 508-527, 1983.

R. Schwarcz, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and A.C. Foster: The neurodegenerative properties of intracerebral quinolinic acid and its structural analog cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid. In: Excitotoxins (K. Fuxe, P.J. Roberts and R. Schwarcz, eds.), Macmillan, pp. 122-137, 1983.

W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R. Schwarcz: Mechanisms of excitotoxins examined in organotypic cultures of rat central nervous system. In: Excitotoxins (K. Fuxe, P.J. Roberts and R. Schwarcz, eds.), Macmillan, pp. 207-219, 1983.

K. Fuxe, L.F. Agnati, P. Frey, C. Köhler, M.F. Celani, K. Andersson, N. Battistini, C. Farabegoli and R. Schwarcz: Ibotenate as a tool in neurobiology: studies on dopaminergic and cholecystokinin immunoreactive neurons after ibotenate induced lesions. In: Excitotoxins (K. Fuxe, P.J. Roberts and R. Schwarcz, eds.), Macmillan, pp. 223-238, 1983.

R. Schwarcz and A.C. Foster: Studies on quinolinic acid metabolism in rat brain. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 7, Suppl. 1, 450-451, 1984.

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C. Aldinio, S. Mazzari, G. Toffano and R. Schwarcz: Effects of intracerebral quinolinic acid injections on serotonergic neurons. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 7, Suppl. 1, 454-455, 1984.

E.D. French, A.C. Foster, A. Vezzani and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinate and kynurenate, two endogenous tryptophan metabolites with potential links to epileptic disorders. Clin. Neuropharmacol., 7, Suppl. 1, 456-457, 1984.

R. Schwarcz, A. Vezzani and E.D. French: Quinolinic acid-induced seizures and hippocampal nerve cell loss: antagonism by -APH and kynurenic acid. In: Workshop on Neurotransmitters in Epilepsy III (G. Nistico, P.L. Morselli, K.G. Lloyd, R.G. Fariello and J. Engel, Jr., eds.), Raven, pp. 247-257, 1986.

E.D. French, A. Vezzani, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and R. Schwarcz: Antiexcitotoxic actions of taurine in the rat hippocampus studied in vivo and in vitro. In: Excitatory Amino Acids and Epilepsy (R. Schwarcz and Y. Ben-Ari, eds.), Plenum, pp. 349-362, 1986.

R. Schwarcz, C. Speciale, E. Okuno, E.D. French and C. Köhler: Quinolinic acid: a pathogen in seizure disorders? In: Excitatory Amino Acids and Epilepsy (R. Schwarcz and Y. Ben-Ari, eds.), Plenum, pp. 697-707, 1986.

R. Schwarcz, E. Okuno and C. Köhler: Endogenous excitotoxins: focus on quinolinic acid. In: Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (P.J. Roberts, J. Storm-Mathisen and H.F. Bradford, eds.), Macmillan, pp. 381-396, 1986.

R. Schwarcz, E. Okuno, C. Speciale, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and C. Köhler: Neuronal degeneration in animals and man: the quinolinic acid connection. In: Neurotoxins and their Pharmacological Implications (P.G. Jenner, ed.), Raven, pp. 19-32, 1987.

R. Schwarcz and I. Shoulson: Excitotoxins and Huntington's disease. In: Animal Models of Dementia: A Synaptic Neurochemical Perspective (J.T. Coyle, ed.), Alan Liss, pp. 39-68, 1987.

W.O. Whetsell Jr., C. Köhler and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid: a glia-derived excitotoxin in the mammalian central nervous system. In: Biochemical Pathology of Astrocytes (M.D. Norenberg, L. Hertz and A. Schousboe, eds.), Alan R. Liss, pp. 191-202, 1988.

R. Schwarcz, C. Speciale, J.B.P. Gramsbergen and W.A. Turski: Kynurenines in the mammalian brain. In: Frontiers in Excitatory Amino Acid Research (E.A. Cavalheiro, J. Lehmann and L. Turski, eds.) Alan R. Liss, pp. 613-620, 1988.

R. Schwarcz, W.O. Whetsell Jr. and W.A. Turski: Kynurenines and nerve cell death. In: Neurodegenerative Disorders: the Role Played by Endotoxins and Xenobiotics (G. Nappi, O. Hornykiewicz, R.G. Fariello, A. Agnoli and H. Klawans, eds.), Raven, pp. 7-22, 1988.

