Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (Tentative ... · PDF fileSpeciﬁc mitigation measures for archaeological and paleontologi-cal resources are provided in the following Cultural

Cultural Study Report

Empire Homes Project

(Tentative Tract Map 17231)

1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue

Santa Ana, Orange County, California

Prepared for: City of Santa Ana

Planning and Building Agency

20 Civic Center Plaza, Ross Annex (2nd Floor)

Santa Ana, CA 92701

Prepared by: Beth Padon, M.S.

Discovery Works, Inc.

10591 Bloomfield Street

Los Alamitos, California 90720

and: Judith Marvin, RPH No. 525

Foothill Resources, Ltd.

P.O. Box 2040

Murphys, California 95247

Date: September 5, 2008


Empire Homes Project (TT 17231)


Santa Ana, California

September 2008

Page 2

Management Summary

This Cultural Study Report presents the archaeological, historical, and paleontological find-

ings and recommendations of the proposed Empire Homes Project, at 1584 East Santa Clara

Avenue, City of Santa Ana, California. The project area is located east of the intersection of

Grand Avenue and East Santa Clara Avenue on the northeast side of the City. This cultural

resources report was conducted under provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act

(CEQA) and the City of Santa Ana guidelines for historic resources.

On April 7, 2008, Beth Padon conducted the archaeological records review at the South

Central Coastal Information Center, which maintains archaeological records for Los Angeles,

Orange, and Ventura counties. On April 21, 2008, Judith Marvin conducted the architectural

evaluation of the existing residence located on the property and examined the local histori-

cal archives at the Santa Ana History Room (Santa Ana Library) and at the Orange County

archives (Old County Courthouse). Ms. Padon and Doug McIntosh conducted a systematic

archaeological field survey of the approximately 5-acre parcel on April 21, 2008.

Research into the known prehistory in the immediate vicinity revealed no significant recorded

archaeological sites located within two kilometers (approximately 1.25 miles) of the project

area, and the field survey found no surface indications of historic or prehistoric archaeologi-

cal resources. The Native American Heritage Commission reviewed their files and found no

Sacred Sites for the project. Review of the paleontological records showed fossil localities of

Ice-age mammals within a two mile-radius of the project site.

Based upon the contextual history of Santa Ana and its citrus industry and the architectural

history, the existing residence and property owned by the Sexlinger family is evaluated as not

eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources, and it is evaluated as not meeting

the requirements for listing in the Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties.

Based upon the known ethnographic and historical information for the region and the poten-

tial for finding buried remains in alluvium deposits, this project site is potentially sensitive for

prehistoric and possibly historic remains. Because buried remains often go undetected during

a pedestrian survey, archaeological monitoring during tree removal and grading is recom-

mended.

Based upon the potential for finding significant fossils in the older Quaternary sediments,

paleontological monitoring is recommended for excavations and removals that reach below

five feet at the project site. Specific mitigation measures for archaeological and paleontologi-

cal resources are provided in the following Cultural Study Report.





September 2008

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Table of Contents

Management Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Project Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Project Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Field Methods and Archaeological Field Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Overview of Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Historical Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Santa Ana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Agriculture and Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Citrus Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Sexlinger Residence and Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Residential Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Description of Architectural/Historical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Architectural Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Paleontological Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Architectural/Historical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Historical Evaluation/CEQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Historical Evaluation/Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties . . . . . . . 27

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Recommendations for Architectural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Recommendations for Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Recommendations for Paleontological Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Archaeological Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Historical Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Appendix 1. Department of Parks and Recreation 523 Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Appendix 2. Correspondence with Native American Heritage Commission . . . 41

Appendix 3. Paleontological archival review by Dr. Samuel McLeod,

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45





September 2008

Page 1

Introduction

This Cultural Study Report documents the

identification, recordation, and evaluation

efforts for cultural resources—archaeo-

logical, paleontological, and built environ-

ment—within the project area of the pro-

posed Empire Homes Project (Tentative Tract

Map 17231) at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue

in the City of Santa Ana, California. This

report complies with the cultural resources

requirements of the City of Santa Ana, the

California Environmental Quality Act, and

professional standards. This study addresses

the requirements of the California Environ-

mental Quality Act (CEQA), by determining

California Register of Historical Resources

(California Register) eligibility; and Chap-

ter 30 of the City of Santa Ana’s Munici-

pal Code codified through Ord. No. 2739,

enacted April 2, 2007.

Project Description

The project is located within the northeast-

ern portion of the City of Santa Ana, about

a half-mile west of the intersection of Grand

Avenue and Santa Clara Avenue, at 1584 East

Santa Clara Avenue. The 4.8-acre parcel is

rectangular in shape and includes a remnant

orange grove and two structures, the Sex-

linger family home and garage. Specifically,

the project area covers an unsectioned por-

tion of Township 4 South, Range 9 West on

the USGS Orange 7.5’Quadrangle (Figure

1).

The proposed subdivision of the property

includes the development of 24-single family

residences, road construction between Santa

Clara Avenue and Lyon Street, landscaping,

and excavation for dry and wet utilities. The

project also involves the demolition of the

existing Sexlinger family house and garage

on the northwest corner of the property and

the removal of the remaining orange trees.

Project Setting

Topographically, the project varies slightly

in elevation from approximately 180 to

182 feet above sea level, from northwest to

southeast. The project also lies near the Santa

Ana River floodplain and south of Santiago

Creek. The Santa Ana River passes approxi-

mately two and a half miles to the west and

Santiago Creek flows approximately one mile

north of the project.

Geologically, the site contains Quaternary-

age alluvium deposits (GeoTex, Inc. 2007).

These alluvial deposits are eroded materials

from the Santa Ana Mountains. The alluvium

soils consist of interbedded layers of gray-

ish-brown silty sand, to sandy silt materials

and with some depth gravelly sand (GeoTex

2007:4).

Project Personnel

Beth Padon of Discovery Works, Inc. con-

ducted the archaeological archival review

and field evaluations for this study. Ms.

Padon meets all of the qualifications for Prin-

cipal investigator and manager as detailed in

“Archeological and Historic Preservation;

Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guide-

lines” (Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190,





September 2008

Page 2

1983). She has a M.S. in Anthropology and

thirty years of cultural resources manage-

ment experience in California. Douglas S.

McIntosh, historical archaeologist, assisted

with the archaeological field survey and with

historical research of the property.

Judith Marvin of Foothill Resources, Ltd.

(Foothill Resources) conducted the ar-

chitectural study. Ms. Marvin conducted

the architectural survey and recordation,

the historical research for the project area

overview and the site-specific histories, and

prepared the historical study. Ms. Marvin is

a historian and architectural historian who

has been practicing in California since 1983.

She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from

the University of California, Berkeley, with

special emphasis in California History. She

is listed in the California Council for the Pro-

motion of History Register of Professional

Historians (No. 525), and meets the Secretary

of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications

Standards as an architectural historian.

Dr. Samuel A. McLeod, Vertebrate Paleon-

tology Department at the Natural History

Museum of Los Angeles County, conducted

the paleontology archival review.

Figure 1. Project location map. Source: USGS Orange 7.5’ Quadrangle (1978, photorevised 1981). (This map is the most recent USGS map of the area. Locations on USGS topographic maps are required for the archaeology archives.)





September 2008

Page 3

Research Methods

Archival and oral-history research for the

project area was conducted on April 21 and

22, 2008 at repositories in the City of Santa

Ana, and in the files of Discovery Works and

Foothill Resources on April 28 and 29, 2008.

Research focused on examining historical

maps, written histories, the official records of

Orange County, and census data to determine

ownership, use, and dates of occupation for

the residence within the study area. The City

of Santa Ana, Planning Department, provided

site-specific information from previous stud-

ies (Heumann 2007).

For this project, Beth Padon conducted a re-

cords search of the project site and a 1/2-mile

radius at the South Central Coastal Informa-

tion Center (SCCIC). The archives contained

no records of cultural resources previously

identified within the project area boundaries,

and one record of an historic resource (the

Hasenyager House) within a 1/2-mile radius

of the project area. Three cultural resource

surveys had been conducted within one-mile

radius of the project area (Cason and Huey

1993, Drover 1976, and Padon 2001). Ms.

Padon also reviewed the following inven-

tories to identify historic resources in the

project area:

• Office of Historic Preservation Historic

Property Directory (12/03/07);

• California Inventory of Historic Resourc-

es (1976);

• Historical Landmarks (1990 et seq.);

• California Points of Historical Interest

(May 1992 et seq.);

• County of Orange Historical Landmarks

(1976); and

• City of Santa Ana Register of Historical

Properties (2007).

The Sexlinger residence was not listed on

any of the above inventories. A Craftsman

residence in the vicinity, the Hasenyager

House located at 2139 North Grand Avenue,

was listed in the Santa Ana Register of His-

torical Properties, and evaluated as potential-

ly eligible for listing in the National Register

of Historic Places (National Register), and

California Register of Historical Resources

(California Register) (Heumann 2002).

The County of Orange lists two local Histori-

cal Landmarks, No. 54 and No. 55, within a

two-mile radius of the project. These are both

campsites for Gaspar de Portolá’s 1769 ex-

pedition, a Spanish exploration of the coastal

and inland areas. On July 27, 1769, they

stopped on the east side of Santiago Creek,

near the present-day intersection of Chapman

and Walnut Avenues in Orange, and on July

28, 1769, they camped on the east side of the

Santa Ana River, near the historic town site

of Olive (Orange County Historical Land-

marks 1976).

In 1965, Helen Smith reviewed the several

campsites made by the Portolá expedition

in Orange County. She describes the Santa

Ana River campsite (Landmark No. 55) from

Portolá diary “as across from an Indian vil-

lage on the west bank” (Smith 1965:31). As a

source of water, natural resources, medicine,

and food, the Santa Ana River would have

been well known by the native people.





September 2008

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Foothill Resources conducted research in

the following repositories to identify historic

property uses and ownership:

• Orange County Archives, Santa Ana;

• Santa Ana History Room, Santa Ana

Public Library, Santa Ana;

• Discovery Works, Los Alamitos; and

• Foothill Resources, Murphys.

Also Ms. Marvin conducted oral interviews

and correspondence with local residents as

part of this study. These interviews provided

details about the property use and its history.

