CURRENT STATUS OFllylARKETINGOF NON … · current status ofllylarketingof non-timberforest productsintheterairegionofnepal. ii, ... hppcl hmg/n inc itfo 10f ... objectives and scope

Ministry of Forests and Soil ConservationKathmandu, Nepal

CURRENT STATUS OFllylARKETINGOF NON-TIMBERFORESTPRODUCTSINTHETERAIREGIONOFNEPAL

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January 2004

ITTO Pro^Ct No. PPD 6199 Rev. 3 M. F. IPreparation of Project Proposal forthe Promotion of\{on-Timber Forest Products

in the TeraiRegion of Nepal

pB/

Ministry of Forests and Soil ConservationKathmandu, Nepal

:.\ CLIRRENTSTATUS OFMARKlETINGOFNON-TIMBERlr'ORESTPRODUCTSINTHETERAIREGIONOFNEPAL

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Preparation of Project Proposal forthe Promotion of Non-Timber Forest Productsin the TeraiRegion of Nepal

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ITTO Pro^Ct No. PPD 6199 Rev. 3 M. F. I

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Pro^Ct Background

The rich biodiversity of Nepal accommodates a wide range of Nori-Timber Forest Prod t(NTFPs), including Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPS). Rural peo to have 10n beeninvolved in the conservation, collection and sale ofNTFPs. This has contributed si rimcantl tthe rural livelihood. ManyoftheNTFPsarebeingexportedevery eartolndiaand dthe revenues are increasing every year. The annual royalty collected by District forest officesranged from NRs. 16.6 to 21.5 million (Us$215,584-279,220) during 1999/2000 and 2001/2002(DoF, 2002). Commercial extraction for NTFPs and other useful plants is increasin eve earbutthey are being extracted againstthe principles of sustainable inaria Ginent, which as ff thas caused the depletion of the country'swild resources. Some species arealread at the fextinction.

Realizing this situation, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC), His Ma'es 'sGovernment of Nepal(HMG/N) requested the International Tropical timber Organization (InO)to provide funds to undertake a thorough study on the status ofNTFPs, 't It' t' dmarketing practices and prepare a detailed proposal for implementation to romote NTFPs ' thTerairegion of Nepal. Consequently, the International Tropical Timber Council(ITTC) a roveda project entitled "Preparation of a Project Proposal for the Promotion of Nori-Timbe F tProducts in the Tropical Region of Nepal" to be financed throu h InO. The usSC t t d hstudy upon Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA), a research instituteof Tribhuvan University in 2002. CEDA undertook this study by formin a multid'sc' I'team of experts from relevant fields. A Project Steerino Committee (PSC) was constituted bMFSCthatsupported, facilitated andcoordinatedtheoverallstud . With theh I d fall concerned, the team accomplished the study and prepared five documents, three the t'reports, one consolidated report and a project proposal as mentioned below:

i) Current Status of Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Tera' R fNepal.

it) CurrentstatusonCultivationand Management of Non-Timber Forest Products inthe TeraiRegion of Nepal.

iii) Quantitative Resource Assessment of Non-Timber Forest Products in the TeraiRegion of Nepal.

iv) A Synthesis Reporton Current Status ofNTFPs in the TeraiRe ion ofN I dv) A Project Proposal on Sustainable Management and Cultivation of Nori-T' b

Forest Products in the TeraiRegion of Nepal.

Above three (i-iii) thematic reports provide background infomiation to formulate a ro'ectproposal and provide further reference to future policy dialogues, reforms andformulation. The project proposal has been prepared to be submited to Internatio IT ITimber Organization (ITTO) in order to request funds to implement various activities related tothe promotion ofNTFPs in the Terairegion of Nepal.

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Acknowledgement

Nori-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are one of the important sources of government revenueand their contribution to the rural livelihoods is quite significant. A large number of people in therural areas have been engaged in offfarm employment opportunities and generating incomethrough the collection and sale ofNTFPs. I would like to express my gratitude to. the Ministry ofForests and Soil Conservation for providing us the opportunity to carry out the task of researchand study in such an important topic. In this connection, I would like to thank the Secretary ofMFSC, Mr. Chandi Prasad Shrestha and Chief of Foreign Aid Coordination Division, Dr.Darnodar Prasad Parajuli fortheir cooperation

This report is the outcome of the hard work of many experts who were involved in field survey,data analysis and writing the reports. Altogether three thematic reports, a status report and theend document-a Project Proposal for future implementation have been prepared

Dr. Nirmal Kumar Bhattarai prepared the report on the Quantitative Resource Assessment of NoriTimber Forest Products in the terai Region of Nepal. Dr. Vrigu Rishi Duwadi produced thepreliminary draft on Current Status of Cultivation and Management of Nori Timber ForestProducts in the Terai Region of Nepal. The invaluable inputs of Dr. Annapuma Nanda Das andDr. Krishna Chandra Paudyal were instrumental in finalismg the report, Likwise Mr. Rain HariSubedi did the preliminary draft on Current Status of Marketing of Nori Timber Forest Productsin the Terai Region of Nepal and final draft and final reports \\. ere prepared with the combinedefforts of Mr. Sagendra Tiwari, Mr. Kishore K. C. and Mr. Vtia}' Kunwar. The Synthesis Reporton Current Status of Nori Timber Forest Products in the Terai Region of Nepal was solely thecontribution of Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel. Mr. Man Mohan Dhoj 10shi prepared the preliminarydraft of the Project Proposal and the joint efforts of PSC members, Mr. Kishore KC and Mr.Vtiay Kunwar did the finalization of the proposal. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to allof them.

Allthe core members of the study team and other foresters and botanists, who worked asassociates namely, Messrs Kuber Junj Malla, Suman SIgdel, Omkar 10shi, Ripu Kunwar, MohanKane and Rain Kumar Deo undertook the field survey. Messrs Kishore K. C, Suman Sigdel andOmkar 10shi did the arduousjob of data analysis. Mr. Ripu Kun\\'ar worked out for systematizingand analyzing the information collected from quadrat sampling carried 'out in Sunsari, Bara andBanke districts. He also visited numerous institutions concerned with NTFPs to collect valuableinformation, which were used in the three thematic reports. Dr. Bhuvan Baira Bairacharya did thefinal editing and Dr. Pushpa Shrestha did some literature revie^,. Thanks are due to all of them.Ms. Subama Shrestha did the formatting of the reports at various stages. Last btit not the least,team leader, Mr. Kishore K. C. deserves special thanks for his untiring efforts and coordinator,Mr. Vtiay Kunwar forthe backstopping support during the entire study period.

The Project Steering Committee (PSC) of the MFSC provided technical inputs to the studythrough various meetings'and was quite instrumental in improving the quality of the reports. Inthis connection, I would like to thank Dr. Damodar Prasad Parajuli, Chairman of the PSC, Mr.Harihar Sigdel and Mr. Lokendra Purush Dhakal, Member Secretaries (in two different timephases), Dr. Annapuma Nanda Das, Mr. GOPal Kumar Shrestha, Mr. Rajendra Kane, Mr. DinDayal Bhattarai, Mr. Prem Karki, Mr. PUTushottam Joshi and Mr. Arianda Bhandari fortheir hardwork and constructive comments.

Abullaish

Executive Director

Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)

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ACAP

ANSAB

CEDA

CECl/NepalCBEDCFUGCCODRCEAPRED

DDC

DNPWC

DEPROSC

DFRS

DFO

DoF

DPR

EFEA

FGD

FUG

GTZHPPCL

HMG/NIncITFO

10F

INBAR

IUCN

KMNTC

LFP

MAPSMFSC

NFRl

NGO

NTFPsPRI\.

PSC

RRA

ERN

SDC

VDC

WWF

Acronyms

: Annapuma Conservation Area ProjectAsia Network for Sustainable Agricultural and Bio-resources

: Center for Economic Development and Administration: Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation: Community Based Economic Development: Community Forestry Users' Group: Centre for Community Development and Research: Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Policy, Research, Extensionand Development

: District Development Committee: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation: Development Project Service Centre: Department of Forest Research and Survey: District Forest Office/r

: Department of Forests: Department of Plant Resources: Environment and Forestry Enterprise Activity: Focus Group DiscussionForest Users GroupGerman Technical Assistance

: Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited: His Majesty's Government of NepalInternational Tropical Timber Council

: International Tropical Timber Organization: Institute of Forestry:International Network for Bamboo and Rattan: The World Conservation Union

: King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation: Livelihoods and Forestry Program: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation: Nepal Forest Research Institute: Nori-Governmental Organization: Nori-Timber Forest Products

: Participatory Rural Appraisal: Project Steering Committee: Rapid Rural Appraisal: Rural Reconstruction Nepal: Swiss Development CooperationVillage Development Committee

: Worldwide Fund for Nature

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Chapter I Introduction. ...............................................................................................................,

Background. ...........................--.---------...........'.""""""""""""""""""""""""""' ' " ' '1.1.

Objectives and Scope. ................................................-----------------..............."""""'1.2. 2

Methodology. .............-.-----......"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1.3. 2

Scope and Limitation of the Study. ...................................................................---1.4. 3

Chapter 2 Literature Review .......................................................................... ..

Chapter 3 Institutions involved in the Promotion ofNTFPs. ............................................................................. I I\,

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Chapter 4 Status ofNTFP Production and Marketing .....................................................................,................. 16

Major Types ofNTFPS Available. ......................................................................4. I 164.2 Volume ofNTFPS Collection/Production. .......................................................... 20

Trade Volumes and Destination. ........................................................................4.3 o0

Table of Contents

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Chapter 5 Marketing Channels, Procedures and Prices ofNTFPs ........................,............................................ 30

Marketing Channels and Intermediaries. ............................................................5. I 30

Price ofNTFPs ... .. .. .... .. . .. .. . ........ .................................................................................. 365.2

5.3 Regulatory policies and NTFP Marketing 39

Potential for Value Addition, Processing and Income Generation. ....................5.4 39

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 46

6. I onc Iusi on ...............,...............-------------------~~""""""""""""""""""""""""""' 466.2 Recommendations ..............................................................-..-----------------............. 47

6.2. I Marketing Infonnation Service. .......................................................................... 47

6.22 Cultivation of Commercially Important Species ofNTFPs. .............................. 47

62.3 Processing of NTFPs ...........................................................,.......,...................... 48

6.24 Market Promotion and Linkages. ...............................,........................................ 49

6 . 2 . 5 Policy. ..................................................... ........................................................... 50

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References. ..................------........"""""""""""""""""""""""""' ""' ' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' "' ' ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' " "' ' '

Annexes .....,...,........----......."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

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Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 43

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6.,

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List of Tables

Type of important NTFPs available in the Low Altitude Areas ........................................... 16

Types ofNTFPS Having High Demand and their Locations of Availability. ....................... 17

Major NTFPS Type in Eastern Siwalik. .....................................,,......................................... 17

Type ofNTFPS Available in the Sample Community Forests .................................,.......... 19

DoF Data on Annual NTFP Production. .............................................................................. 2 I

NTFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Terai and InnerDistricts of Nepal (2002/2003) ............................................................................................. 21

NTPP Collection Permits Issued by Distrlct Forest Offices in Selected Terai and InnerDistricts of Nepal (2002/2003) ............................................................................................. 22

Annual NTFP Royalty Collections by DoF (Rs in '000) ..................................,...............,.. 23

Exports of Nepalese NTFPs to Indian Market from Different Customs Points (2002/2003)...... 24

Major NTFP Purchase and Procurement Centers in Nepal Terai. ........................................ 24

Percentage of Major Herbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries .................... 25

Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centers, Delhi (2001) ................... 26

Annual Import ofNTFP from Nepal by different Indian Trade Centers .............................. 27

Export ofNTFPs in the Overseas Countries. ........................................................................ 28

Marketing Channel of Some Important NTFP in Mid-westem Region. .............................. 35

Collectors'/producers' price trends of select NTFPs, 1995 to 1999 (NRs/kg) in Nepal. ...... 36

Marketing options open to independent harvesters of Chiraito sp. : Costs and Benefits. ..... 36

NTFP Price at Different Pockets of Nepal (2001/2002)....................................................... 37

Price ofNTFPs in select Nepalese and Indian Cities (April 2003) ................,..................... 38

Legal Steps for Collection and Export. ................................................................................. 39

Description of Commercial Herbs practiced by HPPCL ................,..................................... 41

Herbs production, Expenditure and Income ......................................................................... 42

Essential Oil Processed in MWDR-Approximate Quantity and Price (1998)...................... 42

Economics of Commercially Viable Oil extraction Plants (Area I ha. Model) 2003 .......... 44

Production Estimates of Herbal Oil. .......................................,......,...................,.................. 45

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Table 4.7

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

Table 4.13

Table 4.14

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Table 5.9

Table 5.10

Table 5.11

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Annex I:List of Persons contacted (Traders and Organizations) or visited during Field Visits ........................ 56

Annex 2: List of Participants ofthe Workshops ................................................................................................ 63

Annex 3 : Conservation Status of Selected Community Forests in Various Region ......................................,... 66

Annex 4: List of NTFPSMAPs prioritized by Workshop Participants .............................................................. 77

Annex 5: NTFPs collection Pennitted by District Forest Office of Various Regions ....................................... 79

Table 5.1 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office in Eastern Region (Districts included:Dhankuta, Udyapur, Jhapa, Morong, Sunsari, Sireha and Saptari).................................................... 79

Table 5.2 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office in Central Region (Districts included:Dhanusha, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Malawanpur, Chitwari, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi&Kap ilbastu) ....................................................................................................................................,.... 8 O

Table 5. 3 NTFP collection peruiitted by District Forest office in Western Region (Districts included:Dang, Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur) .............................................................,.... 8 I

Annex 6: NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Offices of selected Districts by DevelopmentRegi ons .............................................................................................................................................. 82

Table 6. I NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Udyapur ................................................. 82

Table 6.2 NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Dhankuta. ............................................... 82

Table 6.3 NTFP collection permits issued by Distrlct Forest Office, Morang .................................................. 83

Table 6.4 NTFP collection pemnits issued by District Forest Office, Sunsari. .................................................. 83

Table6. 5 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Siraha ..................................................... 84

Table 6.6 Collection pennit issued by District Forest Office, Saptari ............................,,............................... 84

Table 6.7 NTFP collection pennits Issued by District Forest Office, Dhanusa. ................................................ 84

Table 6.8 NTFP collection peruiits Issued by Distrlct Forest Office, Mahottari. .............................................. 84

Table 6.9 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office, Rautahat. ........................................................ 85

Table 6. 10 NTFP collections pennitted By District Forest Office, Sariahi ....................................................... 85

Table 6.11 NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office, Bara ....................,........................................ 85

Table 6.12 NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office, Parsa ...,........................................................ 85

Table 6.13 NTFP collection pennitted by the District Forest Office, Maimanpur. ........................................... 86

Table 6.14 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Chitwan ............................................. 87

Table 6.15 NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Nawalparasi. ........................................ 87

Table 6.16 NTFP collection pennits Issued by District Forest Office, Rupandehi. ........................................... 87

Table 6. I 7 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Kapilbastu ............................................ 88

Table 6.18 NTFP collection pennits issued by Disttict Forest Office, Dang .................................................... 88

Table 6.19 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nepalganj, Banke. ................................ 89

Table 6.20 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Surkliet. ..............................................,. 89

Table 6.2 I NTFPS Collection pennit issued by District Forest Office of Bardia .............................................. 90

Table 6.22 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Kailali. ............,.................................. 90

Table 6.23 NTFP Collection permit issued by DFO, Kanchanpur-2058/59 ...................................................... 90

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List of Annexes

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Annex 7: Export ofNTFPS From the Major Customs Points of Nepal. ............................................................ 9 I

Table 7. I Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kakarvitta. ........................................................................ 9 ITable 7.2 Exports ofNTFPs from Bhantabari Customs Office, Sunsari. .......................................................... 9 ITable 7.3 Exports ofNTFPs from Biratnagar Customs Office, Morang ....................................................,...... 9 I

Table 7.4 Exports ofNTFPs from Sarlahi Customs Office, Sarlahi. ................................................................. 92Table 7.5 Exports ofNTFPs from Vittamor Custom's office, Mahottari. ..............................................,........... 92

Table 7.6 Exports ofNTFPs from Gaur Customs Office, Rhutahat .................................................................. 92

Table 7.7 Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India) ......................................... 93

Table 7.7 (a): Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India)................................... 93

Table 7.8 Exports ofNTFPS from Customs Office, Bhairahawa. ..................................................................... 93

Table 7.9 Exports ofNTFPs from Kishamagar Customs Office, Kanjibastu ................................................... 93

Table 7. 10 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Nepalgunj 00 India) ..........................,......................,..... 94

Table 7.1 I Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kailali 00 India) ............................................................. 94

Table 7.12 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kanchanpur 00 India) .................................................... 94

Annex 8LQuantity ofNTFPS Traded (Infonnation based on Trade Center/Traders) ........................................ 95

Table 8.1 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders Binamod, Jhapa ............................................... 95

Table 8.2 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Dharan, Sunsari. ............................................... 95

Table 8.3 NTFP Inforrnation based on Trade Center/Traders: Kanchanpur, Saptari. ...........................,............ 96

Table 8.4 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders Chandranigahapur, Rautahat. ..............,............ 96

Table 8.5 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Hetunda, Matawanpur. .......................,............ 97

Table 8.6 NTFP Information based on Trade-Center/Traders: Nepalganj, Banke District. ............................... 98

Table 8.7 NTPP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders, Surkhet , District ..................,........................... 99

Table 8.8 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Dang District. ................................................. 100

Table 8.9 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Kailali District. .....................,........................ 100

Table 8.10 NTFP Infonnation based on Trade Centre/Traders: Rupandehi District ...................................... 10 I

Annex 9: Imports ofNTFPs from Prominent Indian Markets ............................,............................................ 102

Table 9.1 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centre by Excel Drug House, KOIkota(2001) .....................................................................................................................

Table 9.2 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kanpur (2000)............................. 102

Table 9.3 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Lucknow (2000).......................... 103

Table 9.4. Annual Import ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kannauj. ..,.................................... 103

Table 9.5 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center: Delhi (200 I)................................ 104

Table 9.6 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Tanakpur ..................................... 105

Table 9.7 Percentage of Major Herbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries (2001) .................... 106

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1.1. Background

Nepal is endowed with a relatively rich floral and faunal diversity owing to its topographic,altitudinal and climatic variations. Diverse climatic conditions such as tropical, sub-tropical, sub-temperate, sub-alpine and alpine types of climate exist within short distances across north-southaxis. Diversity in the ecological conditions in all physiogi. aphic regions has created severalmicro-climatic zones, important for the natural occurrence and evolution of different types ofplants. It is estimated that more than 7, 000' flowering and non-flowering types of non-timberforest products (NTFP) species are available in the country. Of the total flowering and non-flowering types of species found in the world, Nepal occupies over 2 percent of flowering and6.78 percent of non-flowering types of species'. Undoubtedly, Nepal provides a natural ground

Chapter I

Introduction

for the promotion of a number of natural herbs owin to its uni ue to o rg, p^y, g!;gg:^!phy andclimaticconditions(DVN2002). ~~~~~I

Figure, : Trend of Incomefrom NTFP ITheNori-timberForestproductsare ExportbyNepai Iimportantresourcesofthecountry I

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and could play an important role inits economic development. TheNTFPs resource is an importantsource of government revenue andits contribution to the total forestrysector revenue is in increasing trend(Fig I)'.

NTFPs from Nepal are traded largelyas dried herbs in "crude" and/or

"unprocessed" forms. In response tothe growing international market for

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herbal products of Nepal, market for NTFPs as raw materials has seen a gradual increase in therecent years, Recent trend shows that aromatic products are receiving increasing attentionworldwide. Scientists, researchers and multinational pharmaceutical companies are looking foractive substances in plants for the cure of various diseases, where modem synthetic medicinesare perceived to be less effective. Apart from commercial uses, NTFPs are used as food, fiber,fodder, fuel and varieties of household articles. They are also used as dye, gum and resin.

There are two sets ofNTFPs in Nepal; one that is critical to subsistence at rural community leveland the other contributing to the government treasury, as well. Although government Garninosfrom NTFPs are not known to have superseded that of timber, yet it holds a huge potential to doso. Nevertheless, the NTFP business sector has been known for generatingemployment at local level, as well as creating multiplier effects down the value chain at different

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Hamro Ban in Nepali, Department of Forest, 2059 B. S. quoted by Development Vision Nepal(DVN), 2002~ Herb Production, Collection, Processing and Protection in Nepal, HPPCL, 2055 B. S. quoted by DVN 2002.

Economic Survey 2001/2002, Ministry of Finance, 2002.

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times and spaces. A large number of poor people in the rural areas have been generating o - armemployment opportunities through the collection and sale ofNTFPs.

1.2. Objectives andScope

The main goal of this pre-project study is to provide a basis for the preparation of a detailedproject proposal for the promotion of Nori-Timber Forest Products in the Terai Region of Nepalin line with the ITFO guidelines. Among the four key outputs envisaged by the pre-proposalwork, this study is concerned with the market analysis ofNTFPs. The objectives of the study are:

. To identify the quantity ofNTFPs harvested annually

. To explore the marketing channelofNTFPs and

. To sttidy the potential for value added processing for income generation

The sttidy has been built upon the information generated from the three representative markethubs of tropical region of Nepal namely Banke (Mid-west), Parsa (Central) and Morang (East)districts of Terai. While doing so it has also taken into account the NTFP collection andmarketing sitLiation in at least six districts of the Inner Terai adjoining these representativemarket ITUbs. These districts also represent the existing and types of aromatic plants and theirprocessing palticLilarly of high value and low volume products

1.3. Methodology

The study is based LIPon the collection and analysis of both primary and secondary sources ofinforiiiation oathered on various aspects of NTFPs, such as market channel, trade volume,Inarketing practices, and their demand and supply situation. The sources and methods adopted forthe collection of inforination were as follows

Secoii(/(Icy SoilrceS (!/findrm(Ino"

Secondary information/data I'egarding the geographical, biological, socio-economic,on, an Izational and technological aspects of NTPPs were obtained from various institutions in andoutside Katltmandti e. g. Gol'kha Ayurved Company, Singh Durbar Vaidyakhana, HerbsPI'oduction and PI'ocessing Company Ltd. (HPPCL), Trade Promotion Centre, Nepal Rastra Bank,Jaribtiti Association of Nepal etc. Available literattire was reviewed in order to arrive at ajustifiedmarketing and trade pattern ofNTFPs in Nepal.

Pri",,, tv Sowrces @1n!fom, rinon

Twenty-four (24) strategic districts were identified in the Terai and Inner Terai covering ninezones of the five Development Regions of Nepal. To generate information/data from the field,participatory research tools such as Focus Group Discussion (FGD), fomial and informalinterviews and interactions with the key informants were undertaken. Major stakeholders ofNTFPs e. g. District Forest Office (DFO) officials, members of Community Forest User Groups(CFUGs), meInbers of Village Development Committee (VDCs)/District DevelopmentCommittee (DDCs), HPPCL staff, and NTPP collectors, traders and other knowledgeable personsof the area were constilted during the fieldwork, and relevant information/data was collected. Thelist of persons contacted during the fieldwork in Nepal and India is given in Annex I. In order toensure that the information is collected in a systematic manner structured questionnaires andchecklists were developed and LISed. Information obtained from various sources was verifiedthrough triangulation and crosschecking. To have better understanding of the volume and value of

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in the border towns of Nepal andNTFPs traded, interviews were conducted with traders residingint!jor NTFP trade centers of India.

Quantitative assessment of the collection ofNTFPs from the forests of Nepal, their transportationto the processing centers within Nepal and/or export to India or elsewhere tend to e a ercu eantask. Such a situation exists basically because I) the existing regulatory regime remainscomplicated; 2) there is. an open border with India; and 3) there has not been any stock inventoryand annual collection regime established so far. So for the quantitative estimation of the NTFPsavailable in the selected districts, organizations such as Community Forest User Groups(CFUGs), traders and exporters of NTFPs, private growers, government herbal fanns, customoffices, Trade Promotion Centers and District Chamber of Commerce were visited in Morong,Sunsari, Jhapa, 11am, Udaypur, Dhankuta, Tehrathum, Siraha, Saptari, Dhanusha, Mahottari andSariahi. Indian cities e. g. Siliguri, KOIkata, Lucknow, Kanpur and Delhi were also visited for thecollection of information on market, demand, price and trend of NTFPs and verification oexports of NTFPs froin Nepal. To arrive at relatively comprehensive information four types ofstirvey were carried oLit. They are

. Traders'survey

. Record of District Forest Offices

. Exportrecords of Customs offices

. Information of some selected CFUGs

Besides administrating research tools in various selected locations, quadrats were laid to verifyphysical resoLirces of NTFPs in SLinsari, Bara and Banke districts. The quadrats were taken in thelocations identified by the team including PSC members \\'ithin the survey districts. Forauthenticity of the collected information, triangulation methods and workshops were conductedWITerever possible. Workshops were held in three places i. e. , in Biratnagar (Morang), Simara(Bara) and Nepalgunj (Banke). Workshops were carried out to share infomiation, disseminate thepreliminary findings, verify the findings and generalize the available information and obtainQuidelines for further fieldwork.

The participants of the workshops were: (i) CFUGs members (ii) Local traders of NTFPs (iii)Private NTFPs growers (iv) District level Community Based Organizations (v) NTFPS Growersand Exporters (vi) Forest and wild life conservation officials (vii) Local government officials(DDC/government officials) and (ix) DFOs. The list of participants, who participated in theworkshop in Morang, Bara and Banke, is given in Annex 2.

1.4. Scope and Liinitation of the Study

The stLidy is expected to provide a sound background for the preparation of the deriled projectproposal aimed at conservation and development and also the information gaps on mar eting oNTFP species in the Terai regions of Nepal. However, the study has some limitations as follows:. Althou(rh the SLirvery teams visited 24 districts of Teraiand Inner Teraidistricts of Nepal,

it was 110t possible to interview alitraders located in the districts because of time andresource constraints. Therefo're, number of people interviewed in this study representsonly a small number ofNTFPs traders in Nepal. However, valid statistical generalizationas well as adequate triangulation of information of the primary and secondary data isattempted.

As a result it was difficultto freely. During thestLidyperiod, therewaspoliticalinstabilityvisit as well as interview the traders

. Many of the traders were reluctant to share their realtraded quantities thinking t att esurvey team was from tax office or similar instittitions

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Chapter. 2

Literature Review

This chapter provides the literature review on different aspects of the NTFP including itsmarketing and trade. There are few studies, which stress directly the concern ofNTFP marketing.However, there are studies having some coverage on the marketing aspects in one-way or other.

I. Malla (1994): It is a study on uses and availability of medicinal plant resources in Bagnatizone, central Nepal. Data on traded quantities from 1979 to 1984 and 1987 to 1990 are provided.Based on declining exports in the early 1980s, the study concludes that the resource isoverexploited. Causes are said to be urbanization, industrialization, habitat destruction,acculturation and destructive harvesting practices, especially in sub-alpine and alpine areas. Theinstitutions involved in management and development of medicinal plants are outlined. The studystresses the needs for refoi'Ination of policy towards people-orientation, minimization ofbureaucracy and inventory activities are put forward. Guidelines on how to formulate rules andregulations for collection of medicinal plants are prescribed. The prospects for cultivation arediscussed, it is argued to be necessary in light of overexploitation of wild sources, and a plan fordevelopin, , MAPS in the Baginati zone is drawn LIP. It consists of setting up an organization atboth zonal, district and village levels in co-operative societies, the organization will co-ordinatecollection, CLIltivation and PI'ocessing. Economic analyses are undertaken for medicinal plantcultivation and processing. Production of essential oils is concluded to be economicalIy viable.

2. Rajbhandary and Baitacharya (1994): MAPS are important to the Nepali population in terms ofhealth care and income generation, and to the global community in terms of biodiversity andprevention of cnvii'oninental degradation. Increasing collection of MAPS has endangered theiravailability and theI. efore, domestication and cultivation is encouraged. Processing of MAPS isdesirable 10 increase relLirns to collectors. Recommendation to set up a national body that wouldformulate concrete policies to improve the opportunities for processing and marketing of MAPSin Nepal is made. And it has recommended that research and development be prioritised andlegional co-operation established. Data on production, annual turnover, collection and revenue ofHerbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPCL) is provided

3. Rawal at a1. (! 994): Nepal is rich in botanical resources having valuable NTFPs. Nepali peopleknow little aboLit their LISes, demand and quality. HMG/N has a Master Plan to develop minorforest products by establishing herbal centers, farmers' co-operatives, for cultivation and regionalfacilities and for processing and marketing. The development work in this field is lacking behinddtie to various problems. It needs political commitment in the present democratic context. It hasrecommended giving high priority forthe formulation of a separate clear-cut policy for NTFPs.

4. Shrestha at a1. (1994): Early 1960s was the period of first scientific realization fordomestication and coininercial cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) throughestablishment of Department of Medicinal Plants (DOMP) and research units and herbal farms indifferent ecolooical regions of Nepal, although the modern history of cultivation of MAPS in thecountry goes back to early 1890. Over harvesting of some of the MAPS in particular hill areasalso led to realization of domestication and their commercial cultivation because of processingfacilities within the country and for their export value. The existing infrastructure of more than adozen herbal research and demonstration farms in the country along with the processing centersand export market encouraged the country to domesticate and commercially cultivate such

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important MAPS for domestic use as well as for export. There is a tremendous potentiality ofcommercial cultivation of indigenous as well as introduced MAPS. However, several constraintslike lack of favorable national policies, long terni national planning, effective demonstration ofcommercial cultivation and marketing facilities of MAPS, practically at the grassroots level,awareness about commercial cultivation and processing facilities are key constraints. Post-harvest technology including temporary storage of produces, processing and marketing of MAPSare also key issues to be discussed to encourage the commercial cultivation of MAPS in the daysto come.

5. Amatya and Amatya (1995): This is an exploration of possible strategies for optimumutilisation and marketing of medicinal plants that has been done with an aim to contributemaximum benefit to the rural collectors. Present status of collection and trade is outlined,measures to ensure sustainable collection are provided, and the market is discussed in terms ofdomestic and foreign demand. Policy and regulations pertaining to medicinal plant collection arediscussed

6. Bhattarai (1995): Gorkha district, due to high variation in altitude and the correspondingclimatic factors, provides a home and protection to a large number of plant species that are both asource of income and livelihood to majority of the rural populace. As a result of poverty,illiteracy and lack of off-farm employment opportunities, excessive and unmanaged exploitationof wild plants has been largely contributing to their depletion in most parts of the district withconseqLient loss of biodiversity and wild plant resource base. The importance of the developmentof community owned NTFP-based enterprises involving the collection, local processing andInarkcting of NTFPs for economic development and biodiversit>' conservation in the district hasbeen discussed. The SIIstainable LISe of wild plant resources and conservation of the biodiversityby the local communities through technical, financial and marketing support has been suggested.

7. Bhattarai and Croncher (1996): Biodiversity is the sum total of all the living organisms in aparticular area, their individual variation, and the interactions between them. Harvesting ofNTFPs can eitlier have a positive or a negative impact on the conservation of biodiversity. Thispaper identifies and examines the underlying causes for jinproper extraction ofNTFPs and theresultin, , adverse impacts on biodiversity, and then proceeds to present a different scenario inwhich NTFPs, when properly harvested, managed, processed, and marketed, can play astrate, Tically positive role in the conservation of biodiversity' as well as in the economicdevelopment of the region

8. Edwards (1996): A thorough overview of the commercial \TFPs, with a focus on medicinaland aromatic plants has been provided. Aspects examined are species collected, volumes traded,and sustainability of liarvest and government policies. A stud} of Hile in Dhankuta District andBasantpur in Tehrathiiin District, the Koshi Hills, was undertaken in which the marketing chainfroin Nepal to India was identified and the vertical distribution of income at the different levelsof the trade was analyzed. Markets are discussed in terms of principal buyers, price fluctuationsdLiring an average trading season and price changes from 1980-81 to 1992-93. Methods forvalue-addition, inclLiding processing, are described and disctissed, as are research priorities forincreasing prodLiction and improving marketing. Appendices include notes on twenty majorNTFPs traded to India and a bibliography of 500 references to I\;TFPs from cultivated and wild

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9. Shrestha at a1. (1996): In this case study from Gyasumdo Valley, Mariang District, five high-altitude medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) were investigated in terms of population density,

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distribution, regeneration status and biomass production in nature. Socio-economic factors wereinvestigated through interviews with inhabitant in three villages. Forty seven percent of thehouseholds interviewed collected MAPS for commercial purposes. Inhabitants of villages off thetrack are most involved in collection and trade of MAPS. Selective harvesting techniques wereadopted in some localities, but overexploitation was feared on a general basis. An integratedmanagement approach involving communities, establishment of herbal farms and processingpossibilities is proposed.

