Cto ciip-gaborone workshop-presentation-final-18-mar-2015.compressed

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Perspective on Cloud Computing Services

CIIP Workshop Gaborone, Botswana 23 – 24 March 2015

Presenter Dr Martin Koyabe (CTO)

Acknowledgement Ministry of Transport &

Communications Botswana

Table of Content Session 1: Understanding CIIP & Challenges Session 2: Cloud Computing Today Session 3: CIIP Perspective of Cloud Computing Session 4: Cloud Computing CIIP Scenarios Session 5: Steps Towards a CI Protection Session 6: Cybersecurity Threat Horizon Session 7: Commonwealth Cybergovernance model

Session 1: Understanding CIIP & Challenges



© Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int

Understanding CIIP

•  Critical Resources

6

General definition

•  Critical Infrastructure

•  Critical Information Infrastructure

Inte

rdep

ende

ncie

s


Critical Resources

7

Water

Energy

Forests

Defined by some national governments to include:-

•  Natural & environmental resources (water, energy, forests etc) •  National monuments & icons, recognized nationally & internationally


Critical Infrastructure (1/3)

8

Airports

Power Grid

Roads

Defined by some national governments to include:-

•  Nation’s public works, e.g. bridges, roads, airports, dams etc •  Increasingly includes telecommunications, in particular major

national and international switches and connections



9

“ the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.”

Source: US Homeland Security

“ the (CNI) comprises those assets, services and systems that support the economic, political and social life of the UK whose importance is such that loss could either, cause large-scale loss of life; have a serious impact on the national economy; have other grave social consequences for the community; or be of immediate concern to the national government.”

Source: UK Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)

“ an asset or system which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions. The damage to a critical infrastructure, its destruction or disruption by natural disasters, terrorism, criminal activity or malicious behaviour, may have a significant negative impact for the security of the EU and the well-being of its citizens.”

Source: European Union (EU)



10

“ those physical facilities, supply chains, information technologies and communication networks which, if destroyed, degraded or rendered unavailable for an extended period, would significantly impact on the social or economic wellbeing of the nation or affect Australia’s ability to conduct national defense and ensure national security.”

Source: The Australian, State & Territory Government

“ processes, systems, facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to the health, safety, security or economic well-being of Canadians and the effective functioning of government. Critical infrastructure can be stand-alone or interconnected and interdependent within and across provinces, territories and national borders. Disruptions of critical infrastructure could result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, and Significant harm to public confidence.

Source: Government of Canada

“those facilities, systems, or functions, whose incapacity or destruction would cause a debilitating impact on national security, governance, economy and social well-being of a nation”

Source: National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)


What about developing countries?

11

Q) Does your country have a critical infrastructure framework?


Critical Infrastructure Sectors (1/2)

12

•  European Commission (EC) provides an indicative list of 11 critical sectors

Energy

ICT

Water

Food Health

Financial

Public & Legal Order and Safety

Civil AdministraBon Transport

Chemical and Nuclear Industry

Space & Research


Critical Infrastructure Sectors (2/2)

13

•  Provisional Critical Infrastructure list for Bangladesh

Energy (Oil/Gas)

Telecoms

Transport (Roads)

Monuments/Buildings

Water

Financial ICT

Source: CTO CIIP Workshop, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Sep 2014)


Critical Information Infrastructure (1/2)

14

CII definition:-

“ Communications and/or information service whose availability, reliability and resilience are essential to the functioning of a modern economy, security, and other essential social values.”

Rueschlikon Conference on Information Policy Report, 2005


Critical Information Infrastructure (2/2)

15

Cri$cal Infrastructures

Telecoms

Energy

Transporta$on

Finance/Banking

Government Services

Large Enterprises

End-‐users

Critical Information Infrastructure Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors

Cyber security Practices and procedures that enable the secure use and operation of cyber tools and technologies

Non-essential IT Systems

Essential IT Systems


Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

16

•  Widespread use of Internet have transformed stand-alone systems and predominantly closed networks into a virtually seamless fabric of interconnectivity.

•  ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks.

•  ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks; and many of the critical services that are essential to the well-being of the economy are increasingly becoming dependent on IT.