C. Köhler, E. Okuno and R. Schwarcz: Quinolinic acid metabolism in the brain: biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. In: Quinolinic Acid and other Kynurenines (T.W. Stone, ed.), CRC Press, pp. 63-76, 1988.

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A.C. Foster and R. Schwarcz: Neurotoxic effects of quinolinic acid in the central nervous system. In: Quinolinic acid and other Kynurenines (T.W. Stone, ed.), CRC Press, pp. 173-192, 1988.

R. Schwarcz, C. Speciale and W.A. Turski: Kynurenines, glia, and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In: Parkinsonism and Aging (D.B. Calne, G. Comi, D. Crippa, R. Horowski and M. Trabucchi, eds.), Raven, pp. 97-105, 1989.

R. Schwarcz and D.L. Price: The role of excitotoxins in experimental systems and in human neurological disorders. In: Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanisms and Prospects for Therapy (D.L. Price, H. Thoenen and A.J. Aguayo, eds.), Wiley, pp. 21-34, 1991.

R. Schwarcz, H. Baran, H.-Q. Wu, F. Du and O. McMaster: The neurochemistry of quinolinate and kynurenate: current concepts. In: Excitatory Amino Acids (B.S. Meldrum, F. Moroni, R.P. Simon and J.H. Woods, eds.), Raven, pp. 367-375, 1991.

R. Schwarcz and F. Du: Quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid in the mammalian brain. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 185-199, 1991.

H. Baran and R. Schwarcz: Evidence for the preferential production of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid from anthranilic acid in the rat brain. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 485-488, 1991.

J.L. Walsh, W.P. Todd, B.K. Carpenter and R. Schwarcz: 4-Halo-3-hydroxyanthranilates are

potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase in the rat brain in vitro and in vivo. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 579-582, 1991.

C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: On the disposition of de novo synthesized quinolinic acid in rat brain tissue. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young, and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 583-586, 1991.

J.B.P. Gramsbergen, W.A. Turski and R. Schwarcz: Brain-specific control of kynurenic acid production by depolarizing agents. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 587-590, 1991.

A. Vezzani, J.B.P. Gramsbergen, C. Speciale and R. Schwarcz: Production of quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid by human glioma. In: Kynurenine and Serotonin Pathways: Progress in Tryptophan Research (R. Schwarcz, S.N. Young and R.R. Brown, eds.), Plenum, pp. 691-695, 1991.

R. Schwarcz: Excitotoxins, kynurenines and neuropsychiatric diseases: Implications for drug development. In: Drug Research Related to Neuroactive Amino Acids (A. Schoesboe, N.H. Diemer and H. Kofod, eds.), Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 287-301, 1992.

R. Schwarcz, F. Du, W. Schmidt, W.A. Turski, J.B.P. Gramsbergen, E. Okuno and R.C. Roberts: Kynurenic acid: a potential pathogen in brain disorders. In: Neurotoxins and

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Neurodegenerative Disease, volume 648 (J.W. Langston and A. Young, eds.), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., pp. 140-153, 1992.

R. Schwarcz, H.-Q. Wu, P.D. Shepard and R.C. Roberts: Astrocytic kynurenines as modulators of dopaminergic function in the rat basal ganglia. In: Trophic Regulation of the Basal Ganglia: Focus on Dopamine (K. Fuxe, L.F. Agnati, B. Bjelke and D. Ottoson, eds.), Pergamon, pp. 365-379, 1994.

R. Schwarcz, P. Guidetti and R.C. Roberts: Quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid: glia-derived modulators of excitotoxic brain injury. In: The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity (M. Aschner and H.K. Kimelberg, eds.), CRC Press, pp. 245-262, 1996.

R. Schwarcz, G. Ceresoli and P. Guidetti: Kynurenine metabolism in the rat brain in vivo: effect of acute excitotoxic insults. In: Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (G. Allegri Filippini and C.V.L. Costa, eds.), Plenum, pp. 211-219, 1996.

C. Speciale, M. Cini, H.-Q. Wu, P. Salvati, R. Schwarcz, A. Molinari and M. Varasi: Kynurenic acid-enhancing and anti-ischemic effects of the potent kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor FCE 28833 in rodents. In: Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (G. Allegri Filippini, C.V.L. Costa and A. Bertazzo, eds.), Plenum, pp. 221-227, 1996.

L. Curatolo, C. Caccia, C. Speciale, L. Raimondi, M. Cini, M. Marconi, A. Molinari and R. Schwarcz: Modulation of extracellular kynurenic acid content by excitatory amino acids in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. In: Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (G. Allegri Filippini and C.V.L. Costa, eds.), Plenum, pp. 273-276, 1996.

