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Current Raptor Studies in México
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.
Dr. Mario Martínez Director General
Elena Enríquez Silva Dirección de Gestión Institucional
Dr. Ricardo Rodríguez Estrella Director de Programa Académico Planeación Ambiental y Conservación
Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
Ing. José Luis Luege Tamargo Secretario Técnico
Dr. José Sarukhán Kermez Coordinador Nacional
Mtra. Ana Luisa Guzmán y López Figueroa Secretaria Ejecutiva
M. en C. María del Carmen Vázquez RojasDin:cci6n de Evaluación de Prqyectos
Current Raptor Studies in México
Edited by
Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella
Ci:I J\fÉXICO
2006
CONABIO
CIBNOR-CONABIO MÉXICO © 2006
Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meaos, elec tronic, mechanical , photocopying, recording, duplicating or othen.vise without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
The characteriscics of this edicion are property of: Cent ro de Investigaciones Biológicas de l Noroeste, S.C. & Comisión Nacional para e l Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
QL696.F3 R37 2006
Cur rent Ra ptor Studies in México/ Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella, ed. México: Centro de Investi gaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y U so de la Biodiversidad, 2006.
2006; 323 p. ,il, 25.5 cm.
ISBN 970-9000-37-3
1. Raptors-México 2. Rapt ors--ecology 3. Rapto rs------{'.onservationL Rodrí6'11ez Es t rella, Ricardo (Ed.)
CONTENTS
Preface
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
1. Raptor studies in México: an overviewRicardo Rodríguez-Estrella and Laura B. Rivera-Rodriguez
2. How many raptors species are there in México?
Octavio R. Rojas-Soto and Adolfo G. Navarro Singüenza
3. Status of raptors in Nuevo León, MéxicoAlan S. López-V., Annando J. Contteras-Balderas, José l.González-Rojas, Juan A García-Salas, Antonio GuzmánV elasc o, and Fernando Montiel de la Garza
4. Recent breeding records and sightings ofNeotropical foresteag les in southeastem MéxicoAndrew M. Bunon
5. Food habits ofbreeding peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)in the Ojo de Llebre Lagoon, Baja California Sur, MéxicoAradit Castellanos, Federico Salinas, Cerafina Arguelles,Ant onio Rodríguez, and Eloísa Sánchez
6. Comparative study of diurna! raptors at two locations alongthe coast of Jalisco: El Playón de Mismaloya and thePenínsula El TamarindoSalvador Hernández Vázquez
vil
X
xiii
xiv
1
33
46
59
71
83
7. Spatial analysis oflandscape diversity for the aplomado falcon 105 (Falco femorah·s septentrionalís) in northem MéxicoElsa Margarita Zamarrón Rodríguez and Alberto Lafón Terrazas
8. Ecology and population status of ospreys (Pandíon haHaetus)in coastal Sonora
Jean-Luc E. Cartron, Stefan A. Sommer, Darlene E. Kilpatrick,and T ad A. Pfister
120
9. Breeding biology and success of the osprey (Pandion haHaetus) 149 in Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, México, in1998, 2000, and 2001Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella, Laura B. Rivera-Rodríguez, andErika Jazmín Morales
10. High infestation by blood parasites (Haematozoa) in nestlings 163 of colonial ospreys (Pandíon haHaetus) from BajaCalifornia, MéxicoJesús A. Lemus, Guillermo Blanco, and Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella
11. Resident and wintering populations of the burrowing owl 181 (Athene cunicularia) in MéxicoRicardo Rodríguez-Estrella andJavier Bruno Granados Ruíz
12. Raptor and raven electrocutions in northwestem México: 202 a preliminary regional assessment of the irnpact ofconcrete power polesJean-Luc E. Cartron, Ricardo Rodrígue,-:-Estr ella, Robett C. Rogers,Laura B. Rivera-Rodríguez, andJavier Bruno Granados Ruíz
13. Current curatorial and bibliographic knowledge ofMexican 231 F alconiformesPatricia Ramírez-Bascida and Adolfo G. Navarro Sin,güema
14. Taxonomy, distribution, and conservation of owls in theneotropics: a reviewPaula L. Enríquez, David H. Johnson, and José L. Rangel-Salazar
254
15. Taxonomic allocation and precision for tropical owl communities: 308 a sampling approachJosé L. Rangel-Salazar, Paula L. Enríquez, and Peter Marshall
PREFACE
Biological diversity of México, raptors and scientific research
México is one of thc most biologically diverse countries on thc planct, as a result of
its very complex gcological history, geographic position, and cnvironmental
hcterogcncity, among other factors. lts biological divcrsity is such, that together with
17 othcr countries such as India, China and Brazil, it is rcfcrrcd to as i\fegadiverse.
Together, thcsc countrics sustain more than 70% of ali linng organisms, including
phnts, anima\s and m1croorganisms, México ranking first for its divcrsity of reptiles
and amphibians, thir<l for its mammalian diversity, fourth for irs diversity of vascular
plants, and clcvcnth for its diversity of birds. Morcovcr, a high pcrccntage of the
species, up to 6S(Y11 in amphibians, are endemic to México; i.c. with gcographic ranges
restrictcd to thc country.
Toe biological din::rsity of l\léxico has been part of rhc gcographic and natural
settings that han:: accompanied its inhabitants sincc thcr first scttlcd in the country
more than 12,000 ycars ago. The legendary diversity of thc country has astonishcd
scicntists such as Bar<m Alexander Von Hwnbolt, who dcscribcd México as a
biolo¿,>ical paradisc. Unfortunately, this impressive natural divcrnity of thc coumry is
practically unkninvn by most Mexicans, who imtcad 1;hould be proud of their
biological inheritancc.
VII
Nowadays, thc biological diversity of México is seriously thrcatcned. Hundreds of
spccies and thousands of populations are endangered, mainly because of human
population size and social inequity. México's population size is expected to become
stable around 145 millions, but only in three decadcs. The loss of biological diversit:y
has severe consequences at a biological and social level, because populations and
species are the basis for the structure and functioning of biological systems, which
provide us far free with environmental goods and scrvices. These goods and
services, which indude the maintenance of a proper atrnospheric gas composition,
the ozone layer, soil fertility and quality and quantity of water, among others, generare
the environmental conditions that allow life on Earth. They are the basis of our
existence. Paradoxically, their continuance depends on our activities.
The only way to understand the complex relationships of living organisms with their
environment, their role in providing environmental services, and better management
of these living organisms to reconcile their use with their conservation, is through a
solid investment in scicntific rcscarch. However, many governments, induding the
Mexican government, surrender to the temptation of investing little in scientific and
technological research, focusing on other approaches to fight social and economic
problems. Those govcrnments ignore that one of the few ways out of poverty is
through the generation of scientific and technological knowledge, which is
fundamental to the development of any country.
Vlll
That is why I havc rcccived with great satisfaction this volumc addrcssing thc ccology
and conservation of raptors - one group of species very scnsitivc to anthropogenic
disturbanccs. As top predators, with low population sizes, raptors are susceptible to
environmcntal changes that can affect them negacively, and thus increase the risk of
their extinction. That is precisely why their status is an indication of environmental
conditions, much like canary birds long ago used to indicate the prcscncc of toxic
gases to mincrs. Toe results presented by researchers working with raptors in México
can haYe an immediate application in conscnTacion.
The carcful c<liting of thc editor has produced an interesting book of high scientific
quality. I am surc that time will be the bcst test of thc bcncfits of this type of
publications, which are csscntial to maintain the welfare of our socicty.
Gerardo Ccballos México D.F.
