CULTURAL WORDS TRANSLATION IN THE MAN WHO LOVED

BOOKS TOO MUCH NOVEL BY ALLISON HOOVER BARTLETT

A Thesis

Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty

In Partian Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Strata One Degree

LILIK NUR CHOLILAH

NIM 1112026000039

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

2017

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ABSTRACT

Lilik Nur Cholilah, Cultural Words Translation in The Man Who Loved BooksToo Much Novel by Allison Hoover Bartlett. A Thesis: English Letters Department,Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Syarif HidayatullahJakarta, 2017.

In this research, the researcher focuses on analyze the cultural wordstranslation in true story novel. The objective of the research is finding culturalwords contained in novel The Man Who Loved Books Too Much and its translationalso analyzing the procedure of translation that used by the translator to translatethe novel. The writer uses qualitative research which descriptive analysis as themethod of research. She analyzes non factious novel by reading the original noveland its translation to find cultural words. After the data (cultural words) collected,the writer classifying them based on Newmark’s theory, analyzing the data withrelevant theories of translation procedure. This research shows that there are twentyselected data of cultural words those are three cultural words as Ecology, elevencultural words as material culture, three cultural words as social culture and threecultural words as Organizations. For the procedure of translation, there are tencultural words used procedure of transference, six cultural words used procedure ofcouplets, three cultural words used procedure of shift and one cultural word usedprocedure of naturalization.

Keywords: Cultural words, Translation, Translation Procedures

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, May 2017

Lilik Nur Cholilah

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The writer would like to express huge gratitude to Allah SWT for the healthy,

blesses, and opportunity to finish this thesis. Peace and salutation are always be

upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW (Peace be upon Him) who had

changed the world from the darkness into the lightness.

The writer also wants to thank to her beloved parents; H. Abu Sholeh Ali and

Hj. Laili Badriah for all prays, motivations, and supports in writer’s activities.

Moreover, thanks to the writer’s siblings; Noor Muhammad Furqaan and Nila

Amalia Husna for all kindness. Additionally, her big family wherever they are who

had always support the writer to finish her study as soon as possible.

Another thanks are dedicated either to the following people:

1. Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, M.A., as the Head of State Islamic University

Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Dr. Syukran Kamil, M. Ag., the Dean of Faculty Adab and Humanities,

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

3. Drs. Saefudin, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department and writer’s

advisor who has gave his time, guidance, kindness and advises.

4. All lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught the writer and

have given priceless knowledge.

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5. All of staff Faculty of Adab and Humanities, staff of library Faculty of Adab

and Humanities and main library staff of State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta.

6. The strongest and the gorgeous women that the writer ever know; Nangs

Aulia, Partner Wardah, Putri, Zillah, Jijah, Tekul Nana, Tata, Hanum, Septi,

and Nurul thank you so much for all kindness since 2006 until now. May

God always give happiness for us.

7. KAA and SholeHot (Ijal, Alfan, Agung, Deny, Fadel, Vani, Mega, Icha,

Naila, and Mumuy).

8. KKN Sigma 2015 (Ari, Fatir, Nisa, Tantu, Feby, Tuyur, Reski, Ai, Caul,

Wantel, Afif, Ilham, An’in).

9. Last but not least, big thanks to all people who cannot be mentioned one by

one, people who had gave knowledge of life, precious experiences and spirit

to achieve dreams become true.

May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, always bless’, protects, and gives

them more than they given to the writer. Hopefully, this thesis will be

advantageous for her and all people who interested in this field. She realized

this thesis is far from perfect, that is why the researcher welcomes critics and

suggestions for this thesis to be better.

Jakarta, May 2017

The Writer

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Translation process (Roger T. Bell 1991)……………………………………12

Figure 2.2: The Process of Translation (Nida and Taber 1982)………………………….13

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Data Description…………………………………………………………...27

Table 3.2.1: First Data (Liquidambar)…………………………………………………...29

Table 3.2.2: Second Data (Rue – Purple Sage)…………………………………..30

Table 3.2.3: Third Data (Vellum – Buckram)……………………………………32

Table 3.2.4: Fourth Data (Station wagon)………………………………………..33

Table 3.2.5: Fifth Data (Quarter)………………………………………………...33

Table 3.2.6: Sixth Data (Bourbon)……………………………………………….34

Table 3.2.7: Seventh Data (Nickel)………………………………………………35

Table 3.2.8: Eighth Data (Flat – District)………………………………………..36

Table 3.2.9: Ninth Data (Shillings)………………………………………………37

Table 3.2.10: Tenth Data (Clavichord)…………………………………………..38

Table 3.2.11: Eleventh Data (Matryoshka)………………………………………39

Table 3.2.12: Twelfth Data (Punk)………………………………………………40

Table 3.2.13: Thirteenth Data (Hippy)…………………………………………..41

Table 3.2.14: Fourteenth Data (Football)………………………………………..42

Table 3.2.15: Fifteenth Data (FBI)………………………………………………43

Table 3.2.16: Sixteenth Data (ABAA)…………………………………………..44

Table 3.2.17: Seventeenth Data (ILAB)…………………………………………45

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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Explanation

e.g. for example

et al. and others

etc. and so on

i.e. it is; in other words

SL Source Language

SLT Source Language Text

TL Target Language

TLT Target Language Text

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...i

APPROVEMENT……………………………………………………………………...ii

LEGALIZATION……………………………………………………………………..iii

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………….v

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………..vii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...viii

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS………………………………………………………….ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...x

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………1

1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………………………….1

1.2 Focus of the Study………………………………………………………………5

1.3 Research Questions……………………………………………………………..5

1.4 Objective of the Research……………………………………………………....5

1.5 Significance of the Research…………………………………………………...5

1.6 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………6

1.6.1 The Method of the Research…………………………………………..6

1.6.2 The Instrument of the Research……………………………………….6

1.6.3 The Unit of Analysis…………………………………………………...6

1.6.4 The Technique of Data Analysis……………………………………...7

CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………...8

2.1 Previous Research……………………………………………………………...8

2.2 Definition of Translation……………………………………………………..10

2.3 The Process of Translation…………………………………………………...11

2.4 The Procedure of Translation………………………………………………..14

2.5 Cultural Words………………………………………………………………..18

2.5.1 Category of Cultural Words……………………………………………19

2.6 Translating Novel……………………………………………………………..20

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH FINDINGS…………………………………………..27

3.1 Data Description………………………………………………………………27

3.2 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………….28

CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………………..47

4.1 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………47

4.2 Suggestions……………………………………………………………………47

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..49

APPENDICES……………………………………………………….………………..

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Messages that come from the texts, voices, body expression and so forth are

delivered by a system named language.

“Many people think that the primary purpose of language is to “communicateinformation”. However, language serves a great many functions and giving andgetting information, the following two closely related functions: to support theperformance of social activities and social identities and to support humanaffiliation within cultures, social groups, and institutions.” (Gee 1)

Thus, language has a significant role in human daily to get or to share

knowledge. Different languages lead problem in renderring message or information

in both types, so the existence of translator and interpreter can be a good solution

for this. Epstein et al. notice that “to be a professional translator may have superior

linguistic skills and involving more than one translator in the process is advisable

to provide a mix of perspective” (438). It proved that language skills is necessary

for translator and they cannot translate its work personally.

Translation is “the single process of producing a document from a source

version in the target language” (Epstein, Santo, and Guillemin 436). According to

Barnstone, “within or between languages, translation requires a change in language:

the meaning is “transported” from one word or one set of words to another

nonidentical word or set of words” (16). It means that translation is not only a work

to transfer language or words but either its meaning. Translation is also a

phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life (Hatim and Munday 3). Thus,

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it can help people with different background to understand more about sign

language in public places or icons, symbols on the computer screen, even a written

product such as paper, article, literary texts, etc.

The difficulties exists when translating literary text such as novel because it

consists of sentences, characters, events, and cultural words. In translating novel,

to choose equivalent word into the target language is very important for the

translator. It aims to the reader understandable, get messages and ideas easily.