10. ANSAB (1997): This report is a market study undertaken in Banke, Bardiya and DoIPaDistricts and the Rapti zone. The objectives were to (i) identify forest products financially viablefor commercial enterprise development; (ii) identify the human, technological and capitalresources required to exploit forest products; (iii) identify social and ecological issues relevant tothe enterprises; (iv) provide guidance to community forestry user groups and their projectpartner; and (v) develop criteria for prioritisation of enterprises and sites. Enterprises examinedwere in the Terai: sawmills and related enterprises, and in the middle hills and mountains:distillation of aromatic plants, and jinproved trading and minor processing of NTFPs. Seriousconstraints to sawmills were found. Distillation of medicinal plants is viable and shouldcommence in the Inountains first. Improved trading and minor processing of NTFPs could bebased on grouping together communities collecting the same product. Activities should start inthe middle hills. Descriptions, uses and natural regeneration of 18 medicinal plants are providedin an appendix

11. Malla et a1. (1997): The manLial was prepared to help identification of 1/6 non-timber forestprodticts in Nepal; 38 herbs, 24 shrubs and 59 trees. The species were selected on the basis of thecriteria: export; religious, cultLiral, food and traditional medicinal values; industrial (potential)value;important fodder; and medicinal plants identified by WHO expert committee for primaryhealth care. For each species there is a colour drawing and information on nomenclature(scientific, English, Hindi, Newari, Nepali and Sanskrit), family, distribution in the Himalaya,

vertical and/or altitudinal distribtition, habitat (9 categories and 29 sub-categories),origin,

flowering period, fi'Liiting period, parts LISed, principal chemical constituents, Ayurvedic and localuses and a brief description of characteristic plant features

12. 01sen and Helles (1997): The trade in MAPS from the rural areas of Gorkha district in centralNepal to the wholesale markets in India was investigated over a two-year period. The annualtrade varied froin 180 Int. to 4/8 Int. and is currently composed of 36 products with an averagecollector valLie of 12 million Nepali Rupees. Approximately 98 percent of the products areexported tinprocessed to India. The main actors in the trade are collectors, road-head traders,Terai wholesalers, and Indian wholesalers. Analysis of marketing margins and price dataindicates that MAP markets are imperfect: there is limited market information and poor marketintelrration. A small number of Terai wholesalers earn excessive profits while road-head tradershave very low net margins. The implications of this for developing the trade, and thus increasingcollector incomes at the national level are discussed. It is emphasized that the governmentshould focus on provision of public goods, such as dissemination of price infomiation anddeveloping physical infrastructure, and not direct intervention in the market. Credit facilitiesshould be promoted, and the royalty system should be reviewed and possibly replaced with anexport tax. Bans on collection and trade need to be reviewed andjustified and a restructuring ofcurrent approaches is required.

13. Subedi (1997): Development of local economy while conserving the renewable naturalresources has become an integral part of sustainable development policy. NTFPs are one

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category of resources that have a potential for contributing to e onatural resource management, leading to conservation of t e ecosysarea. This paper examines a range of issues and strategies in t eeconomic and environmental conditions for the benefit of IOCa coinmuq'tysustainable and equitable way. The first and foremost factor is t e con^base, ecosystemandbiodiversity, from whichNTFPsareharvested. is is GP psustainable harvesting and management. This, in turn, requires su ICien incfor conservation by countering the threats. The paper starts wit t e currenNTFPs in Nepal. Then important issues are pointed out an strategies pdiscussion. The main issues include the improved production management, iris i tomanagement system, development of enterprises for vaue-a iion o y,marketing and trade

14. Bhattarai and ACharya (1998): Chitaito (Sworno spp. ) occupies major postion ij t e a ewild medicinal plants. Thirty-fourdistricts of Nepal have been foun to conri u .ppyof Chiraito. It is traded in 27 majorherbtradecentersofNepalfrom easttowes . p y,iristradedasoneofthe largest commodities in the tradeo er . ine pSII, erricis/)p. havebeen identified frointhetradesamplesofChiraito. oa ..Chiraito has been estimated in the trade during 1995/96. Among the tota tra e o ir i ,than 50% is traded froin east Nepal

15. Bhattarai (1998): Herbal drugs ale LISed in all cultures and medicija p an s p ay yworld health. Over three-quarters of the world population, ominae yCOLIntries, CLIrrently use plantsas Inedicine. In most developing counrie , gof herbal treatment is apartofthecultLireandthedominantmet o o erapy. ,with aconsiderable extentofeffectiveness, are socially accepte, economic y ,mostly, are the only available SOLirce. Many modern drLigs havet eirorigin inp pstill contribute to about one'third of the modern pharmaceutical preparations. non Inedicinal plants is increasing rapidly, mainly as a result o increase p'extracts for self-medication by the general public in the develope counries. gInedicinalplants in the health care systems with particular re erence o p , pdevelopinocountries, hasbeenassessedonthebasisofexisting acsan g ,role of medicinal plants in world health has been visualized inevitab e or a orig

16. Lafranchi (1998): The objectives of this report are to (1) identify the ina! ^t pq en iselected NTFPs and the possible concrete marketing linkages; (ii) collect existing in o.about management/domestication techniqLies or identify potentia researc psuch inforination; (iii) identity Inarket qLiality requirements and visualise it. iq A Orm.acceptable for field technicians and farmers; and (iv) explore the .possi lily o. iSeabtickthorn (Hly)/)ophoe sol^^;16/1ti) or other potential incoine gen. Grating a^tivjties. inandDailekhDistricts. Fortheselectedspeciesinformation ISProvie on isri , ,harvested part, LISe, harvest season, ecologicalIy sustainabe managemen, p p g ,requirements, quality problems, production potential and mar et po en in ,addresses to processing companies. Recommendations for NGOs inc u e opera 'price/demand/supply monitoring system, co-operation for eveopmen popportunities and linking rural communities and the market.

17. Parejtili at a1. (1998): This is a manual deêloped for the purpose o co ^ ,identification of commercially collectedNTFPsinNepal. Themanua is as p'literatureandfieldvisits. Severity species are described interniso scie , ,

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trade name, parts used, natural occurrence, phenology, morphology, and conservation status inNepal, market price and royalty rate, uses and active constituent. The description is accompaniedby line drawings.

18. Subedi(1998). MAPS in the mountains of Nepal can contribute to the local economy andsubsistence health needs while conserving the ecosystem and biodiversity of an area. The paperexamines a range of conservation and development strategies and their results in this sector forimproving economic and environmental conditions for the benefit of local community membersin a sustainable and equitable way. The data and information for this paper came from the studiesconducted and experiences gained while working in the 'Community Based EcosystemManagement Through Local Enterprise Development' project in Humla, Nepal, from January1995 to December 1997. Starting with the theoretical base and contextual background at theinitial period of the project, the utilization, harvesting and trade patterns of MAPS of Humla areassessed. The main strategies developed and tested are sub sector analysis for determiningenterprise option, local capacity building, community based enterprise for additional incentivesto collectors, strengthening coinmLinity rights over resources, combining indigenous expertisewith scientific knowledge, providing marketing and business support, promoting integratedconservation education, establishing linkages and co-ordination among user groups, andnetworking national level forum for proper policy formation and implementation support. It isemphasized that the integrated conservation and development approach that creates more anddirect incentives to local communities can have more and faster conservation impacts than thetraditional one' The impact of new commercial demand of these plant products, within theexisting strticture and functioning of Nepalese social system, is negative to the local communitiesas well as the natLiral ecosystem and biodiversity

19. Subedi at a1. (1999): This is a report of a workshop undertaken by the Micro-EnterpriseDevelopment Prograin (MEDEP), UNDP Nepal to initiate NTFP based micro-Enterprisedevelopment in Parbat District through participatory market analysis and development withemphasis on female entrepreneurs. Outputs of the workshop were: (1) an overview of the NTFPmarket and environment in Parbat District; (ii) a list of the most potential NTFPs for enterprisedevelopment, together with the opportunities and constraints for each of these products andstrategies for overcoming these; and (iii) training of MEDEP staff and recommendations on anaction plan fbr NTFP enterprise selection, strategy development and capacity building in otherMEDEP districts. High potential products identified were allo, honey, bhang seeds and timur.OPPortL!nities identified inclLide SLIPportive institutional environment (through various NGOs andthe Community Forestry Program), high market demand and 'abundant natural resources, whichcan be easily managed. Constraints identified include ineffective co-ordination among lineagencies in the district, low price, limited knowledge of storage, processing and sustainableharvest technologies, and the possibility of elite capturing areas having business/incomepotential. It is recommended that a NTFP working group comprised mainly of NGOs is set up atdistrict level to address policy issues, that technology transfer and market issues be addressed ona product by product basis, and that participatory resource assessments be carried out forpotential products. The participatory marketing and analysis development process in theworkshop is described in an appendix.

20. ACharya (2000): Nepal's NTFPs base is declining rapidly due to the unscientific andunsustainable exploitation of the forest products. In the absence of proper management andcontrol in collection and trade, NTPPs are becoming vulnerable, endangered, and even extinct.Nepal's Himalayan region is the major source of a diverse category of NTFPs harvested andtraded to India and beyond. The products are exported from Nepal in the raw forrn in most of the

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cases as roots, rhizomes, branches, leaves, stems, bark, fruits and seeds. Humla is one o emost remote districts in Nepal situated in Kamali zone within the Mid-westGin DevelopmentRegion. The VDC included in the study is Rodikot. Climate of this area is temperate, cool-temperate and alpine. The major sources of income are NTFPs 016rbs) such as Iatamansi, Kutki,and Atis; sheep-wool products; trade to Tibet; milk products like ghee; and honey. Collection ofplants in premature stage is one of the reasons responsible for its vulnerability. The main issuesare lack of adequate awareness about biodiversity conservation, lack of alternative jobopportunity, and lack of planning and management. Some work has been initiated in order tomake people aware ofNTFPs management in Humlathrough ANSAB, Kathmandu, Nepal.

2 I. Bhattarai and 01sen (2000): Recent studies indicate that the annual trade in medicinal plantsfroin the Himalaya ainounts to thousands of tons of roots, rhizomes, tubers, fruits and leaves, etc.T'he annual valLie of the trade is worth millions of Us Dollars. Rural househQlds in forestthroughout the Himalayas collect the medicinal plants. Hundreds of species are harvested andsold to traders in order to increase household income. The paper briefly reviews the limitationsof existing knowledge on medicinal plant markets and the need for common methodologies toenable comparative studies is emphasized. An approach used to investigate the economicimportance of coinmercial medicinal plants to Nepal is presented. The approach is aimed atoenerating data at the national level as opposed to the more common local studies. It is specified,in eight distinct steps, how a national levelinvestigation was planned and implemented in Nepal.Details of each step are provided, including objectives and main contents. Based on the approachapplied in Nepal, the paper develops preliminary recommendations on a five-level genericincthodology for investigating trade in medicinal plants at the national level in South Asia.

22. Bhattarai and Shukla (2000): The Mid-western Development region of the country is thelargest supplier of NTFP raw materials bLit, due to shortage of processing capabilities and lack ofinformation on adequate markets, it has remained a mere supplier of raw materials to India. Poorrecognition of the role of different levels of value addition and processing, lack in productdiversification and inadequate knowledge on marketing of NTFP resources have become thecharacteristic feature of this Development Region. The need of different types and levels ofNTFP processing and value adding Linits, and the inevitability' of information on markets andmarketing systems have been emphasized. The paper argued that forest dependent communitiesbe provided with appropriate models for collecting, post-harvest services, and primary processingof NTFPs. It has also been emphasized to assess how communities can integrate and extendthese models, how they can develop management strategies and use the acquired knowledge forsustainable harvesting, local level processing and marketing of the resultant high value products.Shifting the traditional extraction and trading systems to enterprise development must beequipped with technical, management, marketing and training support. Cooperative approachappears to be a powerful tool, being able to attract financial support from outside to develop abusiness plan including marketing stLidies. Information gathered in market studies helps developnew post-harvest processing and value-added systems for strategic products. Policy makers,extension workers, NGOs, and community leaders can be the most potential means to introduceprocessing and marketing to small-scale prodticers as well as other processing'value addingorganizations for local as well as the country's economic development and sustainability ofresources. Finally, for balanced development, it is important that all functions, from resourcemanagement (throLigh raw materials production and processing) to marketing get sufficientattention. Such an attempt is a challenge as well as an opportunity.

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23. NGupane and Ghimire (2000): Dailekh and AChham districts are at early stages ofdevelopment and poverty is aggravated by poor rural infrastructure, underdevelopment of rural-urban linkages, poor resource management, etc. Much of the agricultural land is already over-exploited and the potentiality for increasing traditional crop yield is limited without externalinputs, which may be expensive for rural people. Similarly switching from cereals to cash cropproduction in their private land may not be appropriate for poor farmers who are risk averse. Butintîonty of the people improved forest utilization, which has immense scope for promotion,management and utilization ofNTFPs and resin, because the forest-covered area is jar e. ForestUser's Groups (FUGs) are emerging and marketis available in the region. FUGs are interested tomaximize income from community forests if they are exposed to know-how (training indomestication, value adding techniques and management), provided initial material support (seedand seedling) and enabled to better bargaining (information on market and price). However,capacity building of PUGS in group management and legal provision regarding responsibility andauthority is yet to be a part of support. Despite the promotion of NTTP in community forests andpeople's attitude for have private cultivation, payment of royalty may hinder the cultivation ofNTFP in private land.

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Chapter 3

Institutions involved in the Promotion ofNTFPs

This chapter provides the description of government organizations, NGOs, s, i-aeramultilateral institutions directly or indirectly involved in the promotion of NTPFs. omeinstitutions are concentrating their activites only to some selected districts while some o ers arecovering the whole nation. The information about these institutions will help policy ina ers,planners and implementators to undertake appropriate programs without over apping orduplication, which will enable optimum utilization of resources. It will also en ance propercoordination and collaboration while implementing the programs ofNTFPs. A rie escrip ionof some of the importantinstitutions involved in the promotion ofNTFPs is presented be ow:

(a) Public Sector Institutions

i. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC), Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

The ministry has been formulating rtiles, regulations and making other policy ecisions in or erto enhance the income and employment status of the rural people who are at nica y engageand are dependent on NTFPs for their basic requirements. It also coordinates among variousdepartments and projects within the ministry. Foreign Aid Coordination Division (FACD) of theministry is responsible for overall coordination with donors and the recipients, among egovernment agencies, and 11NGOS working in the field of NTFPs and MAPS. oicyforInulation, conflict resolution, information dissemination and information on mar emechanisms are being provided by the ministry and its various Departments. Bio iversityconservation. , research and monitoring and evaluation, cultivation managemen anestablishment, of marketing channels are the major focus of the MFSC. Recenty eGovernment has established a high level NTFP Promotion Board for the development anpromotion of NTFP sector that would in the long run help economic deveopment o ecountry.

ii. Department of Forest(DoF), HMG, Babarmahal, KathmanduConservation and management of forest resources including NTFPs are the major uric ions othe department. The DoF generates revenue from NTFPs by issuing collection permis ocollectors and trades. Almost allofthe 75 district forest offices generate revenue from s.

iii. Departinent of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, HMG

The DSCWM through its 55 district offices is responsible for soil and water conservaionprogrammes both in government and private lands. It works in partnership wit t e oca peop.and conducts participatory action for the conservation of sensitive waters e s ancatchments areas. Its activities are based on watershed or subwatershed eve. appibioengineering techniques to conserve soiland watershed using trees an s avinggsoil binding properties such as vetiver, bamboo and broom grass.The department's role in the NTFP development in the Terairegion can be important as it canhelp promote NTPP cultivation and management in the watershed areas and on t e ami an s in

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iv. Department of Plant Resources (DPR), HMG, Thapatriali, Kathmandu

The Department is involved in the management and improvement of NTFP resources. It hasmany farms, botanical gardens and herbariums established to undertake action researchactivities and piloting of extension activities. Ex-$1'111 conservation of endeangered as well ashigh value NTFPs is the major activity of these farms. Data and information collection onMAPS, integrated research activities, publication of documents and extension materials onNTFPs are the in a, jor focus area of the department. It has also established a distillation unit atJumla for high value aromatic oils. It is also undertaking demonstration of cultivationmanagement of high value MAPS and information dissemination through training.

v. Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana Development Committee, Ariamnagar, Kathmandu

This is an autonomous government-managed organization involved in the production ofayurvedic medicines for general use. The main function of this organization is purchasing ofMAPS and their processing for the production of ayurvedic medicines to be marketed inside thecountry as well as exporting to foreign countries. It has been supplying aurvedic preparations tothe government managed district level Aurvedic centers (Vaidyakhana), as well. It also meetsother domestic requirements to the private sector practitioners through its well-establishedmarketino mechanisms. MAPS collectors within the country are getting a reasonable and fairprice, which in ttirn works as incentive to cultivate/collect MAPS

vi. Royal Drtigs Limited, Babarmahal, Kathmandu

The major activity of this institution is the prodLiction and distrbution of about 100 types ofallopathic Inedicines. However, it also produces medicines using locally available NTFPs andMAPS. There are only about five products based on NTFPs and MAPS being manufactured andInarketed

vii. Herbs Prodtiction alld Processing Co Ltd. (HPPCL), Kotoshwor, Kathmandu

HPPCL is a o0vernment Lindertaking that is involved in the farming of aromatic plants on itsown farins and also with the participation of farmers living in the adjoining area. It has its owndistillation and processing plants where it extracts high value aromatic oils. It also purchasesaroinatic oil extracts for its own medicinal and aromatic products as well as for export to foreigncountries. HPPCL collects resin (khoto) and Taxus bocca!a, which is again sold to local as wellas foreign buyers. The main function of the HPPCL is resource collection, its processing andsustainable Litilization and generation of revenue through sales and royalty payments to thegovernment.

viii. Mahendra Sanskrit University, Bijatiri, Dang

Mahendra Sanskrit University, Bijauri of Dang district in collaboration with Royal NepalAcademy of Science and Technology (RONAST)is undertaking the cultivation and managementof some species of NTPPs ^t Bijauri

(b) Private Sector Institutions

i. Alternative Herbal Industry (AHl)

The Alternative Herbal Industry (AHl) is a value driven, high quality herbal tea and other h;:rbalproducts manufacturer and suppliers. Am registered as a company, is the trade wing ofSEACOW and the coriumercial partner of that cooperative. It is involved in the processing and

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.._, I

r-\

_I

.

~-,

.-\

-.~

,-\

.-,

^

,-\

--,

,-\

^,

,~

-J

12

-,

,-.-.

I~ ~

f~

\

marketing of herbs and other products as well as in ensuring that the producers receive a a'wage. A half of the profit made by AHl is channeled back to undertake t e activiies oSEACOW.

AHl, with the support of its social partner SEACOW, started its work with a couple of into ynatural, traditional recipe-based, and hand processed and minimalIy packaged herbal teas. Now,it, together with primary producer organizations of some of the most marginalize groups opeople, has developed a variety of herbal teas and supplied them in national as well as

f~

international markets.

L

ii. Dabur Nepal Ltd. Tinkune, Kathmandu

Dabur Nepal is an Ayurvedic Company and is operating green house seedlings of high va usMAPS such as Ta, tz!s 60cco!0, SWGr!!'a chi'101'10, Palerina wallichi; etc, , and distributing theseedlings to local farmers and instittitions. It is also involved in the cultivation of MAPS througout-grower program, contract CLIltivation as well as action research in order to strengthen t eproduction mechanism of MAPS within the country

iii. Corkha Ayurved Company, Corkha

The Corkha Ayurved Company is a joint ventLire between Nepalese entrepreneurs an rencNGO CIDR (French acronym for International Centre for Development and Research), andGerman entrepreneurs. Production unit based at Gorkha, it was established in 1984 AD, with theaim of devleloping Nepal's tremendous potential. The Company has been working at Gor aDistrict of Nepal to strengthen the economic condition of the remote villages involving ocacommunities in collection and processing of Ayurveda Health products. .

Gorkha Ayurved is registered as Private Limited Company in accordance to Nepal CompanyAct under the deparment of industry with the limited liabilities. The company has established itsadministrative 'and liaison office at Chhetrapati, Kathmandu in the form of a regular channel forthe distribution of its entire products incltiding medicines and herbal tea in the local, nationa aswell as internaionalinarkets and also forthe maintenance of its updated accounting processes.

The company is LISing more than 150 local medicinal plants while manufacturing Ayurve ICmedicines and herbal health prodLicts. About 90% of the totalingredients used for processing ofherbal prodLicts and medicines comes from local resources, the balance that is not avaia elocally are imported from other countries

I'he Company is producing two categories of products.. General Health ProdLicts: viz, Chyavanprash, Pachmola, Guduchiherbaltea, etc.

f~'

L_

\. -

I~'

I.

I~~

{.

,

!_ _

f~

I.

. Essential AyLirvedic Medicines: viz. Altrin, Amati, Baiamrit, etc.

Essential Ayurvedic Medicines are further divided into two categories:. Classical rodLicts: Based on classical Ayurveda literatures (Sarihitas) formulation: viz,

f~

I.

,.\ .

Avipattiker, Chyavanprash and Shikijit.Parent Products: The formulation developed by individual company to distribute within.

its own patent right: viz, Altirin, Am atI, etc

(--

13

(c)TINGOs and Other Institutions

i. Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-resources (ANSAB)

ANSAB is working in the field of bio-diversity conservation of the mountain districts, such asBaihang, DoIakha, Baglung and Iumla. It is doing so through its various programs likeenterprise-based bio-diversity conservation by promoting community based forest enterprises,marketinfonnation system for NTFP and certification and sustainable marketing ofNTFPs. In itsprogram, there are elements ofNTFPs promotion by enabling the FUGs to include NTFPs in theforest management plans. The organization helps identify NTFP promotion interventions such astraining and marketing.

ANSAB has accomplished a program at the central level to improve the MIS system gearedtowards the benefits of NTFP traders and collectors for equitable benefits. This initiative hasincreased the income of collectors from Rs. 2,665,435 to Rs. 10,096,725 in the programmedistricts

ii. Canadian International Centre for Studies and Cooperation (CECl)

CECl/I\Iepal since recent past has been involved in the natural resource management of theselected fur western districts of Nepal. It was involved in the development of methodologies forsustainable management of endangered and high value medicinal plants in Iumla. In 1997-98 ithad conducted field~testing of methodology for NTFP inventory taking and providedrecommendations for flitLire inventories. Information dissemination on the management andmarketing of endangered and high altitude medicinal and aromatic plants as well as theirconservation for sustainable livelihood were some of its on-going programs.

iii. CARE Nepal

RADP/CARE is basically involved in conductino seminars, workshops and NTFP managementtraining and other types of training programs to create a common forum for all the stakeholdersworking in the field of NTFPs. Its objective is to identify the problems and constraints oncultivation, collection and processing and marketing of NTPPs. It is also working in Bq, Ihangdistrict in the identification of the NTFPs and medicinal plants. It has provided training toFECOFUN members on Chiraito (Sweriio chiroi/0) CLIltiVation and nursery management and thesustainable liarvesting, management and marketing and networking system development. It hasprovided support to establish NTFP enterprises producing Allo and Bhangro products in Baiuradistrict

iv. Center for CoinmLinity Development and Research (CCODR)

CCODAR has been involved in community development program through sustainable use ofNTFPs. Its target groups are the farmers of Gorkha district and the Gorkha Aurved Company(GAC). It has initiated income generating activities through nursery establishment andcultivation practice of NTFPs through local farmers as well as processing of NTFPs throughGAC and marketing the processed products. The products of the GAC are also utilized inprimary health care of the local farmers, as well.

v. Center for Environmental and Agricultural Policy, Research, Extension and Development(CEAPRED)

Promotion of NTFPs through nursery establishment in community forests as well as privatelands is the main activity, which creates market access for NTFPs for rural development and

14

,_I

.-^

I, I

.-,

.^

I~',

-,

,-~

.,

.J

~\

^,

.-,

.-,

.--.

.--..

,--

,-\

,'~~*

\-

,--

L_

.

poverty reduction. CEAPRED is also involved in undertaking community based economicdevelopment projects through strengthening local institutions and promoting natural resourcemanagement, such as harvesting and marketing of NTTPs and awareness creation throughtraining and other support.

vi. DEPROSC/Nepal

Development Projects Services Center (DEPROSC) Nepal is involved in the identification ofstrategic NTFPs for poverty reducation programs in collaboration with ICIMOD, Dabur/I\16paland IFAD. Capacity building of 60 CFUGs for NTFP harvesting, capacity building of 230leasehold forest groups of poor farmers for cultivation of NTFP and marketing were among themajor programs of DBPROSC/Nepal

vii. Environment, Culttire, Agriculture, Research and Development Society (ECARDS)/Nepal

Sustainable soil management, advocacy for coinmLinity forestry and study and inventory onforest resources are the ma, jor area of focus of ECARDS/Nepal. The main purpose of 'theseprograms is to provide conservation education and promotion of soil fertility throughmanagement of organic components of the soil, access to and control over forest resources andinventory taking of plant resources. This organization has also been promoting in-sill,conservation of forest resources through conservation education and training to fanners, Gos,NGOs, CBOs, local leaders and CFUGs

viii. CTZ/Churia Forest Development Project, Lahan, Siraha

The project was involved in NTFP related activities such as cultivation, land productivityincrement by introducing NTFPs, protection of valuable species and improve economicOPPorttinity by promoting NTFP processing and marketing. The promotion of NTFP processingand marketing was confined to the low-income groups of Siraha and Saptari. With its assistancesome community-based organizations were actively involved in processing and marketing ofNTFPs. Besides, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation and the Department of Forest aresupporting NTFP cultivation, processing and marketing through various policy measures.

ix. Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (NAF)

This organization is working with CFUGs in the inid hill areas and private forest groups of theterai. The main activities are focussed on the promotion of NTFPs through identification andtheir marketing linkages in order to generate higher benefit to the rural people. It has beenfocussing on the expansion of agroforstry that motivates the farmers to adopt the cultivation ofpotential and high valLie NTFPs withoLit loosing the immediate agricultural subsistence productsthat are grown on the farmers' marginal land pieces.

L_

I_

I'~

L_

I~

I_

i--.

t .

I~~

\

x. SNV/Nepal

,. ..

The SNVn\Iepalis contributing to biodiversity conservation and sustainable management ofresources through increased benefits to forest LISers. One of the int\jor programs is nationalcapacity building for the promotion of community based forest enterprises in Nepal. In thiscontext, capacity building has been initiated through national painters in the NTFP sub-sector. Itis basically trying to deliver the business development services to forest based enterprises and hascontributed to policy advocacy, reform and implementation of community forestry and NTFPenterprises.

I.

\,

15

Chapter4

Status ofNTFF Production and Marketing

MajorTyj"s ofNTFPS Available4.1

NTFPs can contrib, ate in an important way to the Nepalese economy. Approximately, 800 species -of MAPS/NTFPs are used as foodstuffs, flavoring agents and spices, perfumes and cosmetics,pharmaceuticals and biological agents. Approximately 100 to 150 species of NTFPs are traded.The number of traded species could be even higher as the government estimation is based on theformal market demand that tends to be conservative. Local communities on the other hand whoalso use NTFPs for their subsistence livelihood have identified many species and multi 16 uses'(Gautam and Davoe 2002 quoted by Kristina 2002). As embodied in the Forest Regulations, thegovernment has so far officially identified 234 valuable NTFPs in the countr ; whereas localsfroin a relatively small area 11nder a single forest type identified 436 NTFPs (Gautam K. H. andDevoc, N. N. , 2002).

According to Edwaads (1996), NTFPs of Nepal fall Touchly into too categories, namely highvalue products from high altitLide and low value products from lower altitude (below 2000 in).He has identified 39 important NTPP species of these two categories, of which 17 (44%) areconcentrated in the low altitude region (Table 4.1).

Typeofimportant NTFPs available in the Low Altitude AreasTable 4. I

S. N Scientific name

,^

,

,IC'(IC'itI 1'11 flitr

. IC"11/1*' C'flitJ, ,, I'S

4.!^291tlgii*'Intel, JamJ

C'11/1/'11, loini, In

1,111c'esc en. \

5

6

('innti, ,1011/11/11 Ifim"do

7.

CmJ, (mro",,, I, I Jini, "!o

Nepali name

8

Diosco, eq Lienoic!ear

UQCOC"1771/3s )hc, ei 1<'11. ,

.

9

Sikakai

I O.

801ho

briar/(I, h(Iseo/older

I I

Kurilo. Satawar

,--^

I'hv//onIhi, s e"16nc"

SLigandliakokila

Pi ci' 10/1 nil, I

I 3 .Runvo{lid sei')@111im

Plant

e

Nc ali dalchini

R, Ibid "1,117ih

15

,~

IC

Sci inch, s 1,111koi'OSst

I 6.

Tree

V akur

at

71!, mindful bellei. leg

I 7.

He I'b

~^,

Rudraksha

It!Jini"o1/11 c. hebi, in

Habitat

Source: D. M Edwards (1996); Nori-Timber Forest Products From Nepal: Aspects of the Trade in Medicinal andAromatic Plants, Forest Research and survey Center, Ministry of Forests and Soil conservation.

According to Dabur Nepal about 19 types of NTFPs hold high market demand, of which 8species (42%) are available in the lower hills and Terai, 7 species (37%) in high hills and 4species (2 I%) in the inid-hills (Table 4.2).

Climber

Zunih, ?. ty/11n,01'morni, I

Tiee

Paangro

Forest. scrub

Amia

O on forest, marsh

Tree

Pila

Scrub

Tree

Sar a handha

^.

Forest, till'in

Climber

Malitho

I. ,

Tree

Rittha

Forest. sci. ub. farm

Barro

Altitude

in)

Foi. esi, scrub, farm

Climber

Harro

.

Forest. scrub

Timur

Tree

200-1200

Forest, farm

^.,

Climber

500-2200

Herb

600-2100

Forest, scrub

Climber

~I

200-1200

Forest, scrubs, farm

Tree

Product

Forest, scrub

~-..,

Tree

450-2 100

O on forest

Tree

450-2 100

Forest, scrub

.^.

Small

tree

450-3 100

Forest, farm

Fruits

800-1500

Roots

Forest, farmForest, farm

Roots

300-1400

Fruits

Forest, farm

200-1200

200-1500

Bark

Leaves

O-1200

--\

1200-2700

Roots

II

0-1500

Fruits

^;

500-1500

500-1500

Fruits

,.~

1100-2500

Fruits

Sterns, roots

Fruits

.,

Roots

r~

Fruits

Fruits

Fruits

Fruits

._I

I

.,

. --\

16

f~.

..^

.--

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,^..

,.-

, -

,.

Table4.2 Types ofNTFPS Having High Demand and their Locations of Availability

\ .

Geo

I__

Hi h Altitude Plantsra hical Location

,-

Mid Altitude Plants

L _

\-.

Low Hills/Terai

Scientific NameI. Ariac cms

I' ~

3. PicrorhizQkiirrooo4. Rhet, ingustro!e

Or OStOC

5. SQt, ss"redoos!!, s

Source: Dabur Nepal, Kathinaiidu, 2002.

In the Inner Terai and Siwalik of eastern region, 11 major NTFPs were ranked in the first choiceby the local farmers (Yuka, 2002) detail description of which is given in Table 4.3.

Major NTFPS Type in Eastern SiwalikTable 4.3

6. Swerii@chir tm

I .

relhrz, in

7. TeX"swornchiono

S

I. lis or@ us racemosus

an I Oral

2. Crocussaiiv^s

,. -

I_

3. H eric!, in erorai"in

4. Palertonalo1amansii

Local Name

Scientific Name

2. Men!haorvensis

ACi'o11^ coldmus

Akar arm

Collhomus line!ont's

\

3. Phy/!arithusemb/ico4. Pier!on in

Kutki

r-

5. Pi

Asparagus

Padamchal

6. SII

\-

Kuth

race"?OSI, s

7

er ee

Chraito

8. Zori!hoxy/Mingrmo/urn

Lauth sano

burn mononum

17nhonio somniera

Local Name

Satawor, Kurilo

Bojho

u!ordes

Safti'onSt. John's Wort

Bomb!ISO

Qri!ridinoceo

I ~'

Su andhwal

KLirilo

L

Kusum hool

Si rimcance

Pudina

Ep/reineron1/70

.

Amala

niticroe!

national and international market.High demand in the local,Major exported species from Nepal.OnI available in the 11am Si\âlik borderin inid-hills.

.

Lon pi

.

Round Pi

.

I~

Milk thistle

Bans

High demand in local, national and international markets.High interest of local people in cultivation.Major export species from Nepal.Several companies trading with MAPS in Nepal and India havegiven this species a priority for cultivation project.AbLindant in the ast and very. much traded in 11am Siwalik

.

Aswa andha

L_

Ia

.

Timoor

.

Ia

SLinakhari,Jivanti

L.

.

.

,--

Play an importantrole in the economy of 11am SiwalikHighly demanded in the Bhutanese Camp (also as constructionmaterial)

.

. Local demand forthe trade to India

Illegal trade: Orchids are banned for export.Widely available in 11am Siwalik.

o

.