IX
CONTRIBUTORS
Guillenno Blanco Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM
JCGvf), Ronda de Toledo s/n 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain. Current address: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo de Ciencias Naturales (CSiq J. Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid,
Spain. [email protected]
Andrew M. Burton Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Avenida 25 de Julio 965, Colonia Las Víboras, Colima 28045, México. [email protected]
Jean-Luc E. Cartron Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Nívl 87131, [email protected]
Aradit Castellanos Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, I'vféxico. [email protected]
Gerardo Ceballos Instituto de Ecología, UNAM. Aparrado Postal 70-275 Ciudad Universitaria, VNAM. 04510 México, D.F. [email protected]
Argüelles Cerafina Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Apartado Postal 128, La Pa2, B.C.S. 23000, J\féxico. [email protected]
X
Armando J. Contreras-Balderas Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Postal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66450, México. [email protected]
Paula L. Enriquez Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agricultura! Sciences, The Universiry of British Columbia, 270-2357 Main l\.fall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 124. p lenriq u@in terc han ge. ubc. ca
Juan A. García-Salas Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "C ruversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Postal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León CP 66450, :tv[éxico.
José I. González-Rojas Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Postal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León CP 66450, México.
Javier Bruno Granados Ruíz Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected]
Antonio Guzmán-Velasco Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad . ..\utónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Postal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León CP 66450, l\[éxico.
Salvador Hemández Vázquez Departamento de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable Zona Costera, Universidad de Gua<lalajara. Gómez Farias No. 82, San Patricio-Mel aque, Municipio de Cihuatlán, Jalisco 48980, l\.Iéxico. Sahernan 1 [email protected]
David H. Johnson Northwest Habirnt lnstitute, 6504 Carriage Drive, Alcxan<lria, Virginia 22310, USA. [email protected]
Darlene E. Kilp atrick University of Idaho. Depmtment of Pish and \'i/ildlife Rcsourccs, Moscow, ID 83844-1136.
Alberto Lafón Terrazas Departamento. de Recursos Naturales Univetsidad _..\urónoma de Chihuahua, México. al [email protected]
Jesús A. Lemus Instiruto de lnvestigacic·m en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSJC-UCLl\IJCC\1), Ronda de Toledo s/n 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain. Current a<ldress: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, P.Iuseo de Ciencia� Naturales (CSIC) J. Gutiérrez .-\basca! 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain. [email protected],ic.es.
Alan S. López-V. Laboratorio de Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, �..\panado Postal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León CP 66450, lV[éxico. [email protected]
Peter Marshall Forest Rcsource Management, Faculry of Forei;try, Univcrsity of British Columbia, 2001-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Cana<la V6T 1Z4. [email protected]
Femando Montiel de l a Garza Laboratono <le Ornitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Cniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Apartado Po stal 425, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León CP 66450, i\léxico.
Erika J azmín Morales Centro <le Investigaciones Biológicas del Notocste, S.C. Aparrado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, 1kxico.
Adolfo G. Navarro S. i\.Iuseo de Zoología. Pacultad de Ciencias, C niversida<l Nacional �..\utónoma <le J\.kxico, Aparrado Postal 70-399, México, D. F. 04510, l\.Iéxico. fcvg01@servi<lor.unam.mx
Tad A. Pfister Prcscott Collcge, 220 GroYe Ave, Prescott .\Z 8ú301. prescott@pnidig\·.net.m,
XI
Patricia Ramírez-Bastida Área de Zoología. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios s/n, Los Reyes Iztacala, Apartado Postal 314, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, México. [email protected]
José L. Rangel-Salazar Centre for Applied Conservation Research, Department of Fo res t Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2340-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 124, and Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado Postal 63, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 29290 Chiapas, México. [email protected], [email protected]
Laura B. Rivera Rodrígu ez Centro de Im"est:igaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected]
Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected]
Antonio Rodríguez Villeneuve Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected]
Xll
Robert C. Rogers Pearson Prentice Hall. 501 Boyston Street. Boston, J\.,1A 02116.
Octavio R. Rojas-Soto Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de 1.-Iéxico. Apartado Postal 70-399, México D. F. 04510, México. [email protected]
Federico Salinas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, México. [email protected]
Eloísa Sánchez Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Apartado Postal 128, La Paz, B.C.S. 23000, J\kxico.
Stefan A. Sommer Museum ofNorthern Atizona 3101 N. Fort Valley Road Flagstaff, AZ 86001-8348 (928) 774-5211 cxt. 204 [email protected]
Elsa M. Zamarrón Rodríguez Protección de la Fauna Mexicana A. C., Saltillo, Coahuila, México. [email protected]
REVIEWERS
Dra. Ma. del Coro An·zmendi
Dra. Carmen Blázguez
Dr. Luis A. Bqjórquez
Dr. Andrew Burlon
Dr. Jean-Luc Cartron
Dr. Aradit Castellanos
Dr. Armando Contreras
Dr. Alfredo Cuarón
Dr. José Antonio Donázar
Dr. Eduardo Iñigo
Dr. Alberto Lafon
Dr. Ado!fo 1\'avanv
Dr. Jorge 1·\Tocedal
D1: Eduardo Palacios
Dr. José L Rangel Salazar
FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
i\{éxico.
Centro de Investigac iones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. México.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. México.
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima. México.
Department of Biology, C"oiversity of New Mexico. USA.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. México.
Laboratorio de Ornitología, Pacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nuevo León. México.
Centro de Investigaciones en L'niversidad Nacional Autónoma de Campus Morelia. México.
Ecosistemas México
Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Spain.
Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY, USA.
Departa.mento de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. 1-Iéxico.
lvluseo de Zoología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de I\féxico. México
Centro Regional Durango, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Durango . .i\léxico.
Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Supcnor de Ensenada. México.
Centre for Applicd Conservation Research, Department of Forest Sciences, Univcrsity of British Columbia, Canada and Departamento de Ecología y
Xlll
Dr. Ricardo &idríguez Estrella
Dr. J. Antonio Sánchez Zapata
Dr. S col/ H. S tole son
Dr. José Luis Te/la
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sistemática Terrestres, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. México.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. México.
Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Área de Ecología, Universidad I\figuel Hemández. Spain.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastcm Research Station. USA.
Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Spain.
I would like to express my gratitude to all the referees who peer reviewed the
manuscripts. Their effort assures a level of standard scientific inforrnation. My special
thanks to Karla Y ahira 1v1ercado Sav1n and Roxana C.R. Femández for their logistic
support during the edicing process of this book; to Claudia Pérez for her help during
the ear!y stages of the project; to Elena Enriquez for her inicial support to srart the
publicacion process; to Ira Fogel, CIBNOR editor, for his important improvements in
the English text; ro Diana Dorantes, CIBNOR translator, for important changes in
the English text on the Prcface and Chapter 10; to Laura B. Rivera-Rodríguez for the
logo design; Daniela Flores Romero and Heidy Maday Arellano Lozano for the
graphic design; to Dolores Vázquez Astorga for secrctarial work; to CONABIO and
CIBNOR for their support in the editing and printing of this book; to 1-fario
Martínez, General Director of CIBNOR, for providing valuable assistance in all the
features of this work.