Complexity in the transferring language process can be assisted by translation

procedures, so the word or phrase can be easier to find its equivalent. For example,

I as the first person in English. It has many different meanings in Bahasa depend

on with whom they are speaking, even when they using over regional language. I

itself has meaning aku or saya in Bahasa. Nevertheless, in regional such as

Sundanese has two meanings, Abdi and Aing. Those sample is one of universal

language that have equivalence in second language. In short, those different

subjects, in this case first person, can identify the specific cultural background they

apply.

There are various culture that must be mastered by translator. Culture is the

way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a

particular language as its means of expression (Newmark 94). Transferring cultural

words in translation task is not as easy as people think. Besides, in personal

languages, sometimes translator found untranslatable words because they have no

ready one-to-one equivalent in the target language (Newmark 17). If those problem

happened, translator has to find ways to render those untranslatable words legible

for the receptor in target language. For instance, the word of ‘thanksgiving day’ is

has no equivalence term in Indonesian culture. Literally, ‘thanksgiving day’ is a

national holiday celebrated as a day of giving thanks for the blessing of the harvest

and of the preceding year. Indonesian doesn’t have celebration same with

Thanksgiving, so the translator can put more information within the text or at

bottom of page and so forth.

This research uses a non fictitious novel, The Man Who Loved Books Too

Much; The True Story of a Thief, a Detective, and a World of Literary Obsession,

by Allison Hoover Bartlett, founder of North 24th Writing Community, and its

translation entitle The Man Who Loved Books Too Much; Kisah Nyata Seorang

Pencuri, Detektif, dan Obsesi pada Kesusastraan. This novel tells about the true

story of a journalist who wants to know deeper how a man thieve rare books, a

detective who investigate these case and why the man obsessed to thieve those

books.

The researcher is interested in choosing this novel because some reasons;

firstly, the novel based on a true story. Secondly, it had been getting an award as

The Book of The Year in 2009 because the article about John Gilkey (main

character in the novel) made for San Fransisco Magazine was also achieved Best

American Reporting 2007. Thirdly, many cultural words are found in this novel

which are in target language translatable and untranslatable or the translator does

not explain the word or phrase that is not exist in the target language because there

is no equivalent word which has the same meaning. In addition, the readers of this

novel are mostly from various backgrounds such as writers, literature figures,

critical books, and so on.

Besides, the researcher uses procedures of translation to analyze whole cultural

words that she found in the novel because translation procedures are used for word,

phrase, and sentence, while translation methods relate to whole texts (Newmark

81). The researcher finds an example that can be a data to be researched from the

novel as follow:

(1) SL : . . . the Yugslovian Scammers, whom he helped the FBI track

down one weekend

TL : Para Penipu Yugoslavia, yang pernah dilacaknya untuk

membantu FBI pada suatu akhir pekan

The word FBI in example (1) is an abbreviation of the Federal Bureau of

Investigation. As suggested in the Oxford Dictionary (639), FBI (Federal Bureau

of Investigation) as a branch of the Department of Justice is an agency of the US

federal government that deals principally with internal security and counter-

intelligence and that also conducts investigations in federal law enforcement. In

target language (Bahasa) FBI means Biro Penyelidikan Federal. Therefore, in the

target language the translator did not translate FBI into Biro Penyelidikan Federal,

because she wants to keep the originality of that term. It is acceptable for the reader

in TL because FBI is more familiar for the TL readers. By seeing this, it concluded

that the translator use ‘through translation’ as a translation procedure to translate

FBI.

In 2016, Ahmad Wahyudi also do research about cultural words in translation

study. He only analyzed cultural untranslatability words used equivalence theory

by Prof Benny Hoed. Therefore, the different with this research is this study use

translation procedures by Peter Newmark to analyze cultural words.

1.2 Focus of the Study

This research will focus on finding cultural words and explaining the strategy

that used by the translator in the novel The Man Who Loved Books Too Much by

Allison Hoover Bartlett which translated by Lulu Fitri Rahman based on translation

procedures.

1.3 Research Questions

Based on focus of the study above, the research questions on this research will

be decided into two questions, as follows:

1. What kinds of cultural words are found in the novel The Man Who Loved

Books Too Much?

2. How does the translator translate the cultural words in the novel?

1.4 Objective of the Research

According to research questions above, the objectives of this research are:

1. To find and categorize cultural words contained in novel The Man Who

Loved Books Too Much and its translation.

2. To analyze the procedure of translation that used by the translator to

translate the novel.

1.5 Significance of the Research

The result of this research to the writer herself and the readers are to acquire

more knowledge about translating literary text, in this case novel, to understand

how to transfer the meaning of cultural words in novel. Also, this research is

expected will be advantegous and give a contribution for beginner of translators in

translating and analyzing literary work.

1.6 Research Methodology

1.6.1 The Method of the Research

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method to

find cultural words where the author try to explain the translation procedure

equivalence in the novel The Man Who Loved Books Too Much written by

Allison Hoover Bartlett and its translation.

1.6.2 The Instrument of the Research

The instrument of this study is the researcher herself to reach the data

by reading, classifying, analyzing, and concluding cultural words in novel The

Man Who Loved Books Too Much and its translation.

1.6.3 The Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is a novel The Man Who Loved

Books Too Much; The True Story of a Thief, a Detective, and a World of

Literary Obsession by Allison Hoover Bartlett, published in 2009 and target

language, Bahasa, version The Man Who Loved Books Too Much; Kisah Nyata

Seorang Pencuri, Detektif, dan Obsesi pada Kesusastraan translated by Lulu

Fitri Rahman, published in 2010 by Pustaka Avabet..

1.6.4 The Technique of Data Analysis

The researcher uses descriptive qualitative technique which is supported

by the relevant theories. To analyze the data, the researcher uses the following

ways:

1. Reading the original novel and its translation to find cultural words and

remark them by underlining and move those words into notes.

2. Classifying the selecting data in notes based on cultural categories using

tables, one side of the table consists of the English cultural word (SL) and

the other side has its translation (TL).

3. Describing or analyzing the strategy which used by the translator relating

with translation procedures (Peter Newmark’s).

4. Summarizing the result of the research.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Previous Research

Before decide in to do this cultural words research, the researcher has found

some researches related with cultural words in translation field. The writer explains

them into three as follow: First, Dede Nurillaila’s research, “The Translation

Strategy of the Cultural Terms Found in The Heritance od Loss” in 2015. This

previous research focused only on the translation of cultural terms related to social

system and to find the kinds of translation strategies used by the translator in the

novel based on Mona Baker’s classification of translation strategies.

This research results 10 cultural terms related to social system. It is also found

that from 7 translation strategies proposed by Mona Baker, 3 strategies can be used

in translating the terms; 8 terms translated by translation using loan word and 1 term

translated by translation using loan word with explanation and 1 term translated

using cultural substitution.

Second, Ahmad Wahyudi’s research “Cultural Untranslatability Words in The

Novel And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini” in 2016. In this research,

he focuses on the analysis of method, that is, the translation method in translating

cultural untranslatability words on the novel And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled

Hosseini and its translation by Berliani Mantili Nugrahani. The objective of this

research is to know what kinds of translation method used in translating cultural

untranslatability words of the novel.

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The researcher describes translation method used by translator to translate the

selected cultural untranslatability words. This research reveals that there are 19

selected cultural untranslatability words; 15 cultural words translated by using

exotic method and 4 cultural untranslatability words translated by loan cultural

method.

The last previous research is the research conducted by Barathayomi (2012).

His research is a criticism to the application of translation strategies in translating

cultural terms in Olive Kitteridge novel. The criticism is based on a model for

translation-oriented text analysis by using translation purpose as the main criteria

for successful application of translation strategies. This research shows that the

purpose of translation is to deliver Olive Kitteridge story as faithful as possible to

ST author intention, in order to introduce SL culture to TL readers.

In general, related to the translation purpose that is to be faithful to SL author

intention in order to introduce SL culture to TL readers and meet the appropriate

criteria of accurate and natural, the translation strategies of cultural terms in Olive

Kitteridge failed in achieving translation purpose.

