Current industrial wireless technologies: an end users

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Current industrial wireless technologies: an end users’ viewpoint and the OCARI project(Optimization of Communication for Ad hoc Reliable Industrial networks)

Tuan DANG, Eric PERRIER DE LA BATHIE / EDF R&D ([email protected], [email protected])Jean-Baptiste VIOLLET / DCNS Engineering ([email protected])

Mathieu POUILLOT / Telit wireless solutions ([email protected])Thierry VAL / LATTIS - Michel MISSON / LIMOS - Pascale MINET / INRIA - Khaldoun Al AGHA / LRI

WIRELESS FACTORY WORKSHOPWIRELESS FACTORY WORKSHOP15 15 -- 16 16 DecemberDecember 2008 2008 -- ETSI, ETSI, Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France, France

Optimization of Communication for Ad hoc Reliable Industrial networks Slide 2

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Outline

I. Stakes and needs in Power generation and Warship building industry

II. End users’ viewpoint on current industrial wireless technologies

III. OCARI project objectives and specifications

IV. Some results and next steps


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Personal Dosimeters Radiameters

Mobile radiation sensors station

Radiation protection monitoring room

DECT Phone

Controlled area

Stakes and needs in power generation industry

Real time monitoring of radiation in Nuclear Power Plant:

• Tens of sensors (mobile & fixed) distributed inside reactor building (∅~50m).

• 1 sample/5sec• Packet delivery

guarantee with time-constrained

Mostchallengingapplication


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Predictive maintenance of warship:Up to 400 parameters per room (up to 4 points per square meter): vibration analysis, pressure/temperature/flow rate, composition analysis…

Stakes and needs in warship building industry and in power plant operation

Condition based maintenance in power plant:

Tens of sensors: vibration analysis, temperature, flow rate…

“Killer”Application

that requires scalability


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Stakes and needs: technological requirements

Phy/

Mac

Robust radio transmission (low BER) regarding electromagnetic interferences (as measured as signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, SINR)Low power consumption along with power management capability to maximize battery autonomyCompatibility with EMC (e.g. TEMPEST, EDF IN84…)Deterministic MAC

NW

K

Network topology flexibility: self-organizing, self-healingNetwork scalabilityNetwork configuration parameter transparency for application layerEnergy aware routing strategyMobility supportSupport of authentication of network node and anti-intrusion (to the network) mechanisms

Apl

Support of application profileSupport of different communication models (request/reply, pub./sub., periodic notification)Support of standard IEC61804-3/EDDL for equipment diagnostic & maintenance Support of authentication


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Outline






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• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with 2,4GHz (DSSS) only

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with an extension shim for frequency hopping and slotted hopping

• Medium access method managed by the system manager

Star, Mesh

• 128-bit network layer address assigned by the system manager. These 128-bit addresses are hierarchical, with the upper 64 bits identifying a network and the lower 64 bits identifying a device.

• Graph routing (link state routing)

• No energy-aware routing strategy

ISA 100.11a (still in development)

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006

• IPv6 compressed header and datagram encapsulated in IEEE 802.15.4-2006 (rfc 4944).

• 6LoWPAN Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (LOAD) no energy aware routing

• Hierarchical Routing over 6LoWPAN (HiLow) no energy aware routing

• Dynamic MANET On-demand for 6LoWPAN (DYMO-low) Routing energy aware routing

6LoWPAN (still in development)

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with 2,4GHz (DSSS) only

IEEE 802.15.4-2003 with 868MHz / 915MHz or 2,4GHz

PHY layer

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with TDMA + Channel hopping or Token-passing method

• Explicit Clock synchronization needed

Waste energy on sync

IEEE 802.15.4-2003 with a slow frequency hopping schema using CSMA-CA (initiated by the PAN coordinator)Pseudo deterministic medium access method

MAC layer

Star, MeshTree, Star, MeshTopology

• 16-bits network Id (in 3 classes: Permanent, Temporary, Manufacturing) assigned by the gateway.

• 16-bits “nickname” and 64-bits IEEE EUI address.

• Up to 65536 nodes per network group and up to 65536 network groups (16-bit node address and 16-bit group address) or 64-bit extended network address

Network scalability

• Graph routing (link state routing)

• No energy-aware routing strategy

Mixed mechanism composed of AODV and tree routingNo energy-aware routing strategy

Network routing strategy

WirelessHARTZigBeeNetwork layers

Current industrial wireless technologies: an end users’ analysis


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Current industrial wireless technologies: an end users’ viewpoint

Gaps to be addressed in ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a and 6LoWPAN:

Lack of simulation and test-bed standard to validate the characteristics of these protocols

Mobility support (partly in 6LoWPAN DYMO-low)

Energy aware routing strategy (partly in 6LoWPAN DYMO-low) to maximize the network life span

Performance issue in high density and large scale network (latency, energy consumption due to overhearing, spectrum efficiency…)

Publish/Subscribe deterministic medium access method to minimizeenergy consumption


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Outline






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Improving ZigBee by developing additional specification to satisfy the following requirements:

@ MAC layerDeterministic MAC layer for time-constrained communication.

@ Network layerOptimized energy consumption routing strategy for maximum network lifetime within the non time-constrained communication period,Support of human walking speed mobility for some particular network nodes (sinks).