•  Today Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) –  Focuses on protection of IT systems and assets

o  Telecoms, computers/software, Internet, interconnections & networks services

–  Ensures Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability

o  Required 27/4 (365 days) o  Part of the daily modern economy and the existence of any country

Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP)

Telecom Network

Power Grid

Water Supply

Public Health

NaBonal Defence

NaBonal Defence

Law Enforcement


CII Attack Scenarios

Telecoms

Health Services

Cloud Services

Finance/Banking

eGovernment

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors

Natural disaster, power outage, or hardware failure

Resource exhaustion (due to DDoS attack)

Cyber attack (due to a software flaw)


•  Expanding Infrastructures –  Fiber optic connectivity

o  TEAMS/Seacom/EASSy

–  Mobile/Wireless Networks o  Kenya has 11.6 million Internet

users and 31.3 million mobile network subscribers (CAK, 2014)

•  Existence of failed states –  Increased ship piracy

o  To fund other activities

–  Cyber warfare platforms o  Doesn’t need troops or military hardware

•  Cyber communities –  Social Networks – Attacker’s “gold

mine”

Future CII Attack Vectors


•  Increased awareness for CIIP & cyber security –  Countries aware that risks to CIIP need to be managed

o  Whether at National, Regional or International level

•  Cyber security & CIIP becoming essential tools –  For supporting national security & social-economic well-being

•  At national level –  Increased need to share responsibilities & co-ordination

o  Among stakeholders in prevention, preparation, response & recovery

•  At regional & international level –  Increased need for co-operation & co-ordination with partners

o  In order to formulate and implement effective CIIP frameworks

Global trends towards CIIP


Challenges for developing countries

#1: Cost and lack of (limited) financial investment –  Funds required to establish a CIIP strategic framework can be a hindrance –  Limited human & institutional resources

Source: GDP listed by IMF (2013)


#2: Technical complexity in deploying CIIP –  Need to understand dependencies & interdependencies

o  Especially vulnerabilities & how they cascade


Powerplants Regional Power Grid

Regional Power Supply

Private D2D links

Private Datacenters

Banks & Trading

Public AdministraBon

Public Datacenters

eGovernment

Online services, cloud

compuBng Telco sites, switch areas,

interconnecBons

Public eComms

Regional network, cables, wires, trunks

Public Transport

Emergency care (Police, Firefighters,

Ambulances)

Emergency Calls

(99.9%) 8 hr outages are disastrous

(99%) 3 days outages are disastrous



#3: Limited knowledge on how to identify and classify critical infrastructure –  Need to consider business value, scope of population & technical dependency


CriBcal FuncBon Infrastructure

Element

Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

CriBcal FuncBon

Infrastructure Element

Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain CriBcal FuncBon


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Interdependencies Understand requirements &

complexity


#4: Need for Cybersecurity education & culture re-think –  Create awareness on importance of Cybersecurity & CIIP

o  By sharing information on what works & successful best practices

–  Creating a Cybersecurity culture can promote trust & confidence o  It will stimulate secure usage, ensure protection of data and privacy



#5: Lack of relevant CII strategies, policies & framework –  Needs Cybercrime legislation & enforcement mechanisms –  Setup policies to encourage co-operation among stakeholders

o  Especially through Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP)

#6: Lack of information sharing & knowledge transfer –  It is important at ALL levels National, Regional & International –  Necessary for developing trust relationships among stakeholders

o  Including CERT teams



Session 1: Group Discussions

26

Question

What’s the CII definition for your country?

Session 2: Cloud Computing Today




Cloud Computing

28

Should Cloud Computing be considered a Critical Information Infrastructure?


Concentration of ICT Resources

29

•  Earlier approach not scalable and costly

High capacity link Between organizations or operators

IT

IT Information Technology Resources Per each organizations or operators IT

IT

IT Organization or Operator



30

•  Spread associated costs among users

Organizations or operators Access resources in the same area

Information Technology Resources Consolidated in data centers

IT IT

Data Centre


Cloud Computing Deployment Models

31

Private Cloud (Hosted Internally or

Externally)

Hybrid Cloud

Public Cloud

Community Cloud (Hosted Internally by

Member or Externally)


Some of the benefits of Cloud Computing

32

Reduced Capital & Operational Cost •  Less up-front capital investment •  Allow companies to increase resource needs

gradually (pay-as-you-go)

Simplify application deployment & management •  Common programming model across platforms •  Access to ecosystem of widely deployed applications •  Integration with existing IT assets


Cloud Computing

33

Simple definition

Cloud Computing = Software as a Service (SaaS) + Platform as a Service (PaaS) + Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) + Data as a Service (DaaS) + * as a Service (*aaS)


Software as a Service (SaaS)

34

SaaS characteristics:-

•  From end user’s point of view •  Application are located in the cloud •  Software experiences are delivered online (Internet)


Platform as a Service (PaaS)

35

PaaS characteristics:-

•  From developer’s point of view (i.e. cloud users) •  Cloud providers offer an Internet-based platform •  Developers use the platform to create services


Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

36

IaaS characteristics:-

•  Cloud providers build datacentres –  Power, scale, hardware, networking, storage, distributed system etc