The difference between this study and the previous researches are: First, the

first previous research focuses only on the translation of cultural terms related to

social system and to find the kinds of translation strategies used by the translator in

the novel based on Mona Baker’s classification of translation strategies. The second

previous research of the study focuses on the analysis of method, that is, the

translation method in translating cultural untranslatability words on the novel And

The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini and its translation by Berliani Mantili

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Nugrahani. The last previous research focuses on a criticism to the application of

translation strategies in translating cultural terms in Olive Kitteridge novel based

on a model for translation-oriented text analysis by using translation purpose as the

main criteria for successful application of translation strategies. Meanwhile, the

writer focuses her study in analysis translation procedure that translator used to

translate cultural words in the novel The Man Who Loved Books Too Much and its

translation based on Newmark’s cultural categories adapting from Nida.

2.2 Definitions of Translation

Some experts have similar meaning about translation in different statements.

Jeremy Munday (5), in his second edition book ‘Introducing Translation Studies’

(2008), explains that “the term of translation has several meanings: it can refer to

the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process

(the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating)”. According

to Nida and Taber (12), “translation is consists in reproducing in the receptor

language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in

terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” Based on two statements before,

translation is a process of producing a product to render meaning from source

language to receptor language without changing the ideas.

The clarity of message in TLT is important for the reader. They cannot get it

obviously if the text is not legible. Annie Brisset (343) in Venuti’s book,

Translation Studies Reader, notes that “Translation is a dual act of communication.

It presupposes the existence, not of a single code, but of two distinct codes, the

source language and the target language.” In addition, “Translation may be defined

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as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent

textual material in another language (TL) (Catford 20).” This quote is similar with

Newmark’s, he stated “translation as a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a

written mesage and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or

statement in another language (7).” From all definitions before, the conclusion

about translation is the ideas or message in the TL text must be understandable and

equal with the SL text.

2.3 The Process of Translation

As mentioned before by Munday (5) “translation in the process field has

meaning an act of producing the translation.” The process of translation between

two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written

text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or

SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the

target language or TL).

Process in a theory of translation (i.e. a theory of translating) would require a

study of information processing and, within that, such topics as (a) perception, (b)

memory and (c) the encoding and decoding of messages (Bell 26). In other words,

in process of translation the translator has to be able to solve problems with the

smart idea or reaction in order to produce a good translation.

Much simplified outline of a more comprehensive model of the translation

process. In extremely simplified form, the transformation of a SLT into a TLT by

means of processes, which take place within memory:

These explanations may be diagrammed as in Figure 2.1 below:

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Figure 2.1 : Translation process (Roger T. Bell 1991)

Based on the Figure 2.1 above, in the process of translating SLT into TLT, the

translator can analysis the text with semantic representation which refers to the

source language. In other words, semantic translation is oriented to the meaning

based on words, phrases, and clauses. Moreover, in synthesis section the translator

has to compare SLT with TLT in order to preserve meaning that is exist in SLT.

Also, this process can be doing continuously to get appropriate translation with the

source language text.

Deciding how to tackle the description and explanation of translation will

require us to decide on (1) the kind of theory which will be most revealing for our

purposes and, (2) the type of methodology which will be most appropriate (Bell

21).

Since translating theory and translation methods appeared, it can make

translator to render languages easier and accurately. There are two approaches that

Newmark (21) stated to translating (and many compromises between them);

SLT Analysis

SemanticRepresentation

Memory

Synthesis TLT

Analysis

SemanticRepresentation

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1) Start translating sentence by sentence, for say the first paragraph or chapter,

to get the feel and the feeling tone of th etext, and then you deliberately sit

back, review the position, and read the rest of the SL text;

2) Read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention, register, tone,

mark the difficult words and passages and start translating only when you

have taken your bearings.

According to two approaches above, translator can choose which methods can

help them in translating or they also can use both approaches because for the first

method, it may give too much revision to do and wasting time, but this method is

recommended for a relatively easy text. In other hand, for the second method, the

researcher think that it is more preferable because after read the whole text and get

the message, translator can start translate into target language equivalents and does

not spend much time.

This approach may be diagrammed as follows:

Source Language (SL) Target Language (TL)

(Analysis) (Restructuring)

X (Transfer) Y

Figure 2.2: The Process of Translation (Nida and Taber, 1982)

Based on the Figure 2.2 above, X represents the source language and Y

represents the receptor, or TL. The transfer in parentheses stands for any

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intermediate structure which may have been set up as a kind of universal structure

to which any and all languages might be related for more economic transfer (Nida

and Taber 33). The other system of translation consists of more analyze procedure

comprising three stages that can be described as follows;

1) Analysis, in which translator analyzed the message as given in source

language (SL) in terms of grammatical relationships and the meanings of

the words and combinations of words;

2) Transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the

translator from source language (SL) to target language (TL);

3) Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to

make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.

Those approaches have the same purpose, it is to produce good and

understandable translation. The second method by Nida and Taber is a good one to

translate but after restructuring, the translator should back to analysis, restructuring,

and analysis again until there is no error and ambigous words or phrases. In additon,

when translator found the difficulties with words, there are two kinds of this; (a)

they do not understand them; (b) they find them hard to translate. If they cannot

understand a word, it may be because all its possible meanings are not known, or

because its meaning is determined by its unusual collocation or a reference

elsewhere in the text (Newmark 33). So, in the process of translating, the method is

helpfull to make the text easier to translate and the ability of do that patiently is

necessary.

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2.4 The Procedure of Translation

Translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language;

phrase and word. Newmark (81-93) discusses sixteen procedures depends on

variety of contextual factors as follow:

a) Transference is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a

translation procedure. It is the same as Catford’s transference, and include

transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets: e.g.

Russian (Cyrillic), Greek, Arabic, Chinese, etc- into English. The word then

becomes a ‘loan word’. For example:

(2) SL: Every day, he consumes hot dogs on average three or five

times.

TL: Setiap hari, dia mengkonsumsi hot dog rata-rata tiga sampai

lima kali.

Example (2) shows that the word hot dog is not changed in TL and

using Italic form to tell target readers that this food is a loan word because

there is no equivalent word in TL. Even though the hot dog means a

sandwich contains sausage, it cannot be same as like that because hot dog

has features itself. So that’s why in TL hot dog is untranslated and based

on the procedure of translation this translation used transference.

b) Naturalization. This procedure succeds transference and adapts the SL

word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology

(word-forms) of the TL. For example:

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(3) SL: Adam is a senior research fellow with the Technology

Policy Program at the Mercatus Center at George Mason

University.

TL: Adam adalah peneliti senior dengan Program Kebijakan

Teknologi di Mercatus Center, Universitas George Mason.

In example (3) it shows that the word technology already has equivalent

in TL that is teknologi. This word adapted from SL word then to the normal

morphology in TL such the letter ‘-y’ in SL changed into ‘-i’ in TL and ‘-

ch-’ into ‘-k-‘. This experience commonly named naturalization.

c) Cultural Equivalent is an approximate translation where a SL cultural

word is translated by a TL cultural word. Functional of this procedure are

even more restricted in translation, but they may occasionally be used if the

term is of little importance in a popular article or popular fiction. However,

the main purpose of the procedure is to support or supplement another

translation procedure in a couplet. For instance:

(4) SL: Terkadang, ibu membuatkan kami air jeruk saat sarapan.

TL: Sometimes, mommy made us orange juice when having

breakfast.

In example (4) it shows that the translation of orange juice is chosen

since the English people know this word and both cultural word has the

similar function that is the drink to refresh the body.

d) Functional Equivalent. This common procedure, applied to cultural words,

requires the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term.

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This procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most

accurate way of translating i.e. deculturalising a cultural word. For example:

(5) SL: Dengan pedang samurai, kita bisa menjadi luarbiasa.

TL: With the Samurai (Japanese traditional weapon to fight)

sword, we could be awesome.

