Current state of peatland soils as an effect of long-term

3Effect of long-term peatland drainage on organic soils properties

http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ssa (Read content)

SOIL SCIENCE ANNUALVol. 67 No. 1/2016: 3–9

* Dr. B. Glina, [email protected]

DOI: 10.1515/ssa-2016-0001

DE DE GRUYTER

OPEN

INTRODUCTION

Environmental conditions, especially hydrologicalconditions, play essential role in peatland functioning(Strack et al. 2008). In most cases the disturbances inwater conditions of peatlands are the effect of stronghuman impact such as drainage for agricultural use(Limpens et al. 2008). Many peatlands, particularlyafter the Second World War, had been drained andconverted to managed agro-ecosystems (Joosten andCouwenberg 2001), what caused harmful changes inpeatlands hydrology (Ferrati et al. 2005). In Poland,the amelioration projects of river valleys, also includingpeatland areas, reached the highest intensity in the1960s–1970s (Niewiarowski and Kot 2011), what isdocumented also in the case of Wielkopolskievoivodeship (Rz¹sa 1963). Changes of the groundwatertable may also be caused by open pit lignite mining(Komisarek et al. 2011, Uzarowicz et al. 2014).Intensive dewatering lowers the hydrostatic pressureof usually confined aquifers, what causes disturbancesin water management of areas in close vicinity ofa mine (Jambrik and Bartha 2006). Lowering of watertable accelerates the secondary transformation

process of organic soils (Gawlik 2000), connectedwith mineralization of organic matter (Soko³owskaet al. 2005), typical of moorsh-forming processoccuring in topsoil horizons (Markiewicz et al. 2015,£abaz and Kaba³a 2016). Noticeable changes areparticularly observed in peat structure (Holden et al.2004) and organic matter transformation for instancedissolved organic carbon (DOC) production (Stracket al. 2008). The aim of this study was to assess the currentstate of fen peatland soils in the Grójecka Valley,where aggravation of local hydrological conditionswas the result of agricultural use (pastures, meadows)since the 1960s (Mocek and Owczarzak 2003) andpotentially of lignite open pit mining industry (KWBKonin) since 1980s (Owczarzak et al. 2003). Under-standing the effects of long-term drainage of peatlandareas will be helpful in the future management andregulations of water conditions. Additionally, a problemsof organo-mineral soil classification, built of organic(moorsh) and organo-mineral (mud) materials wasdiscussed and some propositions were given to improvethe next edition of the Polish Soil Classification (PSC2011).

BART£OMIEJ GLINA*, PIOTR GAJEWSKI, ZBIGNIEW KACZMAREK,WOJCIECH OWCZARZAK, PAWE£ RYBCZYÑSKI

Poznañ University of Life Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Land ProtectionSzyd³owska St. 50, 60-656 Poznañ, Poland

Current state of peatland soils as an effect of long-term drainage –preliminary results of peatland ecosystems investigation

in the Grójecka Valley (central Poland)

Abstract: Understanding the effect of long-term drainage of peatland areas is helpful in future peatland management and regu-lations of water conditions. The aim of this work was to assess the current state of fen peatland soils in the Grójecka Valley (easternpart of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship, central Poland), affected by long-term agricultural use (pastures, meadows) since the 1960sand potentially by lignite open pit mining industry (KWB Konin) since 1980s. Field studies were carried out in 2015 in selected fenpeatland areas. Soil material for laboratory analysis was collected from genetic horizons from four soil profiles. The surface horizonsof studied organic and organo-mineral soils were built with well-developed moorsh material. They were classified as medium moor-shiefied – MtII (profile 1, 3 and 4) and strongly moorshiefied – MtIII (profile 2). Obtained results of physical and physico-chemicalanalysis indicate that long-term peatland utilization connected with potential impact of the lignite mining, transformed mainly theupper horizons of studied organic and organo-mineral soils. However, despite obvious strong human impact on peatlands ecosystems,we cannot exclude the climate variables, what should be confirmed by long-term monitoring program. Furthermore, presented paperindicated that new subtype moorsh-muddy soils (in Polish: gleby murszowo-mu³owe) within the type of gleyic soils should beimplemented in the next version of Polish Soil Classification.