•  Datacentre as a service •  Users rent storage, computation & maintenance


Data as a Service (DaaS)

37

DaaS characteristics:-

•  Data->Information->Knowledge->Intelligence •  Infrastructure for web data mining & knowledge •  Empower people with knowledge •  Enrich apps & services with intelligence


Uptake of Cloud Computing

38

MicrosoS's Data Center, San Antonio, Texas Google's Data Centre, Georgia

•  Western Europe market to grow to €15B by 2015 •  Amazon AWS carries 1% of all Internet consumer traffic in North America •  Data centre growth estimated to be in excess of €30B •  Facebook server farm (Oregon) measures 14000 m2, cost ~ $200M


Who is leading the cloud market today?



40

Question

What is the level of Cloud Computing uptake in your country? Is it increasing?

Session 3: CIIP Perspective of Cloud Computing





42

Large cloud providers can deploy security and business continuity measures and spread the associated cost among the customers.

Can be a “Double Edged Sword”

If an outage or security breach occurs, the the consequences can be catastrophic affecting large number of users and organisations at once.



43

Japan Earthquake 2011 •  Cloud computing was resilient

•  Cloud services survived power outages by using emergency fuel

•  Data connections over mobile networks and fixed networks held up

•  Traditional IT deployments went offline

•  Cloud computing used to get organizations up and running



44

Lightening Strike Dublin 2011 •  Took down Amazon & Microsoft

services. Outage lasted for 2 days

•  Amazon’s other customers (Foursquare, Reddit & Netflix) were badly affected

•  Amazon’s Elastic Computer Cloud (EC2) and Relational Database Service (RDS) experienced disruption in North Virginia.

•  Amazon US-EAST data centers were cut-off the Internet


Cloud and CIIP

45

Critical in themselves

Cloud Computing services can be critical in two ways

Critical for other critical services


Cloud and CIIP

46

e.g. Cloud based eHealth Record Platform

Critical in itself •  But needed for other

emergency health operations, which are also critical

Critical to other systems •  Critical to other systems that

depend on the data records


Cloud and CIIP

47

Most CIIP action plans address two major issues:

(1) Cyber disruptions (or outage) with large impact

12M Pakistan

6M Egypt 4.7M

Saudi Arabia

1.7M UAE

0.8M Kuwait

0.3M Qatar

12M India

Outage caused by undersea cable cut near Alexandria, Egypt (2008)


Cloud and CIIP

48

(2) Cyber attacks with a large impact •  Influenced mainly by interdependencies

Snapshot of the Internet before an aVack on Facebook Source: NORSE


CIIP Dependencies (1/4)

49

Continuity of services & infrastructure dependencies



50

Powerplants Regional Power Grid

Regional Power Supply

Private D2D links

Private Datacenters

Banks & Trading

Public AdministraBon

Public Datacenters

eGovernment

Online services, cloud compuBng Telco sites,

switch areas, interconnecBons

Public eComms

Regional network, cables, wires, trunks

Public Transport

Emergency care (Police, Firefighters,

Ambulances)

Emergency Calls

(99.9%) 8 hr outages are disastrous





51

Software as a service dependencies



52

Hospitals

Power plant

Air traffic controllers IT vendor for Office

soSware

Banks

Public administraBon



53

Question

List (at least 3) known incidents/cases of CII related attacks in the recent past in your country? Discuss any remedies taken (if known).

Session 4: Cloud Computing CIIP Scenarios




Cloud Computing CIIP Scenarios

55

CII attack vectors

Telecoms

Health Services

Cloud Services

Finance/Banking

eGovernment

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors

Natural disaster, power outage, or hardware failure

Resource exhaustion (due to DDoS attack)

Cyber attack (due to a software flaw)



56

Four (4) scenarios where Cloud Computing is critical

(1) Financial Services

Source: New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)



57

Datacenter Datacenter

Operator

Datacenter

Trader Trader

Private network, Dedicated links Duplicated connection between datacenters

Public Internet or telephony Connecting traders to datacenters

Data Centers All systems are duplicated

Traders platform Web-interface access

Trading Platform (SaaS)



58

Key Points: •  Software flaw can impact wide range of organisations directly •  Consider creating ‘logical redundancy’ in addition to ‘physical

redundancy’



59

(2) Health Services

•  By 2016 about 30% of IT budget of healthcare organisation would be devoted for cloud computing based expenses

•  73% plan to make greater use of cloud-based technologies in the future

Source: Accenture



60

Datacenter Datacenter Datacenter

Hospital Hospital


Public Internet or telephony Connecting hospital to datacenters


eHealth platform Web-interface access

eHealth Record Platform (SaaS)



61

Key Point: •  Cloud computing is expected to bring additional efficiency gains

in health care service provision

“APT 18” launched the attack Said to have links with Chinese government and behind targeted attack on companies in aerospace and defense, construction and engineering, technology, financial services and healthcare industry.