Based on example (5) above, it can be said that the procedure of

functional equivalent is often combined with transference then it would be

one unit as a couplet.

e) Descriptive Equivalent. In translation, description sometimes has to be

weighed against function. It is quite similar to the functional equivalent; the

difference is that the descriptive equivalent does not describe the function

of SL word in the TL. Description and function are essential elements in

explanation and therefore in translation. For instance:

(6) SL: It was not the Samurai but the henchman who was weak

and wrong.

TL: Bukan Samurai (Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh

to the nineteeth century) tapi pengikut yang lemah dan

bersalah.

The translation on example (6) is try to explain what the meaning of

Samurai is. This technique used when the translator has not or cannot find

equivalent of the SL to the TL. In translating discussion, function used to

be neglected, now it tends to be overplayed. Also, same as functional

18

equivalent this procedure commonly is combined with transference for one

unit as a couplet.

f) Synonymy is used in the sense of a near TL equivalent to an SL word in a

context, where a pecise equivalent may or may not exist. This procedure is

used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the

word is not important in the text. This is only appropiate where literal

translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for

componential analysis.

A translator cannot do without synonymy; he has to make do with it as

a compromise, in order to translate more important segments of the text,

segments of the meaning, more accurately. But unnecessary use of

synonymy is a mark of many poor translations.

g) Through-Translation in contiguous cultures sometimes fill in useful gaps,

the most obvious examples of through-translation are the names of

international organisations which are often known by their acronyms, which

may remain English and internationalisms (UNESCO, WHO, FAO).

Normally, through-translation should be used only when they are already

recognised terms.

h) Shifts or Transpositions. A shift (Catford’s term) or transposition (Vinay

and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar

from SL to TL. One type, the change from singular to plural, e.g. ‘many

houses’ becomes banyak rumah, ‘a pair of glasses’ becomes sebuah

19

kacamata; or in the position of the adjective: la maison blanche (French)

means ‘the white house’ is automatic and offers the translator no choice.

A second type of shift is required when an SL grammatical structure

does not exist in the TL, for instance:

(7) SL: for the pursuit of happiness

TL: untuk mengejar kebahagiaan

The example (7) above shows that a noun (the pursuit) shifted or

may be translated to verb (mengejar).

The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is

grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL.

The fourth type of transposition is the replacement from grammatical level

to lexical or from lexical to grammatical. For example:

(8) SL: Maya had changed clothes after school.

TL: Maya telah berganti pakaian setelah sekolah.

In example (8) it shows that the marker of perfective grammatical

had changed in SL is translated into telah in TL, and the word telah is

lexical. So, in the example above there the shift from grammatical level to

lexical level.

Transposition is the only translation procedure concerned with

grammar, and most translator make transpositions intuitively. However, it

is likely that comparative linguistics research, and analysis of text corpuses

and their translations, will uncover a further number of serviceable

transpositions for us.

20

i) Modulation is a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective

and very often of category of thought. For example:

(9) SL: my leg is broken when I had an accident yesterday.

TL: kakiku patah saat kecelakaan kemarin.

The conclusion from the example (9) is that the modulations are used

by the translator when the TL rejects literal translation. The word broken is

actually means pecah or rusak in TL (Bahasa). But if the translator translates

broken into pecah or rusak, it is not appropriate. So, the best choice based

on the context is patah.

j) Recognised Translation. It occurs when the translator normally uses the

official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term.

k) Translation Label is a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional

term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be

discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation. Thus:

(10) SL: “Ordinary Wizarding Levels,” George explained,

looking at Harry’s bewildered face.

TL: “Ordinary Wizarding Levels, Level Sihir Umum,” George

menjelaskan, melihat wajah kebingungan Harry.

Based on example (10) above, this procedure also almost same as

descriptive equivalent or literal translation. This occur because the term

does not exist in TL.

l) Compensation. It is occur when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence

is compensated in another part, or in contiguous sentence.

21

m) Reduction and Expansion. These are rather imprecise translation

procedures, which practise intuitively in some cases. However, for each

there is at least one shift which you may like to bear in mind, particularly in

poorly written texts:

SL adjective of substance plus general noun, TL noun

For expansion, a not uncommon shift, often neglected, is SL adjective,

English TL adverb plus past participle, or present participle plus object.

n) Paraphrase. This is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a

segment of the text. It is used in an anonymous text when it is poorly written,

or has important implications and omissions. For example:

(11) SL: I often sit on the floor with my laptop.

TL: Aku sering duduk di lantai dengan komputer jinjingku.

Based on example (11) above, the conclusion is the word laptop

rendered into komputer jinjing because the translator wants to give another

term in TL which has same meaning. Therefore, the word jinjing is just to

affirm that laptop is a portable computer. So, if the translation is only

komputer, it is still acceptable for target readers.

o) Couplets. It is particularly common for cultural words, is used by

combining two procedures for dealing with a single problem. Thus:

(12) SL: I learned about vellum.

TL: Aku belajar tentang vellum—perkamen dari kulit

binatang.

22

As shown in example (12) above, the translator used two procedures to

translate the word vellum that is transference for the word vellum that still

preserves in the TL and descriptive equivalent for the explanation of

vellum’s meaning.

p) Notes, Addition, Glosses. Additional information in the translation may

take various forms;

1) Within the text, for example:

(13) SL: They explained tht the book came with a green octavo shell

(a protective box that’s a common accessory for rare

books).

TL: Mereka menjelaskan bahwa buku itu dilengkapi dengan

kotak kulit kerang octavo (kotak pelindung yang

merupakan aksesori standar untuk buku langka)

berwarna hijau.

The example (13) indicated that it has similarity with the descriptive

equivalent procedure in its purpose; the point is that the translator wants

to inform target readers the term meaning immediately within the text.;

2) Notes at bottom of page;

3) Notes at end of chapter;

4) Notes or glossary at end of book.

The remaining forms (2-4) are placed in order of preference, but notes

at the bottom of the page become a nuisance when they are too lengthy and

numerous; notes at the back of the book should be referenced with the book

23

page numbers at the top. Notes at the end of the chapter are often irritating

if the chapters are long since they take too long to find.

2.5 Cultural Words

Knowing about culture is one of the most important things for translator. Most

cultural words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular

language and cannot be literally translated, but many cultural customs are described

in ordinary language, where literal translation would distort the meaning and a

translation may include an appropiate descriptive-functional equivalent Newmark

95).

In A Textbook of Translation book, Newmark (94) defines culture “as the way

of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular

language as its means of expression.” Here, the culture occur to express the

activities of people that specifically using language as the tool. In Bassnett’s book

(23), Sapir or Whorf notes that “No language can exist unless it is steeped in the

context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the

structure of natural language.”

Also, Seleskovitch, a brilliant interpreter and writer, has said: “Everything said

in one language can be expressed in another – on condition that the two languages

belong to cultures that have reached a comparable degree of development

(Newmark 6).”

From statements above, the researcher make a conclusion that language and

culture are two components that cannot be separated and cultural words can be

transferred into languages as long as it has appropriate term.

24

2.5.1 Category of Cultural Words

Adapting Nida, Newmark (95) categorise cultural words into five typical as

follows:

a) Ecology

Geographical features can be normally distinguished from other cultural

terms in that they are usually value-free, politically and commercially.

It includes flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills. For example: Krakatau

mountain (Indonesia), selva (tropical rain forest), etc;

b) Material Culture

It includes food, clothes, transportation, houses, and towns. For

example: croissant (French pastry), kimchi (traditional fermented

Korean side dish made of vegetables with a variety of seasonings), joglo

(traditional house of the Javaness), etc;

c) Social Culture

Some activities and leisure that is typical in certain countries such as

national games, dance, and the names of music. For example: dangdut,

Jaipongan (traditional dance of Sundanese), etc;

d) Organisations – Political and Administrative.

The political and social life of a country is reflected in its institutional

terms such as the title of a head of state or the name of a parliament,

administrative documents, legal, religious and artistic terms. For

example: Pancasila (the five basic principles of the Republic of

Indonesia), Pentagon, etc;

25

e) Gestures and Habits

In this category, there is a distinction between description and function

which can be made where necessary in ambigous cases: if people high-

five or shakehands to greet each other. Besides, in Korea, they don’t

wave hands to say hello or bye to the senior, however, when they greet

people who are older than them, they should bow.