Keywords: soil transformation, fen peatlands, organic soils, dehydration, agricultural use

4 BART£OMIEJ GLINA, PIOTR GAJEWSKI, ZBIGNIEW KACZMAREK, WOJCIECH OWCZARZAK, PAWE£ RYBCZYÑSKI

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Grójecka Valley is located in the eastern part ofthe Wielkopolskie voivodeship, central Poland (Ga-jewski et al. 2015). This area is mostly formed of theRiss-grey till covered by sandy sediments (Mocek etal. 2000). This kind of mineral bedrock created favorableconditions for peatlands formation, which coversignificant area of the Grójecka Valley (Gajewski2005). In the sampling year 2015, the mean annualair temperature was 10.5°C, whereas the annual sumof precipitation was 435 mm. The area of the GrójeckaValley has the highest negative water balance inPoland (Owczarzak and Mocek 2004).

Soil survey and sampling were carried out in 2015in the selected peatland areas located within the Gró-jecka Valley (Fig. 1). Soil material (peat, moorsh,mud) for laboratory analysis was collected from foursoil profiles (in total 19 mean samples). Before thesampling procedure, soil morphology was describedaccording to Guidelines for Soil Description (Jahn etal. 2006). The degree of peat decomposition wasdetermined in the field, using thevon Post method (1922). Undi-sturbed soil samples were collectedto stainless steel rings (100 cm3)for the bulk density determination.Before laboratory analysis eachsoil sample was divided into twoparts. In fresh material the stateof secondary transformation ofsoils was estimated by the water-holding capacity index W1 (Gaw-lik 2000) and soil pH in distilledwater, potentiometrically, atsoil:solution ratio of 1:2.5 (v/v).The remaining parts of the soilsamples were dried, mixed andplant remains were removed. Thefollowing properties, were deter-mined in dry samples: ash con-tent after placing dried samples for5 h in a muffle furnace at 550oCas described by Heiri et al.(2001); total organic carbon(TOC) and total nitrogen (TN)on a VarioMax analyzer; contentof calcium carbonate usinga Scheibler volumetric method(Van Reeuwijk 1992). The con-centration of hot water extracta-ble carbon (HWC) was measuredin soil extracts obtained by usingthe incubation method at 70°C

for 18 h (Sparling et al. 1998). Cold water carbon(CWC) was determined in soil extracts obtained byshaking 10 g of soil samples with 10 ml of deionizedwater at 180 rev min–1 for 24 h and then centrifugationat 4000 rpm for 10 minutes (Landgraf et al. 2006).The HWC and CWC quantities in soil samples weremeasured using VarioMax analyzer, after the filtrationvia Whatman 0.45 µm membrane filters. Based on themorphological features and physico-chemical properties,soils were classified according to PSC (2011) andFAO-WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Morphology and classificationof the studied soils

Surface soil horizons in studied soil profiles werebuilt with well-developed moorsh material, noticeableeffect of the long-term peatland drainage. The thicknessof the granular structured moorsh horizons variedfrom 25 cm (profile 4) to 35 cm (profile 2) (Table 1),

lioSnoziroh

htpeD)mc(

roloC)tsiom(

erutcurtS lioSerutsiom

OCaC 3 noziroHyradnuob

,)1102CSP(awozsrum-oworpasanzcinagroabelg1eliforP)5102BRW(losotsiHcirpaScihsruMcirtuE

1M2M

aO/MaO

C

81–003–8134–0337–34

37>

2/3RY012/2RY012/3RY011/2RY014/6RY01

RGRG

A/RGF-A

BS

yrdtsiomylthgils

tsiomtsiom

tew

+++++

GGGG–

,)1102CSP(awozsrum-oworbifanzcinagroabelg2eliforP)5102BRW(losotsiHcirbiFcimeHciniarDcirtuE

1M2MeOiO

C

02–053–0254–5307–54

07>

1/3RY012/3RY013/3RY014/3RY013/6RY01

RGRGF-A

FBS

tsiomylthgilstsiomylthgils

tsiomtewtew

–––––

GG

W,CW,C

–

,)1102CSP(awojelg-owozsrumabelg3eliforP)5102BRW()cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcitsiHcirtuE

1M2M1cL2cL

gC

51–003–5183–0306–83

06>

2/2RY011/2RY011/3RY011/2RY012/5RY01

RGRG

AAM

yrdtsiomylthgils

tsiomtewtew

+++++

GG

W,CW,C

–

,)1102CSP(awojelg-owozsrumabelg4eliforP)5102BRW()cinmiL,ciniarD(losyelGcitsiHcirtuE

