CSSSS 10.9: International Developments in the Post-WW II World

With a primary focus on the Cold War (1947 to 1990)

10.9 Students analyze the international developments in the post-World War II world.

10.9.1 Compare the economic and military power shifts caused by the war, including the Yalta Pact, the development of nuclear weapons, Soviet control over Eastern European nations, and the economic recoveries of Germany and Japan.

10.9.2 Analyze the causes of the Cold War, with the free world on one side and Soviet client states on the other, including competition for influence in such places as Egypt, the Congo, Vietnam, and Chile.

10.9.3 Understand the importance of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, which established the pattern for America's postwar policy of supplying economic and military aid to prevent the spread of Communism and the resulting economic and political competition in arenas such as Southeast Asia (i.e., the Korean War, Vietnam War), Cuba, and Africa.

10.9.4 Analyze the Chinese Civil War, the rise of Mao Tse-tung, and the subsequent political and economic upheavals in China (e.g., the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and the Tiananmen Square uprising).

10.9.5 Describe the uprisings in Poland (1952), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968) and those countries' resurgence in the 1970s and 1980s as people in Soviet satellites sought freedom from Soviet control.

10.9.6 Understand how the forces of nationalism developed in the Middle East, how the Holocaust affected world opinion regarding the need for a Jewish state, and the significance and effects of the location and establishment of Israel on world affairs.

10.9.7 Analyze the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union, including the weakness of the command economy, burdens of military commitments, and growing resistance to Soviet rule by dissidents in satellite states and the non-Russian Soviet republics.

10.9.8 Discuss the establishment and work of the United Nations and the purposes and functions of the Warsaw Pact, SEATO, NATO, and the Organization of American States.

The Cold War Unfolds

p. 502

Cold War?

• 1946: Winston Churchill no longer had to worry about Hitler. • Britain no longer needed him and he was replaced as Prime

Minister.• EC: Still, he saw the threat of _____ and the Soviet Union to the

“free world”. • Josef Stalin

– Britain could not do it alone. • Churchill travelled to the United States and made a speech (excerpt

on p. 502). What did he speak about?(2)– He called the Soviet fences and armies guarding East Europe from

West Europe, the “Iron Curtain”. – He warned that soon communist armies would not just control Eastern

Europe, but would be used to take control of Europe and the world.

How the Cold War was fought: (7)

• Propaganda• Arguments and opposition in world organizations

– like the UN.• Arms Race (conventional and NBC)

– (nuclear, biological, chemical)• Space Race (scientific and military)• Arming allied countries

– to fight against allies of the other side• Sending military advisors/troops to fight countries/military forces

sponsored by the other side.• Using spies

– to get rid of unwanted leaders• help sympathetic locals revolt• assassinations

– Collect information on each other’s plans/technology

Containment:

• The US was committed by President Harry Truman to prevent Communism and Soviet influence from spreading in the world.

Superpowers:• Cold War term for the two nations that had

more military power than all the others combined…..

• The Soviet Union and the United States.

Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs):

• Missiles designed to destroy other missiles in outer space– A country could have an “umbrella” of

ABMs over it.

• the counter to this was to make more missiles, – then they’d make more ABMs.– And so on…..

The Cold War in the United States:

• Pretty much the same as today (though less privacy)…..

• People had two very important rights….– choices – freedom to express their opinions (with reason)

• These rights drove the Free-market economy – made many products and services available…

• Property is privately owned (if you can afford it)• People prepared for nuclear attack

Nikita Khruschev:

• New Soviet leader after Stalin died in 1953. – Publicly denounced Stalin’s abuse of

power

USSR Under Nikita Khruschev: (3)

• Kept the centralized power of the Communist Party over the USSR

• He relaxed controls on thinking (less censorship)

• Believed “peaceful coexistence” with West was better for Soviet progress – (Soviets and Americans could allow each

other to exist peacefully • Even though their ideologies are so different; • Soviet Union could focus on consumer goods, not

military goods.

Life in the Soviet Union after World War II

• Until he died in the early 1950s, Stalin returned to his government of terror.

• Soviet propaganda continued to bombard people with …..

• Ideology:– The value and belief system of a person, people, or

nation. – The Soviet government worked to spread its ideology

around the world.– Soviets were constantly under supervision of the

secret police (KGB)– Soviet Life in the 50s

Command economyworksheet

• The Soviet government still decided what would be made and how much

• Many consumer goods had no variety and there were always shortages.