Persons interviewed included local residents

and historians Chris Jepson of the Santa Ana

Archives; Carolyn Schoff, Board of Direc-

tors, Orange County Historical Society; Phil

Brigandi, Historian; Skip Burch, former

grounds supervisor; and Chad Brown, current

property owner.

Published histories and the citrus industry

clipping files in the Santa Ana History Room

provided useful information on the back-

ground of the citrus industry, land use, and

change in Santa Ana. The official records,

historical maps, city directories, and census

data provided invaluable information on land

development, dates of construction, and the

Sexlinger family.





September 2008

Page 5

Field Methods and

Archaeological Field Survey

ments, midden soil, and other indicators of

prehistoric use. We also looked for historical

artifacts and features that could date to more

than fifty years ago, especially in the imme-

diate areas around the residence and garage

built in 1914. Ms. Padon kept the field notes,

and Mr. McIntosh took the photographs.

Figures 2 through 4 show the overall condi-

tions of the orange grove and property in two

overview photographs of the parcel, taken

from the southeast corner of the property. We

observed that many trees are in poor condi-

tion; a few trees, that appear to receive water

from the neighboring properties, are produc-

ing oranges. Improvements made to Santa

Clara Avenue removed the water connection

that had been used by the grove on the Sex-

linger property. Portola Park forms the east

side of the property and housing develop-

ments exist on the south and west boundar-

ies. Figure 5 shows approximately the center

of the property where there are no orange

trees, and shows the recent weed clearing

from disking. Mr. Skip Burch, local resident

and an individual interviewed as part of this

study, stated that he has provided weed clear-

ing for the Sexlinger family for the past 20

years (Skip Burch, personal communication,

April 16, 2008).

Discovery Works, Inc. and Foothill Re-

sources, Ltd. conducted their respective

field studies on April 21, 2008. Ms. Marvin

examined the architectural resources and Ms.

Padon and Mr. McIntosh proceeded with the

archaeological field survey, after an initial

field meeting with project representatives,

Bill Apple (City of Santa Ana), Chad Brown

(Empire Homes), and Youji R. Yasul (URS),

to share information regarding previous

meetings and discussions about the property.

Ms. Marvin examined the exterior of the

farm house structure, and recorded informa-

tion on California Department of Parks and

Recreation (DPR) 523 record forms. The

interior was not visible because the win-

dows and doorways were boarded over. Ms.

Marvin also conducted a windshield survey

of nearby streets in Santa Ana, Tustin, and

Orange to ascertain the location and relative

numbers of other Craftsman residences.

Ms. Padon and Mr. McIntosh conducted a

systematic and intensive survey of the entire

property by walking parallel transects, five

meters (about 15 feet) apart, in a north/south

direction from the east side of the parcel to

the west side. This survey sought to iden-

tify any archaeological sites, features, or

artifacts present on the surface. We looked

for chipped stone tools, grinding imple-





September 2008

Page 6

Figure 2. Looking north from the southeast corner of property. Portola Park is beyond the wall on the right.

Figure 3. Looking northwest from the southeast corner of property.





September 2008

Page 7

Figure 4. Looking west from the southeast corner of property. Residential area is beyond the fence on the left.

Figure 5. Looking northeast, from the western boundary of the property, showing the central portion that has no trees.





September 2008

Page 8

Along the west boundary and approximately

50 feet from the garage, Figures 6 and 7

show the remaining standpipe and gate valve

in the grove indicating the type of irrigation

system used. Immediately behind the house

and garage on the west side of the property,

we located a fifteen by fifteen foot concrete

pad with grape vines growing along the

east side of this pad. We also noted a pile of

modern debris near this concrete pad that in-

cluded tires, bricks, and modern trash (Figure

8). But we found no historic debris deposits

or items such as farming equipment, privies,

or refuse pits.

Figure 6. Doug McIntosh is inspecting the irrigation stand pipe and gate valve. View to the southwest.





September 2008

Page 9

Figure 8. Beth Padon is standing on the concrete pad, with modern debris in foreground. View to the south-west, from behind the garage.

Figure 7. Close-up of irrigation stand pipe and gate valve. View to the southwest.





September 2008

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Overview of Prehistory

sites representing this time period (7,000

year ago), typically yield large numbers of

“metates” and “manos” (milling stones) as

well as unique artifacts of unknown use,

called discoidals and cogged stones. Nu-

merous Milling Stone Horizon sites are

known in Orange County. One of these sites,

CA-ORA-83, known as the Cogged Stone

Site, is located on the Bolsa Chica Mesa, on

the northern side of Bolsa Chica Bay and

wetlands. Cogged stones are also recorded

for CA-ORA-145 and CA-ORA-163, located

south of the project.

By 5,000 years ago, coastal populations

begin exhibiting greater reliance on marine

resources. Along the coast, deep sea fishing

begins in earnest (Koerper and Drover 1983).

Circular fishhooks and perforated stones

(possibly associated with larger nets) appear.

Inland, and within the San Joaquin Hills

canyons, acorn processing technology ap-

pears. The Intermediate Horizon is followed

by the Late Prehistoric Horizon (Wallace)

or Shoshonean Tradition (Warren), begin-

ning around 1500 years ago (Bean and Smith

1978). Among the recognized archaeologi-

cal changes is the presence of arrowheads,

soapstone bowls, callus shell beads, steatite

effigies and cremations. These innovations

have been linked to the arrival of Shoshonean

peoples in the area.

By 1,000 years ago, smoking pipes and

Tizon brownware pottery also appear. This

late prehistoric period ends abruptly when

Spanish colonists begin establishing mis-

sions along the California coast. Disease and

The project is located within the general area

of the floodplain east of the Santa Ana River

and south of Santiago Creek. Early topo-

graphic maps show that the project site lies

between the natural courses of these rivers.

This general area was subject to seasonal

floods which created swamps and sloughs.

Prehistorically, the environmental condi-

tions would have been much the same. This

type of environment would have provided

abundant food and tool making resources,

and undoubtedly served as a procurement

area for regional prehistoric populations and

possible a seasonal settlement. Most of the

well-documented and investigated prehistoric

sites in Orange County that represent long-

term occupation and possible villages, are

located on the mesas around the coastal bays

and estuaries or on knolls above the flood-

plain. The archival research identified several

prehistoric sites located along the bluffs that

overlook the Santa Ana River. These loca-

tions were favored because they were more

secure and less subject to periodic destruc-

tion or disruption by flooding.

Some of the archaeological sites located

within several miles of the project site date to

the earliest identified prehistoric traditions,

termed either the Early Man Horizon (Wal-

lace 1955, 1978) or the San Dieguito Tradi-

tion (Warren 1968). The earliest, local cul-

tural tradition is a late San Dieguito compo-

nent at the Irvine Site (CA-ORA-64), on the

bluffs above middle Newport Bay. The San

Dieguito/Early Man traditions are followed

by the cultures termed either Milling Stone

Horizon or Encinitas Tradition. Prehistoric





September 2008

Page 11

forced mission labor greatly reduced native

populations and destroyed most traditional

cultural lifeways. Early Spanish missionar-

ies, soldiers and explorers, however, did keep

diaries and records that provide us with much

of our knowledge about the native inhabit-

ants in the area at the time of contact.

Ethnographically, the project site lies within

the territorial boundaries of the Gabrielino

Indians. The Gabrielinos were Shoshonean,

Takic language speakers, who resided in

the general Los Angeles Basin and adjacent

northern Orange County. Their name is

derived from their association with Mission

San Gabriel Arcangel. Spanish accounts and

historic interviews tell us that the Gabrielino

were intensive hunter-gatherers who used

both inland and coastal resources.

The Gabrielino people lived in either per-

manent or semi-permanent villages at two

types of locations, coastal estuaries or along

major inland watercourses, according to

detailed reconstructions of Gabrielino life

by Kroeber (1925), Johnson (1962), Bean

and Smith (1978), and McCawley (1996).

These researchers report that villages were

the focus of family life, with each individual

group linked to others by paternal kinship.

Kin groups affiliated into several village

clans. Villages were exogamous, and after

marriage the wife resided with her husband’s

kin group.

Each Gabrielino village had a headman who

paternally inherited his position. The vil-

lage headman was assisted in religious and

medical matters by a shaman, and in other

activities, such as hunting, by male special-

ists. The villages apparently were politically

independent despite inter-village marriage

and kinship ties. Gabrielino living near the

coast had different subsistence practices than

their inland relatives. Coastal Gabrielino (and

by implication their ancestors, the “proto-

Gabrielino”) were maritime hunter-gatherers,

exploiting bay and kelp bed fish, shellfish,

and even, on occasion, sea mammals. Inland

groups more intensively collected plants and

hunted terrestrial game such as deer, bear and

quail (Hudson 1971).





September 2008

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Historical Overview

Santa Ana Valley, which had become home

to numerous settlers attracted to the rich

cheap lands of the area. A school district

was formed that first year, with a Methodist

Episcopal Church South erected the follow-

ing (Marsh 1994, in Santa Ana Historic Time

Line 2008). Spurgeon became postmaster in

1870, and served as the first mayor when the

town was incorporated on June 1, 1886, with

a population of 2000. It was re-incorporated

under the Municipal Corporation Act the

following March, when an additional 500

residents had moved in (Goddard and God-

dard 1988).

Most of the improvements in Santa Ana were

directed or owned by Spurgeon, including

the construction of a road to Anaheim and the

original water system from an artesian well.

After Orange County was formed in 1889,

Santa Ana was selected as the County Seat,

with Spurgeon elected as president of the

Board of Supervisors. The new red Arizona

sandstone courthouse was completed in 1901

on one of Spurgeon’s lots, and is now listed

on the National Register of Historic Places

(Goddard and Goddard 1988). A hospital was

opened the following year, and the Santa Ana

City Hall erected in 1904.

According to the 1890 census, the popula-

tion of Santa Ana was 3,628 (about the same

as the City of Pasadena). The census defined

towns with populations over 2,500 as “ur-

ban,” (Gibson 1998) and Santa Ana certainly

fit this description. Although the surrounding

area was rural, Fourth Street in Santa Ana

was a thriving commercial center, with two-

The following has been abstracted from sev-

eral sources, and the reader is referred to the

referenced studies for additional information.

The economic and social development of the

Santa Ana Valley has centered around several

themes: Native American occupation, settle-

ment, agriculture, transportation, water, and

residential architecture and development. The

historical resources in the study area repre-

sent themes of settlement, agriculture, and

residential and architectural development.