Source: FireEye Inc

TDoS Attack Telephony Denial of Service (TDoS) attack targets emergency response services in critical services such as health care



62

(3) e-Government Services

•  UK Gov Cloud app store “GovStore” has over 1,700 information & communication services available to the UK public sector

Source: http://govstore.service.gov.uk



63


eGov Website

eGov Website


Public Internet or telephony Connecting eGov to datacenters


eGovernment platform Web-interface access (SaaS)

Gov cloud app store (PaaS)



64

Key Point: •  eGovernment services need to be resilient at all levels of attacks

VS

VS



65

(4) Cloud Services



66


Webmail provider (SaaS)

Online backup service (SaaS)


Public Internet or telephony Connecting eGov to datacenters


eGovernment applications (SaaS)

Running on a government app store (PaaS)

Infrastructure or platform as a service (PaaS)



67

Key Point: •  The impact of failure at an IaaS/PaaS provider can have an

impact across a range of organisations, affecting many end-users.



68

Question

What practical measures need to be taken to enhance CII resilience, especially the Cloud Infrastructure?

Session 5: Steps towards CI Protection




Steps towards CI Protection

70

(1) Establish CIP Goals, e.g.

Critical infrastructures (CI) provide the essential services that support modern information societies and economies. Some CI support critical functions and essential services so vital that the incapacitation, exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being.

•  Critical Infrastructure (CI)

CI exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being.

•  Understand Critical Infrastructure (CI) Risks

Prevent or minimize disruptions to critical information infrastructures, no matter the source, and thereby protect the people, the economy, the essential human and government services, and the national security. In the event disruptions do occur, they should be infrequent, of minimal duration and manageable.

•  Articulate CIP policy/goals

National CIP framework includes relevant government entities, as well as, establishing public private partnerships involving corporate and non-governmental organizations.

•  Establish Public-Private Partnerships



71

(2) Define CIP Roles

Define Policy and Identify Roles Government Define CIP goal and roles

Determine Acceptable Risks Levels Public-Private Partnership Define what’s critical

Assess Risks

IdenBfy Controls and MiBgaBons

Implement Controls

Measure EffecBveness

Infrastructure Prioritize Risks

Operators & Service Providers Deploy best control solutions



72

CIP Coordinator (ExecuBve Sponsor)

Law Enforcement

Sector Specific Agency

Computer Emergency

Response Team (CERT)

Public Private

Partnership

Infrastructure owners and operators

IT vendors and

soluBon providers

Shared Private Government



73

(3) Identify & Prioritize Critical Functions

CriBcal FuncBon Infrastructure

Element

Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

CriBcal FuncBon


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain CriBcal FuncBon


Supply Chain

Supply Chain

Key Resource

Supply Chain

Interdependencies Understand requirements &

complexity

•  Understand the critical functions, infrastructure elements, and key resources necessary for

–  Delivering essential services –  Maintaining the orderly operations if the

economy –  Ensure public safety.



74

(4) Continuously Assess and Mange Risks

Assess Risks

Identify Controls and Mitigations

Implement Controls

Measure Effectiveness

•  Based on holistic approach

•  Implement defense in-depth

•  Organize by control effectiveness

•  Evaluate program effectiveness

•  Leverage findings to improve risk management

•  Identify key functions

•  Assess risks

•  Evaluate consequences

•  Define functional requirements

•  Evaluate proposed controls

•  Estimate risk reduction/cost benefit

•  Select mitigation strategy


Steps towards CI protection

75

•  Develop joint PPP plans for managing emergencies – including recovering critical functions in the event of significant incidents, including but limited to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, technological failures or accidents.

•  Create emergency response plans to mitigate damage and promote resiliency.

•  Create effective emergency response plans that are generally short and highly actionable so they can be readily tested, evaluated, and implemented.

•  Testing and exercising emergency plans to promote trust, understanding and

greater operational coordination among public and private sector organizations.

•  Exercises also provide an important opportunity by identifying new risk factors that can be addressed in response plans or controlled through regular risk management functions.

