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Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon Observing Network. Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof , Steve H ankin. Carbon Inventories of Reservoirs that Naturally Exchange Carbon on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries. Ocean C Ant =0.39%. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Current developments and future opportunities for the Global Ocean Carbon
Observing Network
Christopher Sabine, Richard Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Steve Hankin
Carbon Inventories of Reservoirs that Naturally Exchange Carbon on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries
Ocean38,148 PgC
Soil=2800 PgCPlants=750 PgCAtm.=795 PgC
Preind.Atm. C=74%
Ocean CAnt =0.39%
• Oceans contain ~90% of carbon in this 4 component system
• anthropogenic component is difficult to detect
CAnt. = 26%
(Ocean Cant < 1.5% of upper 1000 m)
OceanObs’09: Vision
Provision of routine and sustained global information on the marine environment sufficient to meet society’s needs for describing, understanding and forecasting marine variability (including physical, biogeochemical, ecosystems and living marine resources), weather, seasonal to decadal climate variability, climate change, sustainable management of living marine resources, and assessment of longer term trends
Global Ocean Carbon Network is made up of four OCO projects that address two of the GCOS essential climate variables:
• surface ocean CO2
• ocean interior carbon
Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys R. Feely, C.L. Sabine, G. Johnson, J. Bullister, C. Mordy (PMEL);
R. Wanninkhof, M. Baringer, J. Zhang (AOML); C. Langdon (RSMAS)
Goal: To maintain decadal time-scale sampling of ocean transports and inventories of climatically significant parameters in support of the Ocean Carbon Monitoring Network of the Program Plan for Building a Sustained Observing Network for Climate.
Approach: The Repeat Hydrography CO2/Tracer Program is a systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections to quantify changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers and related parameters to assess changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical cycle in response to natural and/or man-induced activity.
Achievements:In FY 2011, NOAA and NSF co-sponsored two CLIVAR/ Repeat Hydrography cruises in the Pacific and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, S4P and A10. This April/May of this year we completed A20 and A22 in the North Atlantic.
FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys
Global map of International Repeat Hydrography CO2/Tracer Program hydrographic sections with carbon system that have been completed over the last decade. The U.S. cruises are designated with blue lines.
2011
FY2011 Global Repeat Hydrographic/CO2 /Tracer surveys
Sections of dissolved inorganic carbon along the S4P (top) and A10 (bottom) transects.
Principal Investigators:R. Feely (NOAA/PMEL)R. Wanninkhof (NOAA/AOML)
An informal Community Survey on CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Program Data Usage
As of April 2012, 62 people had responded
Survey responders identified~140 peer-reviewed journal articles published over the last 6 years based on the repeat hydrography data
CTD BottleData
UnderwaypCO2
ADCP Bathy-metry
Meteor-ology
Other
TransientTracers
Carbon Nutrients Trace Metals
Other
Goal:
Approach: Make autonomous surface pCO2 measurements using research and volunteer observing ships (VOS) to get spatial coverage at seasonal time scales and using a network of surface moorings to get high frequency temporal resolution.
To quantify the daily to interannual variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes and understand the mechanisms controlling these fluxes.
NOAA Surface pCO2 Measurement Program R. Wanninkhof, C.L. Sabine, R. Feely, T. Takahashi, S. Sutherland,
N. Bates, F. Chavez, G. Goni, and F. Millero
SST, fCO2 and CO2 flux in the Equatorial Pacific
Large-Scale Observational Results: 1982-2009
El Niño: 0.2 - 0.3 Pg C yr-1
Non El Niño: 0.5 - 0.7 Pg C yr-1
La Niña: 0.6 - 0.8 Pg C yr-1
Average: 0.5 ± 0.2 Pg C yr-1
25-30% Increase in flux after the 1997-1998 El Niño
Feely et al. (in preparation)Estimates utilize the gas transfer scaling factor of 0.24, For NCEP-DOE AMIP-II winds (after Takahashi et al, in 2009)
Interannual Variability in Sea-air CO2 Fluxes
from Park et al., 2010, Tellus B
∆pCO2 data from CPO/COD CO2 on ships project and international collaborators, and empirical approach of Park et al. (2010)
http://cwcgom.aoml.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aomlcarbonfluxes.graph
Map of Sea-air CO2 fluxes for December, 2011
Graphical user interface of Sea-Air CO2 fluxes on monthly timescales
Temporal Changes in winds, fCO2, ∆fCO2 and CO2 Flux in the Equatorial Pacific
The flux of CO2 from the equatorial Pacific has increased about 25-30% since 1998.