Santa Ana

The area that is now the City of Santa Ana

was located on a portion of the Rancho San-

tiago de Santa Ana, granted to Jose Antonio

Yorba and his nephew Juan Pablo Peralta by

the King of Spain in 1810. The grant totaled

78,941 acres and included what later became

the community of Santa Ana (Beck and

Haase 1974:37; Hoover et al. 1990:252).

The town of Santa Ana was founded in Oc-

tober of 1869 by William Henry Spurgeon,

on a portion of a 750-acre parcel of land that

Jacob Ross Sr. purchased from the Yorba

family. Spurgeon, a native of Kentucky,

purchased 74.2 acres of land for $595 per

acre, dividing it into 24 blocks of ten lots

each. The community was bounded on the

south by First Street, West Street (Broadway)

on the west, Seventh Street on the north, and

Spurgeon Street on the east. He named his

city Santa Ana, for the rancho (Goddard and

Goddard 1988).

Spurgeon quickly set about constructing a

general store to serve the residents in the





September 2008

Page 13

story brick buildings housing stores, banks,

and professional offices (Marsh 1994:67)

Transportation

The advent of the railroad, was to forever

alter the future of the Santa Ana Valley and

Southern California and to provide the im-

petus for the extensive agricultural develop-

ment of the area. During the 1870s, both

Tustin and Santa Ana competed for the exten-

sion of the Southern Pacific Railroad line

south of Anaheim. Luckily for Santa Ana, it

was selected and the track was completed in

December of 1877, where a depot was built

north of the First Street crossing. The line

was extended to West Orange in 1880, and

depots and packing houses were established

along its route through Orange County.

By 1887-88, the Santa Fe Railroad reached

Santa Ana, thus connecting it with the

burgeoning markets to the east. The section

of the existing Burlington Northern Santa

Fe Railroad Co. (BNSF) (historically the

Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad

[ATSF]) track was built by the Riverside,

Santa Ana, and Los Angeles Railroad Co., a

subsidiary of the ATSF, between 1885 and

1887. Additional track was built in 1897 and

1910. This section represents a portion of the

Third District (San Bernardino Subdivision),

which connects San Bernardino (and the rest

of BNSF’s transcontinental system) with Los

Angeles through Santa Ana Canyon. This

section became the second main line for the

ATSF between San Bernardino and Los An-

geles and continues in service at the present

time (Marvin and Pletka 2003).

By the early 1890s a street railway system

connected Santa Ana with Orange and Tustin,

and in 1891, the McFadden brothers inaugu-

rated the Santa Ana and Newport Railway,

connecting Santa Ana with the wharf. By

1906, the Red Car from Los Angeles on the

new Pacific Electric line was running along

Fourth Street, but by the 1950s the route was

abandoned and the tracks removed. In 1953

the new Santa Ana Freeway was completed

between Los Angeles and Santa Ana, sound-

ing the death knell for passenger service on

the railroad lines (Goddard and Goddard

1988).

In 1928 Santa Ana joined the Metropolitan

Water District, thus ensuring a steadier sup-

ply of water than Spurgeon’s artesian sourc-

es. By the early 1940s, the population had

reached almost 32,000. The attack on Pearl

Harbor in 1941, however, was to forever

alter the composition of Santa Ana’s popula-

tion and to portend its future. The Santa Ana

Army Base, a training facility for the Army

Air Corps, was established; the United States

Naval Air Station, Santa Ana, was located

near Tustin; the Orange County Airport was

taken over by the Army and called the Santa

Ana Army Airdrome; while Irvine Park was

closed and became an infantry training camp.

Santa Ana thus became the off-base center

for servicemen and their families, offering

off-duty entertainment and worship opportu-

nities (Santa Ana Historic Time Line 2008).

After the cessation of hostilities, Santa Ana’s

population quickly grew to over 45,000.

By far the greatest change in the Santa Ana

area was to occur after World War II. Soldiers

from all over the United States who had been

stationed at nearby bases and fields returned

after the war, armed with the G.I. Bill, and

purchased property throughout the Los An-

geles County and Orange County basins. The

communities of Santa Ana, Tustin, Orange,

etc. were inundated with developments

(Orange County Subdivision Maps, various),

as the area changed from agriculture (with a

small population) to industry.

A 1954 newspaper article noted that hous-

ing tracts were squeezing out the orange

groves, with 3,000 acres a year being lost to

homes and factories. The assessments had

been raised too high, and the best ground was

being developed for subdivisions. By 1960,





September 2008

Page 14

the population had increased to over 100,000,

although citrus was still the main industry.

With the flood of people, orange groves were

pulled out to meet the demand for houses,

resulting in the closure of most of the pack-

inghouses (Marvin and Pletka 2003).

A Civic Center, new Courthouse, and Library

were completed in the 1960s. A new City

Hall was erected in 1973, and the Orange

County Civic Center Plaza continued to

develop. During the 1980s, immigration

from Mexico, Latin America, and southwest

Asia spurred population growth, and in 1989

Orange County celebrated its centennial. In

the 1990s the City’s population increased

to over 293,000 and in the early 2000s had

reached about 338,000, 77 percent of whom

were Hispanics (Santa Ana Historic Time

Line 2008).

Today, Santa Ana’s historic core is being

redeveloped, and residential construction

continues at a rapid pace.

Agriculture and Settlement

With its rich Placentia Sandy Adobe soil

and inexpensive land, the Santa Ana Valley

quickly developed as an agricultural area.

Grapes, which had been planted in Anaheim

by the Anaheim colony in the late 1850s,

were also the staple crop of the region by the

1870s and 1880s. The phylloxera epidemic

of the 1880s was to kill most of the vines,

however, thus eliminating that agricultural

base (Carpenter 1977:72–73).

Apricots were planted ca. 1900, but went

out of favor when World War I destroyed

the market in Europe. Walnuts were planted

in the 1890s-1910s, and were an important

industry until they went into a decline in

the 1930s. Avocados were also an impor-

tant crop, as were truck gardens. The citrus

industry started in the 1880s, and after the

formation and growth of the exchanges in the

1890s, it grew rapidly to become the domi-

nant agricultural product in Orange County

until the late 1930s (Bergandi 1997:82).

Many Southern California communities grew

into important towns because of oranges.

These communities were filled with new set-

tlers who came to southern California from

distant places. They came by railroad rather

than covered wagon, and in greater numbers

and at faster rates than their predecessors.

They were the type of person who could

afford to buy a railroad ticket–merchants,

bankers, professional men, and farmers.

And when they purchased agricultural plots,

they did so as commercial enterprises, not as

homesteaders wanting to carve out a living

in the wilderness on a small family farm.

(McWilliams 1946:127-128

Some towns started as planned, agricul-

tural communities, such as Anaheim, and

George Chaffey’s planned model colony that

he named after his home town of Ontario,

Canada (Garcia 2001:28-31). Many other

communities grew into cities because of the

surrounding orchards, such as Riverside,

Pasadena, Fullerton, Placentia, and Orange,

even though they weren’t self-consciously

started as agricultural colonies. And still

other communities, such as Los Angeles,

Long Beach, and Santa Ana, grew because

they served as commercial and governmental

centers (Marsh 1994).

Citrus Industry

In 1880, the Valencia orange was introduced

into the area, planted by Richard Gilman of

Placentia, who budded five acres of orange

trees, the first commercial Valencia orchard

in California. The Portuguese (incorrectly

noted as from Spain) trees had been ordered

by Albert B. Chapman, the founder of the

City of Orange, from Thomas Rivers of Eng-

land. In 1883, the first fruit was shipped east,

and by 1909, 850 railroad cars of oranges

were shipped from the Fullerton-Placentia

area. During different eras, Caucasians,





September 2008

Page 15

Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican laborers

harvested the crops, with most of the area’s

residents working in the packinghouses.

The Valencia orange, which originated in

the Azores, was remarkably suited to the

area, as they were juicier and were eas-

ily stored on the trees and ripened for the

important summer market, but could stay on

the tree from May to October. When Valen-

cia oranges were planted locally, they were

protected from disease by grafting them onto

tougher “sour” rootstock, often lemons. At

first, basins were made around the trees, with

farmers carrying buckets to water them, but

irrigation systems were soon developed and

furrows dug in the orchards to flood-irrigate

the trees. Water was initially carried to the

groves through a series of open ditches, soon

replaced by concrete pipes to prevent evapo-

ration, then distributed to the trees through a

series of furrows between each row. Concrete

standpipes were connected to the system to

equalize the pressure.

An account written in 1947 noted that the

cost of planting was $1,000 for ten acres,

with total costs of $3,500 to the fifth year

when the orchards began producing. Origi-

nally, about 48 trees were planted to an acre,

but by the 1960s they were planting 200 to

the acre. Another account noted that a fair

orchard averaged 300 boxes per acre, with

a good one averaging 500 per acre, and a

few produced 800 per acre. A net return to

the grower was considerable when prices

were high, and even when not so good, were

enough to sustain the industry and the area

over a long period of time (Doig 1966:151).

Oranges were rather delicate, however, and

suffered dramatically from freezing tem-

peratures and desert winds, especially in the

freeze of 1913, when the Santiago Orange

Growers lost 25% of their crop, and in 1937,

when only 50% of the crop was salvageable.

To protect the orchards from freezing, many

orchardists used smudge pots, creating black

walls of smudge for miles around. Other

disasters included the “Riverside Winds,” or

Santa Anas, which could blow crops off the

trees. To counter this, numerous rows of Blue

Gum trees were planted as protection, but

were only partially effective. The floods of

1916 also decimated many of the orchards.

By far the biggest problem, however, was

the “Quick Decline,” or black scale, a virus,

which had to be controlled by fumigation and

spraying.

In the early years, the growers picked,

packed, and sold their citrus crops to inde-

pendent buyers or commission agents for

large commercial produce houses in Los

Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and

Chicago, who contracted to sell their crops.

Packinghouses were established in the 1880s

along the railroad lines for transshipment

to distant markets. The commission agents,

however, were the bane of growers, taking a

hefty commission, thus prompting the found-

ing of marketing organizations (Brigandi

1997:76-77).

The first cooperative association began in

1885, commencing the rapid development

of the associations in the 1890s–1920s.