17

Scientific Name

G!ycorrhizoglab, a

Phyl/arith"semb/ica

Local Nam

Jethi madhu

Amala

Piner longiim

Si rimcance.

.

Relatively low demand fortrade in India.Widel available in the Siwalik

.

.

Rallyo4ioset!?grinno

High demand in the local, national and international market.Several companies trading with MAP in Nepal and India havegiven this species a priority for cultivation project.Market value only if harvested in big quantity and transportedin a short period of time for the extraction of the pulp (lowvalue plant).Needs high investment. The first fruits can be collected 6 yearsafter planting of seedlings.Low interest of local co Ie in the cultivation and collection.

.

Pipla, Chabo

.

R!, hio ntc!171h

.

Samagandha

Chandmarua

I,

.

,

.

High demand in local, national and international market.Imported in Nepal for processing.Several companies trading in MAPS in Nepal and India havegiven this species a priority for cultivation project.Low local knowled e aboutthe s ecies.

7/7vsano/deno

I nicL\:!"Iu

.

.

.

Maiitho

Banned for export in raw fomi.High demand at local level for illegal trade, Demand at theinternational Inarket.

Major exported species from Nepal in the past.Facing difficulty in propagationAbLindant in the ast and very much traded in 11am Siwalik.

.

.

Zun!/lory/11/7iannoizii?I

.

I ,\-,

A1nriso

.

Sourcc: Yuka Greilcr and Un\\, al Subedi, The Economy of the four major Nori-timber Forest Products in the SiwalikArea o1'11a!n Siwaliks, Practical Training Report 2001, IUCN Nepal.

NTFPs are available in government-managed forests, community forests, leasehold forests aswell as in private lands. The private effort in NTFPs so far is not so prominent. M4jority of theNTFP collection is from government and community forests. The records of sample communityforests visited by the study team reveal that the CFUGs were well acquainted with the value ofNTFPs for their livelihood, and have responded accordingly by initiating protections andplantation in the private and communal lands. (Table 4.4 and Annex 3).

.

.

I ILJ

.

High demand in local, national and international market.Major exported species from Nepal.Available in the 11am Siwaliks at the frontier with the inid-hills.

.

,-.

.

II^.

Tiinoor

Very important for the people living in 11am Siwalik andCLIltivated all over the area.

At present relatively in low quantity collected due to itsdecrease in forests

Can help reclaim degraded area.Hi h uality is foLind in the inid-hills not in the Siwalik range.

.

r~;

.

.

.

.

.

High demand in the local, national and international market.Major exported species from Nepal.On I available in the 11am Siwalik bordering inid-hills..

^,

:-,

r

I I

_I

.^.

.

^\

._I

.^,

18

,^

I

.,

..-.

,-

.

L _

-.

r'~

,-

I~

I_

Table 4.4

S. N. Nameofthe CF

I.

Type ofNTFPS Available in the Sample Community Forests

Busantahariyali CF,Akabare, Ghorsing,Dang

2. Bambaran CF,Jhalari, Kanchanpur

Area

(Ha)

3.

2700

House

hold

No.

Baitada CF, Baitada,Daiji, Kanchanpur

4.

Major NTFPs available in theforests

Belapur Tharu CF,Guiana, Bardiya

145

5

150.0

Guno, Daichini,Sugandhakokila,Hano, Barro, Asuro,Ritha, Amala, Bel,Ajiun, Chyuri,Ra'brikhsa, Timur, etc.

Chaite CF

Busantapur-3,Terathum

6. Chappan CF,Triyuga-2, Udayapur

3000

515 Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Bano,mala, Tendu, Khair. Musli,Bel, Kauso, Rohini, !viahuwa,etc.

7.

630

1/9

Dhusari CF, Rajahar-7, Nawalparasi

Major NTFPscultivated by thefarmers

226.4

Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala,Mahuwa, Pipla, Tendu. Ichair,Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, etc.

43

8.

1105. O

Pipla, Kurilo,Samagandha, Bet,Harro, Barro, Sissoo,

Dumresanne CF,Belhara -2, Dhankuta

248

9.

Angeli, Lokta, Allo, Malingo,Chiraita

881

Jagriti CF,Birendranagar-11,Surkhet

67.5

10.

Sissoo and Kiinbu

Harro, Barro, Kurilo,Amala,Ritha, Bhorla Leaf,Sal Dhup.

,. -.

Jagriti Mahila CF,Pourahi-4, Rautahat

I I . Jalandhara CF,Mahadevpuri, Banke

Citronella, Meritha andPalmarosa

,--.

Amriso, Kurilo, Harro, Barro,Chuyri, Bans, Amala,Amaro, Bet, Nigalo,Ritha, Pipla, Aswagandha,Sa a andha, etc.

12.

50.0

Kalika CF,Birendranagar,Khairahai, Chitwan

Chiraito

Citronela, Khoto,Lemon Grass, Grass,Meritha.

27.0

42

cmnomom"in mina/a

(Tejpat), Emb/teaadjcin@/is 64. mala),Asparagus racemos"s{Kurilo)

760

I _ _

Kurilo, Harro, Barro.Amala, Cudo, Ritha.Bans, etc

99 Aathingare, Harro,Barro, Kurilo.

82

160 species ofNTFPsidentified with close

collaboration with

NGOs

1027.5

Pipla, Kurilo, Harro,Barro, Amala, Tendu,Khair, Musli, Bel,Kauso, Rohini,

Mahuwa, etc.

Citronella, Meritha,Pinus, ThysonoQ/erramaxima (Amlisho),Bomb"SOS . (Bans)

Amriso, Kurilo,Haro, Barro,Chuuri, Bans,Amala, Ritha, Pi to

Samagandha, Sikakai

Kurilo

19

13 Mahila Upkar CF,Pragatinagar,

Kohalpur, Banke

14 Pregatisil CommunityForest, Simra, Bam

25

I 5 . Radha Krishna

Mahila CF.Guiana, Bardi a

4

16.

Dhairo, Kusum,Bhorla, Khair, Simal,Jamun, Indra, jau,Amaltos,Samagandha, Pipla,Satabar, Hano,

Barro, kiriala*Tendu,Khair, Musli, Bel,

Kauso, Rohini,Mahuwa, etc.

Radha Krishna

CPUG, Lal Bandi,Sarlahi

2 10.

I 7.

,

Raniban Coinniunity'oresi, Makawanpur:

5.0

I 8.

Rajbrikchha, Kurilo, Harro,Bano, Amala, Pipla, Bamboo,Bet, Panisaro, Darnor

49.0

Sali Kai. nali CF, Sati,

Narayaiipur. Kailali

29

Satabar, Samagandha,Armiso, Bans, Bet,Bakaino, Kusum andNeem.

19

Pipla, Kurilo, Harro,Barro, Am ala,Sikakai, GUT'0, etc

126

Shuntinatzar Cl'.

tahari-2.

Shalltinaga!'. SIInsari

,

20

Harro, Barro, Kurilo,Rajbrikchha,Samaghandha,Pipla, NeemKuju, Simal, Am ala,Tejpat,

151.9

SIIi\'ariagar <'1'.But\va1. 1<u andclii

21 Shi. cckrishna Cl:

Killuapui'.'urichan ur

298.0

afj

60

L

.-.

Kurilo

SI'i Ambikadcvi Cl'.

', Is rela!. JarbLita.ui. khct

Kurilo, Bamboo, Bet

,~

2000

2 I I

.

SI'i Mariakamana

Mahi!a Cl'. Cmorahi-

O, Dang

Pipla

Pipla. Kurilo, Sikakai, Harro,Barro, Am ala, Tendu, Khair,Musli, Bel, Rohini, etc

24.

339.8

1370

I'ungnu\va MahilaCl. '. Sukltad

Ghodagliodi, Kailali

A=adjrochig

indica (Neem)Embfico

oricino/is 64. mala)

Source:1'icld Survey, CEDA 2003.

The participants of the workshops held in the three regions, namely Morang, Bara and Banke hadidentified NTFPs available in the respective regions. The NTFP species ranked or prioritized byworkshops are also similar to the findings above (Annex 4).

Volume of NTFPS Collection/Production4.2

The volume ofNTFP collection/production varies by source. Official records of the Departmentof Forests based on the royalty collection indicate that the country produces about 2,100-3,000

20

110.0

Citronella, Harro. Barro,Rajbrikchha

138.0

,II II I

mriso, Kurilo, Am ala,Ia, Sa aoandha, etc.

90 Kurilo. Amala, Pipla. Harro,Ban. 0. Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel,Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa

Kurilo and fodder

Grasses cultivation

4.7

^.

I

72 Kurilo, Pakhanbet,Hari. 0, Barro, Ritha,Bans, etc

30.0

Pipla, Sikakai andKurilo

27

,.I

I.

.

Sarpagandha, kurilo,Harro, Barro, Bans, etc

45

Citronella. Ritha

Kurilo, Pipla, Harro, Barro,Am a!a, Kauso, Sikakai, Khair,Rohini, etc.

.--,

' I

.

r~

^ I

Samagandha

Rattan

.I

.-.-,

-I I

.

,III.

^

.-.,

,-.

' I

,.-\

I I~--,

," I

._I

.

r~

L,

tons ofNTFPs annually. The Mid-westGin Region of Nepal produces the maximum quantity oNTFPs (43%) followed by Western (19%), Central(16%), and Far- western (16%) and Eastern(5.52%) respectively (Table 4.5).

DoF Data on AnnualNTFP ProductionTable 4.5

r-

S. N. DevelopmentRegion

I.

2.

Eastern

Central

3

4

Western

Mid-westem

5.

Quantity (MT)

Far-western

Source: Department of Forest, 2059 B. S. (2002), Hamro Ban in Nepali,Note **: 41 districts only. NA - Not Available

The official records of the District Forest Offices reveal that the collection permits were grantedfor collecting about 18,728 tons of NTFPs officially from Terai and Inner Terai regions in thefiscal year 2002/2003 (Table 4.6)

NTFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Teraiand Inner Districts of Nepal(2002/2003)

I_

1999/00

Total

222

Quantity (MT)

Table 4.6

688

2000/01**

230

Development Region

865

626

Eastern

2,631

Central/ Western

182

Quantity (MT)

;~~

436

L_

235

Districts Included

Mid and Far-western

891

L,

2001/02

Total

397

Dhankuta, Udyapur, Jhapa,Moron , Sunsari, Siraha, Sa tari

Source: Rccords of the Concerning District Forest Offices, 200J

2,141

The record of the sample districts shown in Table 4.7 below also indicates the type ofNTFPs thatwere granted collection permit. The quantity of the herb collection permission given by theDistrict Forest Offices varies significantly in different years (Annex 5).

DhanLisha, Sarlahi, Rautahat,Bara, Parsa, Makwanpur,Chitwan, Nawalparasi,Ru andehi, Ka ilbastu

L_

675

356

I_ _

Dang, SLirkhet, Banke, Bardia,Kailaii, Kanchan or

1,400

NA

Number of

NTFP Species

508

2,939

I'~'

Permit Granted

(Quantity- M.Ton

33

44

13/6.961

47

15,391.86

2018.723

18727.544

21

Table 4.7

NameofNTFPs

ocal

innso

NIIFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Teraiand Inner Districts of Nepal(2002/2003)

abi o

horla Bokro

o'ho

hiriato

Indriani

Indrianifulko ham

Kurilo

uar no

Scientific

Lohban

Th sanol@enomaximo

Mahuwa (FlowerMaitho

1,101io sis bing!a

o1, hiniQ voh/ii(bQrk:)

e

Pawan Bokra

aji dalchinj

coroz, s o010mz, s

Pila

wentochir ifa

Triohoson!hes trioss idai@

Ritha

Trichoson!he^ intrss ida!@

Rohini hal

Sikakai

uanti Permitted MT

S 010 I'S rocemost, s

re

e' bokra

oran

hornio s

endLileaf

83in o Pinus roxbz, r hit

o33i0 10/1^/I^

lintir

ubia mon'ith

otal

Cmomom"in loino/o

Source: Record o1'1hc Concerned District Forest Omce, 2003

4.3 Trade Volumes and Destination

arsa

i er 10n 11m

a indus milkoross!

0,240

The trade of NTFPs has been growing as a booming busin^ss worldwide. Data on the collectionand trade of NTFPs from Nepal varies generally by sources. The annual harvest and trade ofcommercial NTFPs from legal and illegal sources is roughly estimated to be between 10,000-15,000 metric tons and is composed of 100 species with a value of Us $ 8.6 million in Indianboarder according to Rawal and Paudya1(1999). According to ANSAB, the trade of NTFPsfrom Nepal to India is estimated to be approximately Us$ 26.5 million (ANSAB, Nepal, NTFPNetwork Newsletter, March 1997). Herbs export was equivalent to NRs. 71.5 million to Indiaand the Ministry of Finance has recorded NRs. 25.9 million to other countries in the year2000/01. Government data on the revenue from herbs export from Nepal for the last 10 yearsindicate that India contributed 73 percent to 89 percent of total NTFP revenue (EconomicSurvey. 200 112002)

o101/1s Phil!

0,625

Banke

coc!o largo/a

1.00

Ginnomo/n loino/a

0550

23

10s rosinon!ona

1200

I I

o171hoxy/11m armorz!in

.^,

IngnSIS

1384.

0950

I.I

7.45

-.,

0,100

0901

37,580

.

Official records of the Department of Forests based on the royalty collection indicate that thegovernment collects annual revenue between Rs 13.90 million to 21.41 million by grantingperlnission for the annual collection of about 2,100-2,900 metric tons of NTFPs. The annualincome from NTFPs was worth to NRs. 16.6 million in the Fiscal year 1999/2000, NRs. 21.5million in 2000/01 and NRs. 13.9 in 2001/02 respectively (Table 4.8). The permit issued forcollection of NTPPs is given in Annex 6

o

0.03

~I

o

0600

0,098

..,

0200

.

51,396

.I.

30,155

23.2

I . I

30,155

1447.83

.,

'~I

-.

.-,

,,--,

.

.

.-,

^

\ -,

--,

.-,

22

.-.

-\

^

r-

I~L.

Table 4.8

S. N. DevelopmentRegion

I.

AnnualNTFP Royalty Collections by DoF (Rs in '000)

Eastern

2 Central

3.

r'~

Western

4.

L_

Mid-westem

5 Far-western

Source: Department o1' Foi'CSt, 2059 B. S. (2002), Hamro Ban in Nepali, based on 41 districts

It is difficult to obtain exact data on NTFP trade by districts, as proper recor an ake t in place. However, as mentioned above, it is found that NTFP business is incr glasttwo decades. It was found froin the traders survey that Nepalgunj in t e wes Gin pbiggest tradino center for NTPPs in Nepal. There are more than - es a is eNepalgunj. OLitofthem, 3relativelybigtraderscapturealmost7 percen o ..NTFPs landed at Nepalgunj are ftirther exported to north Indian cities o ucAccordin, to Jaribtiti Association of Nepal(JABAN), 796 metric tones ofNTFPs were expo efrom Nepalganjin FY2001/2002. MajorNTFPstradedinbig\'o1umewere oun ,Bh!!Ikesh, GINIcii!0, D(11chin!; Dht, pi, Dhz!piadi, Iotamosi, Ri'rho, Sika i, MgOn on , 1:0and Tin?1/1 of which five are widely found in the siwaliks and Terai.

Study showed that in Eastern Nepal majority of traders have been engage in seaofNTFPs. They have oftenjust been collecting theNTFPs from the vi ages w yreceived ordersfroin bigger marketcenterssuchasSiligudi, Ko ataan ytradino only on few species such as Chiroiio and, 410inchi'. Major s reEastern Rec, ion wereAloichi, Amliso, Chiroi'!0, Indyeni, Mq/'!Iho. Nagbe/i, 1/1 o0n 11n

India remains to be the major market for Nepalese NTFPs. The official custom recor s 'that more than 134, 000 metric tons of NTFP was exported to In in in(Table 4.9). This figure, however, varies considerably yearto year (Annex 7).

NA- Not Available

1999/00

Total

L-

1,047

\-

4,853

2,5 16

L_

4,091

2000/01

4,141

r~

I, 66,48

1,185

f ~'

3,443

4,158

r~

9,227

L_

3,441

2,14,54

r-

L

2,078

;

2,058

r '

7,163

I_

NA

r~

2,63 I

I_

I, 39,30

L-

,-

,- .

23

Table 4.9

SN

I.

2.

Exports of Nepalese NTFPs to Indian Market from Different Customs Points(2002/2003)

Kakarvitta Jha a

3.Bhantabari(Sunsari)

4.

to abani Moron

Custom Point

5.

Malan a

6.

Vinamor Mahotari

7Gaur(Rautahat

8Bir un' (Parsa)

9.

Sariahi

SIInauli(RLi andehi)

10.Krisnanaoar(Ka ilbastu

11Ru aidiha (Banke)

I 2.

Kailali

Source: Concerning District Customs Department Offices, 2003

Tile collection of NTFPs takes place in different pockets of Terai region before it is exported toIndia, The information provided in Table 4.10 and Annex 7 indicates the patterns ofNTFP tradein Nepal.

Major NTFP Purchase and Procurement Centers in Nepal TeraiTable 4.10

Kanchan or

Total

Ex ort Quantj

Market Center/District

M

7,126

I. Binainod (Jha

96,995

2. Dharan (SLinsari)3. Kanchan ur (Sa tari)

299

4. Chandrani aha Lir(RaLitahat)

26,035

Ro al

35

5. Herauda (Makwan6. Arunkhola (Nawal

a

a)

35

7. Ne al, tin

289

8. Sunkhet

NRs

423

9. Dan ,

132

.--,

10. Kailali

499,495

727

1,304,800

2,424

Source: Frold SUI'VCy. CEDA, 2002

Amorrisithe six market places visited in India, Delhi was found to be the biggest market forNepali NTPPs, The relatively high demand in the Delhi market for NTFPs is met by supply fromNepal, followed by India's own supply and that from Bhutan and Pakistan respectively (Table4.11),

(Banke)

,~*

I

134,839

Lir)

3 19

No. Of Key NTFPsTraded

85,333

.-,

arashi)

18,650

-.

18,800

84,824,000349,900

207,0163,592,225

,.-

I II

.-.

Average Quantity2002/2003 MT

NA

90,900,219

5

-.

NA

9

NA

.-,

7?

,^.

17

I

5

^,

42

8

Traded

8

--,

In

23.7

1405.3

805

16.0

244.1

352 5

,-.

1869. O

167.0

2902.7

52.3

.-,

-.

-.

I.,

~^

24

.-.

.J

Table 4.11

*

edicinal Herbs

tis

.- -

tis

Percentage of MajorHerbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries

o'ho

e

himito

ali

hu

ucchi

r'~

Jadi

atamanSI

h au

Iwanti

Kakadsin 11i

Ne al

Kakoli

Kutki

\

Ma'itho

,-

khar bokra

5

Panchaunle

100

Ritha

Bhutan

20

alamdana

60

,

L

SU I 9'0

25

atawar

Su ,andhakokila

I~ ~

5

Su andliawal

85

15

jin Lir

Source: Indian Trade Centers, 2002

There exists a long tradition of Nepali traders supplying a range of NTFPs to Indian traders.Difforent species of Nepalese NTFPs absorbed in Delhi marketis shown in Table 4.12

85

India

4

10

70

75

95

5

5

L_

10

Pakistan

70

40

35

75

40

\-

95

60

5

10

95

100

85

5

75

15

2

100

20

5

, ,

30

20

r'

85

5

40

60

I~

7

50

40

,

20

25

Table 4.12

MajorNTFPsimported from NepalAnnual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centers, Delhi(2000

Local Name

Amala

Amalbed

Atis

Atis Ne aji

Bhorla

Bish Mitha

Bis hase

Bo'ho

Chiraito (Mitha)Chiraito (Tita)

ahar)

Ph 11Qnth"s emb!jog

Scientific Name

Dalchini

Rhez, ing"siro!e etiole

Dhu Iakad

Aconitum herero

Gucchi

Del hint"in himo1 o1

Jatamansi

Bothinio voh/^7 (boyk)

inan

AGOniit, in erox

Jiwanti

Po

Kakadsin ,i

Acorus calQmus

Kakoli

Buying Rate(IRS/I, g)

h Jinm

Swer!io s

odinm vu/ ore

Ka hal

Swer!ia chiravi!a

Kutiki

Cmnomomz, in loino/a (bark)

Maitho

Innneodojomioea

Okhar bokra

A, lorehe//a conica

Padamchal

Noi. dos!ooh s randi o10

AverageAnnual

Import fromNe al MT

Pakhanbed

Lichen s

30-35

PanChaLinle

E hemeroniho macroei

Pila

^$100ia chinensis

90

Pi

1000

Frill//ona cirrhoso

Ridia

Ia riml

250

A,{vrico esct4!enjo (boyk)

20-22

Salamdana

^ I

^crorhizoscro hulorii ore

.^

Sal a andha

100

Rub^^ mon '11/1

Satawar

200

./u ICJns re

,-.

54

Satuwa

R/lain? o1/31/'01e

L,

30-35

40

25

150-160

Sikakai

Bel'gen!'o cifiQ!o

12

Su

DQci 101h!^0 11010 lyeo

28-30

15

,andliakokila

Su

'-*

io

250

Pi or 10n urn (F1'11n)

Te'

,andhawal

Pi

70

Timur

100-110

3400

at

8

er 10n

Su indus milkoi'OSsi

55

,.-

Bloch cor Ihis obcordQia

120

Source: Indian 'Trade Centers, 2002

40-50

400

Rowo/ to $81 grinno

urn (Roo!)

Besides Delhi, there are other market places in India where Nepalese NTFPs are absorbedsignificantly. The Table below (413) and Annex 8 indicate the market centers and theirconsumption pattern of Nepalese NTFPs. As shown in the Table Luckriow is one of theimportant markets for Mid-western Region of Nepal butthe volume of business tends to be lessthan that of Delhi market. One or two traders of Luckiiow had a good tie-up with Nepalgunjtraders who were getting regular supply from them. KOIkata was also believed to be an important

225

IIS OrQgUS 1008mOSUS

65

Total

220

125

Paris o1 h I/O

"-\

300

ACOCiQ rugO!a

55

160-180

-^,

Cmnomomzim lancescens

20

7

180

rulerion0 'o10monsii

100-150

300

Ginnomomwm lama/Q (/eo

35

350

Zoriihox min ormo!Min

35-40

8

17

12

1200

50

120-125

400

85

325

10-11

--.

225

200-225

..-,

90

100-160

15

300

160-200

10

60-65

30

15

700

,-,

90-95

8

60-70

24

50

300

16

300

150

-.

120

350

75

6112

,I

--~

26

.-,

,^-\

.-.

I

f~

\

,-

I_

market for NTFPs from Eastern part of Nepal but the field verification showe t at t e a erswere not linked with Nepalese traders as in the case of Delhitraders. In a ition, e p 'offered by the KOIkata traders tends to be little less than that offered by Delhitra ers. jiguritraders were mostly buying A1ainchi and Chiraito from Eastern Nepal. The int\jor co ec ioncenters were found to be Birtamod and Dharan in Nepal.

Table 4.13 Annual Import ofNTFP from Nepal by differentlndian Trade Centers(.- - SN

I.

Trade Centers

2

3

Excel Dru House, KOIkota

4

Sourcc: Indian 'I'radc Ccntcrs. 2002

Kan ur

Lucknow

Besides India, the Inarket for NTFPs froin Nepal exists in 19 other countries from around t eworld. They are- Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hongkong, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, USA,France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Czech-Republic, Australia, Austria, ewZealand and Hungary. Some 28 types of species have been exported to these countries in epast, mostly in the processed form. The quantity of export ranges between 8 to 17 metric ons peryear (Table 4.14)

Kannauj

Year

2001

,---

2000

Number of majorNTFP jin orted

2000

2001

I~

L_

I~

Quantity onT)

16

8

12

5

, .

271.00

I

132.0

552.00

,

3

I'~'

I

\

I~~

27

Table 4.14

S. N NameNTFPs

2

Export ofNTFPs in the Overseas Countries

MossesLichens

3

4

Cinnamon

o

S ices

and

Plant and plantParts(Seeds &Fruits)

5

1998/99

6

Natural Gums

& Resin

uanti

7

Tanning'D in Extract

1999/O

8

o

k

Essential oil &Resinoids

9

o

o

Essential oil

2000/O

10

Lemongrassoil

o

3,00

I I

o

Wintergreenoil

o

10,00

12

1998/99

I*

Citronella oil

o

14

Pailnarosa oil

o

Cainomile oil

o

o

Value NRs

Freiich

oil

>

1,040

6

o

Nagaraiha oil

1999/00

12,523,50

o

17

Rhododendron

oil

805

Basi

103

18

o

16 I

Artemesia oil

9

497

12,369,71

Natural Hone

468

o

20

2000/01

LycopodiLiino\vder

6,663,17

65

21

I

9,86

77

1,099,56

296

30

.~^

2 I O

Juni er oil

fj,

289

Zantlioxylumoil

2,637,03

,-~

724

o

7 13

o

200

1,158,803

DryMLishrooin &

ITtiff!es

10,494,027

^

10

23

125

o

913,999

o

427

24

,-\

o

57,789,3 10

9,624

o

o

1,303,858

Chirata

99

o

o

25

^

o

Meritha

A1vensis oil

30

3,116,147

19,354

26

,..~

.,

381,485

27

I I 5

o

Abies oil

o

377,638

980,068

5,140

66,485

494

28

40

o

1,068,185

26,913,119

Lac

Rattan

I 70.6 11

14,000

74

Lac, Gums &Resin

85

Source: Trade Promotion Center, Lalitpur, 2003

5

390,338

109,498

..,

o

4,000

2,278,200

2

352,203

Total

423,994

o

4,405,534

1,175,842

65

o

o

57, 830

o

.^,

150

o

3,625,172

98,107

.

o

o

73 I, 99 I

o

1,165,866

o

o

o

o

7,078.18

o

187,180

o

16,610,109

180,649

o

o

--,

o

2,848,447

o

o

567,024

^

5,5 1,278

1,727,796

o

o

o

o

7,574

-,

o

15,601

1,047,293

245,276

o

3,500

~.,

130,487

o

o

17,472 I

^\

988,227

o

443,361

o

o

..^

1,453,26764,269,43 I

04,178,822.18

.-.

o

.,

o

o

o

o

,^

2,848,407

o

..-.

o

o

2,326,951

o

o

o

1,780,617

o

.^\

0,812,628

o

~--:

-..,

,-\

..-,

28

^

,,

,-~

. -.

,-,

I'

Among the various species of NTFPs, Chiraito (Swertia spp. ) occupies ina, jor position in thetrade of wild medicinal plants. Thirty-four districts of Nepal have been found to contribute in thesupply of Chiraito. It is traded in 27 int^jor herb trade centers of Nepal from east to west.Comparatively, it is traded as one of the commonest commodities in the herbs trade. Ninedifferent species ofSwertio spp. have been identified from the trade samples of Chiraito. About419,300 kg of Chiraito has been estimated in the trade during 1995/96. Out of the total trade ofChiraito, more than 50% is traded from east Nepal(Bhattarai and ACharya 1998).

The status of production and marketing is not recorded properly in the country. The records andstatistics are those, which needs approval for exports or long haulage transportation.

,

\-

I ,

\

,--

(-

r~

I

(,

I_

\- -

\ .

(. ^

\

\ .

(-.

\

29

Chapter 5

Marketing Channels, Procedures and Prices ofNTFPs

This chapter analyses the marketing channels, procedures and prices of NTFPs including thepotentials of value additions.

Marketing Channels and Intermediaries5. I

The farmers, villagers, shepherds, women and children are the lowest level marketing agents thatcollect the NTFPs from the wild and initiate their marketing. They collect the NTFPs in their offfarm free time. Shepherds collect the high value herbs while tending to their cattle during thesummer months on high altitude pasturelands known as 'kharkas". No organization is so farknown to coordinate the collection of medicinal plants either in the private or public sector. As aresult, there is little supervision over collection methods and time although knowledge of theirusc and value is passed on since generations

The marketing channels, marketing centres and intermediaries vary by places. During field visitsthe study tealn rioted that NTFPs froin Eastern Region were often sold at road head markets suchas Basantpur, I{ile, Dharan and Birtamod. Dharan is the main NTFP trade center for the easternregion of Nepal. The Dharan based traders export their collection to India (Delhi, KOIkata,Mumbai, Kanpur etc) through wholesalers at Siliguri - the border town in India

Most of the collectors of the Central Development Region sell their collected NTFPs to nearbylocal dealers. I{owever, some collectors who are engaged in this business since long andpurchasinu NTFPs froin the area such as Rasuwa, Trisuli, Barabise, Charikot, Sindhupalchok andCorkha sellthein to WITolesalers in Kathmandu, Birgunj and Janakpur. The traders at Birgunj andJanakpLir export their collection to India (Delhi, KOIkata, Kanpur etc) whereas the Kathmandutraders Lindertake processing and/or export to USA, Italy, France and other European countriesbesides India. Kathmandu and Birounj tend to be the major NTFP trading hubs for Central andWestern Region

Collectors front most of the Mid-western Region's mountain, hill and Terai districts e. g. Jumla,Humla, Mugu, Kalikot, DoIPa, Mustang, Simikot, Jajarkot, Rukum, Rolpa, Salyan, Baihang,Doti, Surkhet, Dailekh, AChham, Baiura, Pyuthan, Banke, Bardia and Dang supply their NTFPscollections to mostly Nepalgunj, Surkhet and Krishnanager based wholesalers who then export toIndia (Delhi, KOIkata, Kanpur, Nagpur, Varanasi and Mumbai etc) basically through Nepalgunjand Krishnanagar border

Collectors from Far-Western hill and Terai districts e. g. Darehula, Baitadi, Doti, Dadeldhura,Kanchanpur sell NTFPs to Tanakpur- a border town in India adjoining Mahendranagar andDhangadhi. Some NTFPs collected in Dhangadhi are also diverted towards Nepalgunj, as it tendsto be the main NTFPs trade center for the inid and far-western regions. According to JanbutiAssociation of Nepal(JABAN), Nepalgunj, 796 metric tons of NTFPs were exported to Indiafrom Nepalgunj in fiscal year 2001/2002.

Trade in MAPS from the rural areas of Gorkha district of the Western Development Region to thewholesale markets in India was investigated over a period of two years, The investigationindicated that approximately 98 per cent of the products are exported unprocessed to India. The

...^

^\

.,

~-\

~-,

,-\

,

,,

..,

,^

I.-.,

^,

,-~

./

--\

\J

--~

.--,

--,

30

~..

.--,

,--\

^

.,

. -..

L_ mamactorsinthetradearecollectors, roadheaddealers, an erq ,Marketing margins and price data indicate that the NTFP mar e is i p ..wholesalers earn excessive profitswhileroad head dealers have very o .. g'Helles(1997)haresuggestedthatthegovernmentshou!dfocUS. On pro"" ' , Itsuchasdissemination of price information anddeveloping physica mra ,not directly intervene in the market.

According to Rawal and Pandya1 (1999), utilization of NTFPs in terms o coroduction/transformation is very limited. The market and trade c anne s o inOS

followageneralpattemofforesttohamlettoroadheadorloca mar es, gtrade centers (Terai - based wholesalers) and/ or India (Figure 3). The presenttra e c anne.not provide for an equitable share of profits to collectors and t e mar e arg y phands of a limited number of wholesalers.

Thus, therearethreeinainchannelsofNTFPmarketsandsourcesin GPa: g ,road-head level and Indian traders. The stakeholders at each Ieve o es ecitic functions and services they provideto each other and fort e inOS p psome level of acceptable economic return from the activities. Once t e prothey are generally sold and absorbed in India for uses in inariu an tiring pconsumer products. Someoftheseproductsarethenexporte outo n i .. g ,a Iar, c portion is consumed in India. India is Nepal s biggest market or me ic'prodticts.

( .

( -

\-

I~

I~

\

I

\ -

I~( -

I' '

I

I

\.-

I~~

\

C'

t .

I

\

31

Fig3: General Trend ofNTFP Marketing Channelin Nepal(Rawaland Paudya1, 1999)

Individual collectors'

approx 95%

Collection ofNTFPs,Medicinal &

Aromatic Plants -

Rural Middlemen in

the inid-hills

Community Collector

Herbal Traders (Roadhead district centers)

Export orcrLide Herbs(India overseas)approx. 90% of total

,

Terai Wholesalers

\,,\11/1nP AF tmrlP

,--

^,

I~~

Pillage Level, Loc"/ LevelThe network of village leveltraders is scattered throughout the inid-hills. This group of tradersholds a valuable knowledge of local sources of NTFPs and maintains a close relationship withthe harvestsrs/collectors in their respective working areas. A village level trader has linkageswith the NTFP collectors. Those village leveltraders purchase NTFPs from collectors in arelatively cheap price and sellthem to the road head leveltraders. According to Edwards (1996),the assistance of village level traders improves the economics of collection and increases in theoverall volume of trade.