XIV
ABSTRACT
Raptor studies in México: an overview
Ricardo Rodríguez-Estrella Laura B. Rivera-Rodríguez
This paper ts an overv1ew of the stu<lics on raptors (Falconiformes,
Strigiformcs, an<l Cathartidae) that are m coursc in México. A
quesnonnau-e was scnt to rcscarchers and ornitholo,gists to collect consistent
information on the stu<lies they ha\·e done in 11éxico with raptors. \Xle receive<l
responses from 18 rcscarchers that have worked in 16 statcs of México and also
added information of n::scarcher� and institutions that we were certain studied
raptors, but did not submit a response. Studies occurre<l in 22 srntes. Researchers
\Vorking with Mexican raptors ha\'e posicions at 26 imtitutions. Baja California Sur,
Durango, Sonora, and Jalisco reponed more stu<lies from thc 1980s to 1999 than the
other States. Thcre are no studics underway in Campeche, Distrito federal, Guerrero,
Hidalgo, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, and Yucatán. Y(/ith the exception
of Veracruz and Tamaulipas, therc are no current i.tu<lics in thc stateí. of México that
contain the highest richncss of raptor specics nor thc most rarc or spccialized species
(fabasco, Guerrero, Puebla, f-Ii<lalgo, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán). i\Iost
rccem research study pattcrn:, of distriburion, breeding biology, trophic ecology, and
general ecology. Studic$ haw bcen madc mainly in xcrophytic scrub, oak-pinc
Cnmmt Raptor Studie, in México
forests, grasslands, and tropical deciduous forests. Of special concern is the small
number of studies or the lack of them, in tropical rainforests, thorn forests, marshes,
and mangroves. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), golden eag le (A.quila chrysaetos), peregrine
falcon (Falco peregn'nus), burrowing owl (Athene cuniculan'a), aplomado falcon (Falco
femoralis) and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were species receivir.g more attention.
Although the number of raptor species in México is high, only few species have been
studied. Remarkably, ahnost no smdies '\vith owls are currently underway, in spite of
the numbcr and diversity of owl species in México. Most studies are less than one
year in duration or short-term. From species with no studies reported, 27 of the 33
Falconiformes and 20 of the 32 Strigiformes are included in the official Mexican list
of threatened and endangered species (NOM-ECOL-059-2001). It is clear that
studies are lacking for Strigiformes (only 4 of 36 known species are receiving
attention) and it is also clear that threatened, rare, and endangered raptors
(Falconiformes and Strigiformes) need thc most particular awareness. Studies are
lacking in the states '\vith the highest number of owl specics, i.e. Oaxaca, Jalisco,
Chiapas, Durango, 11ichoacán, Nayarit, and Veracruz.
Key words: raptor studies, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, questionnaire, México.
RESUMEN
Este articulo hace una revisión general de los estudios que sobre aves rapaces
(Fakoniformes, Strigiformes y Cathartidae) se han realizado y se realizan actualmente
2
&driguez-Estre/la and Rivera"Rodriguez
en México. Como parte del trabajo, se envió un cuestionario a investigadores y
ornitólogos para obtener información de manera consistente sobre los estudios que
realizaban en México con rapaces. Se recibió la respuesta de 18 investigadores que
han trabajado en 16 estadns de México. También incluimos aquella información
sobre investigadores e instituciones de los que se sabía con seguridad que estudiaban
a las rapaces, pero que no contestaron el cuestionario. Los estudios con aYes rapaces
en fv[éxico ocurrieron en 22 estados, involucrando a Í!ffcstigadores de 26
mstituciones. Los estados que reportaron más estudios entre la década de 1980 y
1999 fueron Baja California Sur, Durango, Sonora, y Jalisco. No hay estudios
realizándose en Campeche, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Puebla, Quintana
Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, y Yucatán. A excepción de V eracruz y Tamaulipas, no hay
estudios realizándose actualmente en los estados del país que contienen la más alta
riqueza de especies de rapaces, las más raras y las más especialistas (Tabasco,
Guerrero, Puebla, Hidalgo, Campeche, Quintana Roo, y Yucatán). Las líneas actuales
de investigación con aves rapaces se orientan a estudios sobre sus patrones de
distribución, biología reproductin, ecología trófica, y ecología general. Los estudios
se han realizado principalmente en el matorral xerófilo, los bosques de encino-pino,
pastizales, y selva baja caducifolia. Se denota como preocupante la carencia de
estudios en la selva alta o húmeda, los bosques espinosos, pantanos y manglares. Las
especies más estudiadas han sido el águila pescadora (Pandion haliaet11s), águila real
(Aquila chrysaetos), halcón peregrino (Falco peregrinus), lechucita de madrigueras (Athene
3
Curre"t F.aptor Smdies i" A!éxico
tunicularia), el halcón fajado (Falco femoralis) y el águila calva (Haliaeetus /eucocephalus).
Aunque el número de especies de rapaces en México es alto, sólo pocas especies han
sido estudia.das. Es remarcable la falta de estudios con búhos a pesar de su número y
diversidad. Por otro lado, la mayoría de los estudios se realizan con tiempos menores
a un año. De las especies que no tienen estudios, 27 de las 33 de Falconiformes y 20
de las 32 de Strigiformes se encuentran incluidas en la lista de especies con categoría
de riesgo (NOM-ECOL-059-2001). Es claro que faltan estudios orientados a los
Strigiformes (solo han recibido atención 4 de las 36 especies conocidas) y es claro
también que se necesita obtener rápida información de las especies de Falconiformes
y Strigiformes amenazadas, raras y en riesgo de extinción. Faltan estudios en los
estados del país con el mayor número de especies de búhos como Oaxaca, Jalisco,
Chiapas, Durango, 11ichoacán, Nayarit y Veracruz.
INTRODUCTION
In this paper we present an overv1ew of the kind of studies on raptors
(Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Cathartidre) that are in course and have been done
in México. Many raptors havc been considered indicators of ecosystem health and
relennt species for conservation plans because they are top-arder predators, sensitive
to human disturbance, and have been used as umbrella species (Olendorff et al. 1989,
Shrader-Frcchette and McCoy 1993, Simberloff 1997). Also sorne raptors have been
comidered keystone species (Newton 1979, Cohen et al. 1990, Pimrn et aL 1991, Marti
4
Rodriguez.-Estrella and Rivem-Rodtiguez.
et al 1993, Simberloff 1997). We believe many raptor species can play an important
role in conservation plans in México. However, it is necessary to evaluare the
knowledge of their status, biology, and ecology.
For conservation purposes, we wanted a reasonable idea of the most and least
studicd raptors in México, mainly to determine the degree in which endemic and
endangered species are receiving attention by researchers. Endemic, rare, threatened,
and endangered specics are crucial species for managemenr plans (Primack 1998,
Sutherland 2000). Also, wc needed information on the habitats where raptors have
been studicd. With this information, we could assess the significance of the gaps in
ornithological knowledge and suggest where studies are needed on thc status, biology,
ecology, and habitats of raptors. Finally, we compared thc results of our analysis with
the study of Ramírez-Bastida and Navarro (in this publication), who after a rcview of
the worldwide bibliography and museum specimens, concluded that most studies on
raptors in México havc been oriented to obtain inforrnation on species distribution
and raxonomy. \'X.'e wanted to evaluate if current work wirh raptors fits the trends
found in that study, since many studies of Mexican raptors have not bcen publishcd.
A lisr of rcscarchers, institutions, and other indiv:iduals that prov:idcd this inforrnation
is prcscntcd in rhc Appendix 3. We acknowledge their cooperacion and inforrnacion.
METHOOS
In October 1999, we sent the questionnairc to ornithologists and biologists on all
5
Curren! Raptor Studies in México
known lists in general (http://www.huitzil.net/Basedeomitologos.htmQ and to
individuals that we know were working with raptors in México. In the general
analysis, we also included information on researchers and institutions that we were
certain had worked with raptors, but <lid not respond, and used this information only
for the analysis of the number of researchers working with raptors, institutions,
species under investigation, and the habitats where the studies were done.