(5) Establish & Exercise Emergency Plans


Steps towards CII protection

76

•  Promote trusted relationships needed for information sharing and collaborating on difficult problems

•  Leverage the unique skills of government and private sector organizations

•  Provide the flexibility needed to collaboratively address today’s dynamic threat environment

(5) Establish Public Private Partnership (PPP)



77

•  Ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions

•  Implement contingency frameworks that will enable critical functions to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents

(6) Build Security & Resiliency into Operations



78

•  Cyber threats are constantly evolving

•  All CIP stakeholders need to prepare for changes in cyber threats

•  Constantly monitor trends and changes in critical function dependencies

•  Keep systems patched and maintain the latest software versions

•  Adopt smart & effective procedures and processes

(7) Update & Innovate Technology and Processes



79

Question

•  What should be the additional roles and responsibilities of the state?

•  What investment is required to address CIIP vulnerabilities & threats?

•  How should the private sector & government work on CIIP and build trust?

Session 6: Cybersecurity Threat Horizon




•  Increased penetration of smart phones –  Lower costs (~$80) have increased user uptake

–  Other models Tecno (China), Wiko (France) & Infinix (Hong Kong)

–  Will increase from 17% (2014) to 34% (2018)

•  Africa leads mobile subscriptions

–  55% (1.3 billion) from developing countries

•  Rapid growth of eCommerce –  Websites such as Jumia, Cheki & OLX

Relevant trends in Africa today (1/2)

45% 55%

Developed Countries Developing Countries


•  Expanding Infrastructure

–  SAT3/GLO/WACS/ACE etc e.g. 6Km of Fibre in Cameroon

•  Mobile money transfer –  Increasingly growing e.g. M-Pesa

has 16.8 Million customers –  Handles >$1 Billion transactions

per month in Kenya alone –  Nigeria – introduced digital ID and

transaction card

•  Social media –  78% of internet usage in Africa is

for social media –  Estimated will $230 Billion to

Africa’s growth by 2025

Relevant trends in Africa today (2/2)


•  2014 global cyber attacks assessment shows –  Africa accounted for 4% security incidents worldwide –  Every 1 second, 18 adults are victims of cyberscrime –  1.5 million victims globally per day

•  Financial fraud

–  Africa’s major cities like Cairo, Johannesburg, Lagos and Nairobi experience many cases of financial fraud

–  African countries are becoming targets & source of malicious Internet activities

•  Software piracy and lack of updated software –  Home user PCs remain vulnerable to cyber attacks

Emerging Cyber Threats (1/3)


•  Use of ICT to commit acts of terrorism –  Planning, co-ordination, implementation and promotion. For

example Boko Harum, ISIS, Al-Shabaab & Al-Qaida etc –  Creates social-economical problem. For example, the Westgate

Mall in Kenya – 67 people killed and nearly $200 Million lost tourism revenue.


Teenage girls in the UK who flew to Syria via Turkey


•  Cyber attacks targeting government websites –  Defacement of websites, motivated by individual reasons

o Nigeria defence HQ attacked for fighting Boko Haram

o Ghana (gov.gh) portal attacked (11 out of 58 sites attacked)

o Senegalese ICT agency site attacked, linked to Charle Hebdo

•  Social media

–  Reputation and defamation is a new form of cyber attack

–  Anonymity on social networks – could tools such as Yik Yak be used for Cyber bullying?



•  Low level of security provisions –  Inadequate control and lack of information risk assessment

•  Lack of technical know-how –  inability to monitor and defend national networks

•  Need to develop necessary legal frameworks –  21 countries in Africa have proposed legislation

•  Cross boundary challenges of Cybersecurity –  inability to prosecute and apprehend at source

•  Limited levels of awareness –  Regulators, military, law-enforcement, judiciary, legislators

Cybersecurity challenges facing Africa


Success of above needs full government support •  Legal framework

–  Lack of Cybersecurity legislation affects businesses

–  Needs technology to support enforcement

•  Regional harmonization of policy & legal frameworks –  Global good, needs national, regional & international actions

•  Co-ordination and corporation is a MUST –  Cybersecurity is a cross-boundary issue

–  Needed to combat ICT fraud, hacking, child pornography and copyright infringement

–  Creates uniformity in procedures and processes

Policy, Legal & Regulatory Considerations


Success of above needs full government support •  Development of infrastructure

–  Develop reliable, resilient and available connectivity

•  Need to establish & enhance national CERTs –  Create sectorial CERTs

o  Finance, Energy, Transport, Military, Maritime, SMEs etc –  Harmonize regional CERTs or CIRTs

•  Best practice in Cyber governance –  Encourage use of country Top Level Domain (TLD) names

Technology Considerations


Success of above needs full government support •  Cybersecurity is complex & challenging

–  Develop technical skills through training & collaborations

–  Use expertise from the Diaspora

•  Cultivate a culture of Cybersecurity awareness –  CERTs must be proactive other than reactive –  Engage in capacity building initiatives with ALL stakeholders