.,

.-\

Processing Units (publicand private) approx 10%of total volume of trade

.-,

,.

.-,

Export of Processed Products(essential oil, resinolds etc. )

,

..-,

, .~

L_

,-\

--,

I

...-,

.-.\

I-.

t^

,-^.

~I

,--\

I. .,

32

.-,

~,

. -,

,--

I^

^,

I_ _'

,,. .

RocdHecdLevel

The road head traders generally take transit and export permits from relevant district forestoffices. There exists relatively intensive competition between the traders at road head level. Theroad-head traders often have a tendency to hold and maintain their control over the village leveltraders. They tend to maintain such control generally through advance payments against thecommitted supply of desired species in desired season and with committed basic marketingstandards. The road-head traders use their village level network to pass on information on marketrequirements to be taken care of at actual harvester's level. Some wealthy village traders manageto remain free to sell their local collections to those who could offer the best price but themajority end up with no choice as they have in a way already mortgaged their collections.

Terni mulers

The traders located in the 11rban areas in Terai along or near the East-West Highway, are thesmallest yet most powerful group of intermediaries in the NTFPs trade. They manage theiroperation over large catchments that stretching to the north including several road-heads andairstrips that frequently extend beyond the Tibetan border. The Terai traders are typicallyMarwadis, Muslims or some other caste groups who have traditionally maintained a close NTFPtrading links with their counterparts in India since long. They remain in regular telephonecontacts with Indian business houses to obtain the existing and potential demand and supplysituation of different NTFPs, change in pricing trends etc. They maintain control over access tosuch market information so as to regulate the market in their interest

This study for instance, revealed that in Dharan and Biratnagar, three to four business housesheld control over the Hile~Basantapur NTFP wholesale market. Their business extends fromChatara in tile. west to 11ain in the east. They have their commission agents in all road-headsleading down to Teraiinarkets, whom they advance out handsome working capital for collectionand procurement of NTFPs. For one road-head trader in Hile the annual advance was equivalentto Us $6000 (1996 figure). Other road-heads appear to have more independence and yet tend toform informal but clear-cut trade links with trusted individuals in the Terai. There also exists agroup of traders in Kathmandu who, despite their locations, are best recognized as Teraitradersdue to their direct dealings with Indian buyers

In many cases the Terai traders tend to re-distribute exportable NTFPs among themselves toensure that no contesting and competition takes place within the NTFP community. To this end itcould be Ierined as a ring formation often at regional levels in order to:

. Prevent potential new entrants/competitors from breaking into the trade structure andcompeting effective Iy at the same levelReduce and maintain control over the bargaining power of road-head traders. This in turnmay reduce the profits of allinvolved in the collection and trade of NTFPs (Edwards1996)

Indian Tr", fors

Indian wholesalers come froin time to time to trading towns and road heads of the inqjor

, ~

I

\

I~ \

\-

I~

\-

,.-

\

r' '

\- .

,--

,

,.

.

I .

collection points in the hills. They have agreements with shopkeepers who, in turn, are in touchwith a network of village-based traders and collectors throughout the less accessible parts of thecountry. These Indian wholesalers and commission agents are found to controlthe purchasingprice of Nepalese NTFPs. Some wholesalers also retail crude herbs. Probably the most important

center for trade in raw materials is in the Khari BaOli district of Old Dehli where there are to50 wholesalers along the busy market streets. Other main Indian centers are: KOIkata, y era a ,Mumbai and some smaller north Indian towns including Kannauj, Kanpur, Lukhnow, Paina anRainnagar. At each center there are wholesalers and commission agents who buy from t e eraitraders and sell to the ayurvedic medicine manufacturers and/or essential oilindustries. Theintnor importers of Nepalese NTFPs and the quantities imported are listed in Annex 9.

The main Indian buyers are the big pharmaceutical companies like, Dabur, Vaidyanath, Charak,Himalaya and Zandu who use herbs in their Ayurvedic preparations. Others are the cosmeticfirms, homeopathic companies and multinational pharmaceuticals and their research laboratoriesin Europe and America. KOIkota is the most important market for NTFPs from east Nepal and theKoshi Hills because it is relatively close to Nepal, and has a large population with large-scaleindustrial and retail markets though KOIkotta based traders buy species like cardamom in muchmore quality than MAPS and NTFPs. It is also the most convenient port for the overseas export.

Two of the biggest crude herb dealers in KOIkata are Morex (India) limited and Excell DrugHouse. They have commission agents in different places and are supplied by a network of 10-15sole agents located from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. In Nepal, these agents are the Teraibased traders. Morex supplies the majority of material for KOIkatta's ayurvedic industries, inparticular, Baidyanath Limited and Dabur (India) Limited. Morex deals in approximately 150species of NTFPs of which some 50 are traded from Nepal. When asked to name the mostimportant NTFPs of Nepalese origin, they mentioned chiroita sp. , PI'CIOhiâ scrophulor, ?old andRz, bid 11/01/1111"

Trade in India is even more competitive than in Nepal, because of the existence of a relativelylarge number of evenly sized competing business houses. India-based major industrialists, whodeal in NTFPs ainong a range of other commodities, further complicate the situation. Theindustrialists form a powerful lobby at times are known capable of exerting political andeconoinic pressure to lift export bans on certain products. Of the smaller towns in northern India,Kannauj is a particularly important market for crLide herbs. It is a center for both the semi-processing and final processing industries that produce perfumes, soaps and incenses. Its locationnear Nepal allows direct marketing of crude herbs by the Teraitraders (Edwards, 1996).

The marketing channels also differ according to species type. A New ERA study (1997), in theMid-western Development Region of Nepal(MWDR), identified several channels for particularspecies ofNTFPs (Table 5.1)

,

,.^

^

,--\

\,

~

.,

...-

.-,

,\

-.\

.- .

^,

~-/

,--~

,..-~

\--.

34

,, 4^

. I

., I

,.

~

\

Table 5.1

, -

Scientific NameofNTFFs

\ .

cmnomomz, intorna!a

Marketing ChannelofSomelmportantNTFP in Mid-western Region

\

De!phihiumhim o10y, @j

.. -

Local NameofNTFPs

.

Daichini

IVU, 'dosiUC/IVSgrand!/10ro

.. .

Atis

, ..

.

Marketing Channel

Jatamansi

Collectors-*VillageTraders-, RegionalTraders^Wholesalers-*Exporters

Traders^-VillageCollectors^

TradersÊx oners

.

. .

PIL. rolli=ci

soroph!,/drill1()10

.

F'

Famers/Collectors-+Middlemen/Localtraders^Wholesaler/ExportersFarmers/Collectors-,-Middlemen-Ex oners.

~

.

,' '*

FainterSICollectors-*Middlemen-*Localtaders-, Wholesalers^Processors-> ExportersFarmers/Collectors-Processors~ Middlemen-+ExportersFarmers/Collectors-+Processors~- ExporterFarmers/Collectors-*Middlemen^RegionalTraders~Processors-ExportersFarmers/Collectors--Middlemen/Localtraders-+IllegalEx oners

Sopinofi, srill, korossi

. ,

.

.

Kutki

.

Sweriio chiroyiio

.

, .

Rittha

.

Palerioon"

laidmOhSii

Farmers/Collectors^Middlemen/LocalTraders^WholesalersÊxportersFarmers/Collectors^ Middlemen^ ExportersFarmers/Collectors^Middlemen-*RegionalTraders-+Ex oners

.

Chiraito

.

Zori!hoxy/!jinorniaiiini

Regional

. Collectors^VillaoeTraders-RoadheadTraders^Wholesalers-Exporters^Processors (India)Collectors-VillageTraders~-Wholesalers-Ex orters-Processors (India

SLigandhwal

.

, -

.

Source: Some Valuable N'I'FPs orNcpal, New ERA, September I 997.

Collectors-VillageTraders~Regional Traders-*ExportersCollectors-+VillageTradersÊxportersCollectors~VillageTraders-RegionalTraders^Wholesalers-Ex oners

.

Tiinur

.

. Collectors Village Traders- Regional Traders^Wholesalers~ Processors ÊxportersCollectors^ Village Traders^ Processors +Exporters

.\

.

. Collectors-*Middlemen/VillageTraders~-LocalTraders^Wholesalers-*IndiaCollectors~Small Traders-*LocalTtraders-Wholesalers/ExportersCollectors^Villaoe agents~Localtraders^Processors-+Wholesalers/Ex oners Retailers/India

.

I,

.

35

5.2

Prices ofNTFPs depend to a large extent on supply and demand conditions. The level of NTTP .collectionAjarvest and the storage and retaining capacity at different levels characterizes supplyofNTFPs. Trade of NTFPs has been taking place through a very long channel. Every step in themarket channel enjoys a .profit, resulting in a very low price to the collectors who work hard tocollect the products. The return that collectors make from NTFPs, often in many cases remainsbelow the opportunity cost of their labor (Table 5.2).

Collectors'/producers' price trends of select NTFPs, 1995 to 1999 (NRs/kg) inNepal

PriceofNTFPs

Table 5.2

Trade nameAmnan

Bhvakur

Chiraiio

JhyauKurilo

Botanical Name

Lapsi

Thyônomeno ", grimo

Maihito

Diosc. o1'go delloideo

Nundliiki

SIPe, 71a childvi/a

Pakhanvcd

Lichcn spp.

SURandhawal

11.1i(,,'agi, s ICJcei, 1031/5

Source: New Flu (201)I)

(:hoe, 'LISPo!, digsfari//(11'1CS

NTFP harvestcrs who have some knowledge aboutthe market and who are not dependent on theInarketing services provided by the village traders, have choice on the place and time formarketing. SIIch harvesters also have possibility of getting better price for their products.Edwards (1996) has investigated that a harvester of Child!'/a sp. can increase returns by 136percent, if he COLIld store the harvest for three months and then market it directly to the road-headtraders (Table 5.3).

Marketing options open to independent harvestsrs of Chir"jin sp. : Costs andBenefits

Ri, bitr I'mlullh

1995

()*y, 7:5' I"Ig/1110na

8.92

Bellg'ei, Iu c'11/01u

2.00

Info/ IQ, ,dialti, ,, t"IJii

1996

53.33

9.57

9.49

32.16

1.75

1997

53.00

3.16

1000

Table 5.3

12.55

34.50

2.50

1998

8.00

6 1.25

~J

3.66

Choice

11.63

5.50

15.22

Seijiminediatcly (November1992)

6.00

36.60

400

39.09

..\

1999

9.75

71.25

4.25

5.40

12.37

16.50

^,

700

10.33

43.50

11.25

43.68

91" Change (95-99)

95.00

, ^.

5.33

780

17.64

,.-,

7.50

6 1.00

Seijiater (February I 993)

13.50

47.45

6.9 I

8.50

.~

8.60

1760

38.68

51.18

.,

416.50

9.93

Sell to villa e trader

11.83

78.14

,-.~

Low return (NRs 3,360)No labor costs

Credit available

Low risks

No information needed

No storeoe needed

6121

Source: D. M Edwards (1996); Nori-Timber Forest Products From Nepal: Aspects of the Trade in Medicinaland Aromatic Plants, Forest Research and survey Center, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation.

85.88

.^,

89.68

118.67

.-~

120.00

^,

80.55

Unlikely to happen

,.-~

97.17

-J

56.59

Sell to road-head trader

Moderate return (NRs 5,600)High labor costNo credit available

Low risks

No information needed

No stora e needed

,- ..

I

~ -.

,.-..

~I

High return (NRs 7875)High labor cost110 credit available

High risksInformation needed

Stora e needed

,.^

.

~ -,

*

.,

. I

^,.

J. .

..^^

\,

\^,

36

-~

.-,

I. ~

^ .,

I_

, - ^

I

I. ^

,--~

.~- .

I. _,

The margin derived by a collector and a seller varies significantly (Table 5.4 and 5.5). The longmarket channel suggests that there is good price in the final market. It is very difficult to assessthe profit margin in each level of marketing channel. The pricing of NTFPs is affected by avariety of factors beyond the control of the collectors and local traders. The trade. ofNTFP is nota seller's market; buyers are able to dictate prices and collectors only have the option ofcollecting or not collecting. Alternative markets are not available or are difficult to enter asindicated above. Another important factor in pricing is that no one can assure the price level forthe coining year and traders will not set a firm price while providing advances. Aftenvards whencollection is done, the collectors have little option but to sell the products at the rate the tradersoffer them. Mainly big regional traders, control the market. These traders supply products toIndia. Indian traders mostly serve as commission agents for manufacturers and exporters(working on a 6-8 percent commission basis). Finally, the manufacturers and exporters in Indiahave the Liltimatc influence on the price fixation mechanism.

NTFP Price at Different Pockets of Nepal(2001/2002)Table 5.4

,\

,

\-

, -~

S. N NT'I. 'P

I'

?

~I

~

,-!coci'(I Filmyiu (Sikakai)

,

.to, 'Ms cu/, I"lift (B0'110)

! 4

I'

'11/1ti, 111. un^^hrt

( Ball I. asun)

\-

>

-Inloin",, I SIIb"/, fillipj

(Aalaiiiciii)

6

,-ISP(, r, Igi, s it, c enjos, ,*(Kurilt, )

7.

.. .

Dhanin

(Sunsari)

Berberi" s ,.(Chuiro)

8.

Berge, ,in c'Imjin(I'akhaiibcd)

9

(mina, ,10"11", I gini, c'esce, Is(Su, ,alldhakokila)

. -

Bu inc Price 2001-2002 RSIKo at different Pockets ofNe al.Hile

(Dhankuta)

10

(11) I, IU, ,10",!,"I In, "rim

(Daicliiiii)

I~ '

\-

200-325

11

(TillIU"101,711", Id, ,1,110

('IC am

I 2.

DC1 line bh0/!,,, (10kla)

Gaighat(Udyapur)

I~

13

Elf, eocn, 1711*^PIine, 'ICUsRiidrakch!1:1)

150

200-300

14

fin!oddpho. ,eo/oldes( I'all ,ro)

15

I 6.

Janakpur(Dhanusha)

Indreiii KO Bi a

Lalia

I 7.

l'pe, ' endb, I(Cliaboo/I'jin)

200.250

18

18

19

MienJ, , CIMs"'(Ile (Animbed)

25-30

Ri, biti I, lull'11/1 ( Maiiiho)

Tulsipur(Dang)

6-8

20

Sc, pinch" 1,111ki, rossi(Rillilia)

\

150

12.20

21

SII'erii(I tf"}aVi'in

(Chita .iio )

22

Nepalganj4(Banke)

110-150

Itrini'"o1/11 ^he bind

1/1arro)

\-

10

100-150

-J

Ih/eri'(,, kilni, ,,"ti, Is if(Su andhwal)

100

I

12-20

Source: Field Survey, CEDA 2002.

ZorilhoA'chi, 11 urni, ,funi

('I'jinur)

150

120-135

13-15

5-10

Attanya(Kailali)

24.28

20-3015.22

100-105

20.22

200-375

65-70

15-20

160

20-25

14.15

200-225

12

65-75

30-35

140

12-14

12-14

45-50

150.175

10

18.22

70

12.14

110-130

8.9

200

70-75

50-60

25-3012.14

160,180

80

85-90

50-55

11-12

10

150

70.75

80-85

37

The survey with traders reveals that Delhi offers the highest price among all market placesfollowed by Luckriow and Nepalgunj. There was little price difference between Luckriow andDelhi. Greater price differences were observed between Nepali and Indian markets. Indianmarket always drove Nepali market price for all species with very few exceptions. Moreover, theprice trend in Nepalgunj market has been found more consistent as compared to other markets inthe east and far west Nepal. Delhi market prices usually dictated the prices of Lucknow andNepalgunj. In some cases, however, the prices remained low in Nepali market even ifthe price inDelhi was increased (Table 5.5). This was mainly due to seasonaVtransport-related constraints, orlocal or regional availability.

Table 5.5 Price ofNTFPs in select Nepaluse and Indian Cities (April 2003)

S Products

?

A1ainchi

3

Latin Name

Amalbed

4

A1nala

dinom"in

rub!,/o1/11n

Atis

R/lei, in

uusiro/e

Parts used

80'ho

6

Phil/oninuse"Ib/too

7

Cliiraiia

HGOni!Win

heIero lip//urn

Fruit, seed

Dalchini

11corus

co/cn?jus

Nepalgan

Stern, leaf

Ouchhi

Chvau

9

SII, elfid

chii'CTi, i!o

NRs. /kg

Dried fruit

Jatamansi *

10

C'1,717,11710m 11n?

ICJmci/u

Kathmand

Root

Kakarsin, ,hi

I\-/()rehe//u

conicu

Root

NRs/K

Mailho

o

Whole

Iant

70

A'circ/OSIUC/{Vsq, 'cii?dinorci

-\

13

Padaiiichal

34

Pi*'!delc!

I'llCt!Cri"10

240

NRs. /K

Bark

Pakiianbed

300

4

Rtibic! Inari/'17h

15

60

Mushrooin

I

R/ronin

u!,$11'01e

Rimia

Lucknow

30

272

Market Pric

NRs. /K .

45

Rillzome

^\

Satawar

Belgeniocilia!a

16

I 50

Satuwa

275

17

67

^,

Gull

ScipindtisrilllkOl'OS. ,i

50

Stern, root

256

Sikakai

18

.^~

45

Delh

NRs. /K

33

4000

"'. V?drugub

,

19

Root

320

Sila'it*

I'cicc"10szis

140

78

Pal'is

o1v h I/O

140

.-~

Root

296

Su andwaj*

26

45

40

4cocio rz, o10

140

,-..,

3600

Fruit

352

152

72

Root,Shoot

.-~

Sila'iturn

160

48

Palerlong

010mOnSl!

29

Tuber and

root

---,

38

352

176

125

16

Dried fruit

32

192

Wholeart

40

54

16

*

45

184

160

170

170,240

Root

~I

46

10

184

51

,\

5300

21

168

17

-^

170

48

200

125-175

184

, -\

48

I

\,

19

I 10

160

19

160

48

28

,~

220

56

22

160-240

27

95

29

224.300

256

^/

21

160-240

152

32

-\

180-340

240

\..~

160

32

-,

264

,-.

*-,

168

38

-\

.-.

.-.-

.-J

~~I

~-.

,-\

.

. --

r-

\

^.

\ -.

20

I~~

21

Suntho

(. -

Te' at

o0

Source:ANSAB. Kathiiiandu, 2003. Note Price indicated above are for dried parts. Prices o e Ian us ow arecommission agents, a 6.5% commission is deducted from the supplier. Above prices are indicative, ave to e con limewith the Iraders before making actual business transaction

Note: ' = export pemiitted after processing

5.3 ReoulatorypoliciesandNTFPMarketing

Collection and Inarketing of NTFPs tends to be over burdened by the regulatory measures thatarc difficLilt and impractical to be observed even by the concerned regulatory agencies.Conseqtiently, Linauthorized harvesting, illegal trade and export of many banned products averemained a common practice in Nepal. The provision of taking a collection permit prior ocollection in general neither tends to be feasible nor has any significance in the part o sauthorized to issue the permits. CFUGs are free to issue NTFPs collection permits and royatycollection of the Ibrests. DFOs generally have no information as to what can be co ecte Tomwhich part or the government forests in what quantity in a sustainable manner. Despite t e egaprovision that species e. g. 1,110inonsi, SIIgondhmt, o1, SIIgondhokokilo, Senpogond a, iqiii,Loih. $011ci (TCLt!!. v b(ICc, 11(!), lilyciu and Yorsa GIImbo are not allowed to export withoutprocessing. Transit PCrinits are isSIIed by DFOs for their transport action up to the border townsof the 'Terai froiiT where they are generally illegalIy exported sometimes with wrong ec ara ion.Regulatino the collection, processing, certification and export permit falls in t e omain o anumber of agencies fLirther complicating the marketing ofNTFPs (Table 5.6).

Leoal Steps for Collection and ExportTable 5.6

\

Zingibero Gin@Ie

Timur

, t

cmnmomt, injoina/a

Z@ntho, g-, mingrinalum

.~ ..

Rhizome

Leaf

.

Fruit

~,

40

, .\

25

104

45

-\

30

85-140

48

Re uiremcnt

96-104

Collection l'ermit

Rovalt Pa merit

48

Release transit) PermitLocal'Taxes

25

96-120

,

Certificate o1' orit;in

50

Product CertificationEx on License

21

I~~~

Ex

96-118

Governmeiit royalty rates for some NTFPs tend to be irresponsive to these mar ets. ere aredifferent loyalty I'ates fixed for the same plant listed under different names. oca agencies(DDCs/VDCs) also in some cases have imposed local taxes on different NTFPs aid/or t. eirderivatives bclbi'c Ihcy COLIld be exported from respective districts. Uricoor inate anaionunder the provisions of different regulations has negative implication over the mar et an a soover those \vlio make a living through collection and trade of NTFPs. Such imper ect mar esituation encourages traders to support the rent-seeking attitude of officials at i eren evends up in the exploitation of the principal collectors

Potential for Value Addition, Processing and Income Generation5.4

Only a fraction of the total harvest of NTFPs is processed in Nepal y exis ing p 'government companies basically due to lack of knowledge an approPriaG P g ,,

on DLit

Issuin A enc

DFO/CFUGDFO/CPUGDFO

DDC

,

FNCCl/I\ICC

DPR/ DoF

De artment of CommerceCustoms office

technologies and adequate transport facilities. Therefore, the \ITFP trade also includes plants thatare prohibited against export together with those not prohibited.

Mt^jor NTFP processors in Nepal include, Singh Dt, rbor Patdy, okhono, Dab"r Nepal and HerbsProduction andProcessi"g Company Ltd (HFPCL), Gorkho Ayun, ed Company. There however,exist numerous Ayurvedic practitioners who produce a wide range of herbal medicines for theirown use.

Gorkfo"Ay"ryedCoinp""y

The Corkha Ayurved Company (P) Ltd (GAC) is ajoint venture between Nepalese entrepreneursand a French NGO CIDR (French acronym for International Center of Development andResearch). It was established in 1984 with the aim of developing Nepal's tremendous potential ofherbal resources. The company aims at generating income to the remote villagers of Gorkhadistrict addinu value on locally available medicinal herbs by processing them into AyurvedicHealth products.

The production unit of the company is located in Prithibi Narayan Metropolitan City Ward No. -3,Haramtari Gorkha while the head office of the company is located at Gongabu in Katmandu. Thecompany is using more than 150 local medicinal plants while manufacturing 35 differentAyurvedic medicines and herbal health products. About 90 percent of the totalingredients usedfor processing of herbal products and medicines come from local resources, the balance that isriot available locally are imported from other countries

CAC is engaged in NTFP CLIltivation by involving local communities in different ecologicalregion ill Corkha disti'ict. The community level production centers, as cottage industries, areestablished with the help of CAC. They have been working for the promotion ofNTFPs and togenerate incoine Ibr their members.

Drib"rNep"/

Dabur is one of the biggest Ayurvedic companies in India, which also has a manufacturing unitin Nepal. Dabur Nepal snowed interest in buying dry leaves of Taxus won^^hidno and makingbuy back contract with the fai'mers/collectors. Currently Dabur Nepal is collecting 350 tons peryear througli vai. jous traders contracted in 7 districts of Nepal whereas the total demand is 850tons per year. They are also interested in signing a contract with the village traders/communityfor the do Inestication of various medicinal plants.

HPPCL

The Herbal I'roduction and Processing Company Limited (HPPCL) have been performingcommercial farming of certain herbs and processing in its own farm and on private sectorparticularly in Terai and Inner-Terai since last few years' HPPCL has got 300 hectares of land forthe cultivation o1'aromatic plants on its different herbal farms and under its extension program. Itproduces around 20 tons of essential oil annually (excluding turpentine).

HPPCL is engaged in commercial cultivation of some exotic species of aromatic plants such aspalmarosa (Gymbopogon marlini), citronella (Gymbopogon win!eri'gnus), lemon grass

II I^

~I

^,

-,.

' Herbs are Fahnarosa, Lemong. ass, Citronella, Maincaria chainomil L. , Mentha amensis. , Ocimum basilicum, Tagetes minuta, ,

...,

, ~*

^

-\

,.^

,;

,-\

,

.^,

...-,

I ~.

,

.

I'

~,

.--J

,-.\

-,

.~.

^.-~

.^-^

.-\

.

I_ :

(. .

^~-.

(Cymbopogo" ilexz, OS"s), Japanese mint (Meritho aruensis), Gennan chainomile (Morn'congchomomi'!/@), French basil (Ocimt, in basincz, in), and a few indigenous species such as tagetes(rogeres mr'nz, !a). Domestication of Nordostachysj'ominousi, Palertang wall^^hii, and Swern'@chi'railo is being considered. Jammansi oil and Zanthoxylum oil are also commercially produced.Commercial distillation of Sugandha kokila oil from Cm?loinomz, in g!@I, cescens has beenpatented by HPPCL.

The information regarding seed/seedling availability, cultivation time/manner, harvesting timesetc. of some key commercial fanning herbs by HPPCL has been provided in Table 5.7.

Description of Commercial Herbs practiced by 11PPCL

I

. ^.

,.--.

Table 5.7

SN Plant rinme

Cm, hopogoiiIlex'!, urns

,

Morphology

CV, "60pogonInu, 'IIJii

Multiycar. 60-70 cm. hcighi.green learnndlemon smell

3

, . .

CVmb()/, ogo, I

Habitant

Multiycar. 2-3ni. heighi,grccn Ieat'androse sinell

tunnel"rill, Is

Teraito

inid-11ills

4

,. .

Soil and

Climate

nanic, Incl

010,110,111//a

L_.

Mtiliiyear. 1-2In. neight,dccp greenIC;11 tilld SOLirsmell

Terai &Inner-

'Terai

Do mat soiland

IIOPical/sub-tropical

, I\/@, 11/1/1cirve, ISI*

Seed/Seedling

Incl, {I'. 30-60c'In. Ileig/11,green wi, /elei!/o, 161I, ,e, 11ho/ smell

,

'rumi &Inncr-'FCrai

Any type ofsoilin Terai

& tropicalclimate

HPPCL andorits branch

~~

6

, .

Oc!',,, 11n,

bus, 'I^ÎIJ, I

Do mat soil

and tropicalclimate

Mill^ê0, .. 60-

71) ^,". Ileig/11.!!, tm Ie(lulldlei"0, I SIPie//

It1.0i to

in I'd-/'11/3

\ .

Cultivation Time

HPPCL and'orits branch

7

, -

Jestha (May)Ashad (-June)

Through Plants

Trigciesginnth, /!/;'rt!

I'erir/v. 30-90

c'"I. Ileig/11,101, ,Tcl greenlety"unc/ 11,131smell

Solidv 1001"

$011 &

fropi'calfyitb-fropi'calc/jingle


I'erui' 'hi"e, .-

refQi

I '~

8

\~

Ashad (June)Shrawan (July)

Through Nursery

~

Halve-

sting

171c/1030/11/1es

IPI'c'1131"third

litir{v. I-2 inIleig/11.deci, ,,,,,/tiled

Ie, I'

Sandysoi! &

fropico/c/jinciie

HPPCLondbrIIS branch

reiniio

rillc/-/, ills

3 Times'Year

Ashar (June)Shrawan (July)

Through separatinghealthy plants

Source: 1.1crb Clultivation. Collection. Processing and Protection, HPPCL, 2055 B. S. , quoted by DVN 2002.

,^

Multiycar, 1-2in. hcight,yellow colornowcr

Sa, 14. loomsoil &

fropi'coltsub-fropito/

34

Times/Year

HPPCL dildorIIS brunch

Ib, nilo

Mir/-hills

Up to MQrg (Deci

POWsh flung)

Through seeds

34

Times/Year

'Teraito

hills

Sandy loomsoil and

IFopi'coy^b-fropi'cal

HPPCLondbrIts branch

Pawsh & Maghdune/e!!)

Through roofplani@!ion

3 Times/

yeor

Sandy soil &tropicalc jinate

HPFCLondbr

Its brunch

Baisokh-Jestha

ftp"11-Mayi

Throngh seed

2 Times/year


Ies!ho - Ashod

11\/ay-fungi

Throughseed

3 Times/year

Jestha

Ashad

(May-June)

Through nursery

2 Times/

year

I TimerYear

41

Similarly, Table 5.8 provides details on minimum cultivation area, production of oil, expenditure,income and profit from some of the commercially viable oil extraction plants.

Herbs production, Expenditure and IncomeTable 5.8

S

N

Plant name

Lemongrass

2

Minimum

Cultivation

Area

3

Palmarosa

Citrone!Ia

4 Chainomile

5

Expenditure/

ha. Near

Japanesemint

10(ha. )

6 French basil

7

I (ha. )

1001a. )

Tugeies

8

Production/ha.

lyear (kg. )

Sourcc: 11crb Cultivation. F11'I'CL. 2959 B. S. quoted by DV1\I 2002.

Distillation of essential oils from Aromatic plants has already been started in the country.Currently there ai'e two steal11 distillation plants operating in Jumla, two in Humla, and one inBanke district with total prodLiction capacity of over 3000 kg of essential oil (Jatamasi,SLigandhwal) PCr annum in Mid Western Development Region (Table 5.9).

Table 5.9 Essciitial Oil Processed in MWDR-Approximate Quantity and Price (1998)

Indreni

I (ha. )

14, 388

10(ha. )

13,305

13 225

I (ha. )

15,170

Rate/1<g(Rs. )

I coa. )

23,400

Iota. ,

80

Product

IncomeAia/Year

(Rs. )

15,940

60

150

13,900

400

Jatamansi oil

29,600

500

6

JLiniper berryoil

100

\-,.

200

Raw niaterials

Required

6,000

SLigandhawalo il

Profit!'

ha.

(Rs. )

I

L-

25

32,000

500

Nu/. dos!c!chvs

.g, undi/10}'u root

Sunpati oil

20

30,000

575

1,200

,^~

Jinipe)713 illdrcOber

Sourcc: 1<. Subcdi. 1999; nibblems, Constraints and Opportunities to Sustainable Production and Collection and'Trade QIN'IN' in Nlid-western Development Region of Nepal; Workshop Proceedings: Nori-timber ForestI'roducts: 1'1',)duction, Collection and trade in MWDR of Nepal, July 11-12, 1999 Nepalgunj; Ban Udhyam-BSP/Nc\v ERA and JABAN

30,000

I

17,612

1,500

....-

36,000

ItIleri'o17u wallic/Mir

loot

16,695

,.-.

50,000

100

16,775

Oil

Produced

(K )

R/judoc/endroit

onino ogo, Ileaves

There are some other private sector initiatives that are involved in the processing and distillationofNTFP products. Some of them are:

\,.

20,830

30,000

26,600

--\

30,000

2,000

~--,

57,500

14,060

Extraction

rate (%)

2,000

16,100

~-,

27,900

50

..-\

0.8-1.8

3,000

SellingPrice

(RSIK

-\

1.0

5,500-7,000

0.5-0.8

5,000-6,500

Market

Trend

0.5

.

.- ..

11,000-16,000

Down

,-\

I

4,000

^

Down

.^-~

Up

\^

Down

.-..

.,I

..\

.--.

.-.

I.._I

,--.

~-,

.-,

42

~J

,^

.-~,

^.

.-\

,

,-

\

Him"Icy"" BioTr"de tip) Ltd Kgtfom""of"

Himalayan BioTrade (P) Limited is a trading company owned by a group. o community-oenterprises throughout Nepal. The owners include: Deudhunga Mutipurpose .p ,Humla Oil (P) Ltd. , Mallika Handmade Paper (P) Ltd. and individuals working in n. amreroducts sector. The company is technicalIy backed up by Asia Net\vor or us at

Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) for international marketing of the products. It dea s wita large range of narural products: herbs, essential oils, handmade papers an wi inu(Morehellcz spp. ) that are sustainably harvested from Himalayan forests or organica y grown inNepal.

ladib, ,lipr, ,sodli"" Ken(Iru, CIMp"ga"", L"lily"r

This company is mainly involved in distillation of essentia ois SUG asWinter, ,Teen. Beside distillation, they purchase NTFPs and do wholesae tra e. e coperson Rain Chandra Joshi showed great interest in providing NTFP price on regu arpurchasin, , herbs from the suppliers referred by the MIS project, is prices r ytelephone just recently

Offêr Cornp, ,,, ies

Thereare-several other companies that are involved in processing andtra Go .. yrelatively smallbuttheyalsorequirecertainmedicinalplantsforAyurve to onn y

(-

,.

f'

\

I~ '\

f~~.,

are

. KilagalVaidya Pasal, Naradevi, Kathmandu

. SrikrishnaAushadalaya, Bagbazar, Kathmandu.Thamel, Kathmandu. Himalayan Ayurved Research Center/Ayurved Health Home,

The Mid-western Development region of the country is the largest supp ier omaterials. But, due to shortage of processing capabilities and lack o in orma ion on qmarkets it has reinained a mere supplier of raw materials to the neig oring coun ry,recognition of the role of different levels of value addition and processing an in pdiversification. And inadeqLiate knowledge on marketing of I\ITFP resources ascharacteristic feattire of this Development Region (Bhattarai and Shukla 2000).