M. Mosca, L. Cozzi, J. Breton, N. Avanzi, S. Toma, E. Okuno, R. Schwarcz, C. Speciale, S. Magagnin, M. Mostardini and L. Benatti: Cloning of rat and human kynurenine aminotransferase. In: Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (G. Allegri Filippini and C.V.L. Costa, eds.), Plenum, pp. 449-454, 1996.

A. Giordani, L. Corti, M. Cini, M. Marconi, A. Pillan, R. Ferrario, R. Schwarcz, P. Guidetti, C. Speciale and M. Varasi: Benzoylalanine analogues as inhibitors of rat brain kynureninase and kynurenine 3-hydroxylase. In: Recent Advances in Tryptophan Research (G. Allegri Filippini and C.V.L. Costa, eds.), Plenum, pp. 499-505, 1996.

R. Schwarcz, G. Ceresoli-Borroni, H.-Q. Wu, A. Rassoulpour, B. Poeggeler, P.S. Hodgkins and P. Guidetti: Modulation and function of kynurenic acid in the immature rat brain. In: Tryptophan, Serotonin, Melatonin - Basic Aspects and Applications (G. Huether, W. Kochen, T.J. Simat and H. Steinhart, eds.), Plenum, pp. 113-123, 1999.

R. Schwarcz, T. Eid and F. Du: Neurons in layer III of the entorhinal cortex: a role in epileptogenesis and epilepsy? In: The Parahippocampal Region: Implications for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, volume 911 (H.E. Scharfman, M.P. Witter and R. Schwarcz, eds.), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., pp. 328-342, 2000.

R. Schwarcz, H.E. Scharfman and E.H. Bertram: Temporal lobe epilepsy: renewed emphasis on extrahippocampal areas. In: ACNP, 5th Generation of Progress (K.L. Davis, D. Charney, J.T.Coyle and C.Nemeroff, eds.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 1843-1856, 2002.

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R. Schwarcz and R.L. Albin: Huntington’s Disease. In: Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors as Therapeutic Targets (D. Lodge, W. Danysz and C.G. Parsons, eds.), Graham Publishing Group, pp. 587-610, 2002.

P. Guidetti and R. Schwarcz: 3-Hydroxykynurenine and quinolinate: pathogenic synergism in early grade Huntington’s Disease? In: Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism (G. Allegri, C.V.L. Costa, E. Ragazzi, H. Steinhardt and L. Varesio, eds.), Kluwer, pp. 137-145, 2003.

H.E. Scharfman and R. Schwarcz: Neuromodulation of seizures, epileptogenesis, and epilepsy. In: Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook (2nd edition) (J. Engel and T.A. Pedley, eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 289-306, 2007.

R.S. Sloviter, A.V. Bumanglag, R. Schwarcz and M. Frotscher: Abnormal dentate gyrus network circuitry in temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies – Fourth Edition (J.L. Noebels, M. Avoli, M.A. Rogawski, R.W. Olsen and A.V. Delgado-Escueta, eds.), Oxford, pp. 354-369, 2012.

A. Pocivavsek, F.M. Notarangelo, H.-Q. Wu, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Astrocytes as pharmacological targets in the treatment of schizophrenia: focus on kynurenic acid. In: Modeling the Psychopathological Dimensions of Schizophrenia. Handbooks of Behavioral Neuroscience, volume 23 (M. Pletnikov and J. Waddington, eds.), Elsevier, pp. 423-443, 2015.

R. Schwarcz: Kynurenines: poor relatives no more. In: Targeting the Broadly Pathogenic Kynurenine Pathway (S. Mittal, ed.), pp. VII-IX, Springer, 2015.

R. Schwarcz: Kynurenines and glutamate: multiple links and therapeutic implications. In: Neuropsychopharmacology: a Tribute to Joseph T. Coyle, Advances in Pharmacology, volume 76 (R. Schwarcz, ed.), Elsevier, pp. 13-37, 2016.

ABSTRACTS (only Soc. Neurosci., past 6 years)

A. Pocivavsek, H.-Q. Wu, G. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Chronic perinatal kynurenic acid elevation in rats: a naturalistic model of schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 163.6 (2011).

M.L. Pershing, D. Bortz, K.S. Alexander, J.M. Brooks, J.D. Mikkelsen, M.S. Thomsen, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Prefrontal alpha7 nicotinic receptors modulate local glutamate release and set-shifting behavior. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 163.17 (2011).