•  Best practice in Cyber governance –  Encourage use of country Top Level Domain (TLD) names

–  Have effective data protection act

Capacity building, Research & Innovation Considerations

Session 7: Commonwealth Cybergovernance Model




Trends in Cyberspace

•  Cyberspace provides access to ICT –  Bridging the digital divide and influencing social-economic activities

•  Cyberspace is increasingly becoming a global system –  Anticipated to grow from 2-4 Billion users by 2020 (mostly from developing

countries)

•  Cyberspace is open, decentralised and empowering –  This has fostered innovation, collaboration and rapid development

•  Cyberspace success depends on it’s infrastructure –  Infrastructure should be secure, resilient and available to users

•  Cyberspace can also be used for criminal activities –  Cybercrimes, extremisms and other social crimes

91


Why a Commonwealth Model

•  Contrasting views emerging across the world on governing the Cyberspace

•  Harmonisation is critical to facilitate the growth and to realise the full potentials of Cyberspace

•  Commonwealth family subscribes to common values and principles which are equally well applicable to Cyberspace

•  CTO is the Commonwealth agency mandated in ICTs •  The project was launched at the 53rd council meeting of the

CTO in Abuja, Nigeria (9th Oct 2013) •  Wide consultations with stakeholders •  Adopted at the Commonwealth ICT Ministers Forum on 3rd and 4th

March 2014 in London

92


Objectives

The Cybergovernance Model aims to guide Commonwealth members in:-

–  Developing policies, legislation and regulations –  Planning and implementing practical technical

measures –  Fostering cross-border collaboration –  Building capacity

93


Commonwealth Values in Cyberspace

•  Based on Commonwealth Charter of March 2013 –  Democracy, human rights and rule of law

•  The Charter expressed the commitment of member states to –  The development of free and democratic societies –  The promotion of peace and prosperity to improve the lives of all peoples –  Acknowledging the role of civil society in supporting Commonwealth

activities

•  Cyberspace today and tomorrow should respect and reflect the Commonwealth Values –  This has led to defining Commonwealth principles for use of Cyberspace

94


Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace

Principle 1: We contribute to a safe and an effective global Cyberspace •  as a partnership between public and private sectors, civil society and

users, a collective creation; •  with multi-stakeholder, transparent and collaborative governance

promoting continuous development of Cyberspace; •  where investment in the Cyberspace is encouraged and rewarded; •  by providing sufficient neutrality of the network as a provider of

information services; •  by offering stability in the provision of reliable and resilient information

services; •  by having standardisation to achieve global interoperability; •  by enabling all to participate with equal opportunity of universal access; •  as an open, distributed, interconnected internet; •  providing an environment that is safe for its users, particularly the young

and vulnerable; •  made available to users at an affordable price.

95



Principle 2: Our actions in Cyberspace support broader economic and social development •  by enabling innovation and sustainable development, creating greater

coherence and synergy, through collaboration and the widespread dissemination of knowledge;

•  respecting cultural and linguistic diversity without the imposition of beliefs; •  promoting cross-border delivery of services and free flow of labour in a

multi-lateral trading system; •  allowing free association and interaction between individuals across

borders; •  supporting and enhancing digital literacy; •  providing everyone with information that promotes and protects their

rights and is relevant to their interests, for example to support transparent and accountable government;

•  enabling and promoting multi-stakeholder partnerships; •  facilitating pan-Commonwealth consultations and international linkages in

a single globally connected space that also serves local interests.

96



Principle 3: We act individually and collectively to tackle cybercrime •  nations, organisations and society work together to foster respect for

the law; •  to develop relevant and proportionate laws to tackle Cybercrime

effectively; •  to protect our critical national and shared infrastructures; •  meeting internationally-recognised standards and good practice to

deliver security; •  with effective government structures working collaboratively within and

between states; •  with governments, relevant international organisations and the private

sector working closely to prevent and respond to incidents.

97



Principle 4: We each exercise our rights and meet our responsibilities in Cyberspace •  we defend in Cyberspace the values of human rights, freedom of expression and

privacy as stated in our Charter of the Commonwealth; •  individuals, organisations and nations are empowered through their access to

knowledge; •  users benefit from the fruits of their labours; intellectual property is protected

accordingly; •  users can benefit from the commercial value of their own information; accordingly,

responsibility and liability for information lies with those who create it; •  responsible behaviour demands users all meet minimum Cyberhygiene

requirements; •  we protect the vulnerable in society in their use of Cyberspace; •  we, individually and collectively, understand the consequences of our actions and

our responsibility to cooperate to make the shared environment safe; our obligation is in direct proportion to culpability and capability.