The questionnaire asked for the name of the researcher(s), their institution(s),
raptors investigated, kind of study performed, kind of habitat, location (state in
México), and if data were published.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We received 18 useful responses from people that have worked in 16 states ofMéxico
and the islands in the Gulf of California (Table 1). We added informacion about 24
individuals that we were certain were currently invcstigacing sorne aspect of raptors in
México. Considering both kinds of information, raptor research was recently or
currently undenvay in 22 states. The individuals working on any aspect of raptor
studies in México were affiliated with 26 Mexican institutions (Table 2). The
preponderance of investigations was in Baja California Sur (21), Durango (11), Sonora
(9), and Jalisco (7) in the 1980s and 1990s (Table 1). Campeche, Distrito Federal,
Guerrero, Hidalgo, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, and Yucatán had no
reports of studies underway, at least for this period. Most of the studies were carricd
6
Rodriguez-Estrella and Rivera�&driguez
out from 1990-2000 (Fig. 1). Mexican researchers have done more studies with
raptors in México than foreigners. However, this result may be biased because there
werc vcry few responses from non-Mexican researchers. Thc results presented by
Ramírez-Bastida and Navarro (in this publicacion) on museum spccimens and
bibliographic analysis may confirm the bias.
Table l. Mexican states and regions where shtdies have been done since 1980 (n=39 researchers).
number of number of state studies researchers
Aguascalientes 3 3 Baja California 4 4
Baja California Sur 21 9 Coahuila 4 3 Colima 1 1
Chiapas 5 5
Chihuahua 6 6 Durango 11 3 Estado de México 1 1
Guanajuato 1 1
Jalisco 7 6 Michoacán 1 1
Morelos 1 1
Nayarit 2 2
Nuevo León 4 4
Oaxaca 3 3 San Luis Potosí 1 1
Sinaloa 1 1
Sonora 9 4
Tamaulipas 4 4
Veracruz 6 6 Zacatecas 6 6 Gulf of California lslands 2 2 General1 5 5
1 Studies doing checklists
7
C11rrr11t Raptor Studies i11 �Mixiro
Table 2. Number of researchers by institution working with any aspect of raptors (n:=:36 researchers).
institution
Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C. (CIBNOR)
Centro de Investigaciones en Alimentación y Desarrollo Unidad Guaymas (CIAD)
El Colegio de la Fontera Sur (ECOSUR)
Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL)
Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS)
Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (UACh) Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL)
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UA T)
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (U AEM)
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM)
Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UN AM)
Instituto de Biología 2 Facultad de Ciencias 3 Instituto de Ecología 1
Universidad Veracruzana (UV) Texas A & M University
University of Kansas Natural History Museum World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Non Governmental organizations (NGO's)
number of researchers
1
3
1
1
3 2
1
2
1
1
1
2 6
1 1
1 1 7
The statcs having thc most resident researchcrs (? 4) \1,;i.th sorne dcgrce of
interest in and currently doing work with raptors are Baja California Sur, Veracruz,
Zacatecas, Jalisco, Chihuahua, Chiapas, Sonora, Baja California, and Nuevo León
(Table 3). \"X?ith the exception of Veracruz and Tamaulipas, there are no researchcrs
working in th c states of México containing the highest raptor species richness nor the
8
Rodríguez-Estrella and Fivera-&dríguez
most rare or habitat specialist species (i.e., Tabasco, Guerrero, Puebla, Hidalgo,
Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán; Appendix 1).
9
8
7
6
o 5-�
4 en
3
2
J íl1 1 �: ·{j
1l :1 1 o .fu ---,- :;. ·,,:
� � � � � � � :li� 00 00
� N w
Figure 1. Year when the raptor study started ar was reported (n=42 researchers).
Table 3. Number of researchers by state known to be working in México (n""39 researchers).
number of researchers
1
2 3 4 5 6 9 3
states
Colima, Estado de México, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Morelos, San Luis Potosí and Sinaloa Nayarit Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Durango and Oaxaca Baja California, Nuevo León, Sonora and Tamaulipas Chiapas Chihuahua, Jalisco, Veracruz and Zacatecas Baja California Sur All México
9
Curren! Raptor Studie.r in México
Most recent studies have focused on distriburion pattems, breeding biology,
trophic ecology, and general ecology (Fig. 2). This se t of topical interests is similar to
the bibliographic analysis made by Ramírez-Basrida and Navarro (in this publicarion).
Education
Habitat Use/ H. selection
Bibliographic compilation
Abundance
Conservation and managernent
Ecology
Feeding ha bits and trophic ecology
Breeding ecology and biology
Distribution
[J (1)
b(3)
0(5)
1 1 (5)
1 ,(7)
o 5 ID
• (11)
• (6)
(15)
• (17)
15 20 25 30 35
Percent of studies
Figure 2. Study topics currently done with raptors in México. Number of researchers involved is indicated in parenthesis.
Conservation and managcment oriented studics scem to be few, but the
questionnaire failed to determine if the biological and ecological studies were madc to
increase the knowledgc of raptors for conservation purposes. A small number of
studies on habitat selcction were re portcd, although this kind of study is important to
determine crucial habitats for raptors, and is relevam when designing management
plans and the size and shape of protected areas (Church el al. 1996).
10
Rodriguez-Estre!la and Rivera-&driguez
Srudies have been done mainly in habitats containing xerophytic scrub, oak-
pirre forests, grasslands, and tropical deciduous forests (Fig. 3). This pattern fits well
with that presented in the analysis of Ramírez-Bastida and Navarro (in this
publication). Howcvcr, of special concern is the restricted number of srudies, or the
lack of them, in tropical rainforests, thom forests, marshes, and mangroves. More
studies would be valuable contributions because these habitats have high species
richness and contain sorne habitat specialist species.
Wetlands
Riparian forest
Evergreen seasonal forest
Thorn woodland
Anthropogenic habitat
Montane rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Grassland
Pine--Oak forest
Xerophitic shrub
6 ¡::,
D
1
o 5
•
1
1
j
1
•
10 15 20 25
n=36
30
'
35 40 '
45
1
'
50
Percent of studies
Figure 3. Pro portion of raptor studies currently under investigation in México, organized by habitat. Vegetation classification follows Rzedowsky (1981).
11
Cumnt Raptor Studies in Afixiro
Osprcy (Pandion haliaetus) (13), golden eaglc (Aquila cl11yrnetos) (11), peregrine
falcon (Falco peregrinus) (8), burrov;ing owl (Athene cunicuiaria) (7), aplomado falcon
(Falco ftmorulis) (6), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocepha!us) (6) were recciving the most
attcntion in México (Fig. 4, Table 4). This result is surprising since specics richness in
México 1s high (Appcndix 1). Remarkably, almost no studies on owls are currently
being don<:, in spitc of rheir number and &1.-ersity (Enriquez el aL 1993).
Buteo regalis
Buteogal/us anthmcinus
Falco span1erius
Buteo jamicensis
Haliaet11s leucocephalus
Falco femoral is
Atheuc cuniwlaria
Falco peregri1111s
Aqui/a din¡saetos
Pandio11 lialiact11s
1
1
-
-
o
1
•
•
'
5
'
10 15
Percent of srudies
Figure 4. Most studied species of raptors in México since 1980, based on 97 studies.