The association did the harvesting, pack-

ing, shipping, and marketing for the grower,

with the most prominent growers sitting on

the boards of the co-ops. Two of the earli-

est organizations were the Orange Growers’

Protective Union and the Fruit Growers’

Union. In 1893, the Southern California Fruit

Growers’ Exchange was organized, with the

Orange Growers Association formed the fol-

lowing year. The California Fruit Growers’

Exchange was organized in 1905, combining

the associations from the north and south,

and adopted the trademark “Sunkist” in 1907.

Sunkist took over the advertising, sales, and

setting the standards for the fruit. In 1952 the

name was changed to Sunkist Growers, Inc.

(Teague 1944).





September 2008

Page 16

Closer to the project area, the Santiago

Orange Growers Association (SOGA) was

created on North Glassell Street in Orange

in 1893. The company originally contracted

with local private packinghouses to handle

the fruit, then built their own packinghouse

in 1899. In 1918 they constructed a massive

facility on South Cypress Street, and in 1929

shipped more than any other packing plant

in the world. By 1933 there were over 40

different packinghouses in the Orange area,

with over 200 packinghouses in the county

(Sleeper 1968).

The development of the orange industry

was fueled by the Southern Pacific Railroad,

which had land to sell and railroad cars to

fill with oranges shipping east. In a 1917

publication touting the citrus industry and

promoting Sunkist, the company stated that

one could make a net profit of 10% on an

acre valued at $2000 with 20% profit to be

made annually, as most of the oranges were

purchased for $1,000 an acre. Of course, the

value was in the railroad’s “quick shipping

over the Salt Lake Route.”

The company issued an “invitation to the

peoples of the world to come to Southern

California and see what it has to offer.” It

was the Arcadia of the West, playground for

the weary, sanitarium for the ailing, land

of outdoors, balmy breezes, genial skies of

hospitality and good cheer. The ideal home

of children, land of contrasts and achieve-

ments and Elysium of the artist. “It is God’s

Country—and man’s.” The booklet went on

to note that travelers would see 80 miles of

groves on the route from Cajon Pass to Los

Angeles, and that 50,000 carloads of or-

anges were shipped in the 1915-1916 season

(Southern Pacific Railroad 1917).

In the first decades of the twentieth century,

even more shivering easterners became

enchanted with the western weather and to

own an orange grove in Southern California

was the epitome of agricultural aristocracy.

The groves also proved to be a handsome

backdrop for a suburban home, and hundreds

were built in the 1930s. To be an orchardist

implied status, and the area was populated

with gentleman farmers on two-acre plots

calling themselves ranchers (Sleeper 1968).

As reflected upon in the 1960s:

Orange growing was an attractive oc-

cupation in many ways. The owner of

ten acres of unencumbered orange land,

with healthy trees in full bearing, was

a fortunate individual. The irrigation

and cultivation of the orchard could be

handled by one person with time to spare.

Harvesting was taken care of by the Cit-

rus Association. The beauty of a carefully

groomed orchard created an environment

for living which cannot be matched by

any of the fantastic arrays of residences

which now almost entirely cover the

land where orange trees once grew (Doig

1966:147-148).

By 1923, over 40,000 acres of oranges had

been planted in Orange County, with 1929

the biggest year ever for packinghouses. By

1932, 60,000 acres of Valencias had been

planted, with the peak in 1948 of 67,263

acres (Brigandi 1997:81). At that time the

SOGA was the largest packinghouse in the

world, and in 1963 had $19,678,900 in sales.

The SOGA folded in 1967. By 1970, most

of the packinghouses had closed, killed by

the economics of $2000 an acre for land.

The Villa Park Citrus Association, founded

in 1914, closed in 1982. Two years later the

Olive Heights Citrus Association shut down;

and in 1988, its building burned down. Freez-

ing and pests were big problems, but the

biggest impacts were the housing develop-

ments, which took the last major groves in

the 1980s.

With only small acreages remaining in

Orange County, the packers were no longer

interested, as the orchards were too small to

merit the time and costs. Some communi-

ties, however, determined to retain a least





September 2008

Page 17

a vestige of the crop that had provided the

sobriquet for the county and the basis of

its economy for over 50 years. In 1984 the

City of Orange established the Hoyt Grove

at Orange Park. In Tustin, the Nissan family

continued to operate their 1915 farm as late

as 1999. Irvine, which had 80,000 acres of

oranges at its peak, was reduced to 116 acres

by 2003, with a two-acre Incredible Edible

Park the only remaining orchard for public

viewing. There are, however, a number of

little pocket orchards still in production in

the area, the largest probably only an acre or

two. There are also a couple of larger groves

left in Orange County—in the Santa Ana

Canyon, and on the Irvine Ranch (Brigandi

2008).

Writing in 1968, Jim Sleeper noted that the

citrus industry was beset with “blight, bugs,

tracts, and taxes,” but that “with a century of

citrus behind it, Orange County is far from

reaping its last ‘Golden Harvest.’” The time,

however, is now, as the Santa Ana Valley,

once known as the best in the world for

oranges, has essentially been paved over and

developed for residential, commercial, and

industrial use.

Project Area

The lands in the project area were annexed

to the City of Santa Ana in 1888, but those

on the north side of East Santa Clara Avenue

were not annexed until the 1960s and 1970s,

as were those located to the east (City of San-

ta Ana Chronology of Annexations). As the

census enumerator identified the Sexlinger

family as residing in the Tustin Township,

they were evidently more closely aligned to

that community. The house is located in the

original A.B. Chapman tract, one of many

such developed by Chapman. Most of the

acreage was owned by small growers, with

five, ten, or twenty-acre farms.

By 1913, Perry V. Grout’s five-acre parcel on

Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot

5) had been purchased from Chapman and

was depicted on a map of the area (McBride

1913). As Grout was listed alternately as a

foreman and fieldman for SOGA, it appears

likely that the orchard had been planted by

that time. Grout was a resident of Orange,

so he evidently just planted and maintained

the orchard until it was purchased by the

Sexlinger family that year. During the years

1913-1918, Perry and his wife Flora sold

several parcels of land to other orange grow-

ers (Orange County Deeds, various).

Sexlinger Residence and Property

On November 18, 1913, Perry V. Grout

deeded the five-acre property on Santa Clara

Avenue to George and Sophia Sexlinger

(Deed Book 285:171), who constructed the

residence shortly thereafter. Grout evidently

sold the acreage to the Sexlinger family so

that they would operate the orchard and sell

their produce to the SOGA. As noted by

historian Phil Brigandi, five acres would have

been a rather small orchard to make a living

on, so perhaps the family had other sources

of income. One informant recalled that

George worked for the railroad at one time

(Skip Burch, personal communication, April

16, 2008).

In 1890, George Sexlinger was residing in

Saginaw, Michigan, where he was work-

ing as a clerk in the store of J. H. Shaw. Ten

years later the census listed him as aged 29, a

groceryman who rented a house. He evident-

ly followed the advice of the Southern Pacific

Railway and moved west to Southern Cali-

fornia shortly after 1910. By that time he had

married Anna Sophia Weber, also a native of

Michigan, and the couple had two daughters:

Esther Marie, born in 1903; and Martha M.,

born in 1908, both in Michigan.

In January of 1920, the Sexlinger family was

listed as residing on Santa Clara Avenue in

Tustin Township. George, aged 49, noted

his occupation as “farmer,” while Sophia,

also aged 49, was keeping house. The two

girls Esther, aged 16, and Martha, aged 11,





September 2008

Page 18

were residing in the household. The par-

ents of both George and Sophia were born

in Germany, and George and Sophia spoke

German. Residing nearby were numerous

others who listed their occupations as citrus

growers, general farmers, and farmers. Most

of them hailed from the Midwest: Ohio, Il-

linois, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, etc., and the

majority were of German ancestry. George

was listed in the Orange County directories

in 1925 and 1927 as a rancher, residing on

Santa Clara Road, two miles north of Santa

Ana.

George died on November 7, 1929, and the

following year Sophia was noted as head of

household and an “orchard farmer.” Esther

was also residing in the house, but Martha

had moved to San Bernardino where she

worked as a maid in the household of the

Frank Currie family. The Sexlinger property

was still surrounded by numerous other farm-

ers, and extensive orchards were depicted

on maps of the area from Santa Ana on the

west, to Orange on the north, and Tustin on

the west (USGS 1949). In 1933 and 1940,

Sophia was listed in the Orange County

directories as an orange grower; Martha and

Esther were residing with her in the family

home. Many of the trees in the orchard are

dead or dying, and may have suffered from

the “Quick Decline” of the 1940s and 1950s,

or simply have reached their productive lifes-

pan, usually 30-50 years (Brigandi 2008).

Anna Sophia Sexlinger died on April 12,

1952, and the two daughters continued to

reside on the property. Although its citrus

production is unknown, the orchard was

regularly cared for by field supervisor Skip

Burch. Esther Marie died in Santa Ana in

February of 1995, and Martha in July of

2006. The house was then left to the vicissi-

tudes of time, weather, and vandals.

Although no site-specific information on the

Sexlinger orchard was located, an account of

the orchard of the neighbor to the east was

reported in a 1998 account and provides his-

torical comparison. This neighbor, Brennan

Ahern, was noted as one of the few remain-

ing orchardists in the county. He resided on

a six-acre parcel across from the Fairhaven

Cemetery gates on Santa Clara Avenue.

Ahern also cared for a 60-acre citrus orchard

on the grounds of the Fairhaven Memo-

rial Park, established in 1911 when orange

groves covered much of eastern Santa Ana

and nearly all of Tustin. In 1998, Ahern, then

aged 79, worked on the orchard two days a

week, watering the trees through furrows. He

noted that a light crop produced 250 cartons

of oranges an acre, and a heavy crop 700.

The cemetery was soon to bulldoze the trees,

as when they aged the “quality gave way”

(Lynch 1998). Ahern’s orchard was recently

developed as Portola Park.