Development Vision Nepal(DVN 2002) has worked on the detail economics of some q ecommercially viable oil extraction plants recently for commercial enterprises indetail of which is shown in Table 5.10. As shown in the Table, among t e our in jextraction plants, mentho has the highest net economic return

I

\-

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(-

I_

(-

(-.^

43

Table 5.10

Particulars

A. Norms ofO eratin Cost

Economics of Commercially Viable Onextraction Plants (Area I ha. Model)2003

I. Labor Re uirement.

.

Land Pre amtion

.

Coin OSt use

.

Seedlin Trans Iant

.

Seedlin Plantation

.

Interculture

.

Irri ation

2. SIi Iseedlin

.

Harvestintr

3. Coin

Unit

Trans

4. Pesticide

Da

B. Oil Extraction

OSI

on for Processin

Da

C. Price Information

Da

I. Labor

Lemon

rass

Stickers

2. Slip/ Suckers

Da

Da

3. Coin

Da

Citronella

4. Oil

Da

136

D. O eratino Cost estimate

Da

OSI

20

Da

. Labor/ lowin ,

2. Seedling

No/k

6

3. Coin OSt

Ton

2

30

4. Processin

NRs.

136

Chainomile

18

E. Revenue

KG

25

Value b

Oil

5

25

6

F. Net Revenue

NRs/da

25,000

30

*,.'

2

G. Revenue Fore one

r Cost

NRs/Slip/k

30

H. Net Revenue

S ecies

T

18

Meritha

10

Source: I)evel()pinent Vision Nepal(DVN). Sept 2002; A Study on Marketing Opportunities for Local Products inI'igei' Rhino Landscape Conscrvation Project Area Chitwan (Volume H Annexes); Final Report; KingMahendra 'I'rust Ibr Nature Conscivaiion

NRs/Int

165

-..

5

NRs/k

20

30

80

NRs

30

25

2500

NRs

75

NRs

o

~!

205

10

NRs

o

o

^

50

40

NRs

130

400

25

5

26,550

500

40

o

10 200

I

75

30

30

.^..

8,750

30

o

4,000

10

^

400

5

.

3,600

60

275

18,675

40,000

_I

30

10,200

7

40,000

350

13,450

75

15

875

270

500

10,022

4,0003,600

120

3,428

35,750

400

6,000

,^

35,750

20,895

I

75

17,075

14,625

,

10,022

2

-\

270

400

7,053

4,000

27,925

500

2,00042,000

17,625

42,000

I\

I

21,105

700

6,000

,I

10,022

3,600

11,083

60,000

,-\

60,00032,075

-,

10,022

.^~

22,053

~-,

,\

\

--J

-\

I...-.

~\

\,

,-\

\-,

.

44

~~*

..-,

^

I

,-\

,\

,

I II.-..

,.-~

, .-

(-

I_

( . -

{-

I

(-

The revenue will go increasing as the amount of oil extraction will also go increasing afteryear as shown in Table 5.11.

Production Estimates of Herbal OilTable 5.11

I~ '

I.

{-

Year

.

I

11

1/1

Lemongrass

IV

\--

1.20

V

Vl

1.28

(-

Source: Development Vision Nepal(DVN), Sept 2002; A Study on Marketing Opportunities for Local Productsin 'liger Rhino Landscale Conservation Project Area Chitsvan (Volume 11 Annexes); Final Report; KingMahcndra TTList Ibr Nature Conservation

Herbal Oil Production (int)

I.

Vll

1.35

Vlll

Distillation of essential oils can be profitable for rural communities, but sound businessfundainentals In List be observed at alltimes. The distillation of raw materials closer to the sourceallows for a reduction in transport costs; produces a marketable by product (marc); and increasesoverall econoinic activity in the local economy. By purchasing raw materials and energy suppliesfrom local communities and offering limited employment, the effects of local value addition gobeyond the bottom line of the processing company. Essential oil manufacturing also offers localcommunities the ability to reach beyond traditional markets in Nepal to new potentially lucrativemarkets in India and abroad. Currently, HPPCL and few other companies are producing differentoils in Nepal. The companies producing this material are operating at a lower than optimalproduction capacity and management level. Therefore, a diversified mix of products should bedeveloped. Appropriate prodtiction practices should be followed to be able to produce a profitand provide a real economic alternative to the trade of raw material from the region

Shiftino the traditional extraction and trading systems to enterprise development must beequipped with technical, management, marketing and training support. Cooperative approachappears to be a powerful tool, being able to attract financial support from outside to developlocally SLiitable business plans including efficient marketing strategies. Information gathered inmarket stLidies helps develop new post-harvest processing and value-added systems for strategicprodLicts. Policy Inakers, extension workers, NGOs, and community leaders can be the mostpotential riteans to introdLice processing and marketing to small-scale producers as well as otherprocessing/valLie adding organizations for local as well as the country s economic developmentand sustainability of resources. Finally, for balanced development, it is important that allfunctions, from resource management through raw materials production and processing tomarketino, get sufficient attention. Such an attempt is a challenge as well as an opportunity(Bhattarai and Shukla 2000)

1.50

Citronell

,

t-

I'

150

1.95

1.50

2.25

1.50

2.55

1.50

300

Chainomil

300

0,105

3.00

0,105

300

0105

3.00

0,105

2nd

0105

Merith

1.8

0105

1.8

0105

1.8

0,105

<-

I . 8

(,

1.8

\ - .

1.8

1.8

1.8

\--

C~

I

45

6.1 Conclusion

Nepal's NTFPs are crucial for rural livelihoods and for their contribution the revenue genarationfor government or national treasury. It is also a source offo1klore medicines - a unique method ofhealth care for almost 90 percent of the population in remote and rural areas. The knowledge ofthe application and use of medicinal plants by the traditional healers for the treatment of ailmentshas been passed down by oraltradition through generations, Recent trend shows the value ofmedicinal plants and NTFPs in the pharmaceuticals and herbal productions have been rapidlyincreasing worldwide. This has led scientists, researchers and multinational pharmaceuticalcompanies investigate available plant species for active substances that could be useful for thecure of various diseases. The Lisage of many more natural products in day-to-day life of generalpublic shares its importance in Nepalese economy

Conclusion and Recommendations

Chapter 6

The official record of the Ministry of Finance reveals that herbs worth ofNRs. 71.5 million wereexported to India and worth of NRs. 25.9 million to other countries in 2000/01. The CustomsDepartinent records indicate that about 135,000 metric tons ofNTFP have been exported to Indiain the fiscal year 2002/003

Consideriruithe fact that alitransactions and usages are not reported and documented, asignificant number of collectors often do not take collection permits and a significant amount ofNTFPs are illeoally exported and/or transported to different parts-of Nepal, it may be concludedthat the contributions in national choffer may be much more higher than the existing level.

.

The pharmaceutical industries LISe large quantities of herbs in their formulation. Additionally, dryherbs primarily LISed as different types of tea and other galenic forms have been developed. Theseinclude plant powders in capsules, tablets, dry extracts and health and medicinal drinks,phototherapeutic formulaiioiis and extracts LISed in aromatherapy. The development of herbalIncdicines in Western EUi'ope will depend on IGOislation, as the sale of these products as remedyin a pharmacy require a license SLIPported by extremely expensive clinical and toxicologicalresearch. 'The products are also subject to a quality approval system from FDA, which allowsonly the items of highest qLiality

,

^

.-.-.

The international trade is increasing for cultivated herbs in dried forms. Likewise wholesaleInarket for organic herbs is expanding, particularly in Germany and Switzerland and pricepremium for such herbs exceeds 25 percent. Herb o1eoresins obtained from herbs by steamdistillation and by solvent or CO2 extraction of essential oils, offer certain advantages over thedried herbs. These advantages include higher potency and greater uniformity of the product,quality consistency, convenience in use, free from microorganisms, easier and cheaper handlingand storage

^

,-.~

.,

,\

..-,

,.-.

.~\

.,

^

~.,

.

\-,

.^\

.-,

,I

--.

'~~I

./

-^\

.,

f\

.

^

,-\

.-,

I~-.

46

_I

,-.

^

-\

.. -.

.-.~

,_I

--\

,~

Lr

,^

L_

{-

6.2 Recommendations

I~'

The existing market for NTFPs does not face short supplies. And all necessary parameersindicates new companies seeking entry into the market will have to compete wi a iiosuppliers. The only way to penetrate the market is to offer dried products o consis en y i^quality plants. In NTFP sub sector, trade takes place through a very long channel. very step inthe market channel enjoys a profit, resulting in very low price to the primary collectors w o worhard to collectthe products. The return that collectors make from NTFPs is very often be ow t eopportunity cost of their labor in case alternative labor market existed. The long mar at c annesuggests that there is good price in the final market. To provide a better return to the co ectors inthe long run, the channel should be shortened and market should be diversified. I t e ocacollectors and traders can access the final users of their products. more directly and satisfy thebuyer's level in terms of supply of Liniform quality and of services, they could raise income evefor collectors and local traders. Specific intervention points are:

6.2. I Marketing Information Service

A formal information link between collectors/FUGs, processors, and traders with outside tra erswould help increase the barga'in ing capacity of local people in the region for t e mar e ing otheir products. A market iiTfbrmation systein would inform collectors about t e Ginan ospecific prodLicts in different mai'ket destinations and help them get more reasonab e prices orsome or their products. One of the main reasons for the collectors not getting better price is ueto the lack of information abotit the market for diff^Grit types of products. A market informationsystem could be significant cost-effective leverage, which would be beneficial to the oca tra ersand collectors in Nepal.

6.2.2 Cultivation of Coiniiicrcially Important Species ofNTFPs

Most of the NTPPs foLind in Nepal are collected from the wild. It is estimated t at out oNTFPs used by human beings 9 an'e collected from the wild sources. However, t e supp y romwild SOLirces has rapidly been decreasing due to deforestation and over harvesting. t is ig jinenow to start cultivation of NTFP species that are already domesticated and aso o igcommercial viability in order to ensure that

of raw materials from cultivated sources is possible and the over-' Continuoussupplyexploitation froin wild sources is controlledProdLiction of raw materials with Liniform quality is achieved through coinmerciacultivation of selected/improved varieties

are listed as threatened and endangered due to over. Conservation of species thatexploitation becomes possibleFarmers and cultivators get better returns, majority ofNTFP species being ig vauecrops

. Relatively less prodLictive, marginal and wastelands are brought into proper use ascultivation fits well with such lands

(. .

,-..

L.

I'

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I~ ~

I_.

C~

*___

(.-

\-

I

(.~

\ .

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\ .

c~~

t-

.

.

(\

.

,^

..

47

6.2.3 Processing ofNTFPs

MinorProcessing

The simple processing methods could offer a significant increase in income of villager groupsundertaking improved trading activities. This minor processing does not involve any machineand special technology. Types of minor processing, which can be performed easily are:

. Cleaning and grading raw materials for directsale to manufacturers' Custom bulk packaging for directsale to manufacturers. Cutting and grinding for direct sale to manufacturers. drying and preserving the essential elements

Processing-011 DJS'!1/10/10n

Currently there are few steal11 distillation plants operating in Nepal. Only limited number ofitems such as Citronella, Leinon grass, Meritha, and Palmarosa are currently used for oildistillation in the Terai zone. Distillation of essential oil for aromatic plants seems to be feasiblefor the Terai region. The distillation of raw materials closer to the source allows for a reductionin transport costs and also contribtites to the local economy. By purchasing raw materials andenergy supplies from local coinmLinities and offering limited employment, the effects of localvalue addition go beyond the bottom line of the processing company. Essential oil manufacturingalso offers local communities the ability to reach beyond traditional markets in Nepal to new andpotentially lucrative markets in India and abroad

Several other interventions are possible to increase the viabillty of these operations. The mainconsideration is sound biisincss practices among processors and good relations with raw materialsuppliers. A possible intervention could be establishing a partnership among the distillationGritei'prises with local collector groLips. Appropriate technology, credit facility, marketInformation, awareness ainong local people and SLIPpliers. The fonvard linkages with advancedtechnology may increase the importance ofNTFPs and will fetch higher price, which will helpenhance the living conditions of rLiral mass.

ProCC. $31hg - Ayurvedic Medic!'he. v(IndHerbd/ Cosine!lbs

Nepal has been exporting Inedicinal plants in large volumes and at the same time importingayLirvedic drLigs based on herbs and other herbal products in increasing amounts (NRs of 240million per year - Department of Drug Administration DDA- 2001). Manufacturing ayurvedicmedicines and herbal cosmetics within Nepal has manifold benefits. It would assure the value ofmedicinal Ilerbs, create employment, substitute import and finally contribute to the nationaleconomy of the country. It would help preserve the natural resources of the country and ensuretheir rational Litilization in coininercially viable products for domestic and foreign markets.Pharmaceutical industries in Nepal could undertake the commercial production of:

I,

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--,

,^

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--.

,.\

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^

.

^,

,-\

^

--~.

-.\

~-,

,-^.~

48

..-.

--..

~.,

,-

,

I_

A. Consumer Products -

I. Herbal cosmetics:. Facial and skin herbal creams

. Herbal toothpaste, powder, mouthwash, gargles

. Hairoil

. Body massage oil- general and specific

. Aromatherapyproducts

2. Herbal tea of different flavors and qualities.

(-

r

L_

3. Herbal tonics and food supplements

B. Herbal pharmaceutical products. Classical Ayurvedic Medicines. Proprietary Medicines

Extracts of selected plants for 111rther processing abroad. The establish litent of a number of small to medium sized pharmaceutical enterprises in

thc major NT'I. P Inarketing centers of Terai to absorb the bulk ofNTFPs that flow toIndia

. Proinotion of the cultivation of SLiitable NTFP species in existing community and privateIbrcsts inclLicling the LincLiltivated wastelands, marginal lands and fallow lands with thetechnical backstopping and buy back guarantee.Promotion of large-scale industrial plantations of a wide variety of NTFP species viablein the deoradcd forest areas of primarily Siwalik, inner Terai and hills under leaseholdforestI'y arrangements

6.2.4 Market Promotion and Linkages

I'

\

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C

C~

t-

I~~

\

( - -

.

\-

I,

The main markets for NTFPs are India, China, ELirope'and the USA. India is one of the biggestmarkets for crLide herbs as Aytirvcdic HeI'ballndustries' are well established in India. China isalso another big Inai'ket whose traditional Inedical system is gaining popularity around the globe.Europe and USA are established Inarkets for aromatic plants and essential oil and morelmushrooms. However the systein to enter into these markets is still not well known. It is,therefore, suggested that market studies, visits, observations and participation in trade fairs andexhibitions be organized to obtain information on price, demand and market of NTFPs. Tradeinformation, product information, Lisage of NTFP in international arena must be watched andmonitored closely. Tile proper awareness and appropraiate knowhow and knowledge will helpproper harvesting with o11t damaging the natLire and at the sametime could have better bargainingpower and price

To assure a better price to the collectors, improved trading activities in the form of joint tradingor cooperatives may be supported as an important intervention. By linking groups of collectors orFUGs with local traders, better Inargins may be realized'by allinvolved. The process wouldinvolve linking smaller collectors together so that a certain economy of scale could be achievedin the transport and Inarketing of NTFPs outside the district. By linking together, groups couldreduce their marketing costs while exerting increased pressure on down stream traders.

{--

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49

Establishing an improved trading system would require the development of agreement amonggroups of collectors on products and price ranges to be offered, and the identification of a leadmarketing person or people. The person(s) would then need to be compensated by the group fortheir marketing activities. The project would need to provide the initial concept and training onsetting up a system, and managerial support in the beginning. A responsive local trader could bethe best intervention point for this activity.

6.2.5 Policy

The possibility of policy improvements is tremendous, as NTFP tends to be a complicated sectorinvolving several different types of stakeholders with competing interests. Policy should beaccommodative and evolving in response to the changing conservation and economicdevelopment needs. NTFP related policies should be thoroughly reviewed in the light of theircurrent overallimpact over the national economy, natural resource conditions, rural livelihoodsand status of equity

The conservation and sustainability in List not be compromised but at the same time economicconsideration for social cliange siloLild be the priority

The emerging area of policy reform is the perceptional changes of the policy makers andimplenicnicrs. The consci'vativc In indset and CLImbersoine procedures must be simplified.

Some Gincrging areas 111 the field of NTFP policy are as follows

R()yci/{y rule. v: The 1'0yalty rates applied to all products should be reviewed and set more in linewillI the economic impact these ro>'alties have on the products position in the market. A clearcriterion for royalties should be developed that is transparent and linked to some reasonableobjectives. Life cycle of the plants. regeneration potential, and quantity available should also tobe considered while fixing royalties

The tarifl'and I'evenLie rares should be made on the condition and commitment of the national andInternational conventions and agreements

Expoi. / re. writ!10n. v ciiic/ bans: Export restrictions on certain species in unprocessed form or theban in collection and trade of certain species are generally expected to ensure their wise use andconservation. To whatever extent liowever, SLich benefits could be achieved, depends on anumber of other factoi. s e. g. existing In-country processing potentials, market and exportIncentives, and regLilation observing trend in the existing SOCio-political situations. There is doubtthat the ban 11as reduced the harvestinn and trade of those items. However, the export ban has infactincreasedtheo orttinit f t' h ff' 'fact increased the OPPorttinity for corruption among the officials who are appointed to checkthese items in various customs check points. Therefore a review of the export ban on these itemsshould be carried out carefully investigating the availability of the plants, commercialexploitation and biological aspects. National policy should be formulated in tandem withInternational conventions on bio-diversity conservation.

.

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Recently the government has constituted a high levelNTFP Promotion Board. This oar as aclearly spelled out mandate for the national policy and strategy analysis an improvemen s.the promotion ofNTFP sector in Nepal. It is expected that this Board would bring a out ra icachanges in the NTFP sectorthat could encourage NTFP conservation, cultivation, open, ea yand competitive market and promising security to industries as well as ensuring benefits to ocapeople whose livelihoods are dependent on and affected by this sector.

Policy in farming, domestication, extraction, harvesting, processing for vaue a iion,transportation and carrying should be clarified and documented. The cultivation ofNTFPs s oube taken as economic activity rather than natural conservation. The dessimination of appropriateharvesting techniques as well as credit for its promotion should be made availab e.\

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51

References

I. ACharya, T. P. 2000. Conservation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Humla, Nepal: acase study ofRudikot (Margor) region for biodiversity conservation. In: Proceedings of the ThirdRegional Workshop on Community Based NTFP Management, Kathmandu, Nepal. South andEast Asian Countries NTFP Network (SEANN). pp. 264-271.

2. Achet, S. H. Amatya, K. R. , Bairacharya, P. , Sheak, A. and Sinha, S. 1993. Non-!jinber ForestProducts in Nepal. ' The Scope for Sustainable Commercializotion. Appropriate TechnologyInternational(ATl), Washington DC, USA, 77p.

3. Amatya, K. R. and Amatya, G. , 1995. Medicinal plants in Gorkha District. frz: Yadav, S. K. andStoian, D. (eds. ), Proceedings of the seminar on medicinal and aromatic plants in Gorkha District:how to promote their utilisation and marketing. District Forest Office, Gorkha bazaar. pp. 17-24.

4. Am atya, S. M. and Stoian, D. (eds. ), 1995. Proceedings of the seminar on medicinal and aromaticplants in Corkha District: how to promote their utilization and marketing. German DevelopmentService, District Forest Office, Corkha bazaar. 28 pp.

5. ANSAB, 1997. Environment and forest enterprise activity: forest products market/enterpriseoptions study. Asia Network for Small-scale Anyicultural Bio-resources, Kathmandu. 107 pp.

6. A1yal, M. 1993. Diverted wealtli: the trade in Himalayan'herbs. Him at Jan/Feb: 9-18.

7. Basilyal, B. P. , Bhattai'ai, N. K. and Pmdlian, J. '1994. Role of research and development incoininercial utilization of' non-tillIber forest prodticts: medicinal and aromatic plants. In I. Pradhanand P. Mahafjan (Eds. ), Proceedings of the National Seminar on NTFPs: Medicinal and AromaticPlants. Septeinber 11-12. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation and Herbs Production andProcessing Coinpany Limited, KathinandLi, Nepal. pp. 27-34.

8. BIWitarai, K. R. and Adjarya, N. 1998. SWGrtia species (Chiraito) in commerce in Nepal. PlantResearcli I( I): 48-55.

9. BITattarai, N. K. 1995. Prospects of coinmunity based NTPP enterprise development forPIOmoting biodiversity conservation and econoinic development in Corklia district, Nepal. In S.M. A1natya and D. Stoian (Eds. ), Procedings of the Seminar on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants inCorklia district: How to promote their utilization and marketing. District Forest Office,Gol'klia/German Development Service, KathmandLi, Nepal. pp. 14-18.

10. 811attai. ai, N. K. 1998. Traditional medicines: Role of medicinal plants in present and future healthcare. In: P. L. GaLitam, R. raina, U. Srivastava, S. P. Raychaudhuri, B. B. Singh (eds. ). Prospectsof Medicinal Plants. Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India. pp. 96-104.

11. Bhattarai, N. K. and Croucher, I. 1996. Viability of local commercialization of non-timber forestprodLicts as a strategy for proinoting biodiversity conservation. In: P. K. Jha, G. P. S. Chimire, S.B. Karmachary'a, S. R. Baral and P. Lacoul(Eds. ). Environmen! QndBiodiversity, in Ihe CorriexiqfSowni. 431ci. Ecological Society, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 346-353.

12. Bhaiiarai, N. K. and 01sen, CS. 2000. Towards a generic framework for investigating nationalimportance of medicinal plant trade. In: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop onCommunity Based NTPP Management, Kathmandu, Nepal. South and East Asian CounttiesNTFP Network (SEANN). pp. 336-346.

13. Bhattarai, N. K. and Shukla, R. N. 2000. Potentials of, NTPP processing and marketing assistancein the resource conservation and economic developme'nt in the Mid-westem Development Regionof Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop on Community Based NTFPManagement, Kathmandu, Nepal. South and East Asian Countries NTFP Network (SEANN). pp.206-2 15.

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52

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,-

Decoursey, M. A. 1994. LOGQl-levelmorke!ing of non-!jinberjbrestprodt, cts/>o12 Nepal's MadleHills. Three case studies. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven,U. S. A. 22p.

15. Development Vision Nepal(DVN), Sept 2002; A Study on Marketing Opportunities for LocalProducts in Tiger I^. Inno Landscale Conservation Project Area Chitsvan (Volume n Annexes);Final Report; King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation.

16. Edwards, D. M. 1993. The Marketing of Non-timber Forest products from the Himalayas: T eTrade Between East Nepal and India. Network Paper 15b. Rural Development Forestry Network,Overseas Development Institute, London, England. 24p.

17. Edwards, D. M. , 1996. Nori-timber forest products from Nepal: aspects of the trade in medicinaland aromatic plants. FORESC Monogroph n0. 1196, Forest Research and Survey Centre, Ministryof Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu. 134 pp.

1996, Non-timber Forest Products from Nepal, Aspects of the trade in Medicinal18. Edwards, DMPlants; Forest Research and Survey Centre, Ministry of Forests and Soiland Aromatic

Conservation.

19. GaLitain KH and Devoc, NN; Conflicts between Policy and Local People Valuing Nori-timberForest Products: Perspective for Nepal; Journal of Forest and Livelihood V01 2 (1), Forest Action.

20. Greiler, YLika and Subedi, Unwa1, 2002; The Economy of the Four major Non-timber ForestProducts in the SIwalik Area of 11am Siwalik, Practical Training Report.

21. HMG, 1988. Forest-based industries development plans, part it medicinal and aromatic p antsand othei'in in or foi'est prodLicts. Master Plan for the Forest11' Sector Nepal, Ministry of Forest anSoil Conservation, Kathmandu. 82 + 146 pp.

22. Kanel Dr. , KGsliav Raj, 1999 Policy related Issues in Nori-Timber Forest Pro uct usiness ;Workshop Proceed illgs: Noritimber Forest Products: Production, Collection and trade in MWDRof Nepal, July 11-12,1999 Nepalganja; Ban Udhyam-BSP/New ERA and JABAN.

23. Kleinn, - C. , Laamanen, R. and Malla, S. B. 1998. In!ego!ing Ihe OSsessmen! of non-woodjbrestPI. odiic!s in!o Ihejbres! inventory of a ICJrge argo. ' Experiences/>om Nepal. Domestication anCoininercialization of Nori-Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry System. Nori-wood ForestProdLicts. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

24. Lafranchi, S. 1998. Non-timber forest products and income generating opportunities in t eAChliain and Dailekh Districts: market potentialities and resource management aspects.HELVETAS/Nepal, Kathmandu. 49pp.

25. Larseii, H. 0. , 1999. Commercial collection of Nordos!ochys grand;nora DC. in C\audabiseValley, Jumla District, Nepal:local Inariagement systems and sustainability. MSG thesis, oyaVetei'in ary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. 135 pp.

26. Malla, S. B. Shakya, P. R. , Rajbhandari, K. R. , Bhattarai, N. K. and Subedi, M. N. 199 .gridn!11ci!lye assessmen! rind evo/Monon of minor fores! products in Rosz, wa onMuktiwoi7pi!r di:sillc!s, Nepal. Forestry Sector Institutional Strengthening Programme,Component No. 2, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation/FINNIDA, Kathman u,Nepal.

27. Malla, S. B. ; Bhattarai, N. K. ; Subedi, M. N. 1994. Assessment of minor forest products inDhading. FRIS Project Paper n0. 2. Forest Resource Information System roject,HMGN/FINNIDA. Kathmandu. pp. 19-28.

28. Malla, S. B. 1994. Medicinal herbs in the Bagrnati zone. ADPI Series n0. 8. Internationa en erformtegrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal. 85p.

14.

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.,

L.

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,-.

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53

29. Malla, S. B. , Shakya, P. R. , Rajbhandari, K. R. , Subedi, M. N. and Shrestha, B. L. , 1997.Identification manual for some non-timber forestry products of Nepal. FRIS Prqject Paper n0. 9,Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Forest Resource Infonnation System Project,Kathmandu. 280 pp.

30. Mikkola, Kristiina, Oct 2002; Community Forestry's Impact on Biodiversity Conservation inNepal; MsC Dissertation submitted to University of London, Imperial College at Wye.

3 I. Ministry of Finance 2002, Economic Survey, Fiscal Year 2001/2002.

32. Neupane, R. K. and Ghimire, A. J. 2000. Income generation through "Community based non-timber forest product (NTFP) management": reflection ofMid & Far West(Dailekh and AChham)Development region of Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop on CommunityBased NTPP Management, KathmandLi, Nepal. South and East Asian Countries NTFP Network(SEANN). pp. 59-64

33. NEW Era Sept 1997; Some ValLiable NTPPs of Nepal.

34. 01seii, C. S. and Helles, F. 1997. Medicinal plants, markets, and margins in the NepalHimalaya: Trouble in paradise. Mounrai'n Research gridDevelopmen! 17(4): 363-374.

35. 01sen, C. S. 1997. Making the poorest poorer: Policies, laws and trade in medicinal plants inNepal. ./oar"o1 of\addFo"es! Recoin'CG Mo, ,age, "cor 8(2): 137-158.

36. ParajLili, D. P. ; Cyanwali, A. R. ; Shresta, B. M. 1998. Manual of important non-timber forestproducts in Nepal. InstitLite of Forestry/International Tropical Timber Organization. Pokhara. 74PP.

37. Rajbliandary, T. K. and Bairacltarya, I. M. , 1994. National status paper on NTPPs: Medicinal andaroniaiic piaiits. In Pradhan, I. and Malladan, P. (eds. ), Proceedings of the national seminar onnon-timber forest prodLicts: Medicinal and aromatic plants. Ministry of Forest and SoilConsci. \, ation and Helbs ProdLiction & Processing Co. Ltd, Kathmandu, pp. 8-15.

38. Rawil Ran Balladur and Paudyal, Ashok K. 1999: Marketing of Nori-Timber Forest Products inNepal; Workshop Proceedings: Nontimber Forest Products: Production, Collection and trade inMWDR of Nepal, July 11-12,1999 Nepalganja; Ban Udhyam-BSP/New ERA and JABAN.

39. Rawal, R. B. , l'rasad, R. R. and Adhikary, S. R. , 1994. A review and analysis of national policy inthe dcvelopment of NTPPs: medicinal and aromatic plants. In Pradhan J. and Mahatian P. (eds. ),Proceedings of the national seminar on non-timber forest products: medicinal and aromatic plants,Kaihmandu, Septeinber 11-12, 1994. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, and HerbsProdLiction and Processing Co. Ltd. , Kathmandu, pp. 49-54.

40. Shamia, P. , 1995. Non-wood forest products and integrated mountain development: observationsfroin Nepal. Non-}700dFores!Prodz!CIS 3: 157-166.

41. Shrestha, G. L. , Joshi, R. B. , A1natya, G. and Stapit, V. M. 1994. Domestication and commercialcultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) in Nepal. In: J. Pradhan and P. Mahatian(Eds. ). Proceed!hgs of Ihe Nationo1 Seminar on NTFPs. . Medicinal and Aroma!ic Plants.September 11-12. Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation and Herbs Production and ProcessingCompany Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 35-41.

42. Shrestha, K. K. , Sah, JP. and Chimire, S. K. , 1996. Diversity and conservation strategy ofpotential medicinal plants in Mariang (Gyasumdo valley). King Mahendra Trust for NatureConservation, Kathmandu, 35 pp.

43. Shrestlia, K. N. and Stoian, D. 1995. The forest rules 1995 and their relevance to the utilisation ofmedicinal and aromatic plants. In Amatya, S. M. and Stoian, D. (eds. ), Proceedings of the seminaron medicinal and aromatic plants in Corkha District: how to promote their utilisation andmarketing. German Development Service, District Forest Office, Gorkha bazaar. pp. I-6.

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.-.\

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54

I~~'\

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.

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,

44. Subedi, B. P. 1997. Utilization of non-timber forest products: issues and strategies orenvironmental conservation & economic development. Workshop theme paper forthe Wor s opon the Utilization of NTFPS for Environmental Conservation and Economic Development inNepal, March 29, Nepal. Asia Network for Small Scale Bioresources. Kathmandu. 11pp

45. Subedi, B. P. 1998. Participatory utilization and conservation of medicinal and aromatic p ants: acase from Western Himalaya. Paper presented at the International Conference on MedicinaPlants, February 16-19, 1998, Bangalore, India. 13 pp'.

46. Subedi, B. P. ; Ojha, H. R. ; Biayee, S. B. ; Nicholson, K. '1999. Identification ofNTFP based micro-enterprises in Parbat: opportunities, constraints and strategies for development. A workshopreport Kushma and Milanchowk, Parbat December 4-6, 1999. Prepared for Micro-EnterpriseDevelopinent Program, UNDP Nepal. Asia Network for Small Scale Bioresources. Kathmandu.29 pp.

47. Subcdi, R. 1999; Problems, Constraints and Opportunities to Sustainable Production andCollection and Trade of NTFP in Mid-westem Development Region of Nepal; WorkshopProceedings: Noritimber Forest Products: Production, Collection and trade in MWDR of Nepal,July 11-12, 1999 Nepalganja; Ban Udhyam-BSP/New ERA and JABAN.

48. Tiwai'i, S. 2002;. Access, Exclusion and equity Issues in Community Management of Forests inNepal; All Analysis of Community Forestry in the Mid-Hills), IUCN Nepal.

49. Yadav, S. K. and Stoian, D. (eds. ), 1995. Medicinal and aromatic plants in Gorkha District: how topromote tileir Litilisation and marketing. District Forest Office, Gorkha. 42 pp.

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55

List of Persons contacted (Traders and Organizations) or visited during Field Visits(a) List of Persons contacted in Eastern NG al

S. No.

Tr"ders

Form Name

Taparia Exports

2

4

5

R. J. N. Ente

6

RK Traders

Annex I

7

Name of the Res ondents

9

M A Traders

Mr. Manoj Tapari

rises

10

I I

12

13

14

RLidraksha S&B Centre

Mr. Nanda Kishore Shah

15

Ball And Traders

Mr. Ra'endra K. A

Mr. Harka B. Katuwal

16

Lama Enterprises

Mr. Ra'endra P. Jaiswal

17

SIIaiiti Traders and

SLi liers

Address

Mr. MahesliA awai

18

Mr. Pemba Lama

19

T'ej

Panitanki,Biratnagar, P. Box:54, Tel: 021-22526, Fax:977-21-24441

E:'avanti@ccsl. coin. n

Mr. Go

20

at K&B Centre

Mr. Bhim B. Karki

21

Mr. Cariesh audel

wal

al Bhu'el

Mr. Can a Rain SIIanna

00

Binda! Traders

I I

Mr. Te' P. Rai

Shiv Sagar Stores

Dhahran, Sunsari

23

Mr. In din lit Taman

Dhahran, Sunsari

24

Mr. Sher B. Tamang

I

I. _J

Dhahran, Sunsari

25

Mr. Sher B. Rai

Dhahran, Sunsari

CFUGs

Ki. ishna Enter

Dhahran, Sunsari

26

Mr. Ratna B. ShiesIha

SLi, ,ia Ente

I~~II

Busant

Mr. 01i Moilabbad

27

Busant

Mr. 10 endi'a CLI to

28

L~'

Basant

29

Mr. Lalan Das

ur, Techathum

SIIanti Na ari CPUG

Busant

30

Mr. Indra Bindal

rises

.I I

-

ur, Techathum

Chaite CFUG

Hile, Dhankuta

rises

31

Mi'. AimLi Shah

ur, Techathum

Dumre Sarine CFUG

Hile, Dhankuta

32

Cha an CFUG

ur, Terhathum

Hile, Dhankuta

Mr. Suraj Kuinar Shrestha

Prtv@te Oroi"er

Ja

^\

Hile, Dhankuta

33

Radha Krishna CFUG

in Mahila CFUG

Hile, Dhankuta

Mr. Ra' Kumar Rauni ar

34

Shimbhu CFUG

Mr. SLirev Malato

35

Gai

.