2.6 Translating Novel

Novel is a long narrative that describes fictional and/or nonfictional characters,

events and and variously background culture in languages. Translating novel is

easier than translating poem because it has simpler structure than poem.

Nevertheless, novel has a more complex problem itself to be translated. They have

much terms that belong to equivalent meaning in TLT. So, that’s translator’s duty

to know both SL and TL well. Bassnett (120) quotes six general rules for the

translator of prose text by Hilaire Belloc:

1) The translator should not ‘plod on’, word by word or sentence by sentence,but should ‘always “block out” his work’. It means that the translator shouldconside the work as an integral unit and translate in sections, asking himself‘before each what the whole sense is he has to render’.

2) The translator should render idiom by idiom and idioms of their naturedemand translation into another form from that of the original.

3) The translator must render ‘intention by intention’, bearing in mind that ‘theintention of a phrase in one language may be less emphatic than the form ofthe phrase, or it may be more emphatic’.

4) Belloc warns against les faux amis, those words or structures that mayappear to correspond in both SL and TL but actually do not.

5) The translator is advised to ‘transmute boldly’ and Belloc suggests that theessence of translating is ‘the resurrection of an alien thing in anative body’.

6) The translator should never embellish.

26

There is no advantage in making generalisations about the translation of serious

novels. The obvious problems; the relative importance of the SL culture and the

author’s moral purpose to the reader (Newmark 111). The signal importance of the

translation of some novels has been the introduction of a new vision injecting a

different literary style into another language culture (Newmark 112).

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

3.1 Data Description

In this description, the researcher takes the selected data of cultural words from

The Man Who Loved Books Too Much; The True Story of a Thief, a Detective, and

a World of Literary Obsession novel by Allison Hoover Bartlett and compare with

its translation novel by Lulu Fitri Rahman. After the selected data collected, the

researcher classified based on cultural category as mentioned in chapter two. The

data description is tabulated as follows:

Table 3.1: Data Description

No. Source CulturalWords

Target CulturalWords

CulturalCategory

Procedure ofTranslation

1 Liquidambar Liquidambar Ecology Transference

2 purple sage sage ungu Ecology Shifts

3 Rue Rue Ecology Transference

4 Vellum Vellum Material Culture Couplets

5 Buckram Buckram Material Culture Couplets

6 station wagon station wagon Material Culture Transference

7 Quarter quarter Material Culture Transference

8 Bourbon bourbon Material Culture Transference

9 Nickel nickel Material Culture Transference

10 Flat flat Material Culture Transference

11 District distrik Material Culture Naturalization

12 Shillings shilling Material Culture Shifts

28

13 Matryoshka matryoshka Material Culture Couplets

14 Clavichord clavichord Material Culture Couplets

15 Punk punk Social Culture Transference

16 Football football Social Culture Transference

17 Hippies hippy Social Culture Shifts

18 FBI FBI Organisations Transference

19

AntiquarianBooksellers’

Association ofAmerica

AntiquarianBooksellers’

Association ofAmerica

(ABAA)—AsosiasiPedagang BukuAntik Amerika

Organisations Couplets

20

InternationalLeague of

AntiquarianBooksellers

(ILAB)

InternationalLeague of

AntiquarianBooksellers

(ILAB)—LigaPedagang Buku

Antik Internasional

Organisations Couplets

3.2 Data Analysis

Fom the tabulated above, the researcher analyze those twenty cultural words

using translation procedure by Peter Newmark’s theories. Additionally, the

rsearcher uses Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford Dictionary of Plant Sciences and

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary), Encyclopedias (Encyclopedia of

Cultivated Plants and Encyclopedia Britannica), KBBI fifth edition app offered by

Badan Bahasa, Kemendikbud, and online sources to look for the meaning of the

selected cultural words. The data can be analyzed as follows:

29

Ecology

Table 3.2.1: First Data (Liquidambar)

SL modest lawns bordered by rows

of tall liquidambar trees

TL pekarangan sederhana yang

dibatasi oleh deretan pohon

liquidambar tinggi

According to Oxford Dictionary of Plant Sciences, liquidambar (family

Hammamelidaceae) is a small genus of 4 species of trees and shrubs which have

maple-like leaves. Male flowers are held in spikes, female flowers in heads. It has

superb autumn colours and provides the timbers American red gum and American

sap gum. They occur in temperate areas of western N. America, Asia Minor, and

eastern Asia (Allaby 288). Since it appears in Plant Dictionary, so that liquidambar

can be categorized into ecology that refers to flora.

In this case, the translator transferring a SL word to a TLT using Italic form

without give an additional explanation or note about its meaning in order to tell

target readers that liquidambar trees is a loan word and there is no equivalent word

in TL. So, the conclusion is the researcher assumes that this translation used

transference.

30

Table 3.2.2: Second Data (Rue – Purple Sage)

SL The only plants of his still

growing are rue, a bitter herb

that brings to mind the phrase

“rue the day,” and purple sage,

which he once dried

TL Satu-satunya tanaman yang masih

tumbuh adalah rue, herba pahit

yang mengingatkan kepada frasa

“rue the day”—menyesal, dan

sage ungu, yang pernah suatu kali

dikeringkan olehnya

The data above shows that the word sage is not changed in TL. Allaby stated in

Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants that sage (Salvia Officinalis) is an herb in the

mint family that is native to the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts of Europe. It

is a fairly popular herb with a lot of versatility, including medical and culinary uses

(927). In KBBI app, sage means cerita rakyat berdasarkan cerita sejarah yang

sudah ditambah imajinasi masyarakat. This meaning is very contradictive with its

SL but it has almost the same word which has similar meaning with sage in SL;

saga. In KBBI app, saga means perdu merambat, berdaun majemuk menyirip

ganjil, bunganya berwarna merah, polongnya berbentuk lonjong, berisi 3-6 biji,

berwarna merah mengilap dengan bercak hitam. Meanwhile, saga in Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means a long traditional story about adventures and

brave acts, especially one from Norway or Iceland (1174). Based on its meaning,

this cultural word categorized into ecology because purple sage refers to flora—

plants.

31

Moreover, the translator keeps the word even though sage in TL has opposite

meaning with sage in SL while there is saga. purple sage consists of

adjective+noun form. The translator translated into sage ungu which has substance

noun+adjective. In structure of Bahasa, adjective+noun form is unacceptable so it

must be noun+adjective. Catford stated that a shift is a translation procedure

involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. To conclude, by referring to

Catford’s theory, this data used shifts.

On the other hand, the word of rue (n) is a perennial evergreen shrub grown in

gardens and was once highly esteemed, especially among women. The plant has a

characteristic strong and for many people unpleasant smell; its taste is hot and bitter.

Common rue contains essential oil, alkaloids, rutine, resin, and bitter substances.

The species appears to have originated in the eastern Mediterranean region, and it

still grows from the Balkan Peninsula and reaches eastward to the Crimea

(Svanberg 909). Thus, rue is also categorized into ecology because it refers to flora.

The translator still preserves the word of rue in TL and gives a mark with using

Italic form because this herb is unknown for target readers. In conclusion, based on

the procedure of translation by Newmark, it seems that the translation uses

transference.

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Material Culture

Tabel 3.2.3: Third Data (Vellum – Buckram)

SL I learned about vellum

and buckram

TL Aku belajar tentang vellum—

perkamen dari kulit binatang—dan

buckram—linen untuk menjilid

buku

From the data above, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,

vellum means material made from the skin of a sheep, goat or calf, used for making

book covers and, in the past, for writing on (1496) and buckram means a stiff fabric

made especially from cotton or linen, used in the past for covering books and for

making clothes stiffer (162). Based on the meanings, these cultural words refer to

material culture. Vellum is rendered into vellum—perkamen dari kulit binatang. In

KBBI app, perkamen means alat tulis pengganti kertas yang dibuat dari kulit

binatang (seperti biri-biri, kambing, keledai). Buckram is rendered into buckram—

linen untuk menjilid buku. Linen itself means bahan (kain) dibuat dari rami halus,

kuat, tampak berkilat, dan dingin apabila dipakai (KBBI app).