1M2M1cL2cL3cL4cL

51–052–5174–5207–74011–07031–011

3/2RY011/3RY011/4RY012/4RY012/3RY011/5RY01

RGRG

AAAA

tsiomylthgilstsiomylthgils

tsiomtewtew

tewyrev

––––––

GGGGG–

TABLE 1. Soil morphology, basic characteristic and soil classification

Explanation. Structures: AB – subangular blocky, A – amorphous, GR – granular, F – fibrous,M – massive; Horizon boundaries: G – gradual, C – clear, W – wavy.


FIGURE 1. Location of the study sites within the Grójecka Valley


what allowed to classify these soils as medium moor-shiefied – MtII (profile 1, 3 and 4) and stronglymoorshiefied – MtIII (profile 2) according to classi-fication proposed by Okruszko (1993). Fen peatlandsoils in the Grójecka Valley in accordance withFAO-WRB classification (IUSS Working Group,2015) belonged to Histosols (Profile 1 and 2) andHistic Gleysols (Profile 3 and 4) reference groups,with addition of various principal and supplementaryqualifiers (Table 1). According to the PSC (2011),profiles 1 and 2 were classified as sapric-moorshorganic soil (in Polish: gleba organiczna saprowo-murszowa) and fibric-moorsh organic soil (in Polish:gleba organiczna fibrowo-murszowa), respectively.Soil profiles 3 and 4 consisted of organic moorshmaterial over the telmatic mud (organo-mineral sedimentsof the Warta flooding) were problematic for classi-fication according to PSC (2011). Due to low TOCcontent in the mud material (below 12%) mentionedsoil profiles do not meet criteria for limnic-moorshorganic soils (in Polish: gleby organiczne limnowo-murszowe). In this situation, such heterogeneous soilshad to be classified as moorsh-gleyic soils (in Polish:gleby murszowo-glejowe), what did not fully reflectthe genesis of these soils. The peat material whichwas transformed into moorsh due to drainage wasaccumulated here on the telmatic mud – results of theWarta river flooding. In this case authors proposed tocreate a new soil subtype: moorsh-muddy soils (inPolish: gleby murszowo-mu³owe) in which the mudmaterial contains from 10 to 20% of soil organicmatter. This is the next proposal to extend the type ofgleyic soils with a new soil subtype. In previouslypublished works by Kalisz and £achacz (2008), Roj-Rojewski (2009), Roj-Rojewski and Walasek (2013)and Mendyk et al. (2015) muddy soils or muddy-gleyicsoils subtypes were proposed for implementation tothe next PSC update, what indicates that in many partsof Poland soils derived from organo-mineral alluvialmuddy materials occurs.

Current state of organic matter transformationsin the studied soils

The TOC content in studied soils was in the rangeof 19.6–431g⋅kg–1 and the lowest was recorded in thetelmatic mud layers (Lc1, Lc2 in profile 3 and Lc1–Lc4 in profile 4) with the highest admixture of mineralmaterial – ash content >70% (Table 2 and 3). Similarsituation was observed with content of TN. Thehighest amounts of TN were determined in the organichorizons (15.4–29.6 g⋅kg–1), whereas the lowest amountswere recorded in the organo-mineral horizons (1.31–6.41). The calculated TOC/TN ratio (Table 3), which

is an indicator of the mineralization of organic matter,showed that studied soils were subject to intensivemineralization process, as TOC/TN ratio was from13.1 to 20.2. The lowest TOC/TN ratios (< 15) wereobserved primarily in moorsh topsoil horizons, whatindicates that the most intense mineralization oforganic matter occurred in the surficial soil layers.Narrow TOC/TN ratios (< 15) may indicate the lowsusceptibility of organic matter for further transfor-mations (Bieniek et al. 2007) and intense mineralizationprocess (Soko³owska et al. 2005).

