Cultural Tourism in Asia and the Pacific Rim Trends and Challenges Presentation

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Cultural Tourismin Asia and the Pacific Rim

Trends and ChallengesGraham Brooks

Chairman, ICOMOS International Cultural

Tourism CommitteeUS/ICOMOS Cultural Tourism Conference

San Francisco 19 April 2007





Primary Tourism Trends in Asiaand the Pacific Rim

Tourism is growing at anexponential rate

Domestic and Inter-regional Tourismis growing faster than External or

International Tourism



Heritage Siteshave become a major

attraction for domestic tourism inIndonesia, China andthroughout Asia



Domestic tourism

in China reachesincredible levelson major holidays



Tourism congestion is the reality at many heritage sites,Borobudur, Indonesia and Angkor Thom, Cambodia



Meeting of people and cultures remains an essential part of travel,

Buddhist Temple, Vientiane, Laos



Tourism pressure makes it difficult to appreciate cultural values,

Bayon Temple, Cambodia



Heritage Places

in Asia and the Pacific Rim

A rich and diverse collection –Tangible and Intangible Heritage

A major part of the region’s tourismassets



Major World Heritage sites,

Angkor Wat, Cambodia



Major Archaeological Sites

Machu Picchu, Peru

Elephanta Caves, India



Historic Colonial Settlements,Macao SAR

Historic Trading Ports,Hoi An, Vietnam



Major Pilgrimage Sites and Religious Festivals,Kandy, Sri Lanka



Historic Towns,

Bahktapur, Nepal

Places of Worship,

Xian, China



Important Historic Buildings,

Lijiang, China



Fortress Museum,Hong Kong





Places of Conflict or Special Memorial,Hiroshima, Japan



Natural Heritage Sitesand National Parks,Lijiang, China



Indigenous Cultures andCultural Landscapes,

Australia



Rich and DiverseLocal Communities,

Bali, Indonesia, Mexico Cityand Lijiang, China



Special festivals and community activities,

Kerala, India and Buenos Aires, Argentina



Community Festivals,Bahktapur, Nepal



Arts and Handicraftsexpress cultural traditions

Vanuatu, Mexico, Cambodia



The Essential Challenges for Cultural Tourism Management

Communicating HeritageSignificance

Conserving Heritage Significance

Enhancing Community Livelihoods



Communicating Heritage Significance

Presenting Heritage Significance must be central totourism planning

Heritage Interpretation can use many media

Raise Public Awareness and Public Support



Heritage Tourism Planning should be basedon the Significance of Heritage Places





Heritage Interpretation presents theSignificance of the Place to Visitors



Trained Guides explain the Monument



Good Signage introduces the essence of the Site,Xian, China



Personal Headsets allowthe visitor to use the

power of their imaginationto really appreciatethe spirit of the place

Alcatraz Prison,San Francisco



Museum Display can add richness and appreciation,Hong Kong



Heritage Tourism Activities should Raise

Public Awareness andbuild Public Support for the conservation of

heritage places



World Heritage Sign prominently located at the site entrance,Lijiang, China



Public information Signs for Urban Renewal Project ,Xian, China



Tourism Planning must aim toConserve Heritage Significance

Manage Tourist Access to Sites

Minimise Tourism Congestion



Plan for Tourism Activity on heritage sites to

ensure a responsible balance betweenconservation objectives and visitor

appreciation



Excellent directional signage can promote the site as much as

assist in traffic management, Japan



Orientation signs are important for visitors,Himeji Castle, Japan



Good directional signshelp visitors findtheir way around the site

Kyoto and Nikko, Japan



It is important to separate entry and exit visitor traffic,Ajanta, India



Access for disabled people is a major challenge for heritage sitesNikko, Japan and Rodin Museum, Paris, France