The Sexlinger family orchard, at about five

acres, was a small-scale operation. Small

orchards typically had little influence upon

the citrus industry market or operations. A

contemporary historian, Carey McWilliams,

describes the roles of the fruit exchange and

small-scale orchards (1946:211-212):

The tendency of the exchange to domi-

nate all phases of production has been

furthered by the circumstance that

the typical orange–grove owner is a

gentleman-farmer who has purchased a

suburban estate as a means of acquiring

status. Today the local packing associa-

tions supply all the harvesting labor for

their members, furnishing picking crews,

hauling facilities, and all equipment, and

undertaking, upon request, to take charge

of pruning and insect control. Not only is

this procedure agreeable to the average

grower, but it enables the exchange to

rationalize production. Thus the harvest-

ing proceeds on a carefully worked out

schedule, area by area, zone by zone, as

a single collective year-round operation.

So thoroughly has management been di-

vorced from ownership that, in the words

of Dr. J. Eliot Coit, “there are many citrus

farmers who do no manual work on their

farms.”...





September 2008

Page 19

However, there are some real farmers in the

industry. These are the “commercial grow-

ers,” who operate citrus farms, not for status,

but for profit, the “determined agricultural-

ists” who put the industry on a paying basis.

Fabulously successful, these larger concerns

dominate the central exchange and its local

and district branches. For years the manageri-

al talent for the central, district,

and local exchanges has been

recruited from the personnel of

the large commercial producers.

Nor can there be any doubt that

these concerns dominate the in-

dustry. In 1930, 115 commercial

growers, constituting 3.4% of

the total number of growers, received 27.7%

of the $20,000,000 income from citrus farms

in Orange County.

People of many nationalities worked in the

citrus industry in Southern California. Ini-

tially, Native Americans, Chinese, Japanese,

and Filipinos supplied much of the labor.

This gradually changed, primarily as result

of the Chinese Exclusion Act and Geary Act,

and the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution.

After 1900, most of the field workers came

from Mexico. Many Mexican immigrants

did not stay permanently, since it was easy to

return the short distance for family concerns

or because they had earned enough money

in the U.S. The number of Mexican immi-

grants significantly declined during the Great

Depression of the 1930s, when growing

unemployment fed hostility to immigrant

workers. However, labor shortages during

World War II led the U.S. and Mexico to cre-

ate the bracero program, which brought new

Mexican laborers to Orange County.

World War II marked the beginning of many

significant changes in southern California,

which eventually affected the cultural land-

scape and ethnic mix of many communities.

The U.S. Census of 1930 created a one-time

designation of “Mexican” as a racial category

for all persons born in Mexico or whose

parents were born in Mexico. This category

was discontinued for the next census, but in

1970, the census began recording Hispanic

origin. The following table (from Gibson

and Jung 2005) shows that the proportion of

Santa Ana residents of Hispanic origin grew

at a smaller pace from 1930 to 1970 than it

did after 1970:

Thus it appears that the major increase in

Hispanic population for Santa Ana came after

the decline of small-scale orchards, such as

the Sexlinger family orchard.

Residential Architecture

The most dominant style in the decade of the

1910s, and continuing into the 1920s, was

the Craftsman Bungalow (also known as

the California Bungalow). The style origi-

nated in Southern California, inspired by the

work of Charles Sumner Greene and Henry

Mather Greene of Pasadena (McAlester and

McAlester 1984). With their low-pitched

gable roofs, wide eave overhangs, exposed

roof rafters and knee braces, full or partial

width porches, and roofs supported by square

columns, the homes were especially suited to

the California climate and more relaxed way

of life engendered by the reaction against the

flamboyance of the Victorian Era.

As described:

Craftsman (circa 1900–1925)

The craftsman movement, named after

a magazine published by Gustav Stick-

ley, was the American counterpart of

the English arts and crafts movement.

In part a reaction against the excesses,

both aesthetic and otherwise, of the

Year Total population Hispanic origin (of any race)

1930 30,322 3,633 (12%)

1970 (15% sample) 156,483 38,505 (24.6%)

1980 203,713 90,646 (44.5%)

1990 293,742 191,383 (65.2%)





September 2008

Page 20

Victorian era, Craftsman architecture

stressed the importance of simplicity, of

adapting form to function, and of relating

the building to its designer through the

incorporation of craftsmanship and to the

surrounding landscape through its hug-

ging of the ground, massing and siting.

It was an outgrowth of the Shingle Style

and certain variants were influenced by

Japanese architecture. The Craftsman

bungalow was usually characterized by a

rustic aesthetic of shallowly pitched over-

hanging gable roofs; earth-colored wood

siding; spacious, often L-shaped porches;

windows, both casement and double-hung

sash, grouped in threes and fours; exten-

sive use of natural wood in the interior

and for front doors; and exposed structur-

al elements such as beams, rafters, braces,

and joints. Cobblestone or brick was

favored for chimneys, porch supports,

and foundations. The heyday of Crafts-

man design was the decade between 1906

and 1916; after that the Craftsman style

was simplified, often reduced to signature

elements such as an offset front gable

roof, tapered porch piers, and extended

lintels over door and window openings.

In many cases, the Craftsman style incor-

porated distinctive elements from other

architectural styles, resulting in numerous

variations. During the 1910s and 1920s,

numerous companies sold plans and

complete construction kits for Craftsman

homes, including Wardway (Montgomery

Ward), Sears-Roebuck & Co., Wilson,

Aladdin, and others (Starzak 1993).

It appears likely that the Sexlinger House

was constructed from a kit, or, at least, used

pre-designed plans.





September 2008

Page 21

Description of Architectural/Historical

Resources

gable and hip roof with double front gables,

covered with fiberglass shingles, applied in

1992, which replaced the original. The roof

features stickwork in the secondary gable,

triangular knee braces, and exposed rafter

tails. Louvres in the gable ends have verti-

cal laths, doubled, and flanking a six-light

window on the east elevation. The walls are

clad in redwood vertical board lap siding.

Two gables face north on the primary façade,

one offset to the west and detailed with

king-post truss, the other centered over a

squared, projecting central bay and contain-

ing a double vent sandwiched between knee

braces. A partial-length porch contains the

entry and is recessed into the west half of the

The project is located about two miles north

of the original townsite of Santa Ana, on for-

mer agricultural lands. The Sexlinger prop-

erty is on the south side of East Santa Clara

Avenue, east of Grand Avenue and southwest

of Fairhaven Memorial Park, on level land.

It consists of a five-acre parcel occupied by

an orange grove and a Craftsman residence

constructed in 1914.

Architectural Description

The Sexlinger residence is a one-story frame

Craftsman Bungalow residence with a rectan-

gular mass containing 1350 square feet (Figs.

9 and 10). The house has a low-pitched cross

Figure 9. Sexlinger residence, view to the southwest, from E. Santa Clara Ave. Taken 21 April 2008.





September 2008

Page 22

façade. The porch, supported by

a square column of manufactured

concrete brick, has a concrete

floor and steps. The house has a

concrete perimeter foundation,

pierced with vents, and concrete

walkways. Fenestration consists

of frame windows, with large

tripartite windows in the primary

façade and 1/1 light frame sash

on the side and rear elevations.

Primary entry is via the origi-

nal oak door from the porch; it

features four vertical lights and

recessed panels and is covered

with a modern metal security

door (Figure 11). Entry to the

rear of the house is provided by

a frame door with four lights and

a recessed panel, accessed by a

concrete stoop and steps. A metal

security door also covers the rear

entry and the windows on the rear

elevation.

Figure 10. North façade facing E. Santa Clara Ave., showing intersecting gables with Craftsman details.

Figure 11. Front porch and corner post, view to the southeast.





September 2008

Page 23

As described by Chad Brown of Empire

Homes, walls on the interior of the house are

covered with lath and plaster, while the floors

are wood. The building has a parlor, dining

room, two or three bedrooms, a kitchen and

bath. A brick chimney pierces the center

of the building, and a metal stovepipe as

well. The house retains its integrity, but the

windows have been broken and the interior

vandalized.

A frame garage and work room/laundry is

located to the rear of the residence (Figs. 12

and 13). It has an intersecting-gable roof,

with louvres on the gable ends, horizontal

Figure 12. Garage and driveway, west and south of Sexlinger residence, view to the south.

Figure 13. Back of garage and house, view to the north.





September 2008

Page 24

board lap siding, the original sliding sawbuck

door on a metal track, and a concrete floor.

The residence is located on the northwest

corner of the orchard, facing north towards

East Santa Clara Avenue and northeast to

Fairhaven Memorial Park.

The citrus orchard, with approximately 250

Valencia orange trees grafted to lemon root-

stock (Figure 13) are arranged in a plot ap-

proximately 20 rows wide (east to west) and

25 rows long (north to south), is located east

and south on the five-acre parcel. A concrete

standpipe and gate valve, were identified in

the orchard, approximately 50 feet south of

the garage.

Figure 13. Old orange tree in Sexlinger Orchard. View over existing chain link fence.





September 2008

Page 25

FindingsPaleontological Resources

Dr. McLeod, Vertebrate Paleontologist, con-

ducted the paleontological records review at

the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles

County for the Empire Homes Project. Dr.

McLeod’s letter report is included with this

report as Appendix 3. He identified no fossil

localities previously recorded for the project,

but the records show locality LACM 4943,

located near the intersection of Glassell

Street and Fletcher Avenue, in the City of

Orange. This locality yielded fossil horse

from the older Quaternary sediments; it was

found at a depth of 8 to 10 feet below the

ground surface. Significant vertebrate fossils

from this age include Ice-age mammals such

as extinct camels, mammoths, mastodons,

and ground sloths.

Archaeological Resources

The pedestrian survey found no archaeologi-

cal resources identified within the project

site. But recent plowing of the ground sur-

face for fire prevention has obscured ground

visibility. The field crew found little evidence

of past activities except for one remaining

standpipe and gate valve, which are typi-

cal of the orange groves, and one 15 by 15

foot concrete, flat pad, south of the existing

garage and laundry building. No early trash

deposits were noted, but the recent and past

plowing throughout the project site limited

the visibility of the original ground surface.

Architectural/Historical Resources

The Sexlinger residence, older than 50 years,

was evaluated for its eligibility for listing in

the California Register and for listing on the

Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties.

Currently, it is not listed on either directory.

Historical Evaluation/CEQA

According to CEQA, resources eligible for

the California Register of Historical Re-

sources (CRHR) must retain enough of their

historic character or appearance to be recog-

nizable as historical resources and to convey

the reasons for their significance. According

to the CRHR guidelines (Title 14, Chapter

11.5, California Code of Regulations (CCR)

§4852(c)), integrity is authenticity of physi-

cal identity of an historical resource. Integrity

means that characteristics survive from the

resource’s period of significance. Integrity

is evaluated with regard to the retention of

location, setting, feeling, association, design,

material and workmanship.