,

Mr. Laxineswor Chaudha

Triju a, Udayahat, Udaya or

Beltar, Uda a

Mr. Nar B. Moktan (C)

Beltar, Udayapur

Mr. Hikmat B. Khadka (S)

r~,

Binamod, Jhapa

Mr. Jhamak Katuwal(T)

Chandranigahpur,Rautahat

Mr. Min B. Raut(C)Mrs. Tmha KLimari

ur

'~I

ur

Chandranigahpur,Rautahat

Mrs. Mithila Devi

Mr. Surendra Ra'

Kanchan ur, Sa tanSabaila, Dhanusa

Mrs. Sharada Busnet

.

Janak ur-4, Dhanusa

Mr. Go al Bhu'el

.

Mr. Gainbhir B. Rai

Itahari, SunsariBasan ur, TechathumBelhara, Dhankuta

._I

Tri'u a, Uda a or

I._;

Paurahi4, RautahatLal Bandi, SariahiKha armara, Mahottari

I':

Basan ur, Terhathum

^ I

_I

Basant

Aa tar, Uda a or

,-\

ur, Techathum

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56

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DFO

36

37

38

^

39

District Forest Office

40


41


42


43


44


Processi


45


46

District Forest Office, Co.

Mr. ,ShekharKumarYadav

47

lipPCL

Mr. Murari P. Pokharel

Shree PashupatinatliAaLirved Bhawan

Mr. Mohan Koirala

C, ,stom O

Mr. Sam ain Yadav

48

Nepal Meritha ProductPvt. Ltd

Mr. Rain Briksha Thakur

49

Mr. Khusi Lal Chaudh

50

Mr. Chandra Man Dan o1

ice

51

Me chi Custoni Office

Mr. Kimn Shrestha

Moron Custom OfficeTrode Promotion Centre

(b) List of I'raders and Organizations visited in India (Silgtiri)

Mechi Udyog & ByaparSangh,

Mr. Bid a Man Stha it

DFO, Uda a or

Dr. Nanda Kangijha

?

DFO, Dha

PC iain and coin an

OFO, Sunsari

Mr. Ashok Karna Singhwan

3

NC iain and Company

DFO, SarlahiDFO, Sa tari

4

K. DuttaMr. P

Chatidhai. (Datta Babu

DFO, Sireha

,

uta

DFO, Rautahat

Mr. 'ariak, Pant

ChantmalJoshi

DFO, Mahottari

Mr. Dili A al

DFO, Dhanusa

Mr. NarendraChair erson,

(c) List ofTi. aders and Organizations visited in India (KOIkata)

Tarhara, SunsariShivanagar, Rautahat

Mr. BabLi Lal iain

Mr. Bhoj Raj iain

Sagamath, Sarlahi

Excel DrLig House

CHEMEFORM

o

Khadka,

Kakadvitta, Jha a

Harek Chand KaleRain

Ran elai, Biratna

3

Pokharia, Moran

a u a _, t'si u. coin

Natural DrLigs

Dhulabari,60035

Mr. Manoj Gathani

4

Kanchanjunga HerbalMedi Aids pvt. Ltd.

at

OS I

Suchitra

2"'. Mile, Svebak RoadSilguriTel 546476, 546030.

Jhapa

5

Mr. Babu LalJain

Daga Ii and Sons

unJ,

Tel:

Mr. Sarijay Pinkash

Mr. Ashish Agrawal

o e,

18-B, u eas ane, o ataTel. 242 8571, 242 1254, e-mail:edhaca1^71. \. sril. net. , Contact ersons:

PP

2614-A, Armenian Street, Jhagada Kothi,Tel. 238 5267, 235 8835@, KOIkata

2614 A, Armenian Street, KOIkata 700001, India. Phone: 0091 33 231 3242/2 18 2850, Fax: 0091 33 235 1045406, Marshall House, 4'.25 Stand Road or 3311 N S Road,KOIkata 700001

Tel: 91 33 221 3696, fax: 91 33 220 5228Ihagada Kothi, Armenian Street, BadaBazar Koilkata

57

d List of Traders and Or anizations visited in Central Ne alDistrict

RupandehiPerson contacted

Mr. Krislma Pusad Dhakal

Kapilvastu

Mr. Sanat Arutikari

Mr.

Mr. Layman ACharya

Nawalparasi

Mr. Sital Kumar Bamawal

Saha

Mr. Suresh KumarJaisawal

Mr. Santa Muni Tamrakar

Mr. Ahasan Hasan

Mr. Umesh Kumar Basnet

Chitwan

Mr. Santosh Barunwal

Status

NII'. Pinkaslt Ni am

Assistant Forest Officer

Mr. Lokraj NepalMr. Govinda Dhal

Broom assTrader

Trader

Mr. Ajud Wagle

Secretary Sivnagar Community Forest,Buntal

Mi. . Madav Giri

Mr. Go i Prasad Pathak

Trader, Buntal

Makawanpur

Trader Butwal

Mr. lridra Bahadur Magar andMr. Nar bahadur Ma ar

Forest Officer

Industrialist

Mr. Man B. CLIrung and MrDhan B. CLIrLin

Custom Officer, KrishnaTrader

Parsa

District Forest Office, Chitwan

T!. ader

Rainanthali Leasehold Forest

Assistant Forest Officer and Ranger

Mr. MLineshower Adjiikari

Secretary, Dhuseri CFUG, Rajhar,Nawal arasi

Mr. HUP Raj Giri

Chair person and Member, KalikaCoinmunit Forest

Bara

Mr. KGdar Nath Kattel

Mr. Rain Hari Sedhai

ar

Langhali Leasehold Forest, Darechok-3,ML! jin

Parsa

.

.

Mr. Chakra Man SIIa k

ICcha 1<am aria Leasehold Forest, Darechok-4, Chitwan

Mr. SLikhdev ChaudharyMr. Laxinan SLindar Shrestha

Mr. Su

I.

Padain okhari-3, Makawan or

Mr. Sambhu Prasad Jaisawal

Bilkuti Palp Industry Purchasing Officer,Raw Material Section

Mr. Bishwa Babu Tiwari

I.

.-

a Prasad Joshi

Brikuti Palp Industry Purchasing Assistant,Raw Material Section

a

Ran er, Wildlife, Parsa

F'~,

Forest Officer, District Forest OfficeHetaLida

I

Act. Re ional Director, RD Office Hetauda

-,

Cain us Chief, IFO Hetauda

.I

Lecturer, IFO HetaudaDFO Bara

Range Post Chief, Pasaha

.I I.

DFO, Parsa

I'~~

.

--^

...-.

I I

I I

.

I. _

~I

..

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-\

-. J

I

58

., I

.

I I

L_

L_

^.

I.

e List of Traders and Or anizations visited in IndiaCi

Luckiiow

S. No.

,-.

a

Traders"'"d"stri@list

Mr. Rain Chandra Cupta

3

Mr. Nischal Sun

4

Kannoj

*

>

Mr. Rahul Mehrotra (Creativeerftimr)

6

Mr. S K Jain

uckriow, Kannau' and Kan ur)

fj

L_

Mr. Chunna Mal

Address

,

J

Luckriow KimnaCompany88 Subhash Mar , Tel 2652/6, 2652/9

^^

Mr. Narendra Nath

4

Mr. A KGu to

Perfume and essential oil Co. Manufactorerof Natural Attars and essential oils47-48 New Market Keshar Bag, Tel 272309,222040, 22/120

>

Mr. IN Ka o0r

Kanpur

Mr. Abliay Cupta

6

Mr. Abhaya CLI to

Nandamahal Road, Lucknow,tel 266650,265 171,251019

Mr. CLIPta

KanhyaLalAshok Kumar, Rawab Ganj, Te265441, 266094

Mr. PainppiJain

a

Chunnamal Raindayal, Amina BadSab'jinandi, Tel 226160,

,

J

,-^

Mr. Radhe Lal

Lal

Bharti a Jadibuti Bhandar, Tel 34378,35703,i Aromatic, Rakhab Gun'a,

4

Mr. Raineshower Prasad

Ja at Aroma Oil Distillery Tel: 34401

Mr. Lohit SLikla

Flower perfumes manufactures Company Tel34583, 34435

5

\-.

Flowers erftimrs

Mr. SK CLIPta

Supreme Enterprises, Opposite toPPDC/FFDC

Mr. Rajendra Kumar

Pragati Aroma Oil Distillers (p) Ltd, DeedarGan', Chhi atIi, Tel. 343 17, 34614

.

Radhe I, at and Sons 5 117 Rainganj,Naya andKrishna Go al and Co. 5317 Na a anLaxmi Essential Oil and Fragrance (p, OLtd24137Gopal Bhawan, Birhana road. Tel3 17686,352962,Nandi Traders 5117 RainGanja, NayaGunja,KanpurRajendra Kumar Vtiay Kumar 51nRainGun'a. Naya unja

59

(f) List of Traders and Organization Visited in Far and Mid-westGin Development Regions

Banke District:

I. Diwakar Pathak, District Forest Officer(DFO), District Forest Office, Nepalganj, Banke

2. BadriKarki, AssistantForestOfficer, 11akaBanKaryalaya, Kohalpur, Banke3. Rabindra Nath Shukla, Manager, Herbs Production and Processing Company Ltd. ,

Nepalganj4. LaxmiDatta Pant, Production Officer, Herbs Production and Processing Company Ltd. ,

Nepalganj5. Sunil KLimar ACharya, Assistant Scientific Officer (Botanist), District Plant Resource

Office, Nepalganj1.1cin Raj Paudel, Assistant Botanist, District Plant Resource Office, NepalganjClinkrtipani Sharmacharya, Custom Officer, CLIstoin Office, NepaloanjMahcndra Prasad ChaLidhari, Assistant Plant Quarantine Officer, Plant Quarantine Office,NcpalgaiijI';Kiina N. Paudel Project Manager, Buffer Zone Development Project, CARE Nepal,\CPLilgaiij

10. I)c\, 1<:1 Gautam, Ban SaihedariProgram, CARE Nepal, F. P. P. , Nepalganj11. Rail<ati'Fharu, Private Forest Holder, Kohalpur VDC - 4, Banke12. 'I'd{ BahndurTharu, JalandharaCFUG, MahadevptiriVDC-6, Banke13. \1:11iilLilipakar CPUG, Pragatinagar, Kohalpur VDC-3, Banke14. 1<:11csli KLimar Jain, Trader/Processor/Exporter. Simki Trade Centre, Gharbari ToIe,

,coalsa, ,,15. Shy;1/11 KLimar Tandon, Trader, Kirana Traders, Sadar Lane, Nepalganj16. .\jiltlhLikar Thapa, Trader/Exporter, Thapa Enterprises, Phultekra Lane, Nepaloanj17. lint^Li Allsari, Trader/Exporter, Phultekra Lane, NepaloanjIs. t'. I, .,\grawal, Trader/Exporter, MinalTrading Co. , Suchhet Road, Nepalganj19. \tollaiiiiiiad Ishaat Halwai, Trader/Exporter, GhoshiTole, Nepalganj20. \10/1aiiiiiiad Idris Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Nepal KiranaTraders, GhosiTole, Nepaloanj21. \10/1aiiimad Salim Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Natural Goods Store, Ghoshi ToIe,

\coy lgaiijvioliniiiiiiad Yusuf, Trader/Exporter, Bheri Kirana Store, Ghosi To Ie, Nepalganj\'10/1aiiimad Ishaak Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Ghosi To Ie, NepalganjMoilaiiiinad Yunus, Trader/Exporter, Sama Enterprises, Rainnagar, NepalganjI\'10/1aiiiiiTad HUSsain Halwai, Shahwaj Traders, Ghosi To 16, NepalganjSaintly Kumar lain, Trader/Processor/Exporter, Bahubali Herbal essence & Extracts Pvt.1.1d. . ganapur VDC, NepalganjI'an lVlohainmad, Trader/Exporter, Fair Mohammad & Co. , Ghosi ToIe, Nepalganj

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Bardi\, a District:28. Soharat I'hakur, District Forest Office, GUIaria, Bardiya29. Barna Bahadur Thapa, Assistant Warden, Royal Bardiya National Park, Bardiya30. Sushila Nepali, TAL, Royal Bardiya National Park, Bardiya31 Deb Rana, NTFP Farmer, GUIariya Municipality - I, Bardiya32. Iâdha Krishna Mahila CF, GUIariya, Bardiya33 . Belapur Tharu CFUG, Bardiya

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Dang District:District Forest Office, Dang34.Shree Basantd Hanyali CFUG, Akhabare, Ghorsi, Dang35.

Shree Marial<amaria Mahila CFUG, Tribhuvannagar Municipality, Dang36

ChudamaniAdhikari, Administrator, Shree Mahendra Sanskrit University, Dang37.

38. Dev ManiDeVkota, Medicinal PlantFarmer, BtiauriVDC-4, Dang39. Bhuman Singh 01i, Junior Technician (I. T. ), District Soil Conservation Office, Tulsipur,DangShankar Dayal Soni, Herbal Trader, Hari Om Traders, Tulsipur, DangAmbapur Medicinal PlantNursery, Ambapur, DangRatna Lakshmi Thapa, Vice-Chairperson, FECOFUN District ChapterLaxman Singh Thapa, Medicinal Plant Farmer, Kabhre VDC-3, GUIthepani, DangMohaiiTinad Yakub An sari, Trader, An sari Kirana Pasal, Tulsipur, DangKamal Kanta'Sony, Trader, Paban Traders, Tribhuvannagar Municipality, DangLullt Prasad Pandey, Nursery Naike, Ambapur Medicinal Plant Nursery, DangSalaLiddin FarLik, New Faruk Enterprises, Tribhuvannagar, Dang

Surkhet I)istrict:48. ReoionalForestDirectorate, Birendranagar, Surkh6t49. DistrictForestOffice, Surkhet50. 1.1eiii RajAdhikari, NTFPTrader, AdhikariEnterprises, Chhinchu, Surkhet

Raili Gupta, NTFP Trader, Chhinchu, Surkhet51

Indra Bahadur KC, NTFP Trader, Birendranagar-6, SurkhetMohaminad Atiullaha, Trader, Bidya Jadibuti Store, Birendranagar-6, Surkhet53

Uday Bahadur Gautam, NTFP Farmer, Ward No. 6, Birendranagar, Surkhet.54

Shree A1nbikadevi CFUG, Gagretal, Jarbuta, Surkhet55

Dlian BahadUr Thega, Secretary, Jagriti CFUG, Chalaute, Birendranagar Municipality,56Surkhet

57. Mitra Upadhyay, DistrictCoordinator, CARENepal

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Kamili District:

58. Nabaraj Baral, District Forest Officer(DFO), Kailali59. Subhash Prasad Shrestha, Custom Officer, CustomOffice, Kailali

Ms. Lalita ACharya, Treasurer, Tegnuwa Mahila CFUG, Kailali60,Mohan Bahadur Rawal, Chairperson, Sati Karnali CFUG, Kailali61

Custom Office, Dhandadi, Kailali62.

,-.- Kanchanpur District:63. Risliiram Tripathi, District Forest Officer(DFO), District Forest Office, Kanchanpur64. Jaya Prasad JOshi, Act. Custom Officer, CustoinOffice, Gaddachauki, anc anpur65. Deb BahadLir, Dhami, Secretary, BatabaranCFUG, Kanchanpur

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Baitada CFUG, Kanchanpur66

(g) List of Traders and Organization visited in Tanakpur and DelhiTanakpur:I. A. S. Shareda, Sharada Enterprises, Tanakpur

Deepak Sharada, Sharada Brothers, Tanakpur2.

Viaya Kumar, Mahesh Chandra and Sons, Tanakpur3.

AgrawalTraders, Tanakpur, Naini Tal4

R. K. Gupta, Gupta Traders, Bus Station, Tanakpur5.

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Delhi:

I. Viay Kumar, Unnila Traders, Khari BaOli, Delhi2. Sarijay Agrawal, National Herbs Company, Khan BaOli, Delhi3. Mohammad Hasan, Allied Trading Corporation, Khari BaOli, Delhi4. Rashid Hasan, Mohammad HUSsain Aimal HUSain, Khari BaOli, Delhi5. Raj Kumar Gupta, Om Trading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi6. Raj Kumar Gupta, Herbs and Kirana Association (Regd. ), Khan BaOli, Delhi7. Bale Cupta, Gupta Trading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi8. 0m Prekash Gupta, Om Prakash Vitay Kumar, Khari BaOli, Delhi9. Vivek Seth, Jagdish Kumar Han Om and Co. , Khan Baoli, Delhi10. R. K. Singhal, H. M. and Sons, Khari BaOli, Delhi11. Sarit Kumar Sanganeria, Ultra International Ltd. , Connaught Circus, New Delhi12. Ben Dhanuka, Morels India Pvt. Ltd. , Greater Kailash, New Delhi13. Baburam Harichandra, B. H. Tradino Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi14. Sunil Kumar Sharina, Arian Enterprises, Shakarpur, Delhi15. Mukesh Kumar, Bamji Overseas Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi16. Vivck Goal, Banwarilal Shreeram, Khari BaOli, Delhi17. SIInil Chand, Nanak Chand Sandeep Kumar, Khari BaOli, ' Delhi18. Padam Chand Aorawal, Nanak Chand Agrawal & Brothers, Khari BaOli, Delhi19. Narendra KLimar Cupta, Payaltrading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi20.1\, 10hit GUIati, BMV Fragrances Pvt. Ltd. , Vikashpuri, New Delhi2 I. A10k GLipta, Kanta Chemical Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi.22. Galli'av Vij, G. V. Chemical India Ltd. , Arianda Bihar, Delhi23. PIishp K. Jaili, Medicinal Plant Trade Specialist, TMFFIC-India, WWFlndia. Lodhi Estate,

Lodhi Road. New Delhi

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(a) List of Partici ants at BiratnagarS. No.

2.

3.

Name,

4

Kamal Bhakta Shrestha

5

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Ra'endta Kane

6.

List of Participants of the Workshops

Baiararti Adhikari

7

MohanlKoirala

8

Din Da al Bhattarai

9

Annex2

Rabindta Mahar'an

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Sharinanand Chaudha

11

Worksho

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Tanka Khanal

12

Shekhar Re In I

13

Ja an naili Shrestha

14

Chandra Bir CLIrun

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Shiv Prasad Gautam

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16

Bharat Kumar Busnet

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ionalForestDirectorate, ITatna ar

Mano' I'a aria

19

DFO, District Forest

Nanda kishore Shah

20

am officer, Mo

DFO, Distrlct Forest

Kislior6 Shrestha

21

De artment of Plant Resources,

Bindti BITattarai

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AFO, Distrlct Forest

Lalit TallIan

23

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RSS, Biratna

Rain Hati Subedi

(b) List of artici ants at

Ra'dhani Dail

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Bhuwan Rai

Himala a Times an

Ri u M. Kunwar

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Farmer, Inaru\\. a,

Mr. B. B. Tiwari I

Kushes;hor Chaudha

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Mr. C. M. Shakya

Kera ari,

In a urar

Ice,

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Processor, Itahari-I,

Ice unSari

Processor, Ihumka-

Firriici' init

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Mr. Rain Hari Sedhain

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Biratna

Ice unsari

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Biratnagar-,

Mr. Mahendra RajJoshi

unsan

Trader,

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Ti'ader, Dharan

unsari

ITa na

Mr. Bir Sinoh TaiTiano

Ti'ade Proinotion Centre, ITatna ar

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Mr. lit Bahadur Titapa

BITalua CFUG. Moran

unsari

ar

amn unsari

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CEDA, Kathman u

ITa na ar

Mr. Laxinan Bista ,

CEDA, TU

Mr. Megharaj Sapkota

CEDA, TU

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unsari

CEDA, TU

DFO Parsa

Mr. Sushil Bhatara!

Act. RD Central

Region

Position

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Mr. Tika rain Adhikarir.

Private NTFPs

Nursery man

n Sundar Shrestha

Trader

District Forest O

Trader, Cultivator,CFUG member

eoiona IrGCOrae

Central Re ion

I

CFUG Chair person

"S I

District Forest O

Makawanpur

FECOFUN,Secreta

Former RegionalAdministrator

Makawanpur

Ice arsa

Mariahari, Makawan or

Lecturer

Chaug a a,

Warden

Ice

RaniCFUG ChaughadaFEC

Mahendra Nagar, Bara

a awanpur

IFO, Hetauda

,ara

Wildlife, Paras

had Bara

63

Mr. Damodar Sharma

Mr. Rainesh Bani a Chhetri

Mr. Kanial Ra' Belbase

Mr. Binod Paykurel

Mr. Galnbhir Sahani

Mr. Dur a Prasad Bhatta

Mr. Surya Prasd JoshiMr. Lalmani Chaudhary

Mr. Mr. Salnbhu l'rasad Jaisawal

Mr. Kanan ChaLidhai'yDr. Anna urna Das

Pro ram Officer

Mr. Harihar SIgdel

Ran

Mr. Suman Siodel

Act. Farm Maria er

Mr. Mohan Kane

er

GorkhapatraNewsRe orter

Mr. Kishore KC

Dr. V R Duwadi

Pratic News Re orter

CFUG Chair personDFO

(c ) List of Participants in the NTFP Woi. kshop in Nepal, anj

Kat Village RangePost

DDC Paras

S. No. Name of Pill'tici ant

Simara, Bara

I. Dr. Dalliodar P. Pint, 111i,2. Mr. GOPal Kumai' Shi'estha3. Dr. Krishna Chiindi. a Paudel

4. Mr. Rain Krishna CliaLidhary5. Mr. Mahesh KLiiiiai' Chaudhary6. Mr. Bai Bahadur '1/1apa7. Mr. Lakshini Dulla I'anta

8. Mr. Janga BalladLii' 01i9. Mr. Tek Bahadtii' GIIaudhary10. Mr. AChyut PI'asai

Joint Secretary, MFSCUnder Secretary, Department of ForestAssistant Forest Officers, MFSCHeI'b Farmer, Thakurdwara-6, BardiyaHerb Farmer, Thakurdwara-6, BardiyaHerb Fariner, ThakLirdwara-6, BardiyaHeI'bal Promotion Officer, HPPCL/I\16palganjChairpersons, Rimna CFUG, Madhavpuri-5, Bankeiaiandhara CFUG, Madhavpuri- 6. BankeChairperson, Nepalganj Federation of Industry andCommerce, Nepalganj

11. Mr. Mahendr, I Prasad Chaudhary Officer, Plant Quarantine Check-post,12. Mr. Hem Raj Paudel Assistant Botanist, District Plant Resource Office,

NepalganjManager, HPPCL, NepalganjAyurvedic Doctor, District AyurvedicHospital, Nepalgal!IVaidya, District Ayurvedic Hospital, NepalganjBan Saihedari Program, CARE Nepal, F. P. P. ,Botanist, KathmanduSir^na CFUG, Kohalpur- 4, BankeMahila Upakar CFUG, Kohalpur- 4, BankeProject Managers, Buffer ZoneDevelopment Project, CARE NepalMAP traders, NepalganjBotanist, Kathmandu

Range Post Pasaha

HPPCL, Tamaohadi, Bara

Farmer

Bara

MFSC

MFSC

Parsa

Research Assistant

Simra, Bara

Research Assistant

Bara

Team Leader

Bara

CLIltivation

Manageinent Expert

Bara

Katgaun BaraPSC member

PSC Member

.

Study Team CEDAStudyTeam CEDA

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13. Mr. Rabindra Nath Shukla14. Dr. Parmatma Shukla

StLidy Team CEDA

Desi nation/Address

-.,

Study Team CEDA

.

15. Mr. Shiva Prasad Gupta16. Mr. Dev Raj Gautam17. Dr. Nirmal Kumar Bhattarai18. Mr. Jib Prasad Adjiikarj19. Ms. Rishisara Gaudel

20. Mr. Padma N. Paudel

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21. Mr. Abdul Hakiin Halwai

22. Mr. Kuber Jung Malla

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23. Mr. Ram KumarDeb24. Mr. Dip Bahadur Rana25. Mr. OmkarJostii '26. Mr. SunilKumar ACharya27. Mr. Bishnu Kachyapati

29. Mr. ChakrapanilShannacharya30. Mr. Anillung Rana31. Mr. Diwakar Pathak32. Mr. Pushkar Bishwakarma33. Mr. Rajesh KumarJain34. Mr. Mohan DhungelI.

35. Mr. Netra Upad36. Mr. Rajendra G

Research Assistant, CEDA, KathmanduHerb Farmer, Magaragadi- 2, BardiyaResearch Assistant, CEDA, KathmanduBotanist, District Plant Resource Office, NepalganjMAP traders, NepalganjCustom Officer, NepalganJDistrict Development Committee, Nepalganj,District Forest Officer, NepalganjSamaj Kalyan Sangha, BardiyaMAP Trader/Processor, NepalganjRegional Director, Regional ForestDirectorate, MWDR, SurkhetPlan International, NepalganjPlan International, NepalganJFederation of CFUG, Banke

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Annex3

Conservation Status of Selected Community Forests in Various Regions

I. Eastern Region

11. Sfo""tin"oariCFUG, Itch@ri-2, SIM"tin"g"r, S""sariI. Area of CF Area: 200 ha2. Date of establishment: 2055/07/243. HH No. : 1370

4. MajorNTFPs: Citronela, Harro, Barro, Rajbrikchha,

5. Major NTFPS CLIltivated by farmers (1) Citronel!a (2) Rima> Market:Dharan

Suggestions for improvementI. PIOvide ti. ainings and workshops on NTFP cultivation/management and collection of seeds.2. Control Ban Mara (EUpatoriuin species) and encourage CF users to cultivate citronella.3. BSIablisl\ small processing unit at local level to add the value of products.4. Lay some demonstration plotto exliibitthe success ofNTFPs cultivation/management.

B. Chaite CFUGS Basantapur-3, TerathumI. Community Forest registered on: 2052/10/102. Area of tile CF. : 226.38 Ha.3. No. of Hotiseholds: 248

Not included4. NTPP management provision in OP:5. Major NTFPs in the forest: ATgeli, Lokta, Allo, Malingo, Chiraita6. No of CF LISers involved in cultivation/Inariagement ofNTFPs

25 Hl{s> 1/1CF20 HHs> 1/1pi. ivate forests

7. Maioi' NTFPs cultivated by farmers (1) Swerti" chini"- ChirayitoEdgewoi'tilia gal. drierii - Processing of Argeli 500 Kg'yr.

Suggestions for improvementI. Control on eroded and landslide areas

2. Ban on !, razing in CF areas.3. Simplify the qLiarantine process for export NTFPs.4. Provide softloan to NTFP cultivation.

5. Provide reasonable price of products to rural farmers,6. Establish small processing unit at local level to add the value of products.

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C. Dumresanne. CFUG, Belhara -2, DhankutaI. AreaCF A1'ea:

2. Date of establishment: 2050/03/153. HHNo. :

4. Major NTFPs of CF: Citronela, Khoto, Lemon Grass, Meritha.5. No of CF users involved in cultivatiori/management ofNTFPs

9 HHsIn CF

5 HHs (Farm boundaries, roadsides etc. )In private land> Majorcollectors CFusers(Men)> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers (1) Citrone/!@ (2) Merith" (3) Pin"s (4) Thys""toeing maxima-

11mltsh0 (5) Barnb"00 sp. (Bansl> Market(Collector) HPPCL and Surya Resin and Turpentine Co. (SRTC)

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Suggestionsforimprovement d doodI. Distribute seedling and saplings/seeds of those plants that give jinme in pmarket price.Provide trainings and workshops on NTFP cultivation/management an co co ionInitiate plantation activities in wastelands and open forests.Create income generation activities for rural poor.

D. Chappan CFUG, Triyuga-2, lidayapurI. CF Area: 1105 Ha.2. Date of establishment: 2053/01/203. HH No. : 8814. MajorNTFPS Of CF: Harro, Barro, Kurilo, Amala, Ritha, Bhorla Leaf, Sa up.

No of CF use!'s involved in cultivation/!nanageinent ofNTFPs:

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Majorcollectors:CFusers(Inen) A1Major NTFPs cultiâted by farmers (a) Cinnamomum tamala-Tejpat(b) Phyllan us em(c) Asparagus racemosus -Kurilo

. Market: Gaighat, TriyugaMetropolitan city

Sugoestions for improvementI. Control on timber smugglers and immigrants.2. Ban on grazing in CF areas and controlflood.3. CondLict CF inventory, thinning, pruning and selective lopping4. Provide soft loan for cultivation.5. Provide trainings and workshops on NTPPs cultivation/management an co co '

especially to CFUC members.CondLict NTFP extension activities for increasing rural livelihoods.6

Nore: Kuril0, 11m, 11u, H"fro, Bans, 11mris0, 80rro ore the common NTFPs/o11"( in a

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. In CF < 20 HHs

In private forests: 4 HHs.

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2. Central Region

A. JagritiMahila CFUG, Fourshi-4, RautahatI. CF Area: 27Ha.2. Dateofestablishment: 2056/3. HHN0. : 99

4. Major NTPPS Of CF: Aathingare, Hano, Bano, Kurilo.

No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPsIn CF

In private forestsCF users (men)> Majorcollectors

> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers> Market:Chandranighapur

Suggestions for improvementI. Ball on grazing in CF areas and control flood.2. Inventory of CF and thinning, pruning and selective lopping .3. Provide trainings and workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management4. Distribute seeds/seedlings and saplings of important NTFPs

B. Radha Krishna CFUG, Lal Bandi, SariahiI. CF Alea: 49 Ha.2. Date of establishment: 2057/'3. HHN0. :126

4. Major NTFPs of CF: Hall'0, Ball'0, KLirilo, Rajbrikchha, Samaghandha, Pipla, NGemKuju. Stillal, Am a!a, Tejpat.

> Major collectors: CF LISers (men and women)> Major NTPPs cultivated by torrners (a), 4zddirocht@ indica (Neem) (b) Phyllanthus emblica- Am ala> Market Bardibas. Cliaiidranigliapur

Suggestions for improvementI. Ban on o1'azing in CF areas alld control flood.2. Inventory of CF and tliiniiiiig, prtining and selective lopping.3. Oroanize 11. ainings and \\, o1'ksliops on NTFPs cultivation/management and collection of seeds

especially to CPUC meltibeis4. EncoLirage local formei's to cultivate alld support them for effective management of NTPPs.

C. Simbhu CFUG, 1<hayar mara-I, MahottariI. CF Area: 300 Ha.2. Date of establishment: 20583. HHNo. :

4. Major NTFP of CF: Kuril0,14arro, Ba!. To, Simal, Makaijara, Chiraita, Rajbrikchha.

CF LISers (men)> Majorcollectors> MajorNTFPs cultivated by farmers> Market:Bardibas

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Suggestions for improvementI. Ban on grazing in CF areas and control flood.2. Inventory of CF and 111iiining, pruning and selective lopping3. Organize and provide trainings and workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management and

collection of seeds especially to CFUC members.

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D. Raniban Community Forest, MakawanpurI. CF Area: 151.9 ha2. Date of establishment: 20503. HH No. : 60

4. Major NTFP of CF: Kurilo, Bans, Bet.

There is no operational Management plan assuch but Kurio and cultivation o o er grass is ' gcarried out.

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No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPs: a few> Major collectors: CF users (men)> Major NTPPs cultivated by famiers: Kurilo

Suggestions for improvement. Stop cattle grazing in CF areas and control flood.. Inventory of CF and titinning, prLining and selective lopping. Or an ize and provide trainings and workshops onNTFPs cultivation/managemen an co e

of seeds especially to CFUC Ineiiibers.. Identification ofNTFPs is reqLiired

E. Praoatisil Community Forest, Simra, BaraI. CF Area: 210 Ha2. Date of establishment: 2000~. HH No. :J.

4. Major NTFP of CF: Rajbi'ikccha, Ktirilo, Harro, Barro, Amala. Pipla, Bans, Bet,Panisaro, Dainor

No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPs: a few> Majorcollectors CFusers(men)> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers: Kurilo

A nursery has been established with Elfcu{}plus sp. as the major I\ITFP. erealized the importance of NTPPs and hericc nave included NTFPs cultivation in t eir opera io p

Suggestions for improvement5. Identification ofNTFP is required

Initiation of bet plantation is reqtiii'cd6.