Thc majoriry of raptor studies are less than one vear in duration or short-tcnn
(Table 5). Mcdium and long-tcrm studies have bern incrcasing in México. Smdics
12
F.odriguez-Estre!la and Rivero-F.odriguez
Table 4. Number of studies for each raptor species done from 1980 to present (n=96).
spedes number of studies Check list 14
Pandion haliaetus 13 (13.5%) Aquila chrysaetos 11 (11.5%) Falco peregrinus 8 (8.3%) Athme cunícularia 7 (7.3%) Falco femoralis 6 (6.3%) Halinee tus leucocephalus 6 (6.3%) Buteo jamaicensis 5 (5.2%) Falco sparoerius 4 (4.2%) Buteogallus anthracinus 3 (3.1 % ) Buteo regalis 3 (3.1 %) Circus cyaneus 2 (2.1%)
Accipiter cooperii 2 (2.1 %) Buteo swainsoni 2 (2.1%) Buteo albonotatus 2 (2.1 %) Falco columbarius 2 (2.1 % ) Falco mexicanus 2 (2.1 % ) Bubo virginianus 2 (2.1 %) Cathartes aura 1 (1.0%) Cat/111rtes burrovianus 1 (1.0%) Chondrohierax uncinatus 1 (1.0%) Elanoides forficatus 1 (1.0%) /ctinia mississippiensis 1 (1.0%) /ctinia plumbea 1 (1.0%) Accipiter striatus 1 (1.0%) Parabuteo unicintus 1 (1.0%) B11teo magnirostris 1 (1.0%) Buteo li11entus 1 (1.0%) Buteo p/atypterus 1 (1.0%) Harpía lwrpyja 1 (1.0%) Cnracara c/uriway 1 (1.0%) Falco rufigularis 1 (1.0%) Tyto alba 1 (1.0%) Pulsntrix perspieillata 1 (1.0%)
Total 96
Check list studies are those made for all raptors in a locality for presence/absence distribution purposes. Scientífic nomenclature follows AOU (1998).
13
Cumnt F.optor Studies in México
with burrowing owls have been underw ay in México for more than -1 O years in
collaboracion with the Canadian Wildlife Service. The owl is listed as endangered in
Canada and migratory populations spend the winter in México (Holroyd et aL 2001).
Relevant studies in Veracruz have been documenting migratory raptors for more than
15 years through the V eracruz River Project in collaboration with Pronatura,
Hawlnvatch Internacional, and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary (USA.). Recent interest in
migratory populations of several raptors in the U.S.A. and Canada has increased the
number of collaborative studies in México for species of concern in those countries.
Examples of recently started collaborative studies urith N orth America mi grating
populacions are Swainson's hawk (Buteo SIJ)ainsom) in Sinaloa, Nayarit, and the Baja
California Península, and red-tailed hawk (B11teo jamaincensis) in northcrn México. The
studies of resident populations of the aplomado falcon in Chihuahua are relatcd to
concern of declining populations in southwcstcrn U.S.A. (Sandfort 1994, Montoya et
aL 1997, Young et aL 2004). Studies of the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) in Sonora
(Tarango 1994, Young et aL 1997, Tarango et aL 2001) are related to management
problems of this species in northwestem U.S.A. cimberlands (Simberloff 1997).
Nacional studies and long-tcrm programs are increasing in México. A nacional
program for thc study and recovery of golden eagle populations in México has been
underway since 2000 under the Instituto Nacional de Ecología (INE 1999), and long
term studies have been done in Zacatecas and the northern states of México (P.
Tavizón, pers. comm.). Current long-term s tudies with osprey populations in Baja
14
Rodrignez-E.streUa and Rivera-Rodrf?,11ez
California and Sonora are notable. These studies will provide infonnation on
population fluctuations and colonization and dispersal processes in the densest osprey
colonies in North America (Cartron 2000, in this publication Cartron et al and
Rodríguez-Estrella et aL). Peregrine falcons and other raptors in desert scrub areas of
Baja California are currently being surveyed. The recovecy program and
reintroduccion of the California candor (GymnogJps califarnianus) in Baja California is
now unde rway since 2001 (//www.ine.gob.mx/dgoece/con_eco/condor2002.html).
Table 5. Duration of raptor studies in México (n"'86).
dur ation number of studies
Less than one year 23 (26.7%)
Short term (1-3 years) 35 (40.7%)
Medium term (3-Syears) 14 (16.3%)
Long term (> 5 years) 14 (16.3%)
Therc are 3 species of Cathartidae, 28 species and 3 subspecies of
Falconifonnes and 32 species of Strigiformes for which no reports of invescigacions
were documenred (rabies 6 and 7; Appendix 2). From these, 2 species of
Cathartidae, 27 species of Falconifonnes, and 20 species of Strigifonnes are protected
in México (official Mexican list of Threatened and Endangcred species, NOM
ECOL-059-2001) (Tables 6 and 7; Appendix 2). Studies are lacking for Strigiformes
because only 4 of 31 known species and 4 subspecies are receiving attention (fable
7). It is also clear that threatened, rare, and endangered raptors (Falconiformcs and
15
Current Rap!or S1udies in México
Table 6. Number of spedes of Cathartidae and Falconiformes listed as endangered, threatened, and having special protection in the official list of threatened spedes NOMECOL-059-1994 (60 species) and the official list of threatened spedes NOM-ECOL-059-2001 (60 species and 4 subspedes).
NOM-059-1994 NOM-059-2001
with without total
with without total
studies studies studies studies
Extinct o 1 1 o 3 3
Threatened 11/29 9• 20 4/20 4 8
Ra,e 2/2 6 8
Endangered 3/18 6 9 2/7 s .. 10
Special protection 2/6 4 .. 6 13/27 12· 25
Not listed 11/30 7 18 10/31 6 16
Total 29/85 33 62 29/85 33 62
Toe colunm of species ''with studies," is the number of species receiving at least one study in relation to the total number of studies done on Cathartidae and Falconiformes in each category. The 2001 official list of threatened species does not contain a rare species category. * Means 1 subespecies; ** 2 subespecies.
Table 7. Number of species of Strigiformes listed as endangered, threatened, and needing special protection in the offidal list of threatened species NOM-ECOL-059-1994 (32 species) and the official list of threatened species NOM-ECOL-059-2001 (32 species and 4 subspecies)
NOM-059-1994 NOM-059-2001
with without total
with without total
studies studies studies studies
Extinct o o o o 1• 1
Threatened 2/9 14** 16 1/1 s• 9
Rare o 5 5
Endangered 1/1 2• 3 o 2• 2
Special protection o o o o 9 9
Without protection 1/1 11 12 3/10 12 15
Total 4/11 32 36 4/11 32 36
Toe colunm of species "with studies" is the number of species with at least one study in relation to the total number of studies done on Strigiformes in each category. Toe 2001 official list of threatened species does not have a rare species category. * Means 1 subespecies; ** 2 subespecies.
16
&dtiguez.-Estrella and Rivera-&driguez
Strigiformes) nccd the most attention (NOM-ECOL-059-1994, -2001) (Tables 6 and
7; Appendix 2). Studies are lacking in the states with the greatest number of owl
species, i.e. Oaxaca, Jalisco, Chiapas, Durango, 1fichoacán, Nayarit, and Veracruz
(Appendi..x 1B). It is notcworthy that protection of raptors is proposed chrough the
AICAS (Arcas de Importancia para la Conservación de las Aves; Important Bird
Areas for ConseIYation) program (Arizmendi and Márqm:z 2000). Thc AICAS
program has been uscd and taken in considerat:ion for regional conseffation planning
in México by CONABIO (Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la
Biodiversidad, htcp:/ /www.conabio.gob.mx/).