• The Soviet government still owned all property (except personal items).

Answers

Question 1

• A: there is no choice. The government guy does not let the athletes pick.

• B:• WB: has everything • SB: has just meat

Question 2• A: There is no choice. The

“fashion” never changes.

• B:

• The Russian-sounding music.

• Image of Lenin

• Banners in Russian

• Russian women built like trucks.

• Many soldiers in WWII uniforms.

• People in drab working clothes.

• Unhappy people.

EC: Looking for Communists within….

• Americans asked important questions…..(4)• How did the Soviets get “the bomb”?

– Communists within our secret laboratories.• How are they learning what our government is

planning? – Communists within our government offices.

• Are communists teaching our children? – Teachers? Professors? Textbook writers?

• Are communists infiltrating our minds? Hollywood?– Writers? Directors? Actors?

Military Events of the Cold War

• China falls to Communists• Korean War (North remains Communist, South, “free”)• Cuba falls to Communists• Cuban Missile Crisis• Vietnam falls to Communists• Angola falls to Communists• Afghanistan falls to Capitalists• Nicaragua falls to Communists• El Salvador Civil War

Berlin:

• East Germans saw, across the border, how well their West German counterparts were living. – They began escaping.

• In 1961, The Soviets ordered the East Germans to build the ____

The Berlin Wall

Other famous walls today

• 2001, Israel has been building a similar wall against the Palestinian Authority (Gaza and the West Bank)

• 2006, Bush Administration and Republican Congress passed legislation to build a wall along the Mexico-US border to keep terrorists out.

Cuba:

• In the mid-1950s, the US President, _____, did not like Cuba’s dictator, _____ but supported him.(2)– Dwight Eisenhower – Fulgencio Batista,

• US did nothing to stop Batista’s abuses. – US sugar, tobacco, fruit, and gambling businesses

had a good trade relations in Cuba under Batista.

• Many Cubans wanted democracy restored.

Fidel Castro:

• Law student

• Rebelled against Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and took control of Cuba by 1959.

• US President Eisenhower would not help him, so he turned to the Soviet Union.

– USSR gave Castro agents and weapons.

Marxist Cuba

• _____ made Cuba a Communist state.– He nationalized the holdings of American

companies.– Fidel Castro

• US President, _____’s government began secret plans to invade Cuba.

• Eisenhower

Tension

• The US retaliated against Communist Cuba (2)– embargoing Cuban goods

– getting its allies to boycott Cuba.

• Castro was in danger, however. – He feared a regular US invasion.

Invasion

• The US ___ secretly equipped Cuban exiles.– Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

• the invasion was supposed to look like Cubans were trying to take back their country, – not like the US was invading Cuba.

John F. Kennedy:

• US President,

• continued Eisenhower’s secret plan to invade Cuba, in 1961.

Failure

• Castro was warned of the invasion and his army was waiting for it at the ____ – Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs).

• The invasion was stopped cold and many “free Cubans” captured.– All the captured equipment was American-

made.

• It embarrassed Kennedy and the US.

Soviet Help

• In 1962, Soviet leader, Nikita Khruschev, sent Castro _____ for protection.

• medium-range nuclear missiles (MRBM)• US military and spy planes photographed

the new bases.

Monroe Doctrine and WW III

• Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba, stopping Soviet ships citing the _____, 1823, and the ____ , 1904, both US policies.– Monroe Doctrine– Roosevelt Corollary

• Large American forces were sent to Florida to invade.

• Nuclear bombers and missiles were ready to launch.

• A few days passed…..

Bluff or War?

• The US considered the missiles a threat on the most populated half of the country.

• Khruschev ignored Kennedy’s warning to pull the missiles out.– Soviet ships brought more…..

USSR blinks

• Suddenly, Khruschev ordered the ships back and the rockets removed

• The Cuban Missile Crisis was over. – Most of the world only saw the USSR back down,

• EC: Kennedy quietly pulled similar missiles out of _____• Turkey.

– Khruschev was criticized by the Communist Party in the USSR

– EC: ______ also criticized him for compromising communism and soon broke their relationship off with the Soviet Union.

– Communist China

Leonid Brezhnev:

• Repressive Soviet Leader after Khruschev is fired, until the early 80s.

