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Culture
Sub-topics
1. What is culture?2. Culture is made up from …3. Basic dimensions of culture4. World Values Survey5. Organizational cultures – how are they
formulated?
What is Culture?
What is Culture?
• A series of basic meanings that have been: - Made up - Discovered - Created … by a specific team / group of people that has learned
to deal with its problems and adjust to its environment … become more of a team because the way perceiving
and analysis of problems have been successfully implemented, are considered to be valid and are taught to new members
2. Culture is made up from …
Culture
Values
Heroes
Myths
Stories
CeremoniesTraditions
Behaviors
Order
Beliefs
3. Basic dimensions of culture
• Content• Time• Inter-personal space• Language – communication• Religion – values
3. Content
• High content - Implied, formal, hierarchical, typical ways of
communicating• Low content - Verbal and written forms of communication• Highest: Chinese / Koreans / Japanese• Lowest: Germans / Swiss / Scandinavian
3. Time
• One-dimensional - Emphasis on time, adoption of a very tight,
precise schedule• Multi-dimensional - Time is fluid, precision is not important
3. Basic dimensions of culture in Hofstede-Bond
• Power Distance: between members of family, work, government, organizations
• Individualism / Collectivism: how close are the relations between people, society
• Masculinity / Feminity: competitive versus compassionate
• Risk Avoidance: creation of rules and order?• Confucianism: respect towards hierarchy,
tradition
4. World Values Survey
• International research effort to record values and perceptions in many countries world-wide
• Began in 1981, today it covers 97 countries, 90% of the world’s population
• A questionnaire with more than 300 questions on perceptions about work, equality, sexual orientation, religion, political parties
4. Questions
• How important are the following in your life: - Family - Friends - Work - Free time - Politics - Religion
4. Questions
• What do you consider to be the most important aspect at work:
- The salary / wage - Security - (Paid) leave - Like it - Be involved with people you can
communicate with
4. Dimensions
• X axis (horizontal) – Survival and Freedom of Expression, emphasis on the latter when
- Social and political freedom is important - Acceptance of differences - Autonomy in personal and working life is
important - Trust in people
4. Dimensions
• Y axis (vertical) – Traditional and Logical Values, emphasis on the latter when the following are not important:
- Religion - Patriotism - Respect towards older people - Traditional family values - Allegiance
4. Dimensions
5. How are organizational cultures formulated?
• Founders
• Philosophy
• Selection
• Criteria
• Top Manage
ment
• Socialization
• Culture
5. Organizational Culture
• Common perceptions, accepted meanings among members of the organization
• Establishment / enactment: an organization is immortal, when it acquires its own life it separates itself from its members
• Establishment / enactment comes before culture