Wc hope chat rhis analysis of the current status of raptor rcscarch will help
managers and rcscarchers assess the opportunitics and ncccssitics in scudics of the
group of rapcors that are currencly done in México. Ir is urgenc chat ornichologiscs
increase our general knowledge of raptors as indicators of habitat c.¡uality, as onc of
thc most thrcaccned catcgorics of vertebrares in 1Iéxico, particularly of tropical
regions. Studics shoul<l be addressed mainly to specics scnsitivc to human actidry
and to "critica!'' habirars thac maintain higb raptor diversity. \X/e proposc thac more
studies on thc responses of raptors to habitar change from human activity should be
undcrtakcn to asscss che impacc on habitar gcneralists and spccialiscs, bccause sorne
raptors may be scvcrcly impacted by human activity, whik othtcrs may bencfit from
human activity (Bird et aL 1996, Rodríguez-Estrella et aL 1998), Such studies could
provide insights on thc degree of threac and endangerment for top-order predacors,
17
Curren! Raptor Studies in México
eliminating speculative and correlative extrapolations. Hopefully, we will be able to
determine the species most sensitive to habitat change, and hence, where our
conservation attention should be focused.
ACK,"lOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the Raptor Research Foundation, loe. (RRF) for supporting the idea of the
Latín American Special Meeting during the 1999 RRF conference in La Paz, B.C.S.
The idea of devdoping this report originated when thc Meeting was programmed into
the annual conference. Thanks to all people and institutions that responded to the
questionnaire or that gave information to complete the analysis. All of them are listed
in Appendix 3. R Ortiz-Pulido kindly permitted w; tu use hi::. e-mail onrnhologists'
database. A. Cuarón and A. Na,Tarro-Sigüenza provided useful comments that
improved an early draft. CIBNOR and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología-
SEMARNAT (CONACyT project 2002-COl-0318) also supported this project.
IBRR received a scholarship from CONACyT.
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AOU (American Ornithologists' Union). 1998. Check-list of North American Birds.
Seventh Edition, American Ornithologists' Union, \\lashington, D.C.
Arizmendi, M.C. and L.V. 1viárqucz, 2000. A.reas de Importancia para la Conservación
de las Aves en México. Ed. CIP.A.rvIEX, 1viéxico.
Bird, D., D. Varland, andJ.J. Net,>ro (Eds.). 1996. Raptors in human landscapes.
18
F.odr!guez-Estre!la and Rivera-F.odríguez
Academic Press. London.
Cartron, J.L. 2000. Status and productivity of Osprey along the eastern coast of the
Gulf of California: 1992-1997. Journa/ o[Fie/d Ornithology 71:298-309.
Church, R.L., D.M. Stoms, and F.W. Davis. 1996. Reserve selection as a maximal
covcring location problem. Biological Conseroation 76:105-112.
Cohen, JE., F. Briand, and C.M. Newman. 1990. Community Food Webs: Data and
Theory. Springer-V erlag, New York.
Enriquez-Rocha, P., J.L. Rangel-Salazar, and D.W. Holt. 1993. Presence and
distribution of Mexican owls: a rcview. Journal efRaptor &search 27:154-160.
Escalante, P., A. Sada, and P. Robles-Gil. 1996. Listado de nombres comunes de las
aves de México. Asociación Sierra Madre and CONABIO, México, D.F.
Holroyd, G.L., R. Rodríguez-Estrella, and S.R. Sheffield. 2001. Conservation of the
burrowing owl in North America: issues, challenges and recommendations.
Journal efR.aptor R.esearch 35:399-407.
INE (Instituto Nacional de Ecología). 1999. Proyecto de protección, conservación y
recuperación del Aguila Real. SElvL\RNAP. 90 pp.
1-íart:i, C., E. Korpimaki, and F.M. Jaksic. 1993. Trophic structurc of raptor
communities: a threc-continent comparison and synthcsis. Cumnt Ornithology
10:47-137.
Montoya, A.B., P.J. Zwank, and M. Cardenas. 1997. Breeding biology of Aplomado
Falcons in desert grasslands of Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology.
68:135-143
Newton, I. 1979. Populat:ion Ecology ofRaptors. Buteo Books, Vermillion, SD.
NO.i\l-059-ECOL-1994. 1994. Especies y subespecies de flora y fauna silvestres
terrestres y acuáticas en peligro de extinción, amenazadas, raras y las sujetas a
protección especial. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Tomo CDLXXXVIII, No. 10.
México, D.F Diario Oficial de la Federación.
NOM-059-ECOL-2001. 2002. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.
19
Curren! Raptor Smdies in México
Norma Oficial Mexicana, Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de
flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su
inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Tomo DLXXXII,
No. 4.-1. México, D.F. Diario Oficial de la Federación.
Olendorff, R.S., D.D. Bibles, M.T. Dean, J.R. Haugh, and M.N. Kochert. 1989.
Raptor habitar management under the U. S. Bureau of Land Management
Multiple-Use 11andate. Raptor &search &ports 8:1-80.
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Ed. Diana, México.
Pimm, S.L., J.H. Lawton, and JE. Cohen. 1991. Food web pattcrns and their
consequences. Nature 350:69-674.
Primack, R. 1998. Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates,
Sundcrland, 1.1.A.
Rodríguez-Estrella, R., J.A. Donázar, and F. Hiraldo. 1998. Raptors as indicators of
environmental change in the scrub habitar of Baja California Sur, México.
Conserva/ion Biology 12:921-925.
Sandfort, C. 1994. Northern aplomado falcan restoration. The Peregrine Fund Progress
&port. Boise, Idaho. 105 pp.
Shrader-Frechette, K.S. and E.D. 1kCoy. 1993. Method in Ecology. Strategies for
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Policy. Black:well Science, UK.
Tarango, L.A. 1994. Mexican spotted owl distribution and habitar characterization in
southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State University.
Las Cruces, NM. USA.
Tarango, L.A., R. Valdez, E Clemente, and G. Mendoza. 2001. Roost-site
20
&driguez-Estrella and llivera-&driguez
characteristics of Mexican spotted owls in Sierra Fria, Aguas calientes, Mexico.
Journul o/Raptor Research 35:165-168.
Yoru1g, K.E., B.C. Thompson, A. Lafón, A.B. Montoya, and R. Valdez. 2004.
Aplomado falcon abundance and distribution in the northcrn Chihuahuan
Desert of Mexico. Journal o/Raptor &search 38:107-117.
Young, K.E., P J. Zwank, R. V aldez, J.L. Dye, and L.A. Tarango. 1997. Dict of
Mexican spotted owls in Chihuahua and Aguascalientes, Mexico. Journal qf
Raptor &search 31:376-380.
21
N
N
App
endi
x 1A
. D
istri
butio
n of
Cat
hart
idae
and
Fal
coni
form
es b
y st
ate
in M
éxico
acco
rdin
g to
thei
r res
iden
t and
mig
rato
ry s
tatu
s (fr
om
How
ell a
nd W
ebb
1995
¡ Pet
erso
n an
d Ch
alif
1994
; Edw
ards
198
9).
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encl
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e fo
llow
s the
Che
ck L
ist o
f Nor
th A
mer
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he
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holo
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on (A
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1998
). * s
pcde
s not
con
sid
ered
in th
e AO
U ch
eckl
ist, b
ut lis
ted
in th
e NO
M-E
COL-
059
Spec
ies
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Appe
ndix
lB. D
istribu
tion o
f Strig
iform
es by
state i
n Méxi
co ac
cordin
g to th
eir re
siden
t and
migr
atory
status
(from
How
ell an
d Webb
1995;
Peter
son an
d Cha
lif 199
4; Ed
wards
1989
). Nom
endaht
re fol
lows t
he Che
ck Li
st of
North
Ameri
can Bi
rds o
f the
Ameri
can Or
nitholo
gist U
nion (
AOU
1989)
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tconsi
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hecklis
t, but
listed
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pen
dix
1 B
. C
on
tin
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sta
te
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s
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s
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di111
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lmam
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ix o
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oli11
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10
18
ro:R
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bre
eder
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ter
vis
ito
r (n
o b
reed
ing)
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mer
res
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t (b
reed
er),
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nsi
cn
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sum
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ent b
reed
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ord
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6
13
N
"
Ap
pen
dix
2.