98

Commonwealth Approach for Developing

National Cybersecurity Strategies


Development of a Nation Cybersecurity Strategy

•  Need support from highest levels of government •  Adopt a multi-stakeholder partnership (private sector,

public sector & civil society) •  Draw on the expertise of the International Community •  Appoint a lead organisation or institution •  Be realistic and sympathetic to the commercial

consideration of the private sector •  Add mechanisms to monitor & validate implementation

100


Main elements of a Cybersecurity Strategy

•  Introduction and background •  Guiding principles •  Vision and strategic goals •  Specific objectives •  Stakeholders •  Strategy implementation

101


Introduction & Background

•  Focuses on the broad context •  Sets the importance of Cybersecurity to national

development •  Assess current state of Cybersecurity and challenges

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STRATEGY COMPONENTS ASPECTS TO CONSIDER EXAMPLE TEXT FROM PUBLISHED STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICE

1.   Introduc$on / background

This secBon provides a succinct background of the country’s circumstances and the status of its Cybersecurity

•  Explain the importance of Cybersecurity to economic and social development.

•  Describe the use of Cyberspace and the nature of Cybersecurity challenges to jusBfy the need for the Cybersecurity strategy

•  Explain the relaBonship to exisBng naBonal strategies and iniBaBves.

Uganda’s introducBon covers: •  The definiBon of informaBon security •  The jusBficaBon for a strategy •  Country analysis of current state of

informaBon security framework. •  Strategy guiding principles •  Vision, mission, strategic objecBves

Note that this example covers the first three secBons in this framework.


•  Based on Commonwealth Cybergovernance principles •  Balance security goals & privacy/protection of civil liberties •  Risk-based (threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences) •  Outcome-focused (rather than the means to achieve it) •  Prioritised (graduated approach focusing on critical issues) •  Practicable (optimise for the largest possible group) •  Globally relevant (harmonised with international standards)

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Guiding Principles (1/2)


Guiding Principles (2/2)

104


2.   Guiding principles This secBon idenBfies the guiding principles for addressing Cybersecurity within which the strategy is designed and delivered.

•  Build from the principles of the Commonwealth Cybergovernance model.

•  Include any relevant naBonal principles. •  Describe the delivery principles that

guide the design of the objecBves goals, vision and objecBves.

In addiBon to the Commonwealth Cybergovernance principles and naBonal principles the following delivery principles are recommended: Risk-‐based. Assess risk by idenBfying threats, vulnerabiliBes, and consequences, then manage the risk through miBgaBons, controls, costs, and similar measures.

Outcome-‐focused. Focus on the desired end state rather than prescribing the means to achieve it, and measure progress towards that end state.

PrioriBsed. Adopt a graduated approach and focus on what is criBcal, recognising that the impact of disrupBon or failure is not uniform among assets or sectors.

PracBcable. OpBmise for adopBon by the largest possible group of criBcal assets and realisBc implementaBon across the broadest range of criBcal sectors.

Globally relevant. Integrate internaBonal standards to the maximum extent possible, keeping the goal of harmonizaBon in mind wherever possible.


•  Promote economic development •  Provide national leadership •  Tackle cybercrime •  Strengthen the critical infrastructure •  Raise and maintain awareness •  Achieve shared responsibility •  Defend the value of Human Rights •  Develop national and international partnerships

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Visions & Strategic Goals

© Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation | www.cto.int 106


3.   Strategic goals and vision This secBon defines what success looks like in broad summary terms and reflects the country’s prioriBes.

•  Make a clear statement of the country’s commitment to protecBng the use of its Cyberspace

•  Emphasise the breadth of the use of Cyberspace: covering social and economic acBvity

•  Include text that can be quoted as part of the communicaBon with wider stakeholders, e.g. a vision statement.

Australia’s vision: “The maintenance of a secure, resilient and trusted electronic operaBng environment that supports Australia’s naBonal security and maximises the benefits of the digital economy” Three pillars of the Australian strategy: •  All Australians are aware of cyber risks, secure their computers

and take steps to protect their idenBBes, privacy and finances online;

•  Australian businesses operate secure and resilient informaBon and communicaBons technologies to protect the integrity of their own operaBons and the idenBty and privacy of their customers;

•  The Australian Government ensures its informaBon and communicaBons technologies are secure and resilient.”

Four pillars of the UK strategy: •  Tackle cybercrime and be one of the most secure places in the

world to do business in cyberspace; •  To be more resilient to cyber aVacks and beVer able to protect our

interests in cyberspace; •  To have helped shape an open, stable and vibrant cyberspace

which the UK public can use safely and that supports open socieBes;

•  To have the cross-‐cuing knowledge, skills and capability it needs to underpin all our Cybersecurity objecBves.

