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Plankton and benthic fauna Theodora Maria Onciu Ovidius University Constanta, Romania. curriculum in natural environmental science, vol. 2, 2010. FOOD CHAIN in AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS. ….for review…. Autotrophic organisms utilize inorganic CO 2 to produce organic matter; - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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curriculum in natural environmental science, vol. 2, 2010NEAR
Plankton and benthic fauna
Theodora Maria Onciu
Ovidius University Constanta, Romania
FOOD CHAIN in AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
….for review….
• Autotrophic organisms utilize inorganic CO2 to produce organic matter; • Heterotrophic organisms depend on performed organic carbon (glucose);• Phototrophs derive energy directly from sunlight in photosynthesis;• Chemotrophs utilize a chemical energy source.
In aquatic ecosystems:
PRIMARY PRODUCTION unicellular algae living in plankton and benthic flora
PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATER and decomposers
PRIMARY CONSUMMERS herbivores and filter-feeding organisms
SECONDARY CONSUMMERS
CARNIVORES
CRITERIA FOR PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION
dimensions
plankters which are notcaptured by the net
nannoplankton (5-50µm)
net plankters
microplankton (50-1000µm)mesoplankton (1-5mm)
life cycle
holoplanktonmeroplankton
nutrition
photoautotrophic phytoplanktonheterotrophic zooplankton
CRITERIA FOR PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION
taxonomical
phytoplankton
Cyanobacteria Anabaena, Microcystis
Chlorophyta Volvox, Chlorella
Euglenophyta Euglena
Desmidiaceae Closterium, Micrasterias
Pyrrophyta Ceratium
Bacillariophyta Cyclotella, Fragillaria
zooplankton
Ciliata Paramecium, Frontonia
Rotatoria
filter feeders Brachionus
omnivorous Synchaeta
carnivorous Asplanchna
Cladocerafilter feeders Daphnia
carnivorous Leptodora
Copepoda
Calanida Diaptomus
Cyclopoida Cyclops
Cyclops furcifer Brachionus quadridentatus
Chydorus sphaericus
Microcystis aeruginosa
Desmidiacea
Bacillariophyta
CRITERIA FOR BENTHIC PLANTS CLASSIFICATION
taxonomical
macroalgae Cladophora, Chara
mosses Sphagnum
liverworts Marchantia
ferns Salvina, Marsilea
angiosperms Phragmites, Nuphar, Ceratophyllum, Carex
ecological
rootedmacrophytes
emergent plants Phragmites, Scirpus
vegetative and reproductive parts partially under water
Nuphar, Nymphaea,Trapa, Butomus, Sagittaria, Vallisneria
submergent plants Elodea, Chara
non rootedmacrophytes
submergent Ceratophyllum
free floating plants Salvinia, Lemna
attached to the substrata periphyton
Zonation of aquatic macrophytes
Azolla
Marsilea quadrifolia
Salvinia natans
Free floating plants: ferns
Emergent plants: Phragmites australis
Plants wits vegetative and reproductive parts partially under water
Nymphaea alba
Hydrocharis morsus ranae
Stratiotes aloides
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Trapa natans
The importance of plankton’s and benthic plant’s study consist in:
knowledge of biological diversity; ascertainment of plankter’s adaptations on flotation and of pondweeds to the abiotic conditions; explaining the food web in ecosystem, pointing out feeding behaviours and interactions between predators and their prey and among algae and the herbivores; determination of wetland’s features and boundaries; diagnose of the health of the aquatic ecosystem or wetland;
Protocol of scientific study
• global comparison and evaluation of results • consulting references and metadata• conclusions drawing• database realisation • statistical analysis of results • establishing of a quantitative structure of each association • taxonomical analysis of organisms (using identification keys)• appreciation of area covered by certain plant/plant association • sampling activity (in the field) and realisation of photographs • selection of sampling methods • establishing of physical and chemical water parameters to be analyzed• setting of sample locations and photographic points (points marked by GPS) • drawing up of a thorough sketch of the research zone• spatial and temporal scale of investigations• identification of scientific problems
Marking the point with aGPS device
Alisma plantago
Collecting water for FPKsample
Collecting ZPK with netfor vertical tows Schindler-Patalas trap
Filtering ZPK througha net
Filtering ZPK through a sieveCollecting ZPK with netfor horizontal tows
Collecting by hand benthic flora
Works cited
Cole, G., A. 1983 Textbook of Limnology, C.V. Mosby Company, Toronto.Damian-Georgescu, A. 1963 Copepoda Fam Cyclopidae (forme de apă dulce) Fauna RPR, Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti: 4(6).Damian-Georgescu, A. 1966 Crustacea Copepoda Calanoida (forme de apă dulce) Fauna RPR, Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti: 4(11).Dussart, B. 1966 Limnologie : l’étude des eaux continentales, Gauthiers-Villars, Paris.Friedrich, J., Dinkel, Ch., Grieder, E., Radan, S., Steingruber, S. and Wehrli, B. 1999 Delta lakes as nutrient sinks – a process study in the Danube Delta. Geo-Eco-Marina, 4: 5-19Goldman, Ch.,R. and Horne, A.J. 1983 Limnology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto.Kalff, J. 2003 Limnology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Mitsch, W., J. and Gosselink, J.,G. 2007 Wetlands, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Negrea, St. 1983 Cladocera, Fauna R.S.R., Ed. Academiei RSR, Bucureşti, 4(12).Nybakken, J., W. and Bertness, M., D. 2005 Marine biology; an ecological approach, Pearson, San Francisco.Parsons, J., K., Hamel, K., S., Madsen, J., D. and Getsinger, K.,D. 2001 The use of 2,4-D for selective control of an early infestation of Eurasian watermilfoil in Loon Lake, Washington. J.Aquat.Plant Manage, 39: 117-125
Pérès, J.-M. and Devèse, L. 1963 Océanographie biologique et biologie marine, Presses universitaires de France, Paris.
Rudescu, L. 1960 Trochelminthes. Rotatoria, Fauna R.P.R. Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti, 2(2).
Sameoto, D., Wiebe, P., Runge, J., Postel, L., Dunn, J., Miller, C. And Combs, S. 2000 Collecting zooplankton. In: Harris, R., Wiebe, P., Lenz, J., H.-R., Skjoldal and Huntley, M. [Eds] ICES Zooplankton methodology manual, Elsevier
Skjoldal, H.-R., Wiebe, P., H. and Foote, K.,G. 2000 Sampling and experimental design. In: Harris, R., Wiebe, P., Lenz, J., H.-R., Skjoldal and Huntley, M. [Eds] ICES Zooplankton methodology manual, Elsevier