The determined values of W1 index in the organichorizons of investigated soils ranged from 0.43 to 0.92(Table 2). The peat horizons in the profile 2 wereassigned to initial class of secondary transformation.The highest state of secondary transformation (extremeand strong) was observed in the moorsh topsoil horizonsin profiles 1, 2 and 4. Obtained values of W1 index inagriculturally used fen peatland soils are similar tothose reported for degraded peatlands in the GreatMazurian Lakeland (Kalisz et al. 2015) or in the Bie-brza River valley (Gawlik and Harkot 2000, Soko-³owska et al. 2005). Mentioned authors described thecomplete degradation or strong secondary transfor-mation in the topsoil moorsh horizons of drainedpeatland soils, used as grasslands for a long time.

The hot water carbon (HWC) contents were in therange 0.50–3.11 g⋅kg–1 (Table 3). The highest HWCcontent was found in moorsh horizons of profile 4,whereas the lowest was determined in organo-mineralmud layers in profiles 3 and 4. The cold water carbon(CWC) contents were decidedly lower than HWC and

-orPelif

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htpeD)mc(

kluBytisned

mcg( 3– )

hsAtnetnoc

)%(

W1xedni

foetatSyradnoces

-rofsnartnoitam

1 1M2M

aO/MaO

81–003–8134–0337–34

91.012.032.061.0

9.423.820.539.71

29.076.086.036.0

emertxeetaredometaredometaredom

2 1M2MeOiO

02–053–0254–5307–54

81.051.071.071.0

3.123.517.918.81

68.027.054.034.0

gnortsetaredom

laitinilaitini

3 1M2M1cL2cL

51–003–5183–0306–83

03.072.093.024.0

7.255.342.472.18

57.046.0

––

etaredometaredom

––

4 1M2M1cL2cL3cL4cL

51–052–5174–5207–74011–07031–011

91.081.004.064.054.054.0

7.328.023.774.299.882.09

68.067.0

––––

gnortsetaredom

––––

TABLE 2. Physical properties of the soils studied (mean values)


ranged between 0.01 and 1.25 g⋅kg–1 (Table 3). Themean HWC and CWC quantity in the examined soilprofiles showed similar tendencies. Both parametershad the highest concentrations in the topsoil horizons,what indicates stronger microbial activity in theselayers, responsible for organic matter transformations(Kalisz et al. 2010). The concentration of HWC inorganic layers of investigated soils represents ca. 1%of TOC, what is similarly to findings reported byKalisz et al. (2010, 2015) based on the researchconducted on peatlands in northeastern Poland. Above described results indicates that long-termpeatland agricultural use, connected with intensivedrainage transformed primarily upper horizons of theorganic and organo-mineral soils studied. This is inline with the findings reported by other researchers(Soko³owska et al. 2005, Strack et al. 2008, Glina2014, Kalisz et al. 2010, 2015). The present paperprovides new challenges for future peatland monitoringprogram, which will allow to answer what is the mainfactor responsible for peatland degradation in theGrójecka Valley: is it the combined effect of agriculturaluse and lignite open pit mining industry in the vicinity,as was reported by Owczarzak et al. (2003) andKomisarek et al. (2011) or the climatic factors?Although strong human impact on peatlands ecosys-tems is obvious, we cannot exclude the climatevariables influencing peat soils in the area studied.Particularly, when the Grójecka Valley is located inthe zone of the most unfavorable weather conditionsin terms of precipitation in Poland (Owczarzak andMocek 2004). Described problem confirms thevalidity and necessity of the peatlands monitoring in

the Grójecka Valley. Only long-term interdisciplinarymonitoring program will give an answer for thementioned unknowns.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Agricultural use of peatlands, combined withpotential influence of lignite open pit miningindustry since 1980s caused severe degradation ofthe soil cover in the Grójecka Valley.

2. Effect of long-term drainage observed in soilmorphology (well-developed moorsh horizons)was confirmed by the soil physical and physico-chemical properties (e.g., W

1 index, TOC/TN

ratio and dissolved organic carbon content).3. For precise determination of main factor responsible

for peatland soil degradation in the Grójecka Valley,several years of interdisciplinary monitoringprogram of these ecosystems is required.

4. Implementation of a new subtype moorsh-muddysoils (in Polish: gleby murszowo-mu³owe) withinthe type of gleyic soils should be considered in thenext edition of the Polish Soils Classification.