K. Alexander, D. Bortz, H.-Q. Wu, J. Brooks, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Perinatal elevations of kynurenic acid dysregulate prefrontal glutamate release and produce set-shifting deficits in adults: a new model of schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 163.23 (2011).

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M. Tararina, A. Pocivavsek, K.V. Korrapati, R.W. Buchanan and R. Schwarcz: Characteristics of kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 260.1 (2011).

F. Giorgini, H. Shao-Yi, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, M. Thomas, E.K. Stachowski, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Generation and initial characterization of homozygous and heterozygous kynurenine 3-monooxygenase knockout mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 466.1 (2011).

P.B. Larkin, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, M. Thomas, K. Horning, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Effects of immune stimulation on central and peripheral kynurenine pathway metabolism in indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 466.2 (2011).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, P.B. Larkin, F.M. Notarangelo, M. Thomas, K. Horning, H. Funakoshi, T. Nakamura, R. Schwarcz and P.J. Muchowski: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity is increased in the brains of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase-deficient mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 466.3 (2011).

R. Schwarcz, S. Beggiato, L. Ferraro, S. Tanganelli, K. Fuxe and H.-Q. Wu: Kynurenic acid, by targeting α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, modulates extracellular glutamate and GABA levels in the rat striatum in vivo. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 664.24 (2011).

F.M. Notarangelo, E.H. Wilson, K. Horning, M. Thomas, T.H. Harris, Q. Fang, C.A. Hunter and R. Schwarcz: Elevated brain levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in toxoplasma gondii-infected mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 681.9 (2011).

H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid, by inhibiting alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the substantia nigra, regulates striatal dopamine release. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 761.15 (2011).

X. Wang, F.M. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine production from D-kynurenine in mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 857.12 (2011).

P. Mascia, M. Scherma, Z. Justinova, G. Tanda, S. Ferré, W. Fratta, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and S.R. Goldberg: Blockade of THC-induced elevations in extracellular glutamate and dopamine levels in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens shell by the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibitor Ro 61-8048 in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 910.2 (2011).

Z. Justinova, P. Mascia, M. Scherma, G.H. Redhi, H.-Q. Wu, R. Schwarcz and S.R. Goldberg: Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition by Ro 61-8048 blocks self-administration of the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys and prevents relapse. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 36, 911.12 (2011).

P. Ugalde-Muñiz, R. Lugo-Huitrón, T. Blanco-Ayala, B. Pineda, J. Pedraza-Chaverrí, R. Schwarcz, A. Santamaría, V. Pérez-de la Cruz: On the scavenging properties of L-kynurenine and its anti-oxidant effect in various pro-oxidants models. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 62.15 (2012).

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M. Tararina, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, M.A.R. Thomas, B. Zambrowicz, G. Hansen and R. Schwarcz: Enhanced brain levels of quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid in quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase knockout mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 66.10 (2012).

F.M. Notarangelo, X.-D. Wang, K.J. Horning and R. Schwarcz: In vivo production of kynurenine pathway metabolites from D-tryptophan in mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 451.5 (2012).

K.J. Horning, X.-D. Wang, F.M. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: An assay for the determination of D-kynurenine in biological samples. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 451.6 (2012).

S. Beggiato, L. Ferraro, S. Tanganelli, K. Fuxe, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Endogenous kynurenic acid modulates extracellular GABA levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 453.24 (2012).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.M. Notarangelo, M.A.R. Thomas, F. Giorgini, P.J. Muchowski and R. Schwarcz: Chronic kynurenine treatment of heterozygous kynurenine 3-monooxygenase knockout mice: Effect on kynurenic acid levels in brain and periphery. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 663.23 (2012).

M.A.R. Thomas, A. Pocivavsek, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, G.I. Elmer, F. Giorgini, P.J. Muchowski and R. Schwarcz: Behavioral abnormalities in mice deficient in kynurenine 3-monooxygenase: relevance to schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 663.29 (2012).

A. Pocivavsek, G.I. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Prenatal kynurenine exposure causes deficits in hippocampus-mediated cognitive performance in adult rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 771.22 (2012).

H.-Q. Wu, M. Okuyama, Y. Kajii, A. Pocivavsek, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: The systemically active kynurenine aminotransferase II inhibitor BFF816 raises extracellular dopamine and glutamate levels in several regions of the rat brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 771.29 (2012).