There are no equivalent of the word vellum and buckram in TL, so the translator

does not change the words and she instead adds the description and its function in

order to make TL readers understand what it means. The researcher assumes that

the translator uses two translation procedures; transference and descriptive

equivalent. When two procedures are combined for dealing with a single problem

it can be said as couplets (Newmark 91).

33

Table 3.2.4: Fourth Data (Station wagon)

SL he climbed into the family station

wagon with his parents and sister

Tina

TL bersama orangtua dan

kakaknya Tina, dia naik station

wagon

Station wagon is an estate car (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1319).

This car is a passenger car which has more interior length than Sedan, it also has no

separate parts and can be used to lift items easily that are not too heavy or large

(KBBI app). As this car include in transportation, so station wagon is classified as

material culture. The translator does not change the original word because the word

of station wagon has no equivalent word in TL, she only italicized the word to

notice the readers that station wagon is a loan word. To conclude, the translator

uses transference procedure to render this data.

Table 3.2.5: Fifth Data (Quarter)

SL Look what I got for a

quarter, and I bet it’s worth

seventy or eighty dollars.

TL Lihat apa yang kudapatkan, harganya

cuma satu quarter, dan aku berani

bertaruh nilainya bias mencapai tujuh

puluh atau delapan puluh dolar.

A quarter worth 25 cents, this material refers to the unit of money that only used

in US and Canada (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1079). In dollars, 25

cents worth 0.25 dollars because 1 dollar is equal to 100 cents (Convert Units –

Measurement Unit Converter). The first United States Quarter Dollars were struck

34

in 1796, despite having been authorized in 1792. In 1866, the motto “IN GOD WE

TRUST” was added to the reserve of the Quarter Dollar (“Quarters”). Therefore,

quarter is classified as material culture.

From the data above, the translation is same with the SL. In this case, the

translator gives a mark to the word of quarter with using Italic form without give

an additional explanation or note about its meaning because the researcher assumes

that after this term, the sentence tells about money, so it is clear that the target

readers can notice that quarter is a currency. In conclusion, based on the procedure

of translation by Newmark, it seems that the translation uses transference.

Table 3.2.6: Sixth Data (Bourbon)

SL Sanders offers wine, bourbon,

and beer from a small fridge

next to the counter to friends

who drop by.

TL Sanders menawarkan anggur,

bourbon, dan bir dari lemari es

kecil di sebelah counter kepada

teman-teman yang mampir.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, bourbon is a type of

American whisky made with maize and rye (145). In KBBI app, bourbon means

wiski yang diproduksi di Amerika, hasil penyulingan gandum dan sedikitnya 51

persen jagung. “Bourbon & American Whiskey” stated that American whiskey

must by law be aged in new, charred oak barrels and no more that 160-proof (80%

alcohol by volume). In order to be classified as “straight” whiskey, it must be aged

for at least two years and unblended. Bourbon must be made from a mash is made

up of rye, wheat and/or malted barley. While most bourbon today is still made in

35

Kentucky, it can legally be made anywhere in the US. According to the meaning,

this data refers to drink, so it is classified into material culture.

In translating the word of bourbon, the translator still preserves the word of

bourbon into the TL. In this case, writing the word of bourbon using italic form,

but the translator does not give an additional explanation or note about the meaning.

The researcher assumes that if the word of bourbon is translated to other words, it

cannot represent the meaning of the desired the SL to the TL. So, it can be

concluded, there is no meaning that approach the word of bourbon and the translator

uses the procedure of transference.

Table 3.2.7: Seventh Data (Nickel)

SL I’d recycle pop bottles for a

nickel apiece and save up.

TL Aku biasa menjual botol soda bekas

untuk mendapat satu nickel dan

menabung hasilnya.

From the data above, the term nickel is classified into material culture.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, nickel has meaning a coin of

the US and Canada worth 5 cents (894). The coin known popularly as the “Nickel”

first appeared in 1866. The term Nickel refers to one of the metals used to strike the

coin and was meant to differentiate the new coin from another of the same

denomination that circulated concurrently—the Half Dime made of Silver. Despite

the fact that other coins were (and are still being) made using nickel (a hard silver

white metal) (“Nickels”).

36

This data is look the same with the data before (quarter), the translation is the

same with the SL word without more explanation or note. The translator keeps the

same word in order to make the readers know that it is a foreign word that is the

unit of money in the US and Canada in historical periods. Based on the context of

this novel, there is a book collector, named Ken Sanders who sells recycle pop

bottles to earn money and save them up. Those bottles worth 25 to 35 cents. In

short, the term nickel refers to money (coin). To conclude, this translation uses

transference procedure.

Table 3.2.8: Eighth Data (Flat – District)

SL Sack lives in a flat within a

handsome, modest-sized

Victorian house in the Castro

district.

TL Sack tinggal di sebuah flat di dalam

gedung bergaya Victoria yang

indah berukuran sedang di distrik

Castro.

Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, flat means a set of rooms for

living in, including kitchen, usually on one floor of a building. Term flat is known

for British, while American has apartment. On the other hand, flat is usually noticed

as apartemen or rumah susun in TL. According to the context in this novel, the

writer tells that there was an owner of local pet supplies store, Celia Sack, lived in

a modest-sized Victorian house flat. Since the writer noticed about the flat style, so

that is why the translator does not render flat into apartemen or rumah susun and

she keeps the original word without italicized that is mean this word is actually a

loan word from the SL. Flat is also classified as material culture refers to house. As

37

mentioned before that flat term in TL is a loan word and include transliteration, so

the researcher assumes the procedure that used by the translator is transference.

District has two similar meanings; an area of a country or town, especially one

that has particular features and an area of a country, town or state that has official

boundaries, for administrative purposes (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

385). According to KBBI app, distrik means bagian kota atau negara yang dibagi

untuk tujuan tertentu or daerah bagian dari kabupaten yang pemerintahannya

dipimpin oleh pembantu bupati (sebelum tahun 1970).

In this case, the word of distrik is adapted from the normal pronunciation of SL

word district, then to the normal word-forms of receptor language, for instance: the

word of teknologi in Bahasa is the result of the naturalization from the word of

technology in English, and so on. Newmark (82) stated that naturalization is

procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal

pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL. Here, the

word of district is also naturalized into distrik. It can be seen that although there is

a little difference, it does not change the meaning. Therefore, it can be concluded

that the translator uses the procedure of naturalization.

Table 3.2.9: Ninth Data (Shillings)

SL So —with my love—a box of

chocolates worth 6 shillings

TL Jadi—dengan cintaku—

kupersembahkan sekotak cokelat

seharga 6 shilling

38

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, shilling means a British

coin in use until 1971, worth 12 old pence. There were 20 shillings in one pound.

shilling also the unit of money in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Somalia (1229).

Shillings is cultural word that refers to material culture. In TL, the translator renders

the word of shillings into ‘shilling’ and does not give an additional explanation or

note about the meaning. Whereas, the purpose of adding description or note about

the meaning that is to make the target readers not confuse with the uncommon word.

Based on the context of this novel, there is a change in the grammar from SL to TL

that is plural to singular, so it can be concluded that the translator uses the

procedure of shifts.

Table 3.2.10: Tenth Data (Clavichord)

SL an astrolabe, a mechanical

clock, an organ, a clavichord

TL astrolab, jam mekanis, organ,

clavichord—sejenis piano zaman

dahulu

The data above shows that clavichord refers to musical instrument and is

classified into material culture. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, Clavichord is an early type of musical instrument, like a piano with a

very soft tone (228). The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica stated that this

instrument developed from the medieval monochord. It flourished from about 1400

to 1800 and was revived in the 20th century. It is usually rectangular shape, and its

case and lid were usually highly decorated, painted, and inlaid.