Safe pedestrian access to the monument,Bayon Temple, Angkor Thom, Cambodia



Sign discourages damage to the monument.Prambanan Temple, Indonesia



Many places of worship require visitors to remove their shoes,Kyoto, Japan



Uncontrolled bus parking can detract from the monument,

Nikko, Japan



Tourist vehicles should be parked well away from the monument

Angkor Wat, Cambodia



Rest areas for visitors should be well located,Lushan, China



Good quality shops and local merchandise provide good income



Visitor safety is very importantLushan National Park, China



Temple custodians have time to worship in peace, Sri Lanka



Minimise Tourism Congestionat Heritage Sites



Poorly managed visitor behaviour degrades the site and devaluesthe visitor’s appreciation of the place.Borobudur World Heritage Site, Indonesia



Local streets in historic towns can become crowded with touristsand poorly managed local traffic, Hoi An, Vietnam



World Tourism Organisationhas produced this Guidebook

to assist Destination andSite Managers respond toTourism Congestion



Tourism should enhanceLocal Community Livelihoods

New InfrastructureEducation for Employment

Consultation and InvolvementImprove the Life-Style of Residents



Tourism should benefit all of the people in an historic town,

Hoi An, Vietnam



New Tourist Infrastructure should benefitboth Local Residents and Tourists



Modern infrastructure such as this bridge to a World Heritage Sitealso provides a major benefit for local communities,My Son, Vietnam



Use of traditional local transport can provide employmentfor local people. Yogyakarta, Indonesia



Tourism should provide Educational

Opportunities that enhance Employment for Local Residents



Traditional weaving is taughtto local people in a factory thatproduces textiles for sale totourists and the export marketVientiane, Laos



Traditional embroidery skill are taught to disabled peopleto provide income and self respect,Vietnam



Training in archaeological work provides an important skillSri Lanka



Local employment in theTourism industry, Lijiang

Traditional skill used toproduce modern products



Traditional crafts adapted for a wide range of modern productsArtisans d’Angkor shop, Angkor Wat World Heritage Site, Cambodia



Tourism Planning must includeConsultation with Local People



Local Community Leaders must be part of the consultativeprocess for tourism planning, Bahktapur, Nepal



Consultation should include gender equity rights in the community,Lijiang, China



Tourism Planning must aim to improve the

lifestyles of Residents



Opportunities to sell local merchandise to visitors,Luang Prabang, Laos and Xian, China



Visitors respect the right of local people to worship in private

Sri Lanka and Xian, China



Local people gain useful employment in the tourism industryHoi An, Vietnam



Tourism and

Heritage Management

Some recent initiatives in theAsia Pacific region



UNESCOPrincipal Office for Asia Pacific

Lijiang Models for Cooperationamong Stakeholders, 1999-2001Ensuring that Local Residentsbenefit from Tourism Activity



Opening newsections of the historictown for tourismbusiness

Hoi An,Vietnam



Capturing social benefitsLuang Prabang, Laos



Organisation of WorldHeritage Cities,Symposium

Cusco, Peru, 2005

Protecting theQuality of Life of Residents in Historic Cities affected by intensive tourism



UN World Tourism OrganisationUNESCO World Heritage Centre

Tourism Management Workshopfor the Managers of China’s 31World Heritage Sites

Lushan , May 2006



The ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter encourages cooperation and best practice



ICOMOS ICTC WorkshopKorea 2006,

Minimising adverse impactsof mass tourism onsmall historic towns



Macau World Heritage400 years of East-WestCultural Exchange tocounter Casino Tourism



Expanding the Monumentinto a Cultural LandscapeBorobudur, Indonesia



Conservation linked withCultural Tourism ManagementAjanta Caves, India



Cultural Tourism for Livelihood EnhancementNias Island, Indonesia



Proposed World Heritage Nomination for Niaswill underpin long term economic benefitsfrom tourism

Ensuring Tourism



Safety during repair works to earthquakedamaged monuments

Prambanan, Indonesia





European Commission

PICTURE Project –

Revitalisingpost industrial citiesthrough Cultural Tourism



European Heritage Days

Annual Festivals provide uniqueaccess for local people to their local heritage places



Tourism has been with us for millennia



But is this the reaction we want today ??



The best outcome is for local people to welcome visitors

Documents

Cultural Tourism in Asia and the Pacific Rim Trends and Challenges Presentation