M.L. Pershing, D. Bortz, A. Pocivavsek, P.J. Fredericks, B. Leuner, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Elevations of brain kynurenic acid during prenatal development lead to subsequent reductions in prefrontal glutamate release, dendritic spine density, and cognitive flexibility. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 37, 771.30 (2012).

H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Modulation of glutamate and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex by intra-cerebellar kynurenic acid infusion in the rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 231.03 (2013).

S.A. Vunck, K. Supe, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Working memory deficits in adult rats after acute elevation of brain kynurenic acid are alleviated by co-administration of the α7 nicotinic positive modulator galantamine. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 255.09 (2013).

A. Pocivavsek, M.A.R. Thomas, G.I. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: Chronic prenatal kynurenine elevation in rats: A naturalistic model of schizophrenia with biochemical abnormalities and deficits in hippocampal-mediated learning and memory. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 255.10 (2013).

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M.L. Pershing, D. Bortz, A. Pocivasek, P.J. Fredericks, B. Leuner, C.V. Jorgensen, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Prenatal kynurenic acid elevation alters cortical development and prefrontal glutamate release, corresponding to cognitive inflexibility in adults. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 255.11 (2013).

D. Bortz, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Mesolimbic regulation of prefrontal glutamate release is blocked by local kynurenic acid and restored with oral administration of a KAT II inhibitor. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 255.12 (2013).

F.M. Notarangelo, X.-D. Wang, K.J. Horning and R. Schwarcz: Role of D-amino acid oxidase in the production of kynurenine pathway metabolites from D-tryptophan in mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 344.07 (2013).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, M. Tararina, F.M. Notarangelo, M.A.R. Thomas, K.J. Horning, B. Zambrowicz, G. Hansen and R. Schwarcz: Early reduction in kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity is followed by enhanced kynurenic acid levels in the brain of quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 445.11 (2013).

J.I. Koenig, H.-Q. Wu, T. Fukuwatari and R. Schwarcz: Role of kynurenic acid in regulating neurochemical and behavioral responses to stress. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 543.13 (2013).

A. Mann, M. Watson, M. Pancek, E. Torres, K. De La Rosa, C. Zhu, I. Williams, S. Lee, P. Muchowski, R. Schwarcz and M.-F. Chesselet: Inhibiting kynurenine 3-monooxygenase reverses behavioral deficits in the Thy1 a-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 38, 622.28 (2013).

D.R. Thomases, E. Flores-Barrera, J. P. Bruno, R. Schwarcz and K.-Y. Tseng: Contribution of alpha-7 nAChR tone in sustaining the gain of GABAergic transmission in the adult prefrontal cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 33.02 (2014).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, M. Tararina, H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Production of xanthurenic acid from 3-hydroxykynurenine in rat and human brain in vitro and in vivo. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 36.23 (2014).

S. Beggiato, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F. Notarangelo, F. Giorgini, P.J. Muchowski and R. Schwarcz: Prenatal kynurenine treatment in mice: Effects on placental and fetal brain kynurenines. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 51.05 (2014).

M.L. Pershing, D.H. Lindquist, A. Pocivavsek, K.Y. Tseng, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Prenatal kynurenine exposure alters maturation of the conditioned fear response: Normalization with an α7nAChR partial agonist. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 51.09 (2014).

D. Phenis, S.A. Vunck, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid induce working memory deficits: Relative contributions of α7 nicotinic and NMDA receptor activity. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 51.10 (2014).

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S.A. Vunck, D. Phenis, K.Y. Tseng, R. Schwarcz and J.P. Bruno: Rats exposed to elevated brain levels of kynurenic acid during the prenatal period exhibit an enhanced vulnerability to working memory deficits as adults. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 51.11 (2014).

L. Schwieler, A. Pocivavsek, X. Liu, F. Giorgini, P.J. Muchowski, G. Engberg, P. Shepard, S. Erhardt and R. Schwarcz: Behavioral and electrophysiological abnormalities in mice deficient in kynurenine 3-monooxygenase: relevance to schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 51.18 (2014).

P. Zanos, S.C. Piantadosi, A. Can, M.J. Dell, C.A. Zarate, R. Schwarcz and T.D. Gould: 4-Cl-kynureine, a pro-drug of a selective glycineB NMDA receptor antagonist, induces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects without ketamine-related side effects. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 321.20 (2014).

F.M. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: Restraint stress during pregnancy raises kynurenic acid levels in placenta and fetal brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 348.16 (2014).