39

In this case, translator adds additional explanation after word of clavichord that

is sejenis piano zaman dahulu to describe what clavichord is. The description has

a purpose to make the target readers understand its term, so it can be assumed that

this is the procedure of descriptive equivalent. It occurs because there is no exact

equivalent word in the TL. The translator still preserves the word in the TL and

gives a mark with using Italic form. This is because, clavichord is not a common

word known to many people in TL. Here, the translator uses transference procedure.

Because, the translator combines two procedures of translation (transference and

descriptive equivalent), so it can be said that she uses the procedure of couplets.

Table 3.2.11: Eleventh Data (Matryoshka)

SL Like a Russian matryoshka

doll, one treasure lay within

another, which hid inside

another.

TL Seperti halnya matryoshka—

boneka Rusia—satu boneka

tersembunyi di dalam boneka yang

lain.

Quoted from legomenon.com, a Matryoshka nesting doll is a set of typically

seven wooden dolls of decreasing sizes that all fit inside of each other, one by one.

Each stacking doll splits in half at the mid-section and opens to reveal another

smaller doll nested within. The traditional matryoshka doll is usually round in shape

and decoratively painted to resemble a pretty young faced peasant woman dressed

or bundled up in an extravagant sarafan costume, a loose fitting traditional Russian

garment. The head of the stacking doll is usually also covered, perhaps to protect

her from the cold weather characteristic of Russia’s notoriously harsh, long winters

40

(Shabi, K). In short, matryoshka is a traditional cultural doll from Russia so it can

be categorized as material culture.

The data above shows, matryoshka is rendered into “matryoshka—boneka

Rusia—…” in TL. The translator adds additional explanation to describe the

meaning of matryoshka in order to avoid confusion for target readers so it can be

assumed that this is the procedure of descriptive equivalent. She also still preserves

the word of matryoshka in the TL and gives a mark with using Italic form because

this material is rare in Indonesia. Here, the translator uses transference procedure.

To conclude, the translator combines two procedures of translation (transference

and descriptive equivalent), so it can be said that she uses the procedure of couplets.

Social CultureTable 3.2.12: Twelfth Data (Punk)

SL and this punk-ass kid in his

twenties gets me

TL dan anak punk berengsek berusia

dua puluhan ini mengerjaiku

Literally, punk is a type of loud and aggressive ‘rock’ music popular in the late

1970s and early 1980s, there is also ‘punk rocker’ is a person who likes punk music

and dresses like a punk musician, for example by wearing metal chains, leather

clothes and having brightly colored hair. In informal disapproving, especially

American English, punk is a young man or boy who behaves in a rude or violent

way (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1070). According to the context of

this novel, the writer visited the Sanders’s store and he told the embarrassing

experience story for six years he had been leading the charge against theft—how

41

booksellers can protect themselves from credit card fraud. At that moment he was

screwed by the twenties punk kid book thief. This situation shows that the word of

punk refers to the meaning of a kid who behaves in a rude or violent way. Based on

its meaning, the word of punk is classified into social culture that refers to activities.

In this data, the translator preserves the word of punk into the TL. She only

gives a mark to the word with using Italic form, but she does not give an additional

explanation or note about its meaning. The researcher assumes it occurs because

the word of punk in TL is actually already known so that the readers are not confuse

with this. In short, the translator keeps the word of punk in the TL without any

change, so it can be said that she uses the procedure of transference.

Table 3.2.13: Thirteenth Data (Hippy)

SL Many appeared to be scholars

or aged hippies or lucky book

lovers with inheritances

burning holes in their pockets.

TL Banyak dari mereka yang rupanya

akademisi atau kaum hippy gaek

atau pecinta buku yang beruntung

dengan warisan menggunung.

The data above shows that hippies as the cultural words that refers to social

community. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, hippy is a person

who rejects the way that most people live in western society, often having long hair,

wearing brightly colored clothes and taking illegal drugs. The hippie movement

was most popular in the 1960s (642). William stated in Urban Dictionary that a

hippie is a person who was raised under the ideological system that came out of the

tumultuous 1960’s in North America and western Europe. There is a stigma of drug

42

abuse attached to the hippies that is prevalent to this day, specifically the use and

abuse of marijuana and hallucinogens. Seeing from the definition above, the

community of hippie perhaps has the same as the community of punk in TL

(Indonesia). Both of them have the similarity in behaves and dressing. Even though

both meaning are almost same, but hippy is cannot be translated into punk because

they have their characteristic feature themselves.

In TLT, the translator renders the word of hippies into hippy and does not give

an additional explanation or note about the meaning. Whereas, the purpose of

adding description or note about the meaning that is to make the target readers not

confuse with the uncommon word. Based on the context of this novel, there is a

change in the grammar from SL to TL, ‘Many ……. hippies….’ becomes

‘banyak……kaum hippy…’. This type shows the change from plural to singular, so

it can be concluded that the translator uses the procedure of shifts.

Table 3.2.14: Fourteenth Data (Football)

SL Gilkey’s favorite football team TL tim football kesayangan Gilkey

Football is a game played by two teams of 11 players, using a rounded ball

which players kick up and down the playing field (Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary 523). Many say that football and soccer refer to the same game, while

some say that both are different games. The truth is that both the games are different

while having some similarities. Soccer uses sphere balls, while other football games

used rounded or pointed balls depending on the format of the game. Football is

actually the common name of all those sport which involve the use of the foot and

43

ball to score goals. To score points, each team has to move the ball over to the

opponent team’s field end, either over a specific line or in to a goal area

(“Difference Between Football and Soccer.”). Football is classified as social

culture. This word become social culture because this game refers to work activities

included in leisure, national games and even it is going worldwide.

Here, the translator preserves the word of football into the TL. She gives a mark

with using Italic form without give an additional explanation or note because in TL

the word of football is already known. In addition, this game in TL (Indonesia) is

usually named Sepak Bola but this term is more similar to Soccer because both are

using rounded ball, while football used pointed ball depending on the format of the

game. Perhaps, that is the reason why the translator does not change football into

Sepak Bola. From the translation above, the researcher assumes that the translator

uses the procedure of transference.

Organisations

Table 3.2.15: Fifteenth Data (FBI)

SL the Yugoslavian Scammers,

whom he helped the FBI track

down one weekend.

TL Para penipu Yugoslavia, yang pernah

dilacaknya untuk membantu FBI

pada suatu akhir pekan.

FBI is an acronym of Federal Bureau of Investigation. According to Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, FBI is the police department in the US that is

controlled by the national government and that is responsible for dealing with

crimes that affect more than one state (485). In addition, founded in 1908 with a

44

small force of special agents, the FBI conducts background investigations on more

senior-level employees of the federal government and collaborates with local

investigative agencies (The Social Work Dictionary 158).

Here, the translator preserves the word of FBI into the TL. She does not give a

mark using Italic form nor an additional explanation or note because in TL the word

of FBI is actually already known so that the readers are not confuse with this. To

conclude, the researcher assumes that the translator uses the procedure of

transference.

Table 3.2.16: Sixteenth Data (ABAA)

SL It was an online reference to the

Antiquarian Booksellers’

Association of America’s

profiles of five types of book

thieves

TL Dalam situs Antiquarian

Booksellers' Association of

America (ABAA)—Asosiasi

Pedagang Buku Antik

Amerika—disebutkan bahwa ada

lima tipe pencuri buku

The data above shows that ABAA is cultural word that refers to an organization.

Based on the context in the novel, since 1949, the ABAA has worked to promote

and maintain ethical standards within the trade. There were 455 bookseller

members at that time, and to join, each of them has to have been in business for at

least four years, undergone intense scrutiny, and been recommended by ABAA

members. ABAA itself headquarters in New York (Bartlett 87).

45

Moreover, the translator adds additional explanation after the term to describe

what ABAA is. The description has a purpose to make the target readers understand

the term, so it can be assumed that this is the procedure of descriptive equivalent.

It occurs because this organization is does not exist in Indonesia (TL). The

translator still preserves the word in the TL without gives a mark with using Italic

form but adds the abbreviation in brackets. Here, the translator uses transference

procedure. Because, the translator combines two procedures of translation

(transference and descriptive equivalent), so it can be said that she uses the

procedure of couplets.

