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Cultural Heritage
Sustainable Development Goal for the UN
Christer Gustafsson
Professor in Conservation, Uppsala University Member of the expert group for Cultural Heritage and UN SDGs
Secretary-General ICOMOS Scientific Committee on Economics of Conservation
Policy Context International Level
UN Agenda 2030
Sustainable Development Goals
• 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade
slums
• 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all,
improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in
vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
• 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and
sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
• 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
• 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially
decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including
water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
• 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special
attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management
• 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular
for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
• 11.8 Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by
strengthening national and regional development planning
• 11.9 By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing
integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate
change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
• 11.10 Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building
sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
UN SDG 11.4
•
11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the
world’s cultural and natural heritage
UN Conference on Human Environment
1972, Stockholm
– Stockholm Declaration
• 7 proclamations and 26 principles
– Safeguarding of the natural environment
– Social issues (colonialism and oppression)
• UN Environment Program (UNEP)
World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource
Conservation for Sustainable Development
UNEP, 1980
• Document created by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
• Apparently the first international document to use the
term ”Sustainable Development”.
• The report was commissioned by UNEP
Our Common Future
”The Brundtland Report”, 1987
• The World Commission on Environment and Development 1983-
87, chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland
• ”Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”
• Three pillars of Sustainable
development:
– Environmental
– Social
– Economic
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, 1988
• An association of scientists dedicated to analysing and
summarizing current research on anthropogenic climate
change
• Assessment reports on the role humans have played in
changing the planet’s climate, primarily through the
emission of greenhouse gases
Rio Earth Summit
Rio de Janeiro, 1992
• UN Conference on Environment and Development
• ”Rio Earth Summit”
• Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
• Framework Convention on Climate Change
• Agenda 21
– Detailed framework for implementing sustainable
development
Kyoto Protocol, 1997
• Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change
• Environmental treaty which stipulates that developed
countries reduce GHG emissions in an effort to curb
anthropologic climate change
• Established new emissions trading systems and credits
for countries that finance emissions reduction programs
in the developing world
UN Millennium Development
Goals and Beyond 2015, 2000
• To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• To achieve universal primary education
• To promote gender equality and empower women
• To reduce child mortality
• To improve maternal health
• To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• To ensure environmental sustainability
• To develop a global partnership for development
World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg, 2002
• ”Earth Summit 2002”
• ”Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development”
• 10 year reunion for the Rio Earth Summit
• The US, led by President George W. Bush boycotted the summit
• 100 initiatives nominated to the World’s best projects ”Bridging the
brown agenda to the green”
– Two cultural heritage projects
The Halland Model in Sweden • 100 historic
buildings
conserved
• 1,200 new jobs in
the construction
industry
• One third of all construction workers trained in
traditional techniques
• 235 new jobs on
improved premises
Halland Model in the Baltic Sea
Region
Local sustainable development
Conservation and adaptive re-use of 35 historic buildings in Poland
Halland Model in the Baltic Sea
Region
Enforced financing conservation projects by 300 million euros
Proposal for a new cultural heritage law in Russia
UN Climate Change Conference
Copenhagen, 2009
• Disastrous climate change conference beset by strong
disagreements about how to reduce GHG emissions
• No agreements or meaningful plan of actions was
adopted
UN Climate Change Conference
Paris, 2015
• Paris Agreement accepted by all 196 national
delegations
• Limit global warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius
• National economies net zero by second half of the
century
Venice Charter 1965
• Charter of Venice for the Conservation and Restoration of
Monuments and Sites, 1964.
• Revision of the 1931 Athens Charter
• The aim is to safeguard monuments both as work of art and as
historic evidence.
• Support the use of modern techniques, emphasised the
authenticity based on material and documentary evidence, and
extended the concept of historic monuments to include urban and
rural settings.