Inventory of CF and thinning, prLining and selective lopping7.

Utilize properly the yearly income of 10 million rupeesOrganize and provide trainings alld workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management an co co to9.

of seeds especially to CFUC menibcis.

F. Kalika CF, Birendra Nagar, Khirahai, Chitwari.I. Community Forest Registered o11: 0571/3/13

1027.5 11a.2. Area of the CF. :3. No. of Households:

NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: included4.

Ma'orNTFPsintheforest: A1n!. ISO, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, inaa, i , p5.etc.

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6. NTFP promotion activities:> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and

encroachment.

> Guarding system: A10palo system (conservation of existing Naturally grown NTFPs)

> No nursery yet established.> Income generation activity: 200K"rilo seedling are planted in CF.> Training'Capacity building: Notyet provided.

Problems> Unknown aboutNTFPs value

> Marketing.> Identification

> Training.Suggestions

> Identification ofNTFPs

> Trainings on NTFPS CLIliivation and Management.> Training on marketing cliannels.

G. Ageegre CF, Chinapur I, 2,3 & 6, CliitwanI. Community Forest Registered on: 054101/28

290 ha.2. Area of the CF. :

3. No. of Households:included4. NTPP management PIOvision ill OP

5. MajorNTFPs in the 1111'CSt: Aim'ISO, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, Amala, Amaro,TITakal, Bet, N igalo, R jilta, Pipiti etc

6. NTFP proinotion activities: Piaiitation @1480 seedlings @18et in CF.> Conservatioii or forest alld NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and

encroachinciit

> 'F1'aining/CapacitybLiilding: Notyetprovided.> No nursery yet establislted> Training'GUNLÎy bLiildiiig: Notyetprovided.

Problems

> Unknown aboLitNTFl's \, alue

> Marketing> Identification

> Training.

I-J

Suggestion> Identification ofNTFl's

> Trainings on NTFPS Gilliivation and Management.> Training on marketingcliannels.

I,

I.-I

,-

3. Western Region

A. Dhusari CF, Rajahar-7, Nan, alpar:Isi

I. Community Forest Registered on: 2052/01/192. Area of the CF. : 67.5 11a.

3. No. of Households:included4. NTPP management provision in OP:

5. Major NTFPs in the forest: Amriso, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, Amala, Amaro, , Bet,Nigalo, Ritha, Pipla, Aswagandha, Sarpagandha, etc.

I :,

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.-,

...

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-.-,

^--^

^,

70

-,

.^-,

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.

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C

I.,

(.

I

6. NTFP promotion activities: 160 species ofNTFPs identified with close colla oration wi> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, Ire an

encroachment.

> Training'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.> No nursery yet established.> Training/Capacity building: Notyetprovided.

> Unknown aboutNTFPs value

> Marketing.> Identification

> Training.f~

Problems

Suggestions> Identification ofNTFPs> Traininos o11 NTPPS CLIltivation and Management.> Training on Inarketingchannels

B. Shivanagar CF, But\val, Rupandclii

I. Coinmunity Foiesi Registered on:339.75 11a.2. Area of tile CF. :

3. No. of Households: NANTFPmanagemciiij)rovisioitinOP: included4.

MajorNTFPs in tlic Ibrest: Amiiso, Kurilo, Amala, Pipla. Samagan a, etc.5.

6. NTFP promotion activities:> Conservaii\. 11 offo1'est and NTFP species through control on grazing, ITe an

encroaclimciir.

> I'rainin, ,/Capacity building: Notyetprovided.> No nursery yet established.> Ti. ainin, ,.'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.

Problems> Unknown aboLit NT'I'Ps value> Marketiiig.> Identification

> Training.

I~

I~

.

I

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I

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Suggestions> Identification of NII'Ps

> Trainings on NT'FPs cultivation and Management.> Trainin, , on Inarkctiiig channels

4. Mid Westcrii Region

A. Sri Mariakaiii;Ina Mallil;I CF, GIIorai-10, DangI. Community Foicst Regis!cred on: 2055

4.75 11a.2. Area of the C. F. :3. No. ofHOLiscliolds: 27

Notincluded4. NTFP manager 11cnt provi>10n in OP:Samagandha, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Ritha, Bans, etc.5. Major NTFPs 1/1 tile foiesi:

6. NTFP promoiioii activities:> Conservatioii offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire an encroa> Guarding sysicin: Sincc lasttwo years, no formal CF guard due to shortage o un s.>

>

,-.

\.

,

\.

,

No nursery yet CStablislicd.Incomegciiciti!ionactiviiy: Recently, 1500seedli"gsqfS", pagandl, a aye ee"p ^@1the coiniiitiiiity forcmand. Recently, in collaboration of CARE-Nepal, 200 ee ingand Sal havc bcen transplanted in the CF.

> Training'Capacity building: Not yet provided.

-\

,-

J

,

,

71

B. Basa"to hanyali CF, Akabare, Ghorsing, Dang

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20522. Area of the C. F. : 270 ha.3. No. of Households: 1454. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded5, Major NTFPs in the forest: Cudao, Dalchini, Samagandha, Sugandhakokila, Harro, Barro,

Asuro, Ritha, Amala, Bel, Ajiun, Chyauri, Rajbrikhsa, Timur,etc.

6. NTFP promotion activities:

Conservation offorestandNTFPspeciesthroughcontrolongrazin andfi , d ' hplantation. ,

> No fomially employed CF Guard> No nursery established> Income generation activities: Nothing exceptforfiningRs. 100 andR . 25

respectively for each cowlbuffalo and goat.NTFP Cultivation in the CF:NoneTraining'Capacity building: None.

C. Jalandhara CF, Mahadevpuri, Banke

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20552. Operation Plan Renewed on: 20593. Area of the CF. : 76 ha.

4. No. of Households: 825. NTFP management provision in OP: Included6. Major NTPPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel,

Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.7. NTFP promotion activities:> Conservation offorestandNTFPspeciesthrough controlon azin and f , dplantation. "Employment of a CF Guard @1500/monthEstablishment of a NTFP nurseryNTFPsinthenurseryinclude: Pipla, Kurilo, Sa a andha, H ,B ,

Amala, Samagandha, Kauso, Bas and Bet.Incomegenerationactivities: SaleqfNTFPseedli"ge@FriedRs. 24000/" t

65kg qfP;PI@ w"sin@rketed@Rs. 851kgl"si ear.NTFP Cultivation in the CF:Saw"g@"dh@: 1.5 k"th"

Bet:12 k"tfo"

Sikakai: 1800 plantsTraining'Capacity building: 7-10 days'training onNTFP conservation, mana em t, I'marketing. "Training provided by: BanUdhyam, Care-NG al, DPR.

D. Mahila Upkar CF, Pragatinagar, Kohalpur, Banke:

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20522. Operation Plan Renewed on: 20593. Area of the C. F. : 25.6 ha.4. No. of Households: 415. NTFP management provision in OP: Included

>

>

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72

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.-J

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Dhairo, Kusum, Bhorla, Khan, Simal, Jamun, Indri^jau, Amaltas,Samagandha, Pipla, Sambar, Hano, Bano, Amala, Tendu, Khair,Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.

7. NTTP promotion activities:> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, and errichment

plantation.> Establishment of aNTFPnursery> NTFPsinthenurseryinclude: Satabar, Samagandha, Bataino, Kusum,

NGem, Bans, Bet, Amriso> Income generation activities: Sale ofNTFPseedli"g!ikeStssoo, BCk"ino, BC"s andBet.

Sale qfTe"of" leaves instye@r (400 kg)Sale of Bellr"its this year 4300 kgl

> NTFP Cultivation in the CF: Sambar, S",:PCg""ofh", Amr'so, Bans, Bet,BCk"ino, K"s"in, Nee"a

> Training'Capacity building: 10 days'training on NTFP conservation, management, cultivation andmarketing.

> Training provided by: CARE-NepaVDFO/BanUdhyam, Nepalganj

E. SriAmbikadevi CF, Gagretal, Jarbuta, Surkhet

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20532. Operational Plan renewed on: 2058

138 ha.3. Area of the CF. :

4. No. of Households: 72

5. NTFP management provision in OP: NotincludedKurilo, Pakhanbet, Hano, Bano, Ritha, Bans, etc.6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:

7. NTFP promotion activities:

> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through controlon glazing, fire and encroaciment.Employment of a CF Guard @ Rs. 1000/month.> Guarding system:

> No nursery yet established.> Income generation activity: Nothing yetinitiated.> Training/Capacity building: Not yet provided.

F. Jagriti CF, Birendranagar-11, Surkhet:

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20532. Operational Plan renewed on: 2059

Soha.3. Area of the C. F, :4. No. of Households: 42

5. NTFP management provision in OP: NotincludedKurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Guno, Ritha, Bans, etc.6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:

7. NTFP promotion activities:> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and encroachment.

Employment of a CF Guard lit) Rs. 1000/month.> Guarding system:> No nursery yet established.> Incomegenerationactivity: Nothing yetinitiated.> Training'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.

G. Radha Krishna Mahila CF, GUIaria, Bardiya:

ICOmmunity Forest Registered on: 20555 ha.2. Area of the C. F. :


4. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded

6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:

f '

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73

5. Major NTFPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Barro, Amala, Sikakai, Guno, etc.6. NTFP promotion activities:

> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on erazing and fire.> No fomial guarding system> No nursery yet established.> Income generation activities: Lastyear 50koP;ÎC has been collected but

are not able to sell due to legal barriers.Training'Capacity building: 9-days'training onNTFPconservation, management, cultivationand marketing has been provided this year.

> Training provided by: DFO, Bardiya

H. Belapur Tharu CF, CUIaria, Bardiya:

I. Community Forest Registered on: 20492. Operational Planrenewedon: 20553. Area ofthe CF. : 62.94 ha.4. No. of Households: 43

5. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded6. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Samagandha, Bet, Harro, Bano, Sissoo, etc.7. NTPPpromotionactivities:> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and encroachment.> No fomialguarding system> No nursery yet established.> No income generation activity initiated.> Training'Capacity building: 9-days'training on conservation andmanagementofBet

provided this year.> Training provided by: BSP-NewERA/BanUdhyam.

5. Far Western Region

A. Sati Karnali CF, Sati, Narayanpur, Kailali district.I. Community Forest Registered on: 20512. Operation Plan Renewed on: 20563. Areaofthe CF. : 298.25ha.4. No. of Households: 2 11

5. NTFP management provision in OP: Included6. MajorNTFPsinthe forest MajorpartoftheCFincludesmarsh land. Theref B tth

major NTFP with few others like Pipla, Kurilo, Sikal<ai, Harro, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair,Musli, Bel, Rohini, etc.

7. NTFPpromotionactivities:Conservation offorest and NTFP species through controlon gi. armg, fire, encroaciment, andenrichment plantation.About 500seedli"gs ofKh"it, Sts. $00 gridsirisfo"ve beenp!""redi" the CFEstablishment of a NTFP nursery: It includes a bet nursery covering about Iha. of landNTFPmanagement:Medicinal plant species like Pipla, Sikakai and Kurilo are conserved. Bet imanaged through rotational harvesting, the whole bet-rich forest area have been divided into 6sections. Two sections have been set aside for experimental and conservation OSes while in theremaining 4 plots a system of rotational harvesting has been adopted, harvesting from onI one loteach year.

Income generation activities: Based on the Operation Plan, every year1,00,000kgqfBettsharvested10's@Ie. CurrentmarketpriceofdrycaneisRs. 3711cg.

Bet fruits are sole @Rs. 40011<g65 Betseed!ings"resold@Rs. 5êed!ing.

>

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^

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74

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> Training'Capacity building: A 10-day training on Rattan conservation and management was providedby Chiote Lal Chaudhari, CARE-Nepal during the preparation of Operation Plan in 2051.

B. Tengnuwa Mahila CF, Sukhhas, Ghodaghodi, Kailalidistrict:I. Community Forest Registered on: 20532. Operation Plan Renewed on: 2058

30ha.3. Areaofthe C. F. :


5. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded6. MajorNTFPs intrie forest: Kurilo, Pipla, Hano, Barro, Amala, Kauso, Sikakai, Khair,

Rohini

7. NTFP promotion activities:> Conservation offorest and NTFP species, control on grazing and fire, and enrichment plantation.> No fomial guard employed; community guarding system> Establishment of aNTFP nursery is underway> Income generation activities: notyetstarted> NTFP Cultivation in the CF: Recently 2500Betseedlings have been planted in the CF.> Training'Capacity building: None of the CFUG member has so far been given any form of training

I

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C. Batabaran CF, Jhalari, KanchanpurI. Community Forest Registered on: 2058

149.7 ha.2. Areaofthe CF. :

3. No. of Households: 5 I 5

4. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded5. Major NTFPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel, Kauso,

Robini, Mahuwa, etc.6. NTFP promotion activities:

> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, andenrichment plantation.

> The CFUG members are very active in the conservation and management fo the CF.> Establishment of aNTFP nursery for Bamboo, sissoo and Kiinbu seedling production> Extensive plantation of bamboo, sissoo and Kiinbu has been done and is continued.> Training'Capacity building: Aweek'straining on Forest Management

provided to the CFUG members.> Training provided by: DistrictForestOffice, Kanchanpur> Award: This CF hasrecently been "warded with Rs. I, 00,000 by the Forum of

Environmental Journalist forthe efficient management of the CF.

I~

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D. Baitsda CF, Baitsda, Daiji, Kanchanpur:I. Community Forest Registered on: 2054

300 ha.2. AreaoftheC. F. :1/93. No. of Households:

Included4. NTFP management provision in OP:5. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Mahuwa, Pipla, Tendu, Khair,

Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, etc.6. NTFPpromotionactivities:

> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, andenrichment plantation.

> Under the influence ofHPPCL, some exotic medicinal plants like Citronell@, Meritfo"andP@Jin"roan have been planted in the CF area.

> The CF has planned to plant about 15000seedli"gs of bamboo and 10-15 fog. of!@"ofwith BCbjyo nextye@r.

> Training'Capacity building: A 5-days'training onNTFP conservation and managementprovided

> Training provided by: Ban Udhyam, Nepalganj

I,

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75

E. Shreekrishna CF, Kaluwapur, Kanchanpur:I. Community Forest Registered on: 20582. Area of the C. F. : 110 ha.3. No. of Households: 90

4. NTFP management provision in OP:Included5. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Kurilo, Amala, Pipla, Hano, Barro, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel, K ,

Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.6. NTFPpromotion activities:

> Conservation offorest and NTPP species through controlofgrazing and fire, enrichment Iant t'>Employmentof aCFGuard@1000/month '> Establishment of a NTFP nursery: Planned forthe next year for enrichment Iantation and to

distribute among the interested CFUG members> Income generation activities: Not yetinitiated> Training'Capacity building: Notyet provided.

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76

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List ofNTFPs/IlylAPs prioritized by Workshop Participants

(a) List ofNTFPs/lvlAPs available in the tropical areas and Prioritizqd by the workshop

I~

S. N.

amci ants in the Eastern re ion

I.

Local name

2.

A1ainchi

3

f'~.

I

Amala

4.

Amliso

\

5.

Barro

6.

r~.

Bel

I

7

Chabo

Annex4

8.

Harro

9

Kurilo

r~

10

Maitho

11

L

Pi

12.

Ritha

Ia

I

13 .

Se a andha

14

(b) List of commercialNTFPs/IvlAPs prioritized by workshop participants and available in thetropical areas of Central region

Sikakai

Botanical Name

Te' at

I~

Aminomz, in subula!"in

S. N.

Ph nanih"semblicoTh sariol@erre matting

Terminalio bentrico

, ^

I.

I. .

Ae

Veinacular/English name

2.

to marinelosPi

Amala

3.

or chabQ

Terminalin chebulo

As aragus

4.

r'~

IL,

As o70 I'S recemosz, s

Babiyo

5.

Rubio inari'ith

Bel

6.

Pi orlon in

Bamboo/Rattan

7

So

Barro

8.

ind"s markorossi

Rallyo11a $8r errrino

~9.

\.

Bhorla leaf

AGOcia Far am

Harro

I"

Cmn@momz, in lamala

10.

i

NGem

I I .

Pila

12.

Rawalfia

r

13

Salseed

\

Simal

,

Botanical name

,-

Phyllanth"s emblicaAs oro

\

EMIoliopsis biho!oHe to marinelos

Dendrocaloi?, 24s sp.

.- -

s recemos"s

Terminolia bentrico

Bowhinio vohlii

Terminalin chebulo1/20dirochtQ indica

Pierlon in

Rowvo!/to se?pentinoShorea 7062!SIo

BombQx cei'ba

77

(c) List of commercialNTFPs/IvlAPs prioritized by workshop participants and available in thetro ical areas of the Mid- and Far-western regions

SN

I AmalaNe

2 Babiyo3 Banl

aji name

4 Bans

5 Barro6 Bet

7 Bo'ho

8 Harro

9 Jiwanti

Dhainyaro

Botanical name

Phy/10n!h"s emb/Ita

10 Kalimusli

EU/ajiopsis bindjg

11 Kurilo

Heg/e marinelos

12 Pipla

Bomb"salDendrocolom"ssp.

13 Ritha

Terminalto bell^^tea

14 Samagandha

Calamus s .

15 Sikakai

Acorus calamus

16 Simal

Terminali@ chebulo

17 Sugandha kokila

EphemeranthomacJnei17'0040rdidf'"iz'cosa

18 Tejpat/Daichini

Carlouli' o orchioi'desIIS OrO

Part used

Pi or 10n

Fruit

Sopindz!s inI, koross!

Leaf

Rallyo4;;a semen!znO

s rQcemosz, s

Fruit

Acacia largoi@

I'm

Stem

Bomba, t ceibo

Seed

CmnOmOm"in g/@31C8Sc8nSCi'rindmom"in lama/a

Stern

Rhizome

I

-

Seed

Pseudo-sternFlower

I~,

-,

Root

Root

.,

Fruit/root

I

_!

Fruit

Root

~~I' I

Fruit

Fibre/Gum

,

Fruit

Leafi'bark

~~I

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,

.-.,

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-,

,- \

,^

~\

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r^

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78

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,-\

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.^

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Table 5.1

Annex5

NTFPs collection Permitted by District Forest Office of Various Regions

NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office in Eastern Region (Districtsincluded: Dhankuta, rodyapur, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Siraha and Saptari)

\-

I.

ameofNTFPs

in Ia

n a Phal

an Lasun

el

horla Pat

J-

is Jam

^-

o'ho

hawo

^

056157

hayuhiriato

Quanti (Ton)

o

hu ipat

o

f ~~

I .

ridriani

o

057158

ridriani fill ko

o

o

o

iwanti

(-

o

Kai o0 Phal

o

o

o

058159

o

antakari Phal

o

23,200

I.

.050

o

hata

hair

1500

o

o

urilo

1,756

o

12,895

056157

o

ohan

.180

I~

372,000

o

Revenue (Rs. )

a'itho

o

o

.425

.240

o

e

o

ali Dalchini

.240

o

I~ ~( .

o

16.65

o

057158

Ia

I

o

o

.400

'tha

o

Sal khoto

o

o

15,336

o

o

o

C '

Saila Khoto

o

o

.700

o

o

3.00

o

058159

Sikakai

1,000

o

o

o

11600

Sabai Grass

o

o

100

.550

I~~

6,180

o

67,300

Simal Khota

o

o

,

o

1,650

17560

L

o

Satawari

25790

o

o

.390

.850

180

2,932

186000

Sire hal

o

(.

5500

14,850

o

o

351,452

2975

o

.300

720

e' at

480

o

o

4,425

o

o

3330

i re sallako Pat

I~

o

o

11,500

.030

Imur

o

400

45,800

20,986

o

o

46008

otal

o

o

o

.100

1400

c~ ~

c.

o

o

6000

o

8000

.93 I

o

o

160,170

o

o

2750

30900

o

o

88.00

2019

o

4950

.098

299,961

o

o

780

14460

o

850

o

8250

.500

29700

o

o

7022.22

7,825

o

600

26,962

o

o

8850

.500

o

o

o

57500

2181

150

o

91600

3,100

o

12,900

41992

249.08

28,090

o

2000

o

o

4655

.900

o

320340

1500

o

3,480

13/6.961

44000

o

294

899883

1500

o

o

o

o

15650

o

81060

o

o

o

10950

o

9300

25800

205209

561800

1800

10440

223655

79

Table 5.2

NameofNTFPs

NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office in Central Re ion (Districtsincluded: Dinanusha, Sariahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Makawan ur, Ch'to ,Nawal arasi, Ru andehi& Ka ilbastu

a a a

ina a

innso

a I o

an asun

arro

ora ea

ore o a

Iaune O ar

o

Is

0374

Quanti (ton)

Is a

UG 00

762.9

0571058

e

0,155

ITia o

aC InI

3,132

0.6

aru a I

0.17

10.5

o resa asimta

2.5

571,165

0.5

47,705

ai

0581059

arro

0062

o

3165

a o0

o

o

5,735

I an I

6,765

12.3

arac u I

2.95

o

16

631.1

53,575

0561057

ar

o

00

o

4274

o

u ur aru

o

a I

748

Revenue (Rs)

3.8

Urn urn

2.82

5.64

1600

29.28

703700

uri o

19

0.03

0571058

14 100

57,846

ag u ara

137.4

1550

ara

10,487

o0 sa a

3000

6246

o

2

00p

0.7

ai a

12.5

340

5250

12,053

6.93

5000

asa a

500

592650

2.68

166650

LIS I

O. I

0581059

14,525

\.-,

o

awan o a

20

1.09

434

36,524

o

I a

22155

o

,^

o

o

101,077

o

ariar

6150

3278

13530

o

31.8

16000

_!

I a

7850

27

awa o a

63/100

228470

o

13/7

17,227

1003200

a OSIma

5

,

61.5

a

o

17,726

2500

1.2

29.08

o

o

2991 8

ea C InI

O. I

00

.-.,.

o

184.95

o

Ia ai

o

5640

1900

1/280

o

87840

19000

o

U

o

0.6

1156920

an awa

1374000

49350

14.3

6

Ia

0.4

eri

,

o

Iarri

4000

31461

13.7

Timur

o

o

25000

4900

Tuke bool

o

76,544

.388

o

24/06

13860

o

14.55

Total

o

150

18.32

8040

~,

200

o

200000

290500

.65

o

0.5

3270

o

109572

31.8

--\

3 1,904

2.5 17

o

o

202154

3000

o

2. I

._I

0.4

o

63600

31.5

135

2750

o

51682

80.3

o

5,225

1634

615000

o

0.55

3600

o

4,696

35452

3.4

68220

-.,

9099

0,052

400

1258.783

0075

263944

o

~\

o

o

3750

o

o

7500

--,

o

o

42900

0.24

10000

11.3

27400

1,985

o

0.9

o

..-.

o

10776

15

o

o

226,088

o

153088

29100

o

~..-.

o

9160

5.5

3240

o

7500

16

,,

o

63600

o

95712

o

o

\,

4200

25 17

15391.86

6000

o

157500

401500

o

-

o

o

17000

2750

14

.-.,

27297

8000

104

3768/81

-\

150

o

o

o

.-,

1200

3900

-\

45000

2933629

o

1100

^-\

--,

2695987

.--\

-\

.^,

--\

80

^

-\

,-\

--,

,^

-.

\.

Table 5. 3

L

ameofNTFPs

F' ~

NTFP collection permitted by District Forest office in Western Regionincluded: Dan , Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailaliand Kancha" ur

\.

mala

I.I

albed

mriso

tis

\. .

abi o

I~

horlaBhutkesh

\~

ishinaBo'ho

,--.

udani Phool

Chiraito

'* -

cmnamomum

Daichini

056157

Daruhaldi

Harro

\-

o

, . I

adjbutj

o

f~'

huanu

o

ugargano

o

\ .

Quanti Cron)

Kachour

o

057158

Kakadsingi

,. -

o

o

0.8

akoli'ara

L

Kaladana

o

o

o

unlojara

r~

o

o

utki

Lohan

o

03

12.7

o

aha

(Districts

o

ahuwa

058159

o

o

t- .

a'itho

o

4,601

o

asala pat

o

4.36 I

o

epali dalchini

I~ '

o

( .

1,000

o

adamchal

o

1,897

Pakhanbed

1384.900

o

o

o

65,4275

o

i Ia

I~~

o

Rassula

o

8100

C_

o

Rasulla

o

0.0 19

o

Ritha

0.78

8250

o

I' '

10,000

o

ohmi

o

0.5

11,7425

Salamdana

\-

o

Sana stinta

0,050

o

Satabar

o

I~'

5,678

o

Sikakai

0200

L .

o

o

Somlata

.05

o

o

Sugandhakokila

,,

{- -

o

o

12,100

GPat

o

o

0.03

endu leaf

o

o

I~\

I

L.

21505

o

o

i edi

o

o

9000

o

ur

0184

otal

50,965

o

.- ,

o

o

o

I . I

2660

o

o

o

o

0098

o

o

0060

o

o

0200

o

o

o

o

0,225

o

o

38606

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

17.25

o

o

104,560

o

I . I

0.08

0,114200

4

3.7

38

30,268

58.64

1804

74.

4,250

183,3675

2018.723

81

NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Offices of selected Districts DevelopmentRegions

Eastern Region

Table 6.1 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, lidyapur

Amala

Ban Lasun

Bel

,

Chiraito

NTFPs

Jiwanti

Kurilo

Annex6

Maitha

Ritha

Sal Ichoto

Satabari

Sikakai

Simal

Tej atTimur

Total

Simal-khoto

Quanti

Table 6.2 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Dhankuta

0581059

Ton

Salla Khoto

.050

~

Khair

1,756

Maiitha

.180

^\

Chiraita

7,936

~-J

Ritha

1,650

NTFPs

Total

1,995

.

\-,

1,845

60,080

^--\

.098

2181

^-,

.500

.-~

.500

I

.-.

27,490

.500

106,761

^-,

,.\

Quanti

~

0581059

,-

299,961

ton

---,

117,378

,\

8.99 I

4075

2,430

-\

432,835

^J

..I

-I

,,

.-,

--\

,,

-,

-\

82

,

.-,

^

-\

-^

,~

^

^

I

I_ .

^--.

,~'~* Table 6.3 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Morong

ameofNTFPs

L

itha

Indriani

,. .

Indriani fill ko

\

Pila

Ma'itho

r-

Chinato

Imur

ata

,--.

Bo'ho

~

e

Kurilo

bokra

! *

Lohan

.-

e aliDalchini

Q"anti

,--

otal

Table 6.4 NTFP collection ermits issued b District Forest Office, Sunsari

\-

058159

NameofNTFPs

37,580

,-

on

1,000

Ritha

.550

, - .

i Ia

.90 I

7450

a'itho

Chinato

Revenue Rs

.625

..-.

Imur

.200

0581059

unio

.240

Chabo

057158

, - .

.600

75160

1200

14,850

Quanti

an

\-

8000

Sita

.950

2,932

o

2750

Bis Jara

hal

(.- .

t-

.100

6,180

058159

4505

Dhupi Pat

51,396

Ton

.240

45,800

14900

hi ure salla ko Pat

3100

1875

0,030

f\

antal<an Phal

0,390

0300

600

059160

L_

12,895

n a Phal

1200

2,700

Cha u

24,835

0,050

I.

12000

2780

Kai

7,825

2400

o

1,230

o0 Phal

057158

ohan

4750

o

16,650

Satawari

o

,- ~

1009

29700

2000

Revenue Rs.

o

1800

130140

: .

udraksh a

19660

o

12,900

o

0,350

12360

otal

058159

I

0,425

o

10,900

720

\

91600

0,700

o

0060

9300

0900

o

150

780

o

5,500

o

059160

600

25790

o

1,500

8100

o

49670

250

o

0400

8340

o

15650

o

o

0850

2460

o

48,462

o

o

33000

0,200

o

3027

o

o

5400

o

o

o

25800

o

o

700

o

92,865

2975

o

10,000

21800

1400

o

0,050

300

1800

o

4,700

o

8250

53,704

o

o

1500

o

o

o

400

o

o

850

114210

o

1000

o

o

o

o

184225

o

50000

o

o

130897

83

Table6. 5 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Siraha*NameofNTFPs

e' at

Bhorla Pat

Sabai Grass

unlo Jara

otal

Table 6.6 Collection permit issued by District Forest Office, Sa tari

056157

Q"anti

NameofNTFPs

I8620

Khair

Ton

05715

o

3,000

n e asiso aucion.

horla Pat

16.70

o

Total

21,620

21,000

88.00

Central Region

Table 6.7 NTFP collection permits Issued by District Forest Off , Dh

05815

31,7505

157,450

372,000

o

05615

056157

Quaint'

Revenue Rs

186200

o

372,000

ina a

Jibanti

o

o

Kurilo

05715

Ton

05715

o

Musli

16700

6000

o

Sikakai

19220

67.3

100500

Simal

2.2

NTFPs

44000

Total

05815

05815

69.

I I

234,074

\,

635 I

317851

Table 6.8 NTFP collection permits Issued by District Forest Offi , M h tt

18600

!-

234,074

I_

05615

o

Revenue Rs

o

18600

,.

Irai O

Pipla

o

o

Harro

-,

05715

o

Kurilo

--\

Musli

2019

I,

Jibanti

1100

NTFPs

058159

Total

311

.^

7022.22

--J

Quanti

7022.22

---\

o

0581059ton)

0.15

F~!

0.17

-

0.92

r-,

3

0.75

^,

0.3

,^.

4,990

,.,

Quanti

,-~

.~-J

0581059

0.18

ton

,-..

0.4

.

0055

6.2

,..

28.5

_I

0.17

35,505

-\

.^-,

,-.

.--..,

t-^

,-.

-J

,,

84

^

~,

~-,

.

, ^.

,^.

Table 6.9 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Rautahat

\

ameofNTFPs

,-,

Sikakai Phal

urilo Jara

Simal Khoti

in Ia Phal

awan Bokra

otal

Table 6.10 NTFP collections ermined B District Forest Office, Sarlahi

05615

NameofNTFPs

Quaint'

2.30

1.55

!~ '

horla Pat

Ton

Pi Ia Phal

05715

.850

Sikakai

3.82

{- .

Kurilo

o

.350

4.80

o

05815

usIi

.850

otal

7,800

Musli-root, Sikal<ai-Fruit

Table 6.11 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Bara

057158

.I

I_

.650

No documentationDue to fire Casualty

In 2059-1-18

o

05615

5.12

.800

uanti

Revenue Rs

NameofNTFFs

.850

6912

058159

48.0

290

Ton

58.7

horla ko Pat

05715

255

har Dhaddi

11460

Bankas babi o

o

Kurilo Jara

059160

12362

700

o

05815

Sikakai Phal

255

23400

awan Bokra

.70

20

,-

057158

uriar'awa Bokra

3.5

1300

056157

14910

.513

o

Revenue Rs

2400

Record has been lost.

otal

10,500

Quanti

.800

1700

hair

24000

* Khair has been sold in cft for purpose ofKatha.

Table 6.12 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Farsa

.200

058159

26880

5,731

30

118.4

Ton

057158

I~

.200

12.30

NameofNTFPs

o

059160

urilo Jara

(-~

L_

27

o

5.25

058159

horla bokra

159.1

o

35

Pawan Bokra

.853

10500

3,800

2.87

otal

1539

o

056157

o

1600

Revenue Rs

48,28202

o

1185.44cft*

o

5250

o

1398

056157

o

15

057158

59200

o

Quanti

6,000

24

6150

400

28.8

o

135

058159

26250

Ton

o

057158

o

1706.

3.1

o

o

1900

6500

o

8637

16,000

o

o

14.0

058159

o

o

o

42878.

o

o

3

35700

120000

14.00

o

o

056157

8000

Revenue Rs

12990

0.2

12000

23.2

057158

o

o

1200

o

o

8000

058159

70000

7800

12500

o

1000

13500

85

Table 6.13 NTFP collection permitted by the District Forest Office, MakwanpurNameofNTFFs

Aakdakda

Amala

Ban Lasun

Barro

Bhorla ko bokra

Bis

Bisfej

Bukephool

Quanti

Chinato

056157

Daichini

Daru haldi

0200

o

Gobresalla simta

0,155

057158

on

Halik

0,600

Harro

0,500

0,070

o

Jhayoo

0062

058159

Jibantii

3165

0,300

o

Karatchulti

6,765

1300

o

Khoto

2800

o

056157

Kukur Tarul

0101

4,274

o

o

Revenue Rs

Kumkum Dhoop

1,250

2,820

5,000

o

o

29,280

Kurilo Jara

400

1550

057158

Laghupatra

5,640

0,300

0700

o

o

Loothsalla

2,000

3000

6930

137,400

o

Maiitha

12,500

500

2,500

o

140

10,487

12,053

Masala

434

058159

22155

Pawan Bokra

0,100

o

.