Table 3.2.17: Seventeenth Data (ILAB)

SL members of the

International League of

Antiquarian Booksellers

(ILAB), which includes two

thousand booksellers in

thirty countries.

TL para anggota International League

of Antiquarian Booksellers

(ILAB)—Liga Pedagang Buku

Antik Internasional—yang

mencakup dua ribu pedagang buku di

tiga puluh negara.

Based on the context in the novel, the security chair of ABAA—Ken Sanders—

wanted to find a way to broadcast news of book thefts and to contact everyone.

Finally, he convinced the Internet committee to create a stolen-book database and

an e-mail system to alert hundreds of members of the ABAA and ILAB. It occurs

because in discuss list of ABAA over half the membership doesn’t subscribe so he

46

need the other organization that is ILAB. This abbreviation, ILAB is cultural word

that refers to organizations.

In this case, the translator adds additional explanation after the term to describe

what ILAB is. The description has a purpose to make the target readers understand

the term, so it can be assumed that this is the procedure of descriptive equivalent.

The translator still preserves the word in the TL without gives a mark using Italic

form. Here, the translator uses transference procedure. Because, the translator

combines two procedures of translation (transference and descriptive equivalent),

so it can be said that she uses the procedure of couplets.

47

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, the researcher concludes from twenty selected data of

cultural words. The researcher divides them based on cultural category: three

cultural words (purple sage, rue, liquidambar) as Ecology. Eleven cultural words

(station wagon, quarter, bourbon, nickel, flat, vellum, buckram, matryoshka,

clavichord, district, shillings) as material culture, three cultural words (punk, hippy,

football) as social culture and three cultural words (FBI, ABAA, ILAB) as

Organizations. In short, the cultural category that mostly found in The Man Who

Loved Books Too Much are material culture.

On the other hand, to render the selected cultural words in SL into TL, the

translator used five translation procedure, as follow; ten cultural words use

transference, six cultural words use couplets, one cultural word uses naturalization

and three cultural words use shift. To conclude, the procedure of translation that

mostly used is transference.

4.2 Suggestions

Based on this research, the researcher would like to give suggestions for the

next researcher especially the students at English Letters Department focus on

Translation major as follow:

48

First, for the translator who wants to translate the novel, the important things to

make the translation text legible and understandable for the readers that is it should

be mastering both cultures in SLT and TL. In addition, search more references to

get equivalent or familiar words in TL and to support translation process, various

theories of procedure translation can ease them to their project. Therefore, practices

and experiences are the another best way to know which word or phrase can be easy

to translate.

Second, for the next researchers, the writer suggests to have more knowledge

and references in translation field about the procedures to get a better result in

translation text. Also, the researcher expects this research can be one of references

needed to improve or to conduct further research that closely related theme, in this

case cultural words.

Third, for the governments and related institute, the writer would like to

suggests that you have to support translator professions such as give more a training

about translation for students or lectures. Because, this profession is needed for

many institutions to render foreign files and texts, especially in this modern era.

49

REFERENCES

Books

Allaby, Michael - ed. “Sage.” Oxford Dictionary of Plant Sciences: 3rd Edition.United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012. 927-929. Print.

Barker, Robert L. The Social Work Dictionary. 5th ed. Washington: NASW Press,2003. Print.

Barnstone, Willis. The Poetics of Translation History, Theory, Practice. London:Yale University Press. 1927. Print.

Ellman, Bonnie. “Sage.” Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: from Acasia to Zinnia.Vol. 3: Q-Z. California: ABC-CLIO, 2013. 927-929. Print.

Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 6th ed. NewYork: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.

Oxford Dictionary of English. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.

Rahman, Lulu Fitri, trans. The Man Who Loved Books Too Much: Kisah NyataSeorang Pencuri, Detektif, dan Obsesi pada Kesusastraan. Jakarta: PustakaAlvabet, 2010. Print.

Svanberg, Ingvar. “Rue.” Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: from Acasia to Zinnia.Vol. 3: Q-Z. California: ABC-CLIO, 2013. 909-912. Print.

Pdf

Barathayomi, Wieka. Translation Strategy of Cultural Terms in Olive Kitteridge:Translation Criticism based on a model for Translation-Oriented TextAnalysis. Thesis of Faculty of cultural science, University of Indonesia,2012. pdf.

Bartlett, Allison Hoover. The Man Who Loved Books Too Much: The True Story ofa Thief, a Detective, and a World of Literary Obsession. New York: PenguinGroup, 2009. pdf.

Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge Taylor andFrancis e-Library, 2005. pdf.

Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York:Longman Group, 1991. Pdf.

Gee, James Paul. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis Theory and Method. NewYork: Routledge, 2005. Pdf

Hatim, Basil and Munday, Jeremy. Translation An Advanced Resource Book. NewYork: Routledge, 2004. pdf.

Newmark, Peter. Approach to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981. pdf.

___________. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International,1998. pdf.

Nida, Eugene A. and Taber, Charles R. The Theory and Practice of Translation.The Netherlands, 1982. pdf.

Nurillaila, Dede. The Translation Strategies of the Cultural Words. Thesis ofFaculty of Adab and Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State IslamicUniversity, 2015. Pdf.

Wahyudi, Ahmad. Cultural Untranslatability Words in the Novel And TheMountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Faculty of Adab and Humanities,Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University, 2016. Pdf.

Web

“Bourbon & American Whiskey.” Liquor.com. Web. 11 Apr 2017.

“Convert Units – Measurement Unit Converter.” convertUnits.com. Web. 10 Apr2017.

“Difference Between Football and Soccer.” DifferenceBetween.net. 12 Oct 2009.Web. 11 Apr 2017.

“Nickels.” PCGS CoinFacts. Web. 10 Apr 2017.

“Quarters.” PCGS CoinFacts. Web. 10 Apr 2017.

Shabi, K. “Matryoshka Nesting Dolls: Meaning of Russian Wooden StackingDoll.” Legomenon.com. N.p, 29 Jan 2015. Web. 26 Apr 2017.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Clavichord Musical Instrument.”Encyclopedia Britannica. 1768. Web. 17 Apr 2017.

William, Jonathan. “Hippie.” Urban Dictionary. 11 Sept 2004. Web. 17 Apr 2017.

App

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia 5th edition app. Badan Bahasa, Kemendikbud.

APPENDICES

NoSourceLanguage (SL)

TargetLanguage(TL)

CulturalCategory

TranslationProcedure

Image

1. Liquidambar

Liquidambar Ecology(flora)

Transference

2. Rue Rue Ecology(flora)

Transference

3. Purplesage

Sage ungu Ecology(flora)

Shifts

4. Vellum vellum—perkamendari kulitbinatang—

MaterialCulture

Couplets

5. Buckram buckram—linen untukmenjilidbuku

MaterialCulture

Couplets

6. Stationwagon

Stationwagon

MaterialCulture

Transference

7. Quarter Quarter MaterialCulture

Transference

8. Bourbon Bourbon MaterialCulture

Transference

9. Nickel Nickel MaterialCulture

Transference

10. Flat Flat MaterialCulture

Transference

11. District Distrik MaterialCulture

Naturalization

12. Shillings Shilling MaterialCulture

Shifts

13. Matryoshka

Matryoshka—bonekaRusia—

MaterialCulture

Couplets

14. Clavichord

Clavichord—sejenispiano zamandahulu

MaterialCulture

Couplets

15. Punk Punk Social Culture Transference

16. Football Football Social Culture Transference

17. Hippies Hippy Social Culture Shifts

18. FBI FBI Organizations Transference

19. AntiquarianBooksellers’Association ofAmerica

AntiquarianBooksellers'Associationof America(ABAA)—AsosiasiPedagangBuku AntikAmerika—

Organizations Couplets

20. InternationalLeague ofAntiquarianBooksellers (ILAB)

InternationalLeague ofAntiquarianBooksellers(ILAB)—LigaPedagangBuku AntikInternasional—

Organizations Couplets