Leonid Brezhnev:

• Changing Khruschev’s lenient policies, Brezhnev brought back (2)– censorship

– arrests of dissidents (people criticizing the government):

Revolts against Soviet Control:

• _____ rebelled in 1953,• East Berlin

– crushed by Soviet armored troops. • ____ and ____demanded economic and political reforms in the mid

1950s,• Poles and Hungarians

– the Soviets crushed them with tanks. – The Hungarian leader,_____, was captured and executed.– Imre Nagy

• In 1968, ____ wanted liberal reforms, • Czechoslovakians

– People called the reforms the “______”, – Prague Spring– Soviet tanks invaded

• reformers arrested.

Détente:

• Second relaxation of tension between the US and the USSR.– Around 1970, US President Richard

Nixon began secretly improving relations with both the USSR and the People’s Republic of China (PRC);

Problems between the USSR and China

• The USSR and PRC had become enemies, – both claiming to be the centers of the Communist

World.– Both powers wanted technology and trade with the

United States.

• US President, ____, played both against each other and won

• Richard Nixon– SALT agreements with the USSR– the opening of China.

Brezhnev, Nixon, doing détente stuff, early 70s…..

SALT I and II

• Starting in the 1970s, the ______ Talks created treaties to limit ICBMs and SLBMs

• Strategic Arms Limitations

Ronald Reagan: grey• US President who got Congress to approve the

development of an anti-missile system to make a “shield” over the United States. – missiles, – satellites, – lasers

• The press called it “Star Wars”.

• Critics felt it would just make the Soviets build more missiles or start a war before the technology was put in place.

• It led to Soviet requests to discuss arms reduction.

In the late 1980s

• Soviet leadership changes radically…..– EC: Soviet Secretary _____ did not want to keep

using resources for weapons while the Soviet people lacked a better standard of living.

• Mikhail Gorbachev

– He negotiated the ______ Treaty (START) with US President _____ (2)

– Strategic Arms Reduction– Reagan

• He signed it with US President EC: ____ in 1991.• George H. W. Bush

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Standards Check, p. 503

• Question

• Europe was divided Communist vs. Capitalist

• The Berlin Wall was built in the 1960s

• Uprisings occurred in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

Image, p. 503

• Question:

• To remind people living there and enemies, like the US, that it was powerful.

Chart Skills, p. 504

• Question:

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty– Banned atmospheric tests

• SALT II– Limited numbers of nukes

• START– Reduced numbers of nukes

Standards Check, p. 504

• Question:

• Neither side wanted to start a nuclear war.

• Both sides negotiated and signed treaties to control nuclear weapons.

EC: The “Nuclear Club” (countries having nuclear weapons):

• The OGs: (5)– The United States– The Soviet Union– Great Britain

– France • declares its nuclear

force is independent of US influence/only to defend France

– The People’s Republic of China

• After 1974: (3)– India– Pakistan– North Korea

• Suspected: (3)– Israel– South Africa– Iran

Map Skills, p. 505

• 2

• In countries near the Soviet Union or its allies

• 3

• Because of the US policy of containment of Soviet power

Thinking Critically, p. 507

• 1

• Because of its close proximity to US soil

• 2

• He did not want to start a nuclear war

Standards Check, p. 507

Militarily

• By supporting opposing sides in local wars/conflicts

Politically

• By assembling opposing alliances

Contrasting Systems, 508

• In communist countries…..

• government-controlled economies limited consumer choices.

• In capitalist countries…..

• consumers have more choices because they make economic decisions

Standards Check, p. 509

• Question:

• The Soviet government arrested and imprisoned critics of its policies.

Noted Soviet dissidents included:

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn—• ____ • criticized Stalin;

– imprisoned in gulag by Stalin;

– Khruschev released him; – wrote about his gulag

experiences; – Brezhnev banned his

writings and had him exiled from USSR.

» He moved to US and criticized capitalist selfishness.

Andrey Sakharov: • _____• Highly respected Soviet

nuclear scientist • spoke against

government controls of personal freedoms.

• He was imprisoned by Brezhnev.

Image, p. 509

• Question:

• Fears of communist attacks were wide spread and part of everyday life.

Standards Check, p. 510

• Question:

• The US sought to – remove communist influences at home – contain Soviet power overseas.

Brief Response

• What were the military and political consequences developing from the Cold War?