Moored pCO2 ProgramC.L. Sabine (PMEL), A.J. Sutton (PMEL),
S. Jones (PMEL), S. Musielewicz (PMEL) and R. Bott (PMEL)
Goal:
Approach:
Achievements: We are at 24% of array design with 7 systems on TAO array, 4 in the North Pacific (including Papa) and 1 in the South Pacific.
Develop an inexpensive, robust, accurate pCO2 system that can be deployed on a variety of mooring and drifter configurations for up to a year at a time.
To evaluate the temporal variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes by conducting high resolution time-series measurements of atmospheric boundary layer and surface ocean pCO2.
www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Buoys+and+Autonomous+Systems
The value of time series lies in their continued data collection.
The 7 year time series at the MOSEAN H-A/WHOTS mooring site shows an increasing trend in ocean and atmosphere CO2.
Seasonal fluctuations are also apparent in both seawater and air (e.g., low seawater CO2 in the winter and high seawater CO2 in the summer).
Moored pCO2 Program
Launched in February 2011, the PMEL Carbon Group website (www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2) is completely revised and enhanced
The website received over 75,000 unique visits between Feb and the end of FY2011
New Google Earth data portal displays near real time data plots of air and seawater CO2 at all moorings, including the 12 OCO funded sites
Moored pCO2 Program
Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis ProjectC.L. Sabine, R. Feely, S. Hankin (PMEL); A. Kozyr (CDIAC)*;
R. Wanninkhof (AOML); R. Key (PU); F. Millero (UM)*; A. Dickson (Scripps)**no longer funded
Goal:
Approach:
Achievements:
Use repeat hydrography data to evaluate decadal changes in carbon inventories and the surface CO2 data to evaluate air-sea CO2 exchanges.
To make the global carbon observing network data readily available to the community and to use these data to better understand the role of the oceans in the global C cycle.
Global CO2 data sets published; air-sea CO2 fluxes estimated from 1982-2009; Global anthropogenic CO2 storage estimated up through 2008.
CO
2flu
xan
omal
y(P
gC
yr-1)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
GlobeEPO(Sub)-tropicsHigh North (>42 oN)Southern (>42 oS)
Year1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
ON
I(o C
)
-3.0
-1.5
0.0
1.5
60oE 120oE 180oW 120oW 60oW 0o80oS
40oS
0o
40oN
80oN
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2008 anthropogenic CO2 column inventory (mol m-2)Annual air-sea CO2 flux anomalies 1982–2009
Figures from Sabine et al. 2010 (BAMS, State of the Climate 2010)
Global Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Project
http://socat.info
Products include a 2nd-level quality controlled, global surface ocean fCO2 data set with >6.3 million observations and gridded summary fields derived from the cruise data on a 1° x 1° grid with no temporal or spatial interpolation.
TheGLODAP/CARINA/PACIFICAdatanetwork
New synthesis efforts are greatly expanding the available data for examining carbon changes
GLODAP ~ 100 cruises (1989-1998) (light gray)CARINA ~ 188 additional cruises (1976-2008) (dark gray)PACIFICA ~ 260 additional cruises (1985-2008) (medium gray)
Ocean uptake and storage products are being incorporated into global carbon assessments, including the IPCC 5th Assessment Report
Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes
Summary of the different modeling approaches. In case of the OGCMs and atmospheric inverses, the annual median value is plotted.
Summary of magnitude, variability and trends of Sea-air CO2 fluxes for RECCAP, (Regional carbon cycle assessment project)
(Wanninkhof et al., 2012, in prep)
Thank you!