A. Pocivavsek, H.-Q. Wu, M. Okuyama, Y. Kajii, G.I. Elmer, J.P. Bruno and R. Schwarcz: The systemically active kynurenine aminotransferase II inhibitor BFF816 attenuates contextual memory deficit induced by chronic prenatal kynurenine elevation in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 707.07 (2014).

H.-Q. Wu, F.M. Notarangelo, J.I. Koenig and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid disrupts stress-induced dopamine response in the rat prefrontal cortex following prolonged reduction of glucocorticoid formation Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 710.07 (2014).

M.A. Thomas, L.M. Rowland, H.H. Holcomb, H.J. Wehring, B.A. Fisher, J. West and R. Schwarcz: Oral tryptophan administration in healthy humans: effects on blood kynurenines and verbal learning. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 713.26 (2014).

M. Secci, Z. Justinova, P. Mascia, H.-Q. Wu, G. Tanda, R. Schwarcz and S. R. Goldberg: Involvement of cortico-striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission in the reinforcing effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 39, 810.08 (2014).

N. Goeden, A. Pocivavsek, F.M. Notarangelo, S. Beggiato, A. Bonnin and R. Schwarcz: Prenatal dynamics of kynurenine pathway metabolism in rodents. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 48.17 (2015).

S. Beggiato, F. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: Maternal, placental and fetal kynurenic acid production in mouse tissue slices. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 48.19 (2015).

L.S.M. Pidugu, B. Roth, G.P. Vallerini, S.S. Malik, R. Baddam, T.L. Wang, D.N. Patterson, K. Varney, G. Costantino, R. Schwarcz, D.J. Weber and E.A Toth: Targeting the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: A structural biology approach. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 53.21 (2015).

F.M. Notarangelo, K.S. Wons and R. Schwarcz: Prenatal LPS exposure preferentially increases kynurenine pathway metabolism in the fetal brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 74.2 (2015).

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M. Secci, A. Auber, L.V. Panlilio, G.H. Redhi, E.B. Thorndike, C.W. Schindler, R. Schwarcz, S.R. Goldberg, Z. Justinova: Nicotine reinforcement and relapse are prevented by pharmacological enhancement of kynurenic acid in rats and squirrel monkeys. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 143.26 (2015).

A. Pocivavsek, A.W. Lee, A. Adbourahman, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, J.A. Tamm, F.M. Notarangelo, J. Wiedemann, T. Möller, G. Turecki, R. Schwarcz and B. Campbell: Association between kynurenine metabolism and transcripts related to neuroinflammatory signaling in postmortem human brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 312.7 (2015).

R.T. Ngomba, S.A. Neale, S.L.S. Dunn, R. Schwarcz and T.E. Salt: Actions of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), a tryptophan metabolite, on synaptic transmission in the mouse hippocampus and thalamus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 571.9 (2015).

H.-Q. Wu, G. Costantino, F.M. Notarangelo and R. Schwarcz: Inhibition of quinolinate neosynthesis causes a rapid increase in extracellular kynurenic acid levels in the rat brain. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 690.1 (2015).

C. Breda, K.V. Sathyasaikumar, F.N. Notarangelo, S.S. Idrissi, J.G. Estrainero, G. G.L. Moore, E.W. Green, C.P. Kyriacou, R. Schwarcz and F. Giorgini: Kynurenine pathway metabolites modulate neurodegeneration and related phenotypes in Drosophila. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 40, 690.3 (2015).

K.V. Sathyasaikumar, P. Severson, B.L. West and R. Schwarcz: Elimination of microglia in adult mouse forebrain does not alter kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

H.-Q. Wu and R. Schwarcz: Causal relationship between the antioxidant glutathione, kynurenic acid and glutamate in rat prefrontal cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

D.J. Bucci, N.E. DeAngeli, K.S. Herrington, H.-Q. Wu and Robert Schwarcz: Alternations in fear behavior following acute stress in adrenalectomized rats: Involvement of kynurenic acid and implications for PTSD. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

T. E. Salt, F. Weisz, R. Schwarcz and S.A. Neale: Actions of the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and xanthurenic acid (XA) on gamma oscillations in the rat hippocampus. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

F.M. Notarangelo, N. Goeden, A. Pocivavsek, S. Beggiato, K. Wons, A. Bonnin and R. Schwarcz: Kynurenic acid in the fetal mouse brain: on the role of mother-placenta-fetus dynamics. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

A. Pocivavsek, M.A.R. Thomas, F. Giorgini and R. Schwarcz: Targeted deletion of both kynurenine aminotransferase II and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mice:

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implications for studying kynurenine pathway metabolism. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., in press.

44