Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CULTURE & SOCIETYDesign of Living
LET’S HAVE DANCE!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK5E_aeBGYA&list=RDvK5E_aeBGYA&index=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRpeEdMmmQ0
DIFFERENT OUTFITS
CULTURE & SOCIETYEntire Design of Living
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Basic Concepts– Know what culture consists of; other related
concepts
– Sociological use
Development of Culture Around the World
• Unanswered Questions– Understand the debate over the influence of
biological and cultural factors on behavior
– Learn how the Internet and global culture influence local cultures
DEFINITION: CULTURE
Totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. It includes the ideas, values, and artifacts of groups of people.
Values the members of a group hold, the norms they follow, the material goods they create, their languages and symbols.. Their collective lives!
SOCIOLOGICAL USE
Sociologists don’t use the term culture as like others
• Culture is made up of– Values
• Abstract ideals about right and wrong– Norms
• Standards of behavior– Material goods
• The objects and goods a society creates– Languages and symbols
TWO IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
NORMS Standard of Behavior,
everyone is expected to observe
Norms, like values, change over time.
Smoking norms in 1964 was totally different
That time it was related to independence, sex appeal, and glamour
VAULES Ideas held by
individuals or groups what is desirable, good and bad.
Some culture values individualism, some culture values shared needs.
CARING ELDERLY PEOPLE
FORMAL NORMS
written and strictly maintained
Ex- Law
INFORMAL NORMS understood, oral,
or pass down from generation to generation –
Ex- Proper dressing
FOLKWAYS
Norms governing everyday behavior
Less formalized
Violation raises little concern
MORES
Norms deemed highly necessary
More Formalized
Violation leads to severe penalties
NOT STRICTLY FORBIDDEN, BUT EXPECTED NOT STRICT NO.!
TWO TYPES OF CULTURE
MATERIAL CULTURE The physical evidence
of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made
A wide range of things like cloths we wear, the homes we live, our computers, etc.
NONMATERIAL CULTURE
Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture are called the non-material culture
Values, norms, etc. ( worshiping style)
MATERIAL CULTURE NONMATERIAL CULTURE
CULTURAL LAG
Culture(values, ideas) takes time to catch up with technological innovations
Maladjustments between above two
Failure of the non-material culture to up with developments in the material culture
Examples(Few Medical Technology or others or Like abortion! )
CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
Common practices and beliefs or common features of human behavior found in all society
Many are made to meet essential human needs
such as the need for food, shelter, and clothing. (or, such as Language)
Example
FROM TEXT – CULTURAL UNIVERSAL
• Cultural universals– Grammatically complex language
– Family systems and marriage
– Incest prohibition
– Art, dancing, and body adornments
– Games, gift giving, and joking
– Rules of hygiene
• Language– 7000 languages are spoken in
the world today.. They are equally important to
those who speak
Language demonstrates both the unity and diversity of human culture….no cultures without language
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Edward Sapir(1930s), Benjamin Whorf–
language influences our perceptions of the world
HOW LANGUAGE EVOLVED?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWDKsHm6gTA
POLITICAL IMPORTANCE
During cold war period, 1950-70, the U.S. government encouraged study of Russian language for diplomatic and military purposes
Societal attitudes/racial stereotypes toward different people are also reflected in language-
Noam Chomsky’s “Manufacturing Consent”
THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDYOF CULTURE
27
• Culture is not the same as society• Society– Group of people living in a given territory
governed by a common political authority and guided by a common culture
• Culture makes society possible
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE
Innovation Process of introducing a new idea
Two forms Discovery
making known, sharing the reality Finding of the structure of DNA and
identification of new moon of Saturn
Invention Existing cultural items are combined into a form
that didn’t exist before Such as Automobile, Protestantism, Democracy.
DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE
Diffusion Diffusion refers to the process
by which a cultural items spreads from society to society Through various mean: Military
conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, internet.
Macdonaldization of Society!
WHAT DETERMINES CULTURAL SUPERIORITY?
ETHNOCENTRISM
Graham Sumner used the term
Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
It’s pervasive. How religious fundamentalists view liberals,
how nonwestern people think about western family, and other way round!.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Seeing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture.
Priority on understanding others.
Different social contexts give rise to different norms
Ex- Polygamy
Unbiased effort to evaluate norms, values
HOW HOLLYWOOD STEREOTYPED THE NATIVE AMERICANS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hJFi7SRH7Q
CULTURAL VARIATION
Despite the presence of cultural universals, great diversity exists among the world’s many cultures
Even within a single nation..within a society
SUBCULTURE Segment of a society
that shares distinctive patterns of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the larger society .
Sometimes they develop an argot( specialized language).