In addition to integrity, resources eligible

for the CRHR must meet at least one of the

criteria for significance. We evaluated the

Sexlinger house for historical significance,

as defined by the CEQA Guidelines. An

“historical resource,” as defined by Pub. Res.

Code 5020.1

(j) is any object, building, structure,

site, area, place, record, or manuscript

which is determined to be historically





September 2008

Page 26

significant in the architectural, engineer-

ing, scientific, economic, agricultural,

educational, social, political, military, or

cultural annals of California.

The criteria used for evaluation in these areas

include those criteria outlined in Pub. Res.

Code §5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852

for inclusion in the California Register of

Historical Resources (CRHR) and include

any resource that fits the following:

(1) Is associated with events that have made

a significant contribution to the broad

patterns of California’s history and cul-

tural heritage;

(2) Is associated with the lives of persons

important in our past;

(3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics

of a type, period, region, or method of

construction, or represents the work of

an important creative individual, or pos-

sesses high artistic values; or

(4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield,

information important in prehistory or

history.

The Sexlinger residence, an architectural

resource older than fifty years, was recorded

on California DPR Form 523 as part of this

study (Appendix 1) and evaluated accord-

ing to the California Register of Historical

Resources criteria. The evaluation includes

the analysis of its integrity, then the analysis

of its historical significance.

The Sexlinger residence has its original form

and shape, and retains its historical setting.

However, the orchard is no longer viable,

having reached an age of diminished produc-

tion.

The property was assessed under CRHR

Criterion 1 for its potential significance as a

part of a historic trend that may have made a

significant contribution to the broad patterns

of local or regional history, or the cultural

heritage of California or the United States.

The Sexlinger residence is associated with

the development of the citrus industry in

the early decades of the twentieth century.

But small citrus operations, such as the

Sexlinger’s, are evaluated as not significant

contributors to that event. By the 1910s, large

commercial orchards dominated the citrus

industry. Therefore, the Sexlinger residence

and grounds are evaluated as ineligible for

the CRHR under Criterion 1.

CRHR Criterion 2, for its association with

the lives of persons important to local, Cali-

fornia, or national history.

The Sexlinger family occupied the property

during its period of significance. Careful

review of the archives at the Santa Ana

Library, History Room and at the County

Archives found no mention of the Sexlinger

family as prominent community leaders or

active members of local associations such as

church, school, or other community organi-

zations. No direct connections or references

to the Sexlinger family for the period of sig-

nificance were found. Recently, the estate of

Martha Sexlinger made donations to Concor-

dia University and to Orange Lutheran High

School (Ann Ashmon, Concordia University,

personal communication, June 27, 2008).

Further inquiries about the donations found

no more information about the Sexlinger

family and their association with the history

of Santa Ana or these institutions. Therefore,

the residence is evaluated as ineligible for the

CRHR under Criterion 2.

CRHR Criterion 3, for embodying the dis-

tinctive characteristics of a type, period, or

method of construction, or representing the

work of a master or possessing high artistic

values.

This residence was constructed in 1914 in

a modest Craftsman style. Residences such

as this one were built between the 1890s

and 1930s and these houses varied in size

and grandeur. The evaluated residence is an





September 2008

Page 27

example of the Craftsman, which was the

dominant architectural style from about the

late 1900-1910 years to the 1920s in South-

ern California. Although the building retains

its integrity, it is not the work of a master, nor

does it possess high artistic values or archi-

tectural significance. Like the other Crafts-

man houses in Santa Ana and its vicinity, the

Sexlingers could have built this house from

a kit or used pre-designed plans. Better ex-

amples of Craftsman period architecture can

be found throughout the City. The property is

evaluated as ineligible for the CRHR under

Criterion 3.

CRHR Criterion 4, for the potential to yield

or likelihood to yield information important

to prehistory or history of the local area,

California, or the nation.

In order for buildings, structures, and objects

to be eligible for this criterion, they would

need to “be, or must have been, the principal

source of important information.” This is not

the case with this property. Therefore, it is

evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under

Criterion 4.

According to the criteria for historical re-

sources under CEQA, the Sexlinger property

would not be defined as an historical resource

and it is evaluated as ineligible for listing on

the California Register.

Historical Evaluation/Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties

For the City of Santa Ana, we applied the

Santa Ana Register of Historical Proper-

ties (SARHP), which is found in Sec. 30-2,

Criteria for Selection, Chapter 30, Places Of

Historical And Architectural Significance, of

the Municipal Code for Santa Ana (http://

www.ci.santaana.ca.us/pba/planning/His-

toricPreservation.asp).

Sec. 30-1. Register of historical properties.

The historic resources commission may,

by resolution and at a noticed public

hearing, designate as historical property

any building or part thereof, object,

structure, or site having importance to

the history or architecture of the city in

accordance with the criteria set forth in

section 30-2. The commission secretary

shall maintain a register which shall

consist of copies of each such resolu-

tion and which shall be known as the

city register of historical properties. The

historic resources commission may at

any time repeal, revise, or modify any

such resolution upon reconsideration of

the historical or architectural importance

of the places therein described.

(Ord. No. NS-1519, § 1, 3-17-80; Ord.

No. NS-2338, § 1, 12-1-97; Ord. No.

NS-2363, § 3, 8-3-98; Ord. No. NS-

2455, § 1, 12-4-00; Ord. No. NS-2521, §

3, 1-21-03)

Sec. 30-1.5. Definitions.

Certificate of appropriateness means the

method by which the historic resources

commission approves modifications to

a historic property pursuant to section

30-6.

Dangerous buildings shall have the

same definition as the Uniform Code

for the Abatement of Dangerous Build-

ings which may from time to time be

amended.

Historic property shall include a build-

ing, structure, object or site designated

as having historical significance and

listed on the federal, state or local reg-

ister of historical properties, as well as

those contributing properties located in

an historic district.

Local historic district means a collection

or group of historic properties within a

defined area.

Modification means any change, altera-

tion, restoration, remodeling, rehabilita-

tion, construction, or relocation of the





September 2008

Page 28

physical exterior of a historic structure.

Modification shall not include painting.

Register of historical properties means

the official list of historic properties in

the city.

(Ord. No. NS-2338, § 2, 12-1-97; Ord.

No. NS-2455, § 3, 12-4-00; Ord. No.

NS-2521, § 4, 1-21-03)

Sec. 30-2. Criteria for selection.

(a) Any person or group may request a

building, or part thereof, structure, object

or site, to be designated to be included

on the city register of historical proper-

ties (called “register” in this section).

The applicant must submit documenta-

tion that demonstrates how the nomi-

nated building, structure, object or site

satisfies the criteria for designation. A

building, structure, object, or site may be

designated for inclusion on the register

if the building, structure, object or site

is fifty (50) or more years old and if the

commission finds that one (1) or more of

the following conditions are met:

(1) Buildings, structures or objects with

distinguishing characteristics of an archi-

tectural style or period, that exemplify

a particular architectural style or design

features;

(2) Works of notable architects, build-

ers, or designers whose style influenced

architectural development;

(3) Rare buildings, structures, or objects

or original designs;

(4) Buildings, structures, objects or sites

of historical significance which include

places:

a. Where important events occurred;

b. Associated with famous people,

original settlers, renowned organizations

and businesses;

c. Which were originally present

when the city was founded; or

d. That served as important centers

for political, social, economic, or cul-

tural activity.

(5) Sites of archaeological importance;

(6) Buildings or structures that were con-

nected with a business or use which was

once common, but is now rare.

(b) The owner of a property(s) must be noti-

fied of its nomination upon receipt of an

application by the planning and building

agency. Upon adoption and placement of

the property on the register, the resolu-

tion of designation shall be recorded

with the county recorder’s office pursu-

ant to California Public Resources Code

section 5029, as it may be amended from

time to time.

(Ord. No. NS-1519, § 1, 3-17-80; Ord.

No. NS-2338, § 3, 12-1-97; Ord. No.

NS-2455, § 4, 12-4-00; Ord. No. NS-

2521, § 5, 1-21-03)

The Sexlinger property meets the City of

Santa Ana’s initial selection criteria for a

historic property because it is older than 50

years. It was constructed in 1914. But in ad-

dition, it must also meet one of the six, listed

conditions in order to be listed on the Santa

Ana Register of Historic Properties.

SARHP Condition (1) a structure or site with

distinguishing characteristics of an architec-

tural style or period, that exemplifies a par-

ticular architectural style or design features.

The Sexlinger residence is an example of a

Craftsman style house. It retains its his-

torical integrity, but it is not an important

or significant example of this architectural

style or period. It is evaluated as not meeting

Condition (1).

SARHP Condition (2) Works of notable

architects, builders, or designers whose style

influenced architectural development.

Based upon archival research, the Sexlinger

residence is not the work of a notable archi-

tect, builder or designer. It is evaluated as not

meeting Condition (2).





September 2008

Page 29

SARHP Condition (3) Rare buildings, struc-

tures, or objects or original designs.

As a Craftsman-style house, the Sexlinger

residence is a modest example of this very

popular style. In the 1910s through the

1930s, the Craftsman-style house was the

prominent housing type constructed through-

out southern California. This style appealed

to the local needs of costs, resources, and

ease of building. The Sexlinger house then is

not a rare or original designed structure, and

it is not architecturally significant to the City

of Santa Ana. It is evaluated as not meeting

Condition (3).

SARHP Condition (4) Buildings, structures,

objects or sites of historical significance,

which include places:

a. Where important events occurred;

b. Associated with famous people, original

settlers, renowned organizations and busi-

nesses;

c. Which were originally present when the

city was founded; or

d. That served as important centers for politi-

cal, social, economic, or cultural activity.

Historically, the City of Santa Ana started in

1869 by William H. Spurgeon. He laid out

the town of 24 blocks of ten lots each near

the Santa Ana River with Seventh Street

as the northern border. By 1910 when the

Sexlinger family arrived in Orange County,

Santa Ana had grown into the commercial

and civic center of the County. The Sexlinger

property lies two miles north of the found-

ing center of town. The area immediately to

the east and north of the Sexlinger property

remained outside of the City limits until the

1960s and 1970s. Agriculture served as the

primary industry in Orange County from the

early 1870s to the 1940s. Many crops were

grown, but citrus dominated from the 1890s

to the 1940s, with the Valencia oranges

introduced in 1880 in Anaheim. By 1914,

when the Sexlinger family bought the prop-

erty, the citrus industry was well-established

with grower associations, railroad lines, and

services in place for the harvesting, packing,

shipping, and marketing of the fruit.

