Current Capabilities for Space Security: A Korean Perspective

Prof. Changdon KeeGNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea

Workshop on Collective Security in Space

Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007

Prof. Changdon KeeGNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea

Workshop on Collective Security in Space

Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

Contents

Introduction

Space Technology in Korea

Space Security Issues to Be Concerned

Issues and related proposals

Concluding Remarks

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

“Space Security”

Definition

Secure and sustainable access to, and use of space

Freedom from space-based threats

Eight indicators of space security1. Space Environment2. Laws, Policies, and Doctrines3. Civil Space Programs and Global Utilities4. Commercial Space5. Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations6. Space Systems Protection7. Space Systems Negation8. Space-based Strike Weapons

* Reference: http://www.spacesecurity.org

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History of Space Technology in Korea

• Established Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) as an Independent Institute in 1996.

• Developing Satellite Design, Manufacturing and Launch Capabilities

• Joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2001

• Participated in EU’s Galileo Project, a Satellite-based Navigation System, in 2006

• Constructing its Own Launch Site: “Naro Space Center”• Plans to Introduce First Launch Vehicle in 2007 or 2008• Total of 11 Operation Satellites (7 LEOs and 4 GEOs)

* Reference: http://www.kari.re.kr Naro Space Center

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Naro Space Center (under construction)

* Reference: http://space.go.kr Naro Space Center

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1999KITSAT3

2002SSat1

2001 2007SSat2

2008SSat3

2006

2011

2005KOREASAT4

1999KOREASAT3

2014COMS2

2013SSat5

2015SSat6

2005KOMPSAT2

1999KOMPSAT1

2008COMS1

2008KOMPSAT3

2009KOMPSAT4

KOMPSAT5

2011SSat42KOMPSAT6

KOMPSAT72015KOMPSAT8

2015KOREASAT5

2007 KSLV-1

2010 KSLV-2

2015 KSLV-3

National Space Program (1/3)

* Reference: http://www.most.go.kr Ministry of Science & Technology

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National Space Program (2/3)

KOMPSAT-2 (Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-2)Application : Earth ObservingMass : 800 kgOrbit : 685 km x 685 km SSOEquipment : MSC (1m resolution)

Image #1 : Mt. Bakdu in Korea

Image #2 : Seoul Olympic Stadium

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National Space Program (3/3)

KSLV-1 (Korea Space Launch Vehicle-1)

COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite)Multi-purpose Geostationary Sat.

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Space Security Issues to Be Concerned

Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer

Space (PAROS)

Space Debris Mitigation

Frequency Spectrum & Orbit Slot

Allocation

Satellite-based Navigation System and its

Augmentation System

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Government Statement (1/2)

Statement by Chang Dong-hee, Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 8, 2006

"The possibility of an arms race using advanced space and related technologies, as well as the proliferation of space debris, by-products of increased space activities, all give rise to an important question: how should we safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of outer space for peaceful purposes?"

"Confidence-building measures constitute one of the most important aspects in the whole process. These may include building up support for an effective regime, readiness to negotiate it and, once agreed upon, the full and effective implementation of it. For this, we may need to start by seeking ways to strengthen effective compliance by current space-faring nations with existing agreements, such as the Registration Convention of 1975."

* Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies

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Government Statement (2/2)

Statement by the Ban Ki-moon (Currently Secretary-General of the United Nations), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 20, 2006.

"On the prevention of arms race in the outer space, like many other countries, the Republic of Korea has greatly benefited from space-based technologies. We are keen to safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of the outer space for peaceful purposes. We welcome the in-depth CD debate on PAROS. In light of the complicated nature of the related issues, we believe a gradual and pragmatic approach is sensible at this state."

* Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies

• CD : Conference on Disarmament• PAROS : Prevention of An Arms Race in Outer Space

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Orbit & Frequency Slot Allocation Problem

Multi-purpose Satellite DesignCOMS(Communication, Ocean and

Meteorological Satellite)Efficient methodology to overcome the

problem of limited resources (Budget, Orbit slot, and frequency slot)

International CooperationSK Telecom of Korea and Mobile Broadcasting

Corp. (MBCo) of Japan joined hands to launch the DMB satellite, MBSAT.

• DMB : Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

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GNSS and its Augmentation System

Several countries continued R&D of GNSSU.S. GPS, Russian GLONASS, EU’s Galileo, Chinese C

OMPASS (Beidou), Japanese QZSS, and Indian IRNSSSeveral countries continued R&D of GNSS Augm

entation SystemsU.S. WAAS, EU EGNOS, Japanese MSAS, Indian GAGA

N, Australian GRAS, Chinese SNAS, and etc.Why each country needs its own separate GNSS

Augmentation System?Inefficiency, overlapping, and etc.

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Geosynch Satellite

Ionosphere I

GPS Satellite

jbjR

Aircraft User

WMS

WRS

WRS

IbR jjˆ,ˆ,ˆ

Current GNSS Augmentation System

Centralized GNSS Augmentation System!

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

Current GNSS Augmentation System:Centralized System

In fact, the Country, which owns WMS (Wide-area Master Station), has such predominant power over the whole network area that the sovereignty of WMS will be a critical issue among interested countries.

Problems in Asia:A deep-rooted heterogeneity with respect to

historical and political background (ex. democracy vs. communism)

National Security IssueSome subtle matters :

excessive concentration of security critical data lack of mutual confidence among nations

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

Proposal on GNSS Augmentation System

Propose an Asian Version of GNSS Aug. System:

“Decentralized GNSS Augmentation System”solve the sovereignty issue of the network area by

distributing a predominant power to several local area (or nations)

guaranteeing operational independence within a homogeneous local area (or a nation)

Suggest a Project to Implement Asian GNSS Augmentation Systemmore easily induce “constructive engagement” in

the Asian GNSS Augmentation System.eventually promote the feasibility of the project.

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Current Development of GNSS Augmentation Systems

Independent and Centralized Approach!

Ionosphere I

GEOGPS Satellite

jbjR

Aircraft User

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

Possible Way for Interoperability & Cooperation

Decentralized Approach for Regional Augmentation System !

Ionosphere I

GEOGPS Satellite

jbjR

SRS

SRS

SMS+ IFC

mm Px ,ˆ

Aircraft User

GEO

Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.

Concluding Remarks

Korea develops Space Technology Multi-purpose satellites, space launch vehicles, Naro

space center, and space-based navigation system & its augmentation system

Must consider Space Security Issues Orbit & frequency slot, peaceful use of outer space, a

nd space debris mitigationPropose “Decentralized GNSS Augmentation Syst

em in Asia” to start confidence-building for further Cooperation in Space Security