Stat
us
of C
ath
arti
dae
, Fal
coni
form
es,
and
Stri
gifo
rmes
in
th
e off
icia
l lis
t of
thre
aten
ed s
pec
ies
(NO
M-E
CO
L-0
59-
199
4 an
d N
OM
-EC
OL
-059
-200
1).
spec
ies
CIC
ON
IIF
OR
ME
S C
AT
HA
RT
IDA
E
Cor
agyp
s at
ratu
s C
atha
rtes
aura
C
atha
rtes
bur
rovi
anus
G
ymn
ogyp
s ca
lifo
rnia
nus
Sa
rcor
amph
us p
apa
FA
LC
ON
IFO
RM
ES
AC
CIP
ITR
IDA
E
Pan
dion
lwlia
etus
L ep
todo
n ca
yan
ensi
s O
wndr
ohie
rax
unci
natu
s E
lano
ides
forfi
catu
s E
lan
us l
eucu
rns
Ros
trha
mus
soc
iabi
lis
Har
pagu
s bi
den
tatu
s Ic
tinia
mis
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ippi
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s Ic
tin
ia p
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s B
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s n
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er c
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ter
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or
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com
mon
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ano
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ech
o ru
fo
gav
ilán
pec
ho
blan
co
gav
ilán
de
Coo
per
gav
ilán
bic
olor
NO
M-0
59
no.
of
1994
2001
st
ud
ies
o 1
A
1 p
E
o
p
p
o
13
R
Pr
o
R
Pr
1 R
P
r 1 o
A
Pr
o
Pr
o
A
Pr
1
A
1
p
p
6
R
Pr
o
A
2 P
r
1 A
o
A
Pr
2 R
A
o
�
i
"'
• r " ,;¡
•
A
N
App
endi
x 2.
Con
tinue
d. 00
spec
ies
engl
ish
com
mon
nam
e m
exic
an c
omm
on n
ame1
N
OM
-059
n
o.
of
1994
200
1
stu
die
s A
ccip
iter g
entil
is n
orth
em g
osh
awk
ga
vil
án a
zor
A
A
o
Ger
anos
piza
caer
ules
cens
cr
ane
haw
k ga
vilá
n z
ancó
n
A
A
o
Leuc
opte
rnis
albi
colli
s w
ltite
haw
k
agu
ilil
la b
lan
ca
R
Pr
o
But
eog
allu
s an
thra
cin
us
com
mon b
lack·h
a"'-7
k
agu
ilil
la·n
egra
men
or
A
Pr
3
Bute
ogall
us su
btili
s m
ongr
ove
blac
k h
awk
ag
uil
illa
neg
ra d
e m
angl
ar
A
A
o
Buteo
gallu
s uru
bitin
ga
grea
t bl
ack-
haw
k
agu
ilil
la-n
egra
may
or
A
Pr
o
Para
bute
o uni
cinct
us
Har
ris'
s ha
wk
agu
ililla
roj
ineg
ra
A
Pr
1 H
arpy
halia
etus
solit
ariu
s so
lita
ry e
agle
ág
uil
a so
lita
ria
p
p
oQ
Bute
o n
itid
us
gray
haw
k ag
uili
lla g
ris
Pr
ol
Bu
teo
man
giro
stri
s ro
adsi
de
haw
k ag
uil
illa
cam
iner
a P
r 1
i
Bute
o lin
eatu
s re
d-s
hou
lder
ed h
awk
agu
ilil
la p
echo
roj
o P
r 1
Buteo
plat
ypte
rus
broa
d-w
inge
d h
awk
agu
ilil
la a
la a
nch
a P
r 1
Bu
teo
brach
yur
us
shor
t-ta
iled
haw
k ag
uili
lla c
ola
cort
a o
i¡,
Buteo
swain
soni
Sw
ain
son
's h
awk
agu
ilil
la d
e Sw
ain
son
P
r
2 a·
Bute
o alb
icaud
atus
w
hit
e-ta
iled
haw
k
aguili
lla
cola
bla
nca
P
r P
r
o,::
Bute
o al
bono
tatu
s zo
ne-ta
iled
haw
k
agu
ililla
au
ra
Pr
2 ••
Bute
o jam
aicen
sis
red
-tail
ed h
awk
agu
ilil
la c
ola
roja
P
r 5
a·
Morp
hnus
gui
anen
sis
cres
ted
eag
le
águ
ila
cres
tad
a p
o
Har
pia ha
rpyj
a ha
rpy
eagl
e ág
uil
a ar
pía
p
p
1
Aqu
ila c
hrys
aeto
s go
lden
eag
le
águ
ila
real
p
A
11
Sp
izastu
r m
elano
leuc
us
bla
ck-a
nd
-whi
te h
awk-
eagl
e ág
uil
a bl
anqu
ineg
ra
p
p
o
Spiza
etus
tyra
nnus
b
lack
haw
k-ea
gle
águ
ila
tira
na
A
p
o
Spiza
etus
ornat
us
ornate
haw
k-ea
gle
águ
ila
eleg
ante
p
p
o
FAL
CO
NID
AE
M
icras
tur r
ufico
llis
bar
red
for
est-
falc
on
halc
ón-s
elvá
tico
bar
rad
o R
P
r
o
Micr
astu
r sem
itorq
uatu
s co
llar
ed f
ores
t-fa
lcon
h
alcó
n-s
elvá
tico
de
coll
ar
R
Pr
o
IbH_c
ter a
mer
icanu
s re
d-t
hroa
ted
car
near
a ca
raca
ra c
omec
acao
p
E
o
Ap
pen
dix
2.
Con
tinu
ed.
spec
ies C
arnea
ra c
heri
way
tC
amca
m l
utos
a H
erpe
totl
iere
s ca
chin
nan
s F
alco
spa
rver
ius
Falc
o co
/um
bari
us
Fal
co fe
mom
lis
F. fe
mom
lis
sept
entr
iona
lis
Fal
co r
ufigu
lari
sFa
lco
deir
oleu
cus
Falc
o p
ereg
rinu
sFa
lco
mex
ican
us
ST
RIG
IFO
RM
ES
TY
TO
NID
AE
Tyt
o al
ba
ST
RIG
IDA
E
Otu
s flam
meo
lus
Meg
asco
ps k
enn
icot
tii
Meg
asco
ps a
sio
Meg
asco
ps
sedu
ctu
s M
egas
cops
coo
peri
M
egas
cop
s tr
icho
psi
s M
egas
cops
bar
baru
s M
egas
cops
gu
atem
alae
Lo
plw
stri
x cr
ista
ta
N
Pul
satr
ix p
ers p
idll
ata
engl
ish
com
mo
n n
ame
cres
ted
cara
cara
G
uad
alu
pe
cara
cara
la
ug
hing
fal
can
A
mer
ican
kes
trel
m
erli
n ap
lom
ado
falc
an
aplo
mad
o f
alca
n
bat
falc
an
ora
nge
-bre
aste
d fa
lcan
pe
regr
ine
falc
an
pra
irie
fal
can
flan
un
ula
ted
ow
l w
este
rn s
cree
ch-o
wl
east
em s
creec
h-ow
l B
alsa
s sc
reec
h-o
wl
Paci
fic
scre
ech-
owl
whi
sker
ed s
cree
ch-o
wl
bear
ded
scre
ech-
ow
l v
erm
icu
late
d sc
reec
h-o
wl
cres
ted
ow
l sp
ecta
cled
ow
l
mex
ican
com
mo
n na
met
N
OM
-059
no
. of
1994
2001
stu
dies
ca
raca
ra q
ueb
ran
tahu
esos
1
cara
cara
qu
ebra
nta
hues
os
E
E
o
halc
ón g
uac
o o
cern
ícal
o A
mer
ican
o
4
hal
cón
esm
erej
ón
A
2
hal
cón
faj
ado
A
A
6
hal
cón
faja
do
A
P
r
o
halc
ón e
nan
o o
mu
rcie
lag
uer
o
A
1
{
halc
ón p
echo
ru
fo
A
p
o'
halc
ón p
ereg
rino
A
P
r 8
r/
t;,
halc
ón M
exic
ano
A
A
2
[
"-
lech
uza
de
cam
pan
ario
1
r
"
,;,. •
teco
loti
to d
e fl
ama
o
A
teco
lote
occi
den
tal
o
teco
lote
ori
enta
l A
P
r o
teco
lote
del
bal
sas
A
Pr
o
teco
lote
de
Co
oper
P
r o
teco
lote
rít
mic
o
o
teco
lote
bar
bud
o
R
A
o
teco
lote
ver
mic
ula
do
R
o
búho
cu
ern
o b
lan
co
A
A
o
búho
de
ante
ojo
s p
A
1
Ap
pen
dix
2.