When George Sexlinger worked the property

(1914 to 1929), large orchards dominated the

citrus industry, and controlled the exchanges

where marketing, employment, packing

and harvesting decisions were made. Larger

orchards could meet the growing demand for

oranges in the 1920s and 1930s. Colonias,

where immigrant Mexican families lived,

were located near the larger orchards, where

most of the workers were employed (O’Neil

1989:115).

Even though the citrus industry was impor-

tant in Orange County, the Sexlinger property

represents a minor part of that industry. Ar-

chival research showed that it was not a place

where important events occurred, or associ-

ated with famous people, original settlers,

renowned organizations and businesses, or

present when the City was founded or served

as an important center for political, social,

economic, or cultural activity. It is evaluated

as not meeting Condition (4).

SARHP Condition (5) Sites of archaeological

importance.

The period of significance of the Sexlinger

property ranges from 1914 to 1940s when

citrus played an important role in the ag-

riculture history of Orange County. Items

from this time period such as farm equip-

ment, tools, personal items, kitchenware,

and features such as privies, debris deposits,

cisterns, irrigation equipment would assist in

telling the story of the Sexlinger family and

its role in the citrus industry. Except for one

standpipe and an irrigation value, the archae-

ological field survey found no evidence for

these features or artifacts. There is a possibil-

ity for finding buried resources, but the past

disking between the remaining orange trees

and the deterioration to the house and garage

have obscured this evidence. It is evaluated

as not meeting Condition (5).





September 2008

Page 30

SARHP Condition (6) Buildings or structures

that were connected with a business or use,

which was once common, but is now rare.

The citrus industry was responsible for the

development of several towns and agricultur-

al areas in Orange County. In contrast, Santa

Ana developed as a commercial and civic

center that served the surrounding agribusi-

nesses, including the citrus industry. The City

was not a major center of orange production.

Small orchards did not play a significant

role in the development of Santa Ana, either

physically or culturally. The existence of

small family orchards such as the Sexlinger

orchard did not create an influx of immi-

grants; this migration came later, as result of

federal decisions and opportunities created

by large commercial enterprises.

Although it may be said that small orchard

operations were once common in Santa Ana,

small orchards such as the Sexlinger property

were not, in and of themselves, significant to

the growth and development of Santa Ana.

The Sexlinger property is evaluated as not

meeting Condition (6).

Because this property does not meet Condi-

tions 1-6 for historic properties, the Sexlinger

property is evaluated as not eligible for list-

ing on the Santa Ana Register of Historical

Properties.

The potential for a California or Santa Ana

Register District was also considered when

conducting research, survey, and evaluation,

but there were no extant concentrations of

architectural styles or temporal periods of

development in the vicinity of the Sexlinger

property. The Fairhaven Memorial Park was

located to the northeast, with the Portola Park

to the east, and modern residential subdi-

visions to the north, west, and east of the

property.





September 2008

Page 31

Recommendations

2. An Orange County Certified Archaeolo-

gist shall be retained to monitor grading

activities, to observe and retrieve any buried

prehistoric and historic artifacts or features

that may be uncovered.

3. If human remains are found during the

excavation, the Native American Graves Pro-

tection Act Guidelines and State law require

that construction personnel:

• Halt the work in the immediate area,

• Leave the remains in place,

• Contact the Manager, project personnel,

and the Orange County Coroner.

Until a representative of the Coroner’s office

reviews the remains in the field, they must

not be removed. If the Coroner determines

that the remains are prehistoric, the Coroner

contacts the Native American Heritage Com-

mission and the most likely descendent from

the Native American community is informed.

The final deposition of remains is coordinat-

ed by representatives of the property owner

and the most likely descendent.

4. If prehistoric or historic artifacts or

deposits are uncovered, the Orange County

Certified Archaeologist shall temporarily

halt construction activities for the immediate

area until the archaeologist can evaluate the

significance of the find. The archaeologist

would immediately contact the field man-

ager and project personnel. Implementation

of a recovery program would follow, if the

remains are determined potentially eligible to

the California Register.

Recommendations for Architectural Resources

Although the Sexlinger House is evaluated

as ineligible for the California or Santa Ana

registers, it is part of the history of the area.

It is recommended that copies of this report,

in hard copy and on disk, should be filed with

the Santa Ana Historical Society, the Santa

Ana History Room of the Santa Ana Library,

and made available to any other repositories

which request them.

Recommendations for Archaeological Resources

Based upon the GeoTex, Inc. report, it ap-

pears likely that previously undisturbed soils

will be reached during the over-excavation of

the project site. And because previous plow-

ing masked the ground surface, archaeologi-

cal monitoring is recommended to reduce the

project’s potential of impacting significant

cultural resources. The following mitigation

measures are recommended for new con-

struction at the Empire Homes Project. These

mitigation measures will reduce any project

impacts to unknown buried archaeological

and historical resources.

1. An Orange County Certified Archaeologist

shall be present at the pre-grade and at the

tree removal meetings to discuss the monitor-

ing, collecting and safety procedures for the

project. At this time, the archaeologist should

review the construction plans and schedule.





September 2008

Page 32

5. Any recovered artifacts shall be properly

collected with photographs, field notes, and

locations plotted on a USGS 7.5’topographic

quadrangle. Artifacts will be identified and

catalogued, and stabilized for curation. Any

recovered artifacts shall be offered, on a first

right-of-refusal basis, to a repository with a

retrievable collection system and an educa-

tional and research interest in the materials.

6. A final monitoring report, including an

itemized inventory and pertinent field data,

shall be sent to the Lead Agencies as well

as copies of the report to the South Central

Coastal Information Center at the California

State University at Fullerton.

Recommendations for Paleontological Resources

Based upon the soils report, the new develop-

ment for the Empire Homes Project probably

will not reach the older Quaternary (Pleis-

tocene) sediments that underlie the younger

Quaternary Alluvium, except for the con-

struction of sewerlines and utility lines that

may reach a depth of 8 to 10 feet below the

existing ground level. These deep trenches

may impact potentially sensitive sediments

for significant vertebrate fossils.

We recommend that paleontological moni-

toring would be appropriate for trenches or

other deep excavations that extend at least

five feet or more below the existing ground

surface. Paleontological monitoring includes:

1. During grading activities, a qualified pale-

ontologist shall be retained to conduct part-

time monitoring to observe and retrieve any

significant specimen that may be uncovered

in the older Quaternary sediments.

2. If vertebrate fossils or a buried deposit

is uncovered, the paleontological monitor

shall temporarily halt construction activi-

ties for the immediate area until the monitor

can evaluate the significance of the find. The

monitor would immediately contact the field

manager and project personnel. Implementa-

tion of a recovery program would follow, if

the fossils are determined significant.

3. Any recovered fossils shall be properly

collected with photographs, field notes, and

locations plotted on a USGS 7.5’topographic

quadrangle. Fossils will be identified and

catalogued, and stabilized for curation. Any

recovered fossils shall be offered, on a first

right-of-refusal basis, to a repository with a

retrievable collection system and an educa-

tional and research interest in the materials.

4. A final monitoring report, including an

itemized inventory and pertinent field data,

shall be sent to the Lead Agencies as well as

copies of the report to the Natural History

Museum of Los Angeles and to the Orange

County Curation Facility in Santa Ana.





September 2008

Page 33

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of California Press, Berkeley, Los

Angeles, London.

Heumann, Leslie

2002 Primary and Building, Structure,

and Object Record forms for the

Hasenyager House, 2139 North Grand

Avenue, Santa Ana, California. SAIC,

Pasadena, California.

2007 Memorandum for the Record.

Eligibility Assessment for the

Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and

Orange Grove, 1584 East Santa

Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California.

Prepared by Leslie Heumann,

Sapphos Environmental, Inc., for

submittal to the City of Santa Ana

(Ms. Hally Soboleske).

Hoover, Mildred Brook, Hero Eugene

Rensch, Ethel Grace Rensch, William

N. Abeloe, revised by Douglas E.

Kyle

1990 Historic Spots in California. Stanford

University Press, Stanford.

Lynch, Stephen

1998 “Brennan Ahern, One of Few

Remaining Orchardists in County.”

Orange County Register, April 28,

1998.

Marsh, Diann

1994 Santa Ana, an Illustrated History.

Heritage Publishing.

Marvin, Judith, and Nicole Pletka

2003 Historic Resources Evaluation

Report for the Orange County

Gateway Project, Cities of Placentia,

Anaheim, and Yorba Linda, Orange

County, California. Prepared for

Praveen Gupta, Caltrans District

Environmental Branch Chief,

District 12, Irvine, California. LSA

Associates, Inc., Irvine, California.

McAlester, Virginia, & Lee McAlester

1984 A Field Guide to American Houses.

Albert A. Knopf, New York.

McBride, J.L., County Surveyor

1913 Plat Book of Orange County,

California. Compiled from County

and Government Surveys and

County Records. H.S. Crocker Co.,

Los Angeles, San Francisco, and

Sacramento. On file, History Room,

Santa Ana Public Library, Santa Ana.

McWilliams, Carey

1946 Southern California Country: An

Island on the Land. Buell, Sloan &

Pearce, New York.

O’Neil, Stephen

1989 The Role of Colonias in Orange

County, In, Proceedings of the

Conference of Orange County History

1988, edited by Robert A. Slayton

and Leland L. Estes, published by

Chapman College, Orange, California.





September 2008

Page 36

Orange, County of

var. Deed Books

var. Official Record Books

Orange County Directory

1925 South Orange County




Santa Ana, City of

2007 Santa Ana Register of Historical

Properties.

2008 Historic Time Line. Accessed April

2008 at www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/

library/history/timeline.asp.

Santa Ana Library, Santa Ana History Room

var. Citrus Industry Files.

Sleeper, Jim, Irvine Company Historian

1968 “Orange Empire, Then and Now.”

Orange County Register, November

17, 1968.