COUNTERCULTURE When a subculture
conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
Differ substantially from mainstream
Ex- Hippie
Ultraconservative militia groups/ Terrorists
DOC. ON AMERICAN JUGGALOSUB OR COUNTERCULTURE?
Not censored, feel free not to watch http://vimeo.com/29589320
CULTURAL SHOCK
Cultural shock is the personal disorientation or apprehension a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
someone from conservative society might be shocked by seeing the Juggalo culture
38
• Hunting and Gathering Societies– Oldest but now close to disappearing – Very small—typically 30 to 40 people– Few material possessions– Tended toward equality and cooperation
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY
39
• Pastoral and Agrarian Societies– Second oldest type of society– Pastoral—tending of domesticated animals– Agrarian—cultivation of crops– Some accumulation of material
possessions– More inequality, competition, and
concentration of power
MANY HUNTERS AND GATHERERS EVENTUALLY SETTLED…
40
• Traditional Societies– Third oldest type of society– Disappeared in the 1800s– Cities, great inequalities of power and
wealth, and ruled by kings or emperors
SOME AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES EVENTUALLY BECAME TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES OR WERE CONQUERED BY TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES…
41
THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDYOF CULTURE
42
• Industrialized Societies– Industrialization destroyed the forms of
society that dominated prior periods– Machine production based on use of
inanimate power resources(such as steam or electricity rather than animals )
– Mostly urban– More developed political systems
INDUSTRIALIZATION…MACHINE PRODUCTION..
UNDERSTANDING MORE ABOUT THE MODERN WORLD
Colonialism From seventieth–early Twentieth
Century western countries established colonies
It shaped the social map as we know it today North America, Australia, and
in Nz European became the majority population
UNDERSTANDING THE MODERN WORLD
44
• Colonialism– Global South• Most nations only independent post-
World War II• Agriculture remains the main economic
activity• Extremely high levels of poverty• Some are emerging economies
*A third of the world poor live only in South Asia
SANCTIONS
Sanctions are penalties and reward for conduct concerning a social norm
Conformity to a norm can lead to positive sanctions and other way round.
BREAKING SOCIAL NORMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-HZfwqS9TY
(from 5.12)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Lau9KhemwI
Even though we don’t realize always importance of norms, did u ever try breaking social norms?
47
• Cultural Conformity– Accomplished in two ways• Learn norms beginning in childhood with
parents playing an important role• Social control when a person fails to
conform• informal punishment, such as rebuking friends for minor
breaches of etiquette, gossiping behind• Formal forms of discipline might range from issuing
parking tickets to imprisonment.
RESEARCH TODAY: UNDERSTANDING THE MODERN WORLD
Conformity is high among Chinese
Individualism is high in the U.S.
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture?
THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDYOF CULTURE
51
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
52
• Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local Cultures?– Role of globalization in cultural
change– Eroding cultural differences ?
The case of Saudi Arabia, China
CONCLUSION/QUESTION
CONCEPT QUIZ
54
Culture can be defined as ___ .(a) artistic forms of expression that help cultivate the intellect of members of a society(b) expectations about modes of behavior appropriate to participating in a particular community or society(c) the values, norms, and material objects characteristic of a particular group(d) scientific understandings and the technological advancements that come from them, by which society is built
CONCEPT QUIZ
55
Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal?(a) using smart phone and the Internet(b) having conflict with one’s in-laws(c) Music and Dance(d) teaching children how to be self-sufficient
CONCEPT QUIZ
56
___ consists of the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live.(a) Scientific technology(b) Artistic propaganda(c) Infrastructure(d) Material culture
CONCEPT QUIZ
57
What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?(a) Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture.(b) Agrarian societies predated pastoral societies by at least several thousand years.(c) Agrarian societies were marked by much more divisive inequalities than pastoral societies.(d) Pastoral societies only existed in Africa and the Middle East, while agrarian societies were spread across the entire globe.
CONCEPT QUIZ
58
Secret documents revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed a NSA program collecting vast amounts of information on the communications of Americans. Which of the following are characteristics of industrial societies that sociologists might use to put these revelations in context?(a) rapid technological developments based on advanced scientific knowledge(b) more extensive control over many aspects of citizen’s lives than previous types of human societies(c) advanced modes of military organization(d) the rise of a rational-legal mode of social organization
CONCEPT QUIZ
59
Disparaging attitudes towards polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a formof ___ .(a) social control(b) ethnocentrism(c) cultural relativism(d) assimilation
DISCUSSION QUESTION: THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY
60
What does it mean to be ethnocentric? How is ethnocentrism dangerous in conducting social research? How is ethnocentrism problematic among nonresearchers in their everyday lives?