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TABLE 3. Chemical propertiesof the soils studied (mean values)

Explanation: TOC – total organiccarbon; TN – total nitrogen; HWC –hot water extractable carbon, CWC– cold water extractable carbon.

eliforP lioSnoziroh

htpeD Hp COT NT CWH CWC OCaC 3 NT/COT

)mc( H2O g⋅ gk 1–

1 1M2M

aO/MaO

81–003–8134–0337–34

46.716.796.748.6

653543523363

4.729.425.124.22

97.287.273.291.2

86.008.085.001.0

1.715.0104.627.2

6.312.415.514.61

2 1M2MeOiO

02–053–0254–5307–54

71.616.597.529.5

873134304224

1.720.928.229.02

07.216.243.245.1

52.180.171.051.0

––––

9.319.416.712.02

3 1M2M1cL2cL

51–003–5183–0306–83

65.576.543.644.6

302052111

1.38

4.517.7114.683.5

35.284.245.175.1

87.016.020.030.0

72.472.425.118.1

4.314.415.718.51

4 1M2M1cL2cL3cL4cL

51–052–5174–5207–74011–07031–011

66.520.634.620.726.664.6

983993

8.676.916.854.75

6.927.8278.413.110.4

043

11.300.381.105.077.005.0

29.071.170.010.030.020.0

––––––

1.319.315.519.414.414.41


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Aktualny stan gleb torfowisk niskich jako efekt d³ugoletniego drena¿u –wstêpne wyniki badañ ekosystemów torfowiskowych Doliny Grójeckiej

Streszczenie: Celem pracy by³o rozpoznanie aktualnego stanu pokrywy glebowej torfowisk niskich z obszaru Doliny Grójeckiej(wschodnia czêœæ województwa wielkopolskiego). Gleby te by³y u¿ytkowane rolniczo (pastwiska, ³¹ki) od 1960 roku oraz znajdowa-³y siê pod wp³ywem potencjalnego oddzia³ywania odkrywkowego górnictwa wêgla brunatnego (KWB Konin) od roku 1980. Praceterenowe przeprowadzono w 2015 roku na wybranych obszarach torfowisk niskich. Materia³ glebowy do badañ laboratoryjnychpobrano z wydzielonych w terenie poziomów genetycznych z czterech profili glebowych. Powierzchniowe poziomy badanych gleborganicznych i organiczno-mineralnych by³y zbudowane z dobrze wykszta³conego materia³u murszowego. Zaklasyfikowano je jakoœrednio zmursza³e – MtII (profil 1, 3 i 4) oraz silnie zmursza³e – MtIII (profil 2). Uzyskane wyniki analiz w³aœciwoœci fizycznychi fizykochemicznych wskaza³y, ¿e w wyniku d³ugotrwa³ego u¿ytkowania torfowisk, po³¹czonego z intensywnym drena¿em prze-kszta³cone zosta³y g³ównie powierzchniowe poziomy badanych gleb. Obserwowana sytuacja jest efektem d³ugoletniego u¿ytkowa-nia rolniczego oraz mo¿e byæ potencjalnie skutkiem dzia³alnoœci górnictwa wêgla brunatnego w bezpoœrednim s¹siedztwie badane-go obszaru. Jednak¿e nawet jeœli silny wp³yw antropopresji na ekosystemy torfowiskowe jest oczywisty, nie mo¿na wykluczyæ rolizmiennych czynników klimatycznych. Zasadne wydaje siê byæ przeprowadzenie interdyscyplinarnych wieloletnich badañ na podsta-wie sieci sta³ego monitoringu ekosystemów torfowiskowych Doliny Grójeckiej. Mog¹ one pomóc w udzieleniu jednoznacznej odpo-wiedzi, który z czynników w g³ównej mierze wp³ywa na przekszta³cenia tych obszarów. Morfologia i geneza niektórych z badanychgleb wskazuj¹ na koniecznoœæ podjêcia dyskusji nad celowoœci¹ wprowadzenia do Systematyki Gleb Polski nowego podtypu glebmurszowo-mu³owych, w obrêbie typu gleb glejowych.

S³owa kluczowe: przeobra¿enia gleb, torfowiska niskie, gleby organiczne, odwodnienia, u¿ytkowanie torfowisk

Van Reeuwijk L.P., 1992. Procedures for Soil Analysis. Interna-tional Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen,Netherlands: 100 pp.

Von Post L., 1922. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokings torvinven-tering och nagra av dess hittilis vunna resultata. SvenscaMosskulturforeningers Tidskrift 1: 1–27.

Received: March 22, 2016Accepted: May 12, 2016

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