Visions & Strategic Goals


•  Provide a national governance framework for securing Cyberspace •  Enhance the nation’s preparedness to respond to the challenges of Cyberspace •  Strengthening Cyberspace and national critical infrastructure •  Securing national ICT systems to attract international businesses •  Building a secure, resilient and reliable Cyberspace •  Building relevant national and international partnerships and putting effective

political-strategic measures in place to promote Cyber safety •  Developing a culture of Cybersecurity awareness among citizens •  Promoting a culture of “self protection” among businesses and citizens •  Creating a secure Cyber environment for protection of businesses and individuals •  Building skills and capabilities needed to address Cybercrime •  Becoming a world leader in Cybercrime-preparedness and Cybercrime-defence

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Specific Objectives



4.   Risk management (Risk based approach objec$ves)

How the risk management process works, and then seing objecBves and prioriBes This secBon describes how risk management is performed and provides a top-‐level analysis. It states specific and tangible targets and assigns relaBve prioriBes.

•  How risk management is currently performed, for example for naBonal security.

•  Sources of threat informaBon and of major vulnerabiliBes.

•  How granular to make the outcomes and objecBves.

•  How frequently to repeat the risk assessment process.

Source: MicrosoY’s guidance, listed in appendix 3: •  A clear structure for assessing and managing risk •  Understand naBonal threats and major vulnerabiliBes •  Document and review risk acceptance and excepBons •  Set clear security prioriBes consistent with the principles •  Make naBonal cyber risk assessment an on-‐going process

Specific Objectives


Stakeholders

CIP Coordinator (ExecuBve Sponsor)

Law Enforcement

Sector Specific Agency

Computer Emergency

Response Team (CERT)

Public Private

Partnership InternaBonal OrganisaBons

Infrastructure owners and operators

IT vendors and

soluBon providers

Shared Private Government



4.   Stakeholders This secBon idenBfies key parBcipants in the development and delivery of the strategy. Roles and responsibiliBes should be clearly defined using RACI terminology (see appendix 5).

•  IdenBfy all relevant key stakeholders taking into consideraBon, country objecBves and focus areas

•  IdenBfy key internaBonal stakeholders and partners that could contribute effecBvely

•  Draw stakeholders from governmental and non-‐governmental organizaBons, civil socieBes, academia, public and private sectors of the economy. Should include but not limited to soSware and equipment vendors, owners and operators of CII, law enforcement insBtuBons etc.

In construcBng the list of stakeholders, the following consBtuencies should be considered: •  ministers and other poliBcians; •  government departments concerned with ICT, telecommunicaBons and

informaBon security; •  private sector organisaBons that provide ICT services; •  government departments whose responsibiliBes rely upon or who engage with

Cyberspace, including: most economic acBvity, trade, tourism, law enforcement; •  providers of the criBcal naBonal infrastructure whose vital communicaBons are

increasingly carried across the internet; •  companies across the economy that rely upon Cyberspace, oSen represented by

trade associaBons; •  representaBves of civil society, oSen in the form of groups that reflect broad

public opinion and can advise on the best way to achieve outcomes involving the public;

•  civil society organisaBons that represent parBcular parts of society or interest groups and can explain, for example, the needs of the young, of women, of rural communiBes and of the vulnerable;

•  experts who understand how Cyberspace works, from a technical perspecBve, to ensure that government strategies are pracBcal;

•  Academia who can advise on R&D, internaBonal best pracBce, emerging issues; •  InternaBonal bodies such as the Commonwealth TelecommunicaBons

OrganisaBon •  Other countries, parBcularly regional countries.

Specific Objectives


•  Governance and management structure •  Legal and regulatory framework •  Capacity Development •  Awareness and outreach programmes •  Incident response

–  Incentivize commercial competitors to cooperate –  Create national CERTs (include sector based CERTs)

•  Stakeholder collaboration •  Research and Development •  Monitoring and evaluation

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Strategy Implementation


Strategy Implementation


What Next? Upcoming CIIP Workshops

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Yaounde, Cameroon Jan-Feb 2015

Nairobi, Kenya Nov 2014

Colombo, Sri Lanka/Dhaka, Bangladesh Aug-Sep 2014

Port Vila, Vanuatu Sep-Oct 2014

Successfully completed

Scheduled to take place

To be confirmed

CTO CIIP Workshops


Further Information Contact:

Dr Martin Koyabe Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0) 208 600 3815 (Off) +44 (0) 791 871 2490 (Mob)

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Q & A Session

Documents

Cto ciip-gaborone workshop-presentation-final-18-mar-2015.compressed