• The principal doctrine document of the International Council on
Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 1965
http://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
World Heritage Convention
UNESCO, 1972
• (same year as the Stockholm Summit)
• The words sustainability and conservation did not feature pre-
eminently in either of these initiatives at the time - the emphasis
was on environment and on protection
• One world
• Outstanding Universal Value
• National effective and active measures for the protection,
conservation and presentation
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf
European Charter of the
Architectural Heritage 1975
• The Council of Europe
• Promoted the concept of integrated conservation
– Functional and social diversity in historic areas
• Sweden: Cultural policy 1974
– Decentralisation
– Regional institutions
– Spatial National Planning
Strategy 1973
Our Creative Diversity 1996
• Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development,
president Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
• New Global Ethics
• A Commitment to Pluralism
• Creativity and Empowerment
• Challenges of a Media-Rich World
• Gender and Culture
• Children and Young People
• Culture and Environment
• Rethinking Cultural Policies
• Research Needs
Burra Charter, 1999
• To provide guidance for conservation and management of places
of cultural significance
• Landscapes modified by human activities
• The importance of understanding and safeguarding
significance in ways that encapsulate a place’s
aesthetic, historic, scientific and spiritual values:
from past, in the present and for the future
• Permits alterations on condition that they are
considered both temporary and reversible
• ”The best conservation often involves the least
work and can be inexpensive”
UNESCO
• UNESCO has been at the forefront of exploring and managing the
impacts of climate change on World Heritage.
• Report on Predicting and Managing the Effects of Climate Change
on World Heritage (2007)
• Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage, and a
Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World
Heritage Properties (2008).
• Practical guide to Climate Change Adaptation for Natural World
Heritage Sites (2014) and continues to build the capacity of site
managers to deal with climate change.
Historic Urban Landscape, 2011 • Urban heritage, including its tangible and intangible components,
constitutes a key resource in enhancing the liveability of urban areas, and
fosters economic development and social cohesion in a changing
global environment.
• As the future of humanity hinges on the effective planning and
management of resources, conservation has become a strategy to
achieve a balance between urban growth and quality of life on a
sustainable basis.
• The aim is to integrate policies or conservation approaches into the wider
goal of urban development in respect of the inherited values and
traditions of wider cultural contexts.
• It also includes the social and cultural practices and values, human
activities as well as economic processes, the
unique characteristics of any one place and
the intangible dimensions of heritage as related
to diversity and identity, all of which establish
the basic role of the city as an agent for
communal growth and development”.
Reduce, re-use and recycle
• The 3 Rs of non-renewable resource and waste management form
an essential part of the coincidence between conservation and
sustainability
• Historic environment should no longer be perceived in limited
cultural terms.
• The rationale for a conservationist approach is greatly enhanced
when the cultural significance is allied to its environmental capital
• Reorientation of the activity focused on new development that is
additive and complementary, and significantly increased emphasis
on maintaining, re-using, adapting, and enhancing the existing built
stock and infrastructure.
Rodwell, 2007
Rodwell (2007)
Habitat III UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development
Major global summit
Global political commitment to
the sustainable development of
towns, cities and other human settlements
200 national governments that make up the UN General Assembly
Sweden in particular financed several preparatory meetings
The outcome: the New Urban Agenda
New Urban Agenda
• Guide the efforts around urbanization of a wide range of actors —
nation states, city and regional leaders, international development
funders, United Nations programmes and civil society — for the
next 20 years.
• Inevitably, this agenda will also lay the groundwork for policies and
approaches that will extend, and impact, far into the future.
• UN SDG 11 “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable”
New Urban Agenda
• Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today
• By 2030, almost 60 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban
areas
• 95 per cent of urban expansion in the next decades will take place in
developing world
• 828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising
• The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account
for 60-80 per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon
emissions
• Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage,
the living environment, and public health
• But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological
innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption
the 10 political priorities of
Juncker Commission
the 10 political priorities of
Juncker Commission
INCLUSIVENESS
SUSTAINABILITY
INNOVATION
SMART
SPECIALISATION
STRATEGIES
Innovation-driven development strategy
Each region’s strength and competitive advantage.
Region’s assets and the capability to learn
Competitive advantage and identity where clusters should be nurtured.
Avoid waste of duplication – creation of more diversity among regions.
Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020 (European Commission)
EU: Smart specialisation strategies
Towards an integrated approach
to cultural heritage for Europe
• The European Commission’s 2014 Communication
Towards an integrated approach to cultural heritage
for Europe underlined the importance of maximising
the intrinsic, economic, and societal value of cultural
heritage, in order to promote cultural diversity and inter-
cultural dialogue.
Getting Cultural Heritage to Work
for Europe
• The agenda for cultural heritage research and
innovation cultural heritage is understood as a
production factor
• An important resource for innovation, social inclusion
and sustainability.
• Focus is on adaptive re-use of historic buildings and
places
• The key-word conservation has often been replaced by
transmission.
• http://ec.europa.eu/culture/news/2015/0427-heritage-2020_en.htm
• The overall objective is to develop new
models for cultural heritage policies
with a view to integrating them in smart
specialisation strategies, in order for
cultural heritage to better express its
potential as driver and enabler for
sustainable and cohesive growth at
local/regional levels.
- A sustainable society with a diversity of cultural environments that are preserved, used and developed
Objectives for
the Swedish Cultural Heritage Sector
Coordination Meeting on the
SDGs Istanbul, 2017
• ICOMOS Concept Note titled ‘Cultural Heritage, the UN
Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs], and the New
Urban Agenda’ argues for
“the positive integration of culture and cultural heritage
into urban development plans and policies as a way to
enhance sustainability of urban areas through heritage,
in the context of Agenda 2030/ SDGs.”
the Role of Heritage within
UN SDG
• Cultural heritage as enabler of social cohesion and inclusion
(e.g. shared identity; pride in and attachment to place; integration
of migrants, new residents and existing ones; historic public
spaces; mixed uses).
• Cultural heritage and creativity as a driver for equity and
inclusive economic development in the urban economy (e.g.
heritage places as incubators of creativity, “cultural capital,”
intangible heritage, sustainable tourism).
• Cultural heritage and historic quarters of cities can improve
liveability, resilience and sustainability of both older and new
urban areas (e.g. walkability and compactness, adaptive re-use of
existing built fabric, embodiment of traditional knowledge, proven
models of resilience for new urban settlements).
The vision
• The recognition, mainstreaming and effective
contribution of cultural heritage as a driver and
enabler of sustainable development in the process of
implementing the United Nations Agenda 2030 and
Sustainable Development Goals.’
http://www.icomos.org/en/what-we-do/involvement-in-international-conventions/un-sustainable-
development-goals-2
The mission
• ‘To achieve a coordinated and effective process of
advocacy for the localization and monitoring of the
UN Sustainable Development Goals and UN-
Habitat’s New Urban Agenda, from the perspective of
cultural heritage, focusing on Target 11.4 to
“strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the
world’s cultural and natural heritage to make our
cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”,
within the framework of the ICOMOS mandate and
through collaboration with strategic partners’.
Monitoring implementation
• Relationship of culture and nature (linking nature and
culture in urban environments; uniting
• landscape approaches such as cultural, agricultural,
historic urban landscape, connections between
• urban and rural)
• Intangible heritage and local knowledge; cultural
diversity
• Education and capacity building
• Governance and rights
• Integration of heritage in urban planning tools and
discourses
Indicators
• Expenditure per capita on heritage (UN)
-
• the UNESCO “Culture for Development Indicators”/ CDIS
(Diversity of Cultural Expressions
-
• Number of registered heritage sites (incl. sites in danger and sites
newly registered)
• Capacity building activities (education and training)
• Effective participation and inclusion of NGO’s
• Employment (incl. type of job, share of heritage in GDP)
• Positive effect of heritage on ecological balance, social equity and
economic vitality in cities and regions
Smart, Inclusive and Sustainable
Development
Smart, Inclusive and Sustainable
Development
Dynamic management of changes
Smart, Inclusive and Sustainable
Development
Dynamic management of changes
Innovative and adaptive
re-use
Smart, inclusive and Sustainable
Development
Dynamic management of changes
Innovative and adaptive
re-use
Cultural heritage-
driven growth