13530

o

600

20,000

Ritha

o

o

2600

o

7400

36,524

Sal ko simta

31800

1090

o

o

.

I I_I

o

2020

29918

Sal dhoop

o

1000

o

2500

80,963

17,227

Setakchini

6 1,500

5640

o

o

5000

o

87840

Sikakai

18,340

0550

,.,

1200

1/280

o

Sugandhawal

0100

6000

4900

o

..-,

1374000

17,726

74,954

Tigedi

14,000

4000

13860

o

o

o

I,

25000

Tiarri

0200

31461

7500

24/06

Timur

1500

0400

o

o

Tukephool

13,700

54.9 15

1,920

o

200000

o

200

.

o

14,550

Total

.-,

o

109572

3270

o

0,650

63600

4,320

0500

o

o

o

31800

16/926

2,100

3000

1.1

5 1682.5

o

615000

5,800

o

2,517

o

2750

0,400

55020

3600

3,600

o

,-\

3400

0075

o

35452

400

149908

t^.:

o

5,225

42000

2,400

o

o

0424

1000

0240

o

f~,

7500

o

10000

0,052

0,700

o

o

299,375

3840

27400

109830

11,300

1450

o

29100

o

^

3250

21600

5,500

o

o

o

7500

o

253,322

16,000

63600

4200

o

17400

o

,

2517

6000

18000

o

-,

o

259,367

17000

o

.^-.

5225

o

150

7200

1272

,

o

1200

1744319

104

o

,.-^

3500

1/300

o

4350

.,

,-~

11000

805306.5

o

o

16000

o

---.

,\

o

1047/27

.,

o

,--

^..

86

~-.

.-.,

._ I

,.

Table 6.14 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Chitsvan

I~'

Amia

NTFPs

,

Barro

I'~'I

Chiriato

CuriooHarro

Jiwanti

I__

Kurilo

0561057

Pawan bokra

L__

Ritha

Quanti

Setekchini

0,174

. -.

Sikakai

2,823

0571058

Total

ton

0,125

1,872s

Table 6.15 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nawalparasi

L.

0,003

o

0581059

NTFPs

o

,-..

0,339

o

o

11.4

Belauni

3,523

o

0561057

Daichini

o

o

Kurilo

I

0481049

Revenue Rs

3,765

o

o

o

Ritha

348

1262

o

o

5646

16,3975

Satawari

0571058

10,400

o

o

Sikakai

375

9362.5

10.45

0491050

o

12.45

o

Pipla

o

o

Total.

4.5

o

o

6

o

^.. .

36,033

0.5

o

22800

0501051

o

9.35

Table 6.16 NTFP collection ermits Issued b

o

o

o

0.2

1705

7

NTFPs

o

7046

2598

41,939

o

Quantity (ton)

5

o

48,188

0.5

o

I 1.46

Amriso

0541055

4.25

o

18825

o

o

o

Bilaune

o

o

3.4

38537.5

0,843

Chinato

o

0.65

31200

o

o

26,808

8,815

1,225

Dalchini

o

0551056

24900

~\

o

19/07

Kurilo

22500

o

32

Pipla

0.6

o

46,215

1000

0561057

Ritha

o

o

I'~ '

0561057

0.9 I

7.3

14,296

o

400

28.2 I

Timur

15000

123073

Quanti

Total

42,771

1.6

3,543

o

o

0571058

0.8

46/05

o

0571058

District Forest Office, Ru andehi

18

25

0,988

ton

0,025

1.12

47,700

46.5 16

058159

o

2.73

2.5

52,455

o

2,221

22.4

23.8

0581059

o

0.04

54,931

54,816

o

o

2,480

o

o

4,272

19.

o

056,057

14.1

102.459

2.3

46.05

14,525

o

Revenue

o

o

1600

16/050

0,609

1,985

o

114,056

057105

930320

75

o

.

S

5000

224550

o

4442

29,234

o

1096700

200

4960

o

12816

49350

1/15463

4600

290500

o

o

5955

1336805

12/8

o

34/068

o

87

Table 6.17 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Ka ilbastuNTFPs

Babiyo

BojhoKurilo

Thakai

Total

0561057

Western Region

Table 6.18 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Dan

Quanti

NTFPs

644.5

Amala

0571058

Amalbed

0.2

Ton

0193

Atis

566.4

644,893

Bhutkesh

o

0581059

Bishma

o

Bojho

631.1

o

Chiraito

5.5

571.9

Daichini

0561057

o

Kakadsingi

644500

Revenue Rs)

o

Kakolijara

631.1

o

Kaladana

0571058

400

Kurilo jara

386

566400

Lohan

645286

o

Maiitho

0581059

Padamchal

o

63 1100

,

Pakhanbed

5500

o

571900

Quanti

Ritha

,^

Salamdana

o

0581059

Satabar

o

63/100

ton

Somlata

o

,~I

Sugandhakokila

^

Tejpat

Tigedi

,.

^

Timur

Total

Î

3106

4276

.

1,897

8100

0019

,~*

0120

03925

.-,

5,678

21305

0500

0184

,--.

14,239

\_I

0,150

'~I

0,060

I

.--,.

0200

0040

51,520

:_I

0,114

1993

..^\

^ I

0800

74,6688

^..

,-.

1,005

.^,

4250

128,8325

2867.57.3

I'*

L,

,^

...

.^-

.-J

I

88

-\

.

.^

r~\

-,

r~

I I

_I

,^:

r

Table 6.19 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nepalganj, BankeNTFPs

Amala

Amriso

Babiyo

Jugargano

KurilojaraMaha

Mahuwa (flower)

Pipla

Rohini phal

0571058

Satawari

Sikakai

Tendu leaf

Total

0,800

Quanti

1000

Table 6.20 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Surkhet

0581059

NTFPs

o

Amalbed

2,300

ton

o

0,300

Bojhojara

1384.900

0,500

Chiraito

1,000

o

Total

0,080

Jhyau

0,030

Kakadsingi phal

0,400

0160

Kurilo Jara

o

12,700

Lohan

0,098

Main

o

0,800

17,840

Masalapat

o

1384.900

1,100

L_^

Nepali Daichini

o

Padamchal

2

30,155

0,030

Ritha

o

30,155

2,700

1447.838

Somlata

0,300

SugandhawalJara

0,598

Tejpat

0,080

Timur

1,100

Total

0,160

42,855

30,155

1465.678

Quanti0581059

ton

0,085

0,250

11,350

12,100

0,020

26.55 I

2,510

0,200

0,200

3965

0,025

29,805

1,004

4,700

0,100

54,535

147,400

89

Table 6.21 NTFPS Collection permitissued by District Forest Office fB d'

NTFPs

adjbutj

Kurilo

usuila

Sikakai

utki

Table 6.22 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Off , K I I'

Total

NTFPs

057105

ina a

Bhorla ko bokra

Bojho

1.10

Daruhaldi

Quanti

1.70

Harro

11.00

o

ac ur ara

38.00

Kurilo Jam

ton

Nepali Dalchini

056105

51.8

Pakhanbed Jara

Ritha

8.25

Salla ko simta

9.00

SatawariJara

Sikakai

eJpa

Total

17.2

0551056

I I

:

I I.--,

^-,

L,

Table 6.23 NTFP Collection permitissued by DrO, Kanchan ur-2058/59

o

S. N

o

o

~~I

NTFPs

o

o

ora ea

Quanti (ton

,^

I ac InI

an I

0581059

mon ea

00

1495

42,3275

0,4148

otal

,.

0200

0050

L,

0500

1525

0812

--.

38206

Quanti

23,235

2000

I I

1,805

...-,

ton.

23,100

0113

I"'

43615

0050

10,000

82.6594

t-..-

0050

33.2

Revenue Rs.

.^

23,900.00

^

1,000.0020,000.00

45,400.00

50000

I,

^

' IL-

90

..^,

r~.

,^

r'~~

I III,

,^.

L__

rL'

I^

Export ofNTIFPS From the Major Customs Points of NepalTable 7.1 Ex orts ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kakarvitta

NameofNTFPs

mriso

adjbutj

e' at

amboo

Resin& TU GritineSu

0551056

andhakokila oila

Sutho

Quanti

intel

5332

42.91

Annex7

0561057

Table 7.2 Exports ofNTFPs from Bhantabari Customs Office, Sunsari

0.05

Total

ton

6183

835

NameofNTFPs

\-

57,363

0571058

6259.335

o

3.3

innso

o

25 1.26

6209.962

345

amboo

o

0581059

adjbuti

68

o

7,885

23360

el

418,075

832,558

527

o

6839.92

et

0551056

o

e' at

Ritha

o

0561057

25538

10.1

Ro al

Pater

o

628.93

0561057

30113.3

527

o

o

Quanti

atha

267

o

2.09

33,925

49.7

30932

Rs

341,505

104,129

o

0571058

7126.10

Table 7.3 Exports ofNTFPs from Biratnagar Customs Office, :\'10rang

0571058

o

5847

Total

96040.45

ton

NameofNTFPs

312736

,^

15 I

o

263385.

36970

18

11752

o

0581059

13.7

0581059

73,393

875

innso

297278

391

udraksha

o

o

19/1

2.2

49635

56954

120,029

a'itho

2

o

3.19

Chiraito

73918

o

o

o

1010

Ritha

056,057

r

0.15

o

o

10383

adjbuti(with-Lohan)

L.

o

Resin

o

o

38374

Ro al

96995.2

3430

o

0.02

o

o

adjbuti(with pi to

0561057

3285

o

675750

o

0571058

41020

atha

o

L_

49949

Quanti

40.9 11

e' at

Rs

o

94,615

186000

o

0571058

25,145

16000

o

1093000

1245

74,757

0581059

ton

131,737

Total

47,723

I 10

2900

19,205

44.9

0581059

67809

3300

31316

68,555

3000

o

o

54.7 I

1546/2

43,982

o

300

o

O.

51.08

204,206

454,925

0561057

1304800

o

16,309

o

o

300

o

o

12,632

o

0.65

Ro al

o

1161

o

7915

o

427.52

0571058

o

48.3 16

o

2675

o

o

Rs

10261

o

o

7497

1398

o

4,291

12

3923

1790

0581059

299.2

11800

3572

10029

7602

2740

o

3640

o

43099

40416

1079

o

o

2170

178

o

o

6225

o

o

00

o

478

85333

91

Table 7.4 Exports ofNTFPs from SarlahiCustoms Office, SarlahiNameofNTFPs

Kurilo Jara

Ma

Ta an

'itha

IWantl

Chiraito

InnaSi

omlata

Halik

Haleso

Table 7.5 Exports of NTFPs from Vittamor Custom's office, Mahottar'NameofNTFPs

2

Total

Quanti

3

I a

Dried in er

4Ginger

Table 7.6 Exports ofNTFPs from Gaur Customs Office, Rhutahat

Jiwanti

0571058

16.6

Ima o

Kurilo 'ara

NameofNTFPs

Quanti

7

,

95000

2.3

35

Ro al

92600

ITai O

I . I

2,036

at a

OtO

0026

IruiaSi

aiui

K

o

059

0571058

Is ae

320

a Iyo

2.5

5302

35,062

2.5

9560

9300

Ia ai

~^,

0591060

3500

e aliJadibuti

1150

Is ara

o

Iwan I

^,

500

0571058

1100

InnaSi,

Quanti

26035

200

Revenue (Rs. )

39225

056105

218621

ora o Bark

500

ae

^,

awan bark

1200

ITai

82500

awan bark & Kurilo 'am

0581059

1200

ton

18650

17,462

3.4

urio ara

as, Chulth a & Ninnasi

11,655

.^,

9600

ITai o

057105

ina e

2200

usIi & Yakieabir

128605

2.22

^.

0591060

otal

1,298

4,142

^-,

ninnasi

2375

o

1000

-.

O. I

Ro a

056105

18,029

18800

4

,

3 1,348

7,880

o

1727

0250

22 107

^\

0,128

Rs

13640

5,200

13,000

^,

51890

0389

o

057105

2,500

4092

0700

o

3542

6300

2000

o

1,500

16000

3000

o

o

5236

o

23660

.^

o

1745

o

o

0500

o

101,871

7500

o

704

'~I

1500

15600

o

130000

1.50

--,

7700

o

0,365

8200

1.08

,-.

2100

o

3.70

^.,

35.3

o

45000

o

o

,--.

o

.^

o

o

5000

125835

o

15000

o

4500

1500

1154o

1/100

34990

^

-,

-^

92

-,

^.

.-.

'*

r~

Table 7.7 Exports ofNTFPs from Birg"nj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India)

^

Nameof

NTFPs

<atha

<utch

adjbuti

esin

otal

0551056

Table 7.7 (a): Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bara (Export to India)

117.7

.

Quanti

145.3

NTFPs

056105

236

173,288

170,275

I~~

Rudrakcha

o

176.63

49

0571058

Chiraito

Others

537.79

193.3

17.

Total

0581059

68,081

\-.

104,445

3

264,381

Table 7.8 Exports ofNTFPS from Customs Office, Bhairahawa

184.96

o

055105

3,859

5143900

0561057

4,500

1600500

NTFPs

289.40

o 373300

o

8,359

Ro al

Dalchini

o

0561057

132173000

7117700

Jadibuti

551.87

Quantity (ton)/ Revenue

2949750

6177000

Timur

3948000

0571058

3501437

12640000

67662000

Cardamom

15493800

o

Total

50400

0571058

18/4000

11,520

0581059

Quantity (ton)

0561057

o

Table 7.9 Exports ofNTFPs from Kishannagar Customs Office, Kapilbastu

5417000

6998000

79407000

11,520

âmeOf

NTFPs

78,094

o

o

158,724

0571058

4561816

84824000

54,360

adjbuti

o

o

4561816

34,920

hakal

o

291,178

Bhorla at

194,732

o

0581059

o

endu Leaf

0581059

0541055

4,000

o

L__

abi o

1,210

5000

18,960

93,792

14,105

9,000

Note: Jadibutiinclude Chiraito, Kurilo jam, Tetipati, Timur, Daichini, Ritha, Amalbed, Pakanbed,Padmachal, Jiwanti, Maiitha, and Kaladana

I.

0551056

244,967

Total

056, '057

0,018

2193801

Quanti

148,911

0,018

Revenue(Rs)

o

1053241

0561057

403,623

.

o

3247042

o

8606

422,691

L_.

o

164,359

93,792

0571058

10765

0571058

o

2734

148,911

157,482

3830

o

0581059

0581059

18220

22/05

o

o

164.35

87,454

o

o

0541055.0551056

o

67

2086

9844

o

157,482

5363

3009826!4692000

31961

o

5

o

6

536

199076

132,454

30

Revenue

2070/6

o1

4

0561057

01

300982d469200

o1

7641000

o

o

0571058

o

o

6124000

o

0581059

764100

3592000

o

o

6124000

o

25

o

30

150

359222

20

93

Table 7.10 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Nepalgunj(to India)NTFPs

Amala

Amalbed

Atis

Bhutkesh

Bo'ho

0531054

Chiraito

Ch au

33,638

Daichini

30,267

Jatamasi

9,960

Jatamasi

kotel (litre)

0541055

5 1,650

28,750

4,144

Kakadsin hi

52,113

46,267

Kaladana

9,582

9,309

Kurilo

0551056

57.550

64,563

Others

57.336

64,563

25,000

Padamchal

Quanti

49,632

33,048

Pakhanbed

11,375

0620

Ritha

6,206

12/24

54,810

0561057

43,042

Satuwa

88.2 10

0375

ton

22,500

Sikakai

2,832

59,162

33,088

30,555

Te'pat

10.736

1,433

Timur

3900

7053

100 10

45,676

6,244

48.9 11

Tite ati

0571058

44,320

66.3 15

214,293

0,452

Total

3,255

71,280

17,800

37,600

26,374

35.1 58

9802

123,744

Table 7.11 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kailali(to India)

1,113

4840

6938

7,759

5 1,905

7,700

0581059

NTFPs

40,291

53,756

4063

75,358

0340

370,705

44,149

53,594

11,873

3,611

Te' at

30,672

11,810

31/11

25,113

2860

838,732

112,494

7,544

Bet

4,980

5,216

3,291

I

I

8,850

41,953

Raindana

26.86 I

27,348

8808

237,867

354,551

0,825

Total

Ritha

85,452

139,561

60,905

1.74 I

200,408

Sallako Khoto

13/8.229

19,720

36,704

2288

8748

Jadibuti

83,329

2,641

43,578

3,379

5892

Kubhindo

289,270

10,055

21,116

30,524

6,525

176,198

Total

37,4197

56,968

80,146

1,233

222,825

60,252

10/6.1/3

10,055

1720

Table 7.12 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kanchanpur(to India)

26,064

-.

38,056

95.78 I

1.48 I

273,010

NTFPs

8,710

11,680

5077

429,639

33,433

200.255

397,525

0,725

.

38,835

ladibuti

1/27.544

2,355

15,575

Bet

14,832

8340

100,376

53,816

Total

3.94 I

-

23 .88 I

I

5,425

193,231

238,350

3,950

344,028

0571058

146,564

1132.646

4,220

3560

80.30 I

36,941

Quanti

199,310

L,

1949.621

2170

138.821

,.

52,315

3220

726,486

596,025

ton

12,250

t__,

38,671

6700

990,521

42.5 12

-\

16,663

55,960

6159.750

2551.146

.-^

0581059

,.

2668.568

o

-^,

0571058

o

Quanti

231000

,-.

.

4980

140165

o

371165

1,692

51,120

2299.388

K

-^

^ I

.

3,925

18,050

0581059

2424.155

I~\

318205

^J

318974

769

I

^

Total

549205

.

140934

690139

.^.

.

94

--,

.

--.

--\

.-,

.'*

.

,-~

-J

\

I__

I,

Quantity ofNTFF's Traded (Information based on Trade Center/I'mders)Table 8.1 NTFP Information based on Trade Centerin'raders: Birtamod, Jhapa

,~

Taplejun!

Chiraito

Ma'orNTFPS In trade

unlo Jara

ImUr

Annex8

awan Bark

Sikakai

e' at

Note: Pakaging cost of these NTFps @ Rs20/ 50 kg bundle

Table 8.2 NTFP Information based on Trade Centerru'raders: Dharan, Sunsari

Birtamod

r'.

Avera e uanti

Basantapur

r'

Panchthar

ton traded in Year (0571058

Hile

6.5

1.2

2

I~

Dhankuta

Chiraito

5

Ma'or NTFPS In trade

2

itha

7

Ma

Bu in

L _-

itho

Dalchini

Tehrathum

Sutho

100-150

rice

e' at

100-150

unlo Jara

Dharan

50-60

Bhojpur

i Ia

Avera e uanti

70-80

L^

an a

40-55

Indrini ko seed

Note: Processing cost for allNTFPs @ Rs 501bora.

20-25

Letang

(ton traded in Year (0571058)

20-50

400

5

4

140

156

5

Bu in

650

10

100-120

rice

0.3

12-15

28-30

20

15-30

15-17

100-120

12-15

30-35

50-70

95

Table 8.3 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Kancha" ur, Sa to '

Mariahari Phatepur

Ma'or NTFPS In tradeI a ai

Dhankuta

Salla Khoto

Kurilo

Maitho

Hile

ej

Kanchanpur

at

alchini

Pipla

Avera e uantity (ton)traded in Year(0581059)

Innasi

Note: processing cost @ Rs 501Bora

Basantpur

,

-50

Table8.4NTFPlnformationbasedonTradeCenter/Traders:Chandra h ,R t h

Sidhuli

Rautahat

5-6

.

10

12

-~*

4

.^,

Ma'or NTFPS In trade

2

I a ai

Buyino price

Kurilo

Sindhuli

.

i Ia

15-30

.

.

ote: Processing cost @ 50\ BOTa

15-35

100-150

Chandranigahapur

28.30

~~

I.,

25-30

Avera e uanti

40-45

Bardibas

,-..

15-30

300-400

.--,

^\

.

00n)traded in Year(0581059)10

^

5

--.,

I

--.

.-\

Bu in

.-\

' I

20-30

rice

100,150

^~

15-20

^\

I I.

-~I

.

.-,

--\

:---,

.^.

96

,-,

,-.

.-,

-\

-^-.

--,

^.-

.

. -

I.

L

r'

I~ ~

Table 8.5 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/I'raders: Hefunda, Makawanp"r

Dhankuta

r'~

I,

Sindhuli

Tehrathum

Kaski

,--.

I .

Lainjung

Parsa

\ .

Ma'or NTFPs in Trade

,-

unio

Bam

h au

mala

r-

Harro

us Ii

hiraito

Rasuwa

Hetauda

iwanti

Maitho

alik

vera

o'ho

atamasi

e Q"anti

Jin

i adj

,. .

akuli

southern part ofLalitpui

Simal Khoto

Bikh

Makawanpur

Pathat

ton in Year 0581059

Ban Lasun

Nawalparasi

e aji Musali

Note: Processing and packaging cost @ Rs 51kg

38

68

J- -.I,

9

2

5

26

11

35

-.

Bu in

15

8

100,150

10

rice

100-160

1.2

70-80

1.4

0.4

^,

40

0.5

15

0.03

120

70-80

15.20

27-28

20-30

40

100-120

60

185-200

20-30

70-75

30-35

,

97

Table 8.6 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Ne al an', B k D' t ' t

Humla Jumla

Ma'or NTFPsln trade

mala

Kalikot

inalved

tis

Barro

horla Bark)

DoIPa

Bhutkesh

Bikh

Bikhma

Bardia

Nepalganj

Bo'ho

Avera e uanti traded myear 0581059

udhani

Chiraito

Chulthi

Banke

Daichini

Daruhaldi

Dhupi

25-30000

Dhu

35000

Gucchich au

6--7000

'adj

Harro

I.

12-15000

25-30000

atamasi

Jiwanti

80-85000

.I

Kakadsin i

20-2200

.-,

30-3200

akoli

Kurilo

Bu in

,.

10-12000

350-400000

orki

Ma'itho

28-30

30-32000

rice

Musli

70-75

4--5000

180-200

28-30000

Innasi

Okhar bokra

9--10

.

2000

10--12

30-35000

adamchal

.-,

65-70

80-85000

akhanbet

100-120

3800.4000

Panchaunle

,

110-120

6--8000

.^,

180-200000

2428

,-\

50-55

10--11000

160-180

7--8000

65-70

12--1500

..

^ I

30-35

60-65000

140-150

^

55-60000

25-35

5--6000

-^.

70-75

9--10000

4000-4200

.-,

500-800

2000-2200

11-12

.-.~

130-140

9--10000

^

40-45

22-24000

150-200

800-1000

^

70-75

160

^

160

.^:

25-30

4042

,-.~

I

250.130

.,.-

125-130

.-...

40-45

14-15

1000-1200

,^ .~

^.^

I~\

^,

98

-J

-\

.--J

,-.

~..,

~\

I I^.,

-^

.

^,

i Ia

itha

Salamdana

Satuwa

~ - .

Sikakai

Somlata

Su

^.

andhawala

Su andhakokila

,..,

e' at

..--

edi

Imur

Table 8.7 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders, Surkhet, District

,- .

35-40000

300.320000

10000

4--5000

Surkhet

80-85000

,. .

15-16000

80-100000

60-70000

Ma'or NTFPsln trade

,- ,

80-90000

o'ho

110-130

3000

140-145000

alchini

12--14

unio

90-110

akhanbed

Ritha

160

Samayo

13-15

Surkhet

40.45

Saylan

e

~..

at

jinur

vera e

150

65-75

12-. 14

uant'

60-70

Total

.- ,

70-75

ton traded in Year 0581059

-'~*

6000

7000

20,000

32.00

.. .

21,000

36.00

22.00

- .

23,000

Bu in

167

rice

15-18

20-25

130-140

7--8

50-55

10--11

60-65

99

Table 8.8 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Dan District.

Jt\jarkot Do IPa Saylan

Major NTFPsin trade

Chiraito

Pyutha

ae

Daichini

uri o

Ritha

Rolpa

u andhakokila

Su andhawal

Dang

Imur

Dang

Table 8.9 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/I'raders: Kanal' D' t ' t

Total

Average quantityTraded ear ton)

1000

AChham

3000

10,000

26,000

.

100,800

Major NTFPsln trade

10,400

I.I

Baitadi

I

1500

2750.000

Bo'ho

;^

2902.7

,-\

..-,

utro

aC InI

Baihang

Buying price(058159)

art o

\

a anbed

,-^

I

I a

200

ama o

Te' at

.-,

Dadeldhur

20

13 5

Average quantity Traded year

Kailali

9

--,

65

80

'~~I

Total

90

Kailali

.^,

,-\

5000

2000

-,

8000

300

.^

2000

Buying price (058159)

8500

^

8500

I.._I

18000

52300

.-,

15-20

.-\

.,^

140

45-50

50-55

:, ,

12.14

10

^,

18.22

,--.

,;

~-,

,-,

..^.~

100

,-.-

,-\

I

.,

r.

^

-

r~

,.-.

I_

Table 8.10 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Rupandehi District

,

Palpa Rupandehi

Ma'or NTFPs in Trade

alchini

unio

Kapilbastu

L

Imur

Bilauni Bark

Rupandehi

Syanja

I_

Avera e Quanti

,^,

ton in ear 0581059

!,

14

4

4

0.7

,- \

I~

\ ,

Bu in Price

L

30-35

130-150

r~

60-70

30.40

\---

,

101

Table 9.1

Imports ofNTFPsfrom Prominentlmdian Markets

Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centre by Excel Dru House,KOIkota (2001)

Ma'or NTFPsA1aichi

Amala

Atis

Bo'ho

Chiraita

Jatamasi

Kakarsin hi

Maitho

Ritha

Satawari

Annex9

Satuwa

uanti Traded K

Sikakai

SilajitSu andhawal

20000

Sutho

30000

Timur

2000

Total

10000

10000

5000

Table 9.2 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kanpur (2000)

2000

NTFPs

NA

Sugandha Kokila

50000

Market Price NRs/ K

20000

jinur

10000

atamasi

Satawari

35000

Dried Gin er

2000

400

Daichine

5000

.

50000

Jatamasi oil

60

560

20000

Winter eenoil

192000

48

.

272

\-,

168

208

..

48

^

Quanti

112-208

16

Total

'~'I

^-,

36.8

6

ton

240

30

160

~\

7

48

20

^

140

40

25

,..

3

..,

0.6

Via Krishana Nager

131.6

Via Krishana Na

Route

,-,

Via Krishana Na

Via Krishana Na

~-.

Via Krishana Na

-.

Via Krishana Na

Via Krishana Na

--.,

er

Via KrishanaNa

er

er

-I

er

er

er

-,

er

,.-.

.

,-~

-,

^

,.

,--.

.-,

102

--.~

^

.-.

.,

.-,

,-^

..^,

~'I

I_ .

^.

Table 9.3 Annual Imports ofNTFPsfrom Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Lucknow (2000)

TFPs

tied Gen er

Pakhanbed

ImUr

,--

alchini

itha

Sikakai

Satawari

ichen

atamasi oil

almarosa oil

GinOn

Gin er oil

Q"anti Im orted ton

otal

,^^

ass oil

Table 9.4. Annual Import ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kannauj

\

NTFPs

,^--

100

Su andha kokila oil

70

atam asi oil

30

atamasi

100

ichen

120

Su andhakokila

15

otal

7

Total Demand ton

10

70

40

Quanti

552

,--

jin orted ton

0.2

0.25

20

,

10

600

6

36.45

otalDemand ton

500

f *

, . ,

100

100

200

103

Table 9.5Annuallmports ofNTFPsfrom Nepal by Indian Trad C t : D Ih'Major NTFPsimported from Nepal

aC InI

or a

e a

o o

a awar

a amanSI

I a

Inn@mom"in lama/a (bark)

I amu

a" inI@ voh/Ii(bark)

Imur

Innomom"in lama/a (leaf)ACor"s calamus

I a

a am aria

IC enS

To uarii ora

a aan a

As oro Is racemos"sNardosi@ch s randi oro

ina a

u an awa

I er 10n

Pi er 10n

Is

a ane

grrrhox

win (Fruit)

Q ind"s markorossi

uwa

ai o

Buying rateIRS

roc yco, y!his o6cordaio

I"in arm@I"in

Rawvo/, a 38r en!ino

a a Sin I

in (Root)

Ph nanih"s ginb/ICO

u a a

160-180

a errand aidingnsii

ar ora

coniiz, in herero hy//"in

28-30

amc a

Ber enjo cilia!a

Irai O

20-22

Irai o

artspob, phy//a

Iain

24

" 10 inari'ith

Average annualIm ortfrom Ne a

25

Ita

40-50

is!deja chinensis

100-160

nc aun e

urinea do/omioeo

It a

400

100-110

I aaar

Is

" OnSIe Ia

220

a a

250

epa I

e"in oars!rQ/e

85

UCC I

120-125

wer!10 chiroy, jin

350

ina e

60-70

weri!a s

120

a O I

Jiwanti

.

300

10-1 I

CdCIQ 11,

Bis

300

coni!"in

90

200-225

Su

hase

ac4y/orhi, a ho!a if. ea

180

.

Total

andhakokila

30-35

e{ohini"in himdidyoi

10

Q!a

I I

90-95

yric0 85c"/enjo (bark)

15

8FOX

\--

75

1000

orche//a conico

700

^-.

gum o213ifd/e ( GtiOle)

17

160.200

Fiji ona o1rrhoso

8

E hemeronih@

~-,

50

Popy oat"in v"/ ore

35

200

125

Gin"Qinomz, ing/@11cescens

,,

120

70

100-150

12

-

35-40

300

150-160

16

,-.

30-35

325

~-,

8

30

300

100

225

1200

-.

15

250

,_I

225

20

400

3400

300

..-\

90

8

^-

15

-.

50

7

--,

40

--.\

,

,,

..-,

,.

6112

^

-\

.-,

,^

I.

--~

^

.

104

.--.

-\

.

r~\

,- ,

I~

f~^

~,

.--..

I~~'

Table 9.6 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Tanakpur

Major NTFPsimported from Nepal

.

Kutki

Daichini

Bhorla

Te' at

Bo

r~

Jh au

ho

*_

Satawar

Jammansi

^-~

Pierorhizoscro hularii ore

Pila

Cmn@momz, in tomola (bark)

Pi

Bat, hinia v@hlii(bark)

Timur

ininul

Cmn@momz, in lama!a (leaf)

Ritha

Acorus calamus

Salamdana

- .

Lichen s

Sa a andha

As ora t's racemost, s

Amala

Naydostoch s andiora

Su andhawal

Pi or 10n I'm (Fruit) '

Atis

Pi or 10n

Pakhanbed

Zan!hox min grind!urn

Satuwa

Buying rate(IRS/ICg)

So inch, s markorossi

Maitho

Brach co thisobcordo!a

Kakadsingi

RQt!vo/

in (Root)

Dhu Iakad

Ph nanih"s ginbiico

Okhar bokra

100-125

Paleriono 'atomonsii

Padamchal

IQ ser eniina

Aconitum herero

30-35

Chiraito (Tita)

Ber eni@ ciliaia

15-18

Chiraito (Mitha)

Average annualImportfrom

Ne at

paris o!y hy!/a

Sikakai

20

Rubia inari'ith

Total

20

Ptstocio chinensis

50

100-125

luringa do/Qinioeo

h 11"in

IIJ tons re in

100

70-80

80

Rhez, in dustyale

50

Swertio chira jig

100

200

55-60

Swertia s

120

Acacia r"

10

20

75-80

190-210

140

80

30

o10

I~'.

60-65

80

I

3

850

.

13-15

6

120-150

--\

10

350

28.30

110-120

2.5

55-60

15

I~'

I, ,

90

I 10

90

30-35

100-120

5

I

120

20-25

20-25

5

80

4

50

50

8

30

80

60

1828.5

,

105

Table 9.7 Percentage of MajorHerbs Supplied to DelhiMarket b Diff t CMedicinal Herbs

atomansi

Dhu Jadi

h au

Kutki

Salamdana

Gucchi

Chiraito

Kakoli

Ne

Bo'ho

al %

Okhar bokra

85

Panchaunle

25

Su andhawal

15

Bhutan 9'0

Ritha

75

40

Iwanti

5

5

tis

60

tis (Ne aji)Timur

70

India %

Satawar

5

20

Kakadsinghi

10

10

10

Su andhakokila

40

75

Maiitho

40

75

85

35

Pakisthan %

20

10

85

50

5

5

95

20

100

100

5

30

5

60

:_!

70

10

85

100

40

5

20

.^J

60

15

\-,

95

.

\

,.

'I

95

40

20

..^,

,^

70

-. I

.

.^,

. --,

.

^ I^,

^ I^

--\

.--,

-\

\-J

,-~

,.-.

..-,

106

r~-

,^.

,

.-,

,^.

\,

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