Southern Pacific Railroad

1917 The Story of the Orange. Published by

the Passenger Department of the Salt

Lake Branch of the Southern Pacific

Railroad. Los Angeles, California.

Starzak, Richard

1993 Historic Property Survey Report,

Riverside County: Interstate 215

Improvement Project, O8-RIV-

215/P.M. 37.9-43.9, 08-RIV-91/P.M.

20.3-21.6, and 09-RIV-60/P.M.

11.7-13.3. EA 466900, Contract No.

08218-466900. Prepared for Riverside

County Transportation Commission

(RCTC), California Department

of Transportation (CALTRANS)

– District 8, and Federal Highway

Administration (FHWA). Prepared by

Myra L. Frank & Associates, Inc., Los

Angeles.

Teague, Charles Collins

1944 Fifty Years a Rancher. The

Recollections of Half a Century

Devoted to the Citrus and Walnut

Industries of California and

to Furthering the Cooperative

Movement in Agriculture. California

Fruit Growers Exchange.

United States Federal Census

1900 Census of the United States, Orange

County, California. Accessed April

2008 at <www.Ancestry.com>.

1910 Thirteenth Census of the United

States, Orange County, California.

Accessed April 2008 at www.

Ancestry.com.

1920 Fourteenth Census of the United

States, Orange County, California.

Accessed April 2008 at www.

Ancestry.com.

1930 Fifteenth Census of the United States,

Orange County, California. Accessed

April 2008 at <www.Ancestry.com>.

United States Geological Survey

1949 Orange, California Quadrangle. 7.5

minute series.

Interviews (with Judith Marvin, notes on file, Foothill Resources, Ltd., Murphys, California, and Beth Padon, Discovery Works, Inc., Los Alamitos, California).

Burch, Skip (field supervisor, Sexlinger

property)

Interviewed 16 April 2008

Jepson, Chris (Orange County Archivist)

Interviewed 21 April 2008.

Schoff, Carolyn, Board of Directors, Orange

County Historical Society

Interviewed 21 April 2008.





September 2008

Page 37

Appendix 1. Department of Parks and

Recreation 523 Forms

DPR 523A (1/95) *Required Information

Page _1_ of _ 3__ *Resource Name or #: (Assigned by recorder) ___ Sexlinger Residence___________________P1. Other Identifier:

*P2. Location: � Not for Publication � Unrestricted *a. County Orangeand (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.)

*b. USGS 7.5’ Quad Orange, Calif. Date 1979 PR 1981 T S R E, XX Unsectioned � of � of Sec. ; SBBM

c. Address 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue City Santa Ana Zip 92705

d. UTM: (Give more than one for large and/or linear resources) Zone 10 mE/ mN

e. Other Locational Data: e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate)

*P3a. Description: Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries).

The Sexlinger Residence is a one-story frame residence with a rectangular mass, containing 1350 square feet. The house

has a low-pitched cross gable and hip roof with double front gables, covered with fiberglass shingles, which replaced the

original. The roof features stickwork in the secondary gable, triangular knee braces, and exposed rafter tails. Louvres in

the gable ends have vertical laths, doubled, and flanking a six-light window on the east elevation. The walls are clad in

redwood vertical board lap siding. Two gables face north on the primary façade, one offset to the west and detailed with

king-post truss, the other centered over a squared projecting central bay and containing a double vent sandwiched

between knee braces. A partial-length porch contains the entry and is recessed into the west half of the façade. The porch,

supported by a square column of manufactured concrete brick, has a concrete floor and steps. The house has a concrete

perimeter foundation, pierced with vents, and concrete walkways. Fenestration consists of frame windows, with large

tripartite windows in the primary façade and 1/1 light frame sash on the side and rear elevations. Primary entry is via the

original oak door from the porch; it features four vertical lights and recessed panels and is covered with a modern metal

security door. Entry to the rear of the house is provided by a frame door with four lights and a recessed panel, accessed by

a concrete stoop and steps. A metal security door also covers the rear entry and the windows on the rear elevation. Walls

on the interior of the house are covered with lath and plaster, while the floors are wood. The building has a parlor, dining

room, two or three bedrooms, a kitchen and bath. A brick chimney and a metal stovepipe pierce the center of the

building. The house retains its integrity, but the windows have been broken and the interior vandalized. A frame garage

and work room/laundry is located to the rear of the residence. It has an intersecting-gable roof, with louvres on the gable

ends, horizontal board lap siding, the original sliding sawbuck door on a metal track, and a concrete floor.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) _HP2, single family residence; HP33, farm__________________________*P4. Resources Present: � Building � Structure � Object� Site � District� Element of District � Other (Isolates, etc.)

P5b. Description of Photo: (View,

date, accession #) View north, 21

April 2008*P6. Date Constructed/Age and

Sources: � Historic�Prehistoric � Both

1914

*P7. Owner and Address:Empire Homes, Santa Clara

20 Corporate Park, Suite 240

Irvine, CA 92606

*P8. Recorded by: (Name, affiliation,

address)

Judith Marvin

Foothill Resources, Ltd.

P.O. Box 2040

Murphys, CA 95247

*P9. Date Recorded: 21 April 2008*P10. Survey Type (Describe):

Intensive survey*P11. Report Citation: (Cite survey

report and other sources, or enter “none.”) Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (Tentative Tract Map 17231), 1584 E. Santa

Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, Orange County, California. Beth Padon and Judith Marvin, September 2008.*Attachments: � NONE � Location Map � Sketch Map � Continuation Sheet � Building, Structure, and Object Record� Archaeological Record � District Record � Linear Feature Record � Milling Station Record � Rock Art Record� Artifact Record � Photograph Record � Other (List) _________________________________________________________

State of California The Resources Agency Primary # _______________________

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #___________________________

PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial _______________________

NRHP Status Code __ 6Z ___________

Other ListingsReview Code ________ Reviewer ___________________ Date

P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.)

��

�� 2 �� 3 �� 6Z

�� Sexlinger Residence

�� Sexlinger Residence��

�� Residence �� Vacant

�� Craftsman Bungalow��

Constructed 1914, original roofing replaced with fiberglass shingles, 1992; no other alterations noted.��

�� Frame garage and work room/laundry, located to the south rear of the residence.

�� Unknown �� Unknown

�� Settlement, agriculture, residential and architectural development �� Santa Ana

�� 1914-1950s �� Residence/orchard �� N/A��

The lands on which the Sexlinger Residence was built were annexed to the City of Santa Ana in 1888 (City of Santa Ana

Chronology of Annexations). As the census enumerator identified the Sexlinger family as residing in the Tustin Township,

they were evidently more closely aligned to that community. The house is located in the original A.B. Chapman tract, one of

many such developed by Chapman. Most of the acreage was owned by small growers, with 5, 10, or 20-acre farms. By 1913,

Perry V. Grout purchased a 5-acre parcel on Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot 5) from Chapman and was

depicted on a map of the area (McBride 1913). During the years 1913-1918, Perry and his wife Flora sold several parcels of

land to other orange growers (Orange County Deeds, various). As Grout was listed alternately as a foreman and fieldman for

the Santiago Orange Growers Association (SOGA), it appears likely that the orchard had been planted by that time. Grout

was a resident of Orange so evidently just planted and maintained the orchard until it was purchased by the Sexlinger family

that year. On November 18, 1913, Grout deeded the 5-acre property on Santa Clara Avenue to George and Sophia Sexlinger

(Deed Book 285:171), who constructed the residence shortly thereafter. Grout evidently sold the acreage to the Sexlinger

family so that they would operate the orchard and sell their produce to the SOGA. Sexlinger, his wife and two daughters had

moved west to Southern California from their native Michigan shortly after 1910. The property remained in the Sexlinger

family after George’s death in 1929, Anna Sophia’s in 1952, until the last daughter passed in 2006. Under Criterion 1,

although the residence is associated with the development of small family citrus farms in the Santa Ana vicinity in the early

decades of the twentieth century, an important event in the history of the region, the house does not appear to be a significant

contributor to that event. There are much better architectural examples elsewhere in the community, and the orchard no

longer appears to be viable, having reached an age of diminished production. Under Criterion 2, the residence is not

associated with any persons important in history. Although retaining its integrity to its period of construction, the Craftsman

residence is a typical example of a common resource type, not the work of a master, nor does it exhibit high artistic values

(Criterion 3). There are a plethora of such residences in Santa Ana and the neighboring communities, most of which are

better prototypes. The farm is also lacking in historical context, as all of the original citrus orchards in the area have been

ripped out and replaced with residential development. Under Criterion 4, the information potential on the residence and

orchard has been recovered through this recording.��

�� Orange County Deeds, Maps, Official Records,

on file, History Room, Santa Ana Public Library and Office

of County Recorder, Santa Ana.

�� Slated for demolition.

�� Judith Marvin, Foothill Resources, Ltd.

�� 2 May 2008

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��





September 2008

Page 41

Appendix 2. Correspondence with Native

American Heritage Commission

Man

agem

ent

O

utre

ach

&10591 Bloomfield StreetLos Alamitos, CA 90720

(562) 431-0300www.discoveryworks.com

DiscoveryWorks, Inc

Cultu

ral R

esou

rces

May 16, 2008

Native American Heritage Commission915 Capitol Mall, Room 364Sacramento, CA 95814

Dear Native American Heritage Commission,Subject: Sacred Lands File Search for a Five-acre project in Santa Ana, California

We would like to request a Sacred Lands file search for the Empire Homes project located in Santa Ana, California. It is located on the Orange USGS 7.5’ quadrangle in Township 5 South, Range 9 West, unsectioned portion of this quadrangle. The address is 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California. Please see the attached map that indicates the specific project location.

This project includes construction of housing pads, streets, and utility lines for the develop-ment of the existing 5-acre property.

Please send the results of the Sacred Sites inventory to Discovery Works, Inc. 10591 Bloomfield Street, Los Alamitos, CA 90720. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us at (562) 431-0300 or by e-mail at [email protected] you for your assistance.

Sincerely,

Beth PadonArchaeologist





September 2008

Page 45

Appendix 3. Paleontological archival review

by Dr. Samuel McLeod, Natural History

Museum of Los Angeles County

Documents

Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (Tentative ... · PDF fileSpeciﬁc mitigation measures for archaeological and paleontologi-cal resources are provided in the following Cultural