Bas KooijmanDept theoretical biology

Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamBas@bio.vu.nl

http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/

Current research in ecotoxicity and ROS-effect modelling

Aix, 2009/11/25

Free radicals Aging 6.1c

Aging results from damage by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Gerschman 1954 link with DEB model via dioxygen consumption & metabolic activity

Aging is binary in unicellulars, and gradual in multicellulars age-affected cells no longer divideTypical aging only occurs in multicellulars with irreversible cell differentiation that have post-mitotic tissues

Induction of damage inducing compounds dioxygen consumption contribution from assimilation is not included because of more local occurrence in organism

Empirical evidence points to acceleration of agingDamage inducing compounds generate• damage inducing compounds• damage compounds; hazard rate density of damage compounds

Some chemical compounds (e.g. RNS) and -radiation can stimulate aging

energetics

growth

maintenance

Free radicals and ageing 6.1d

RespirationRespiration

Oxidative damageOxidative damage

free radicals (internally generated)

survival

feeding

tumour induction

Aging in DEB3 6.1g

Aging: sex differentiation 6.1i

time, dtime, d

surv

iva

l pro

b

bo

dy

we

igh

t, g

Data on Daphnia magna: MacArthur & Baillie 1929

Differences in aging between sexes are caused by differences in g

Aging: endotherms & feeding 6.1l

time, dtime, d

time, d

surv

iva

l pro

be

mb

ryo

we

igh

t, g

bo

dy

we

igh

t, g

Data: Weindruch et al 1986 MacDowell et al 1927

feedinglevel

1

0.75

0.44

0.75

0.44

1

Life span • hardly depends on food in ecotherms• decreases for increasing food in endotherms

Aging in DEB3 6.1.1

Aging module of DEB theory 6.1.1a

Aging: growing ectotherms 6.1.1d

time, dtime, d

surv

iva

l pro

b

bo

dy

we

igh

t, g

Data: Slob & Janse 1988

Weibull with shape 3 fits ectothermic survival well, even if growth period not small relative to life span

Aging among species 8.2.2n

Conclusion for life span • hardly depends on max body size of ectotherms• increases with length in endotherms

slope 1/3, 1/5

Right whale

Ricklefs & Finch 1995

1- maturitymaintenance

maturityoffspring

maturationreproduction

Modes of action of toxicants 6.5d

food faecesassimilation

reserve

feeding defecation

structurestructure

somaticmaintenance

growth

assimilation

maintenance costs

growth costs

reproduction costs

hazard to embryo

u

tumourtumour

maint tumour induction6

6

endocr. disruption7

7

lethal effects: hazard rateMode of action affectstranslation to pop level

8

Effect on survival 6.5.3e

Effects of Dieldrin on survival of Poecilia

killing rate 0.038 l g-1 d-1

elimination rate 0.712 d-1

NEC 4.49 g l-1

Decrease in assimilation 6.5.4a somatic maint coeff = maturity maint coeff

0 5 10 15 20 25 3015

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

time

bo

dy

le

ng

th

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

time

cu

mu

lati

ve

off

sp

rin

g p

er

fem

ale

Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006)Fit: Jager

Acrobeloides nanusPentachlorobenzene

Increase in maintenance costs 6.5.4c

time

cum

ula

tive

off

spri

ng

time

bo

dy

len

gth

TPT

Jager et al. (2004)

Folsomia candidaTri-Phenyl-Tin

Increase cost for structure 6.5.4d

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3515

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

time

bo

dy

le

ng

th

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

time

cu

mu

lati

ve

off

sp

rin

g p

er

fem

ale

Acrobeloides nanusCadmium

Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006)Fit: Jager

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3515

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

time

bo

dy

le

ng

th

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

time

cu

mu

lati

ve

off

sp

rin

g p

er

fem

ale

Acrobeloides nanusCadmium

Increase cost for structure 6.5.4e Decrease in maturity maintenance

Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006)Fit: Jager

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3515

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

time

bo

dy

le

ng

th

0 5 10 15 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

time

cu

mu

lati

ve

off

sp

rin

g p

er

fem

ale

Acrobeloides nanusCadmium

Increase cost for structure 6.5.4f

Decrease in maturity maintenanceIncrease of ageing

Data: Alda Álvarez et al (2006)Fit: Jager

Increase in cost for structure 6.5.4g

time

bo

dy

len

gth

time

cum

ula

tive

off

spri

ng Pentachlorobenzene

Alda Álvarez et al. (2006)

Caenorhabditis elegans

Effects on reproduction 6.5.4i

time, dtime, d

cum

# o

ffsp

ring/

♀cu

m #

off

sprin

g/♀

cum

# o

ffsp

ring/

♀

assimilation

maintenance

growth

cost/offspring

hazard

Phenol on Daphnia magna at 20°C

indirect effects

direct effects3200

1800

1000

5600, 320

mg L-1

Direct effect on reproduction 6.5.4j

time, d

cum

. #

youn

g/fe

mal

e

0

0.2

0.4

0.812

g Cd/l

Effect on hazardNEC = 0.023 g Cd/l

Increase in cost for offspring 6.5.4l

time

cum

ula

tive

off

spri

ng

time

bo

dy

len

gth

Chlorpyrifos

Jager et al. (2007)

Folsomia candida

Toxicants affect ageing 6.5.6d

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

volu

me

tric

bod

y le

ngt

h (m

m)

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

volu

me

tric

bod

y le

ngt

h (m

m)

Folsomia candidacadmium

Jager et al. (2004)

time (days)0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

fra

ctio

n s

urv

ivin

g

time (days)

Effect on survival for mixture 6.5.7

Model for survival in time for a binary mixture: 8 parameters in total using data for all observation times control mortality rate, interaction parameter 2 (NEC, killing rate, elimination rate)

Model tested for 6 binary mixtures of metals (Cu, Cd, Pb & Zn) on Folsomia candida (Collembola)

Survival measurements daily for 21 days 6 6 concentrations 22 6 6 = 792 data points for each mixture

Data: Bart van HouteTheory: Bas KooijmanFit: Jan BaasMovie: Jorn Bruggeman

Interaction Cu,Cd, Pb, Zn: Cu & Pb: slightly antagonistic Other combinations: nill

Folsomia candida

Cd & Cu survival of Folsomia 6.5.7a

Population effects can depend on food density 6.5.8a

Population growth of rotifer Brachionus rubens at 20˚Cfor different algal concentrations

3,4-dichloroanilinedirect effect on reproduction

potassium metavanadateeffect on maintenance

Food intake at carrying capacity 6.5.8b

103

cells

/dap

hnid

.d10

3 ce

lls/d

aphn

id.d

log mg V/l log mg Br/l log mg DMQ/l

log mg K2Cr2O7/l log mg AA/l log mg Col/l

9-aminoacridine colchicine

2,6-dimethylquinolinesodium bromidemetavanadate

potassium dichromate