@ Application layerSupport of application profiles (e.g.: « SENSOR 4-20 », « SENSOR BINARY », « ACCELEROMETER », « IEEE 1451 »…)Support of different communication models: request/reply, publish/subscribe (event based notification) and periodic/programmable notification.Support of IEC61804-3/EDDL for diagnosis and maintenance purposes. O

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OCARI project objectives


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Developing an industrial prototype that can be interfaced with existing wired sensors:

Nonvolatile

Memory

Micro-

controllersRF

Analog

Sensor

Battery(LR6)

4-20mA

RS232/USB

0-5V

Promoting an open standard, safe and validated for harsh industrial environments:

Developing an open middleware architecture that supports distributed SCADA applications

OCARI project objectives (cont.)


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Up to 65536 nodes per network group and up to 65536 network groups (16-bit node address and 16-bit group address) or 64-bit extended network address

Up to 65536 nodes per network group and up to 65536 network groups (16-bit node address and 16-bit group address) or 64-bit extended network address

Network scalability

• Support of mobility using OLSR (RFC 3626)

Network mobility support

• Graph routing (link state routing)• Energy-aware routing strategy using

EOLSR

Mixed mechanism composed of AODV and tree routingNo energy-aware routing strategy

Network routing strategy

• Tree, Star, Mesh• Tree, Star, MeshNetwork topology

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with extension to implement MaCARI: deterministic medium access method

IEEE 802.15.4-2003 with a slow frequency hopping schema using CSMA-CA (initiated by the PAN coordinator)Pseudo deterministic medium access method (if GTS implemented)

MAC layer

• IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with 2,4GHz (DSSS) radio only

OCARI

IEEE 802.15.4-2003 with 868MHz / 915MHz or 2,4GHz

PHY layer

ZigBee 2007Protocol layers

OCARI specifications: comparison to ZigBee


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OCARI typical topology:• 20 cell coordinators per

workshop• 8 RFD per cell coordinator

160 nodes / workshop

OCARI specifications: typical topology

Wireless Sensors Network Oriented Middleware

Comm.Manager

VirtualSensor

Manager

Persistentdata

Manager

Software Bus (Publish/Subscribe)

Workshopcoordinator

Network monitoring

OPC-DA OPC-UA

Database

Workshopcoordinator

CellCell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell coordinator (FFD)

Sensor (RFD)

Sink

Sink

Sink

Sink

Industrial backbone

PublicationManager

SCADA


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OCARI specifications: MaCARI

T0 T1 T2 T3

Free Activity (beacon mode:

slotted CSMA-CA)(Optimized network lifetime

Energy-aware OLSR)

SYNC

Collision-Free ActivityScheduling

constrained by a hierarchical

Tree(Deterministic MAC

period)

Global Cycle

Why MaCARI?

In IEEE 802.15.4, determinism is not guaranteed because of possible beacon collision. The upper bound on end-to-end delay is not known due to possible beaconcollision.

In ZigBee, no sleep period for the coordinator

MaCARI Scheduling mechanism constrained by a hierarchical tree to reduce possible collision. Every node can sleep

PAN schedules the cells activity and fixes the beacons broadcasting sequence the beacon is repeated in cascade through the tree and contains all synchronization information.

Every node synchronizes on T1 and knows the next T0.

12

32

1

43

4

T0 T1

PAN

C1 C2

C3 C4


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EOLSR (Energy aware OLSR):Minimizing the energy consumption for end-to-end transmission of one packetCost (transmission by node i) = Etrans + n * Ercv. Where n = number of active nodes inside the interference area of the transmitter including the receivers + overhearing + interference (2 time radio range)Avoiding the nodes with low residual energy

SERENA (Scheduling RoutEr Node Activity):

A node is woken up in the timeslots where:It transmitsOne of its one hop neighbours transmits

It sleeps otherwiseScheduling using colouring of three hops neighbours timeslot assigned to a node according to its colourSpatial reuse of colour code gain of bandwidth (efficiency)

SP4 – Efficacité Énergétique dans OCARI : Routage et Coloriage

OCARI specifications: EOLSR and SERENA

f(x)= aix+bi( )i=1

N

∑ H(x−α(i))−H(x−β(i))( )

i

α(i) β(i)

aix+bi

Discharge model of alkaline battery


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OCARI stack:May be implemented on two different controllers:

B2400ZB-Tiny (GT60 + CC2420)– PHY– MaCARI

To be defined…– SERENA + EOLSR– APS– Application Framework– MDO

Inter-layer communication interface:Software interface:

– APSDE-SAP (APS Data Entity – Service Access point)– MDO– APSME-SAP (APS Management Entity)– EDE-SAP (EOLSR Data Entity)– EME-SAP (EOLSR Management Entity)– ESP-SAP (Energy Service Provider)– SME-SAP (SERENA Management Entity)– PLDE-SAP– PLME-SAP

Hardware interface:– MDE-SAP– MME-SAP

OCARI specifications: protocol stack


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Outline






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MaCARI optimization of synchronization [T0, T1]Gain up to 25 % of duration

SP3 - Un protocole MAC déterministe et économe en énergie

Test bed from Simulation using NS-2


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Network lifespan maximized using EOLSR + SERENA:

SP4 – Efficacité Énergétique dans OCARI : Routage et Coloriage

Test bed from Simulation using NS-2


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OCARI Application Architecture


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Test bed platform

Instrumentation of existing gates using OCARI wireless sensors network (20 + 20 nodes)

SP1 – Présentation globale du projet


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Next steps…

Publication of OCARI specifications as a standard for power generation…

OCARI consortium will welcome ETSI or other organizations interested in…

Documents

Current industrial wireless technologies: an end users