Con
tinu
ed.
spec
ies
engl
ish
com
mon
nam
e m
exic
an c
om
mon
nam
et
NO
M-0
59
no. o
f 1994
200
1
stu
die
s
Bub
o vi
rgin
ianu
s gr
eat
horn
ed o
wl
búh
o co
rnu
do
A
2
B.vi
rgin
irmus
may
ensi
sgr
eat
horn
ed o
wl
búh
o c
orn
ud
o
A
A
o
Gla
ucid
ium
g11
011
1n
nor
ther
n p
ygm
y-ow
l te
colo
te s
erra
no
A
o
G.g,t
oma
hosk
i11si
in
orth
ern
pyg
my-
owl
teco
lote
serr
ano
A
p,
o
G/n
uci
dium
min
utis
si111
u111
leas
t pyg
my-o
wl
teco
loti
to m
enor
R
o
Gla
ucid
ium
hos
kins
ii C
ape
pig
my-
owl
teco
lote
del
cabo
o
G/a
ucid
ium
gri
seic
eps
Cen
tral
Am
eric
an p
ygm
y-ow
l te
colo
te M
esoa
mer
ican
o P,
o
"
Gla
ucid
ium
san
chez
i T
amau
lipas
pyg
my-
owl
teco
lote
Tam
aulip
eco
p
o
iG
lauc
idiu
m p
atm
arnm
C
olim
a p
ygm
y-ow
l te
colo
te C
olim
ense
P,
o
Gta
ucid
ium
brn
silia
num
fe
rru
gin
ous
pyg
my-
owl
teco
lote
baj
eño
A
o�
Mic
rath
ene
whi
tney
i el
f ow
l te
co
lote
en
ano
p
o
o
M.w
hitn
eyi g
mys
ini
elf o
wl
teco
lote
ena
no
p
E
o!i'
A th
ene
cuni
cu/a
ria
burr
owin
g ow
l te
colo
te ll
aner
o A
7
t
A.c
unic
ulari
a ro
stra
tabu
rrow
ing
owl
teco
lote
llan
ero
A
p
o�-
Cic
caba
vir
gata
mot
tled
ow
l b
úho
café
o
,:: a·
Cic
caba
nig
rolin
eata
blac
k-a
nd-w
hite
ow
l bú
ho
blan
quin
egro
A
A
o
••St
rix
occi
dent
alis
spot
ted
ow
l bú
ho
man
chad
o A
A
o
Stri
x va
ria
barr
ed o
wl
búh
o li
stad
o A
P,
o
Stri
x fu
lves
cens
fulv
ous
owl
búh
o le
onad
o R
A
o
Asi
a ot
uslo
ng-e
ared
ow
l búh
o ca
ra c
afé
o
Asi
a st
ygiu
sSt
ygia
n ow
l bú
ho
cara
osc
ura
A
P,
o
Asi
a jlam
meu
ssh
ort-
eare
d o
wl
búh
o cu
ern
o co
rto
A
P,
o
Pse
udos
cops
cla
mat
orst
rip
ed o
wl
búho
car
a cl
ara
A
A
o
Aeg
oliu
s ac
ndic
usno
rth
ern
saw
-wh
et o
wl
teco
lote
afi
lad
or
o
Aeg_
oliu
s ri
df(lv
a !J.i
uns
eott
cd s
aw-w
het
ow
l te
colo
te c
anel
o R
A
o
1.C
omm
on n
ames
foll
ow E
scal
ante
et a
l. 19
96.
t.Ex
tinc
t
Rodrig!iez-Esmlh ami Ritm1--Rodriguez
Appendix 3. People and institutions a) responding the questionnaire and b) known to be working with raptors in México.
researcher
'
Laura B. Rivera Rod ríguez
Edgar S. Amador Silva
Aradit Castellanos Vera
Ricardo Rodríguez Estrella
Juan Pablo Gallo Reynoso
Enriqueta Velarde Francisco Valdés Perezgasga Jorge Noceda! Ernesto C. Enker!in Hoeflich Ernesto Rue!as Inzunza Patricia Manzano Fischer Femando Urbina Torres
Héctor Enrique Valdez Gómez Salvador Hernández Vázquez
Alfredo D. Cuaron
Héctor Gómez de Silva Garza
Mara Higinia Guadalupe Neri Fajardo
Ricard o Rafael Va!enzuela Ortega A. Townsend Peterson
b
Geoffrey L. Holroyd José Luis Rangel Salazar Paula Enríquez Rocha Eduardo Iñigo Elias Jesús Estudillo López Horacio de la Cueva
institution
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) Centro de Investigaciones en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Guaymas (CIAD) Conservación del Territorio Insular Mexicano, A.C. En defensa del ambiente A.C. (ONG) Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Centro Regional Durango Pronatura Noroeste- Tecnológicn de Monterrey Pronatura Veracruz Proyecto Alas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de More los, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad de Guadalajara (U de G) Universidad de Guadalajara (U de G), Centro de Ecología Costera Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Biología, Instituto de Ecología. A.C., Unidad Durango Univer5idad Veracruz.ana University of Kansas. Natural History Museum
Canadian Wildlife Service Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) Comell University Granja l a Siberia Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)
31
Curren! R.aptor Studies in México
Appendix 3. Continued.
32
researcher Rafael Villegas Patraca Adriana Flores Miguel A Díaz Castorena Patricio Tavizón Eduardo Palacios Castro
Gustavo Danemann Richard D. Porter Roberto Carmona Pifia Alberto Lafón Eduardo Correa Alan López Héctor Arhtro Garza Torres Carlo s Barrera Adolfo G. Navarro Siguenza
Adrian Reuter Cortés Patricia Ramírez Bastida
Tania Macouzet Fuentes Daniel Anderson Debra S. Judge Charles Henny Enrique Montoya Jean Luc Cartron Felipe Chávez Ramírez
institution Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Zacatecas Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Zacatecas Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Zacatecas Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada CICESE; Pronatura A.C. Península de Baja California Pronahtra Noroeste. Mar de Cortés U S Fish and Wildlife Service Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Universidad Autónoma de Tarnaulipas Univ ersidad de Guadalajara Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Museo de Zoología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES-Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University of California. Daivis University of California. Davis University of Kansas Nahtral History Museum University of New México. Las Cruces University of New México Texas A&M University; World Wildlife Fund, México
