EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM NATIONALISMArab traders honestyKiring Noor, the first Indian national to embrace IslamSarqafi, Governor of Oman under Hazrat Umer (634 644), invaded sea ports near Bombay without his permission

SINDH DAR UL ISLAM

Gifts and women from Ceylon Pirates attackAl Malik bin Abdul Malik as a Ummayyad CaliphHijaj Bin YousafMuhammad Bin Qasim Syrian soldiers Entered from MakranRaja Dahir killed near Mehran (Indus) in June 712Rani Bai, Rajas wife, challenged MBQ with 15,000 soldiers and defeated. She burnt herself

MBQ REFORMS

12 Dirham taxNo social caste systemEstablished Sadru Imam Al ajal for Islamic laws interpretation Suleman bin Abdul Malik called MBQ back and perished him in 715

SPREAD OF ISALM IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIAMBQ 712Mehmud Gahznavi 2nd expediter 17 attacks between 1000 to 1026oGhaznavid period ended in 1185 with death of Khusru Malik Ghuri period (1185 1192) expanded to Bengal and BiharDehli Sultanate (1192 1526) Muslim sufisMughal era (1526 1857) Muslims sufis Muslim sufis oShaikh Ismail in Ghaznavi periodoAli Makhdom Hajveri came Lahore in 1035, Bahud Din Zakaria, Shaikh Fareed Dud Din, Khawaja Bukhtiar Kaki, Nazam Ud Din Olia, Mujadid Alaf Sani, Hazrat Shahi Wali Ullah , Muin ud Din Chishty

IMPACT OF ISLAMCultural InfluenceoCaste system oUrdu and Hindi came into being oIslamic way of construction Religious InfluenceoShankarachariya (Organizer of modern Hinduism) influenced by IslamoRamananda, Ghuru Nanik and Chaitanya were Hindu prominent leaders influenced by Islam

HINDU REACTION

I.Bagti Movement Started in 14th century Objective to check the popularity of IslamNo difference between Ram and Raheem, Parn and Quran, Kasshi and KahbaBagt Kabir, Ramananda, Guru Nanak and Dadu were prominent leaders

II.Din-E-Ilahi (1582)Akbar introduced in desire to win the collaboration of Rajput chiefs Marriages with Hindu girlsElevation of Hindu to imp positionsUnder Din e ElahioWorship of sun oJizya and pilgrimage tax abolishedoAkbar as shadow of god on earth oCow slaughter and Azan prohibitedoNo child named as MuhammadHazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani opposed Din e ElahiMuslims lost their hegemony

HAZRAT MUJADID ALAF SANI (June 1564 Dec 1626)

Sheikh Ahmad SirhindiFather name Sheikh Abdul Ahad Went to Delhi at age of 36Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah

Social Conditions during his timePopulace belief in KaramatUlema refer to Jurisprudence rather than QuranAkbars anti Islamic lookHindu cultural dominationBakhti MovementWahdat al Wajood theory

Mujadids efforts1.Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi 2.Theory of Wahdat-ul-Sahooda.Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood3.Refusal to prostate society purificationa.Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years4.Preaching in fort of Gawaliar 5.Preparation of Disciples 6.Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbania.Letters to important nobles and leadersb.Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan 7.Booksa.Isbat ul Nabuwwat b.Risla e Nabuwwat i.Need & importance of Prophethoodc.Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai d.Toheed e Shaheedii.Islamic philosophy8.Two nation theory a.First stone of two nation theory first founder of Pakistan9.Influence over Jehangir Khutba; Cow Slaughter;

Shaikh imprisonedAsaf Jah, Jehangeers PM Shaikh summoned No prostration jailedAfter 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupeesHe stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts IH Qureshi :When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the rejection of monism that Sheikhs claim for being the Mujadad of his age.

Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M IkramHAZRAT :Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which will illuminate the world.

Q NO 1:SHAH WALI ULLAH MOHADITH DELVI (1703 DELHI - 1762)Father of Modern Muslim IndiaReal name Qutabuddin Born at Delhi son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) scholar of Fiqa and Islamic jurisprudence Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat completed study in 15 year of ageWent to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 yearsAim Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly

ConditionsIncapable successor of AurangzebUn-Islamic trends, Muslim life honour property not secured, Shia-Suni conflicts, Marhats and Sikhs challengers

SHAHS EFFORTS1.Religious work a.Translation of Holy Quran in Persian 1738 b.Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and persian c.Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends d.Trained students in different Islamic knowledge e.Recommended application of Ijtehad f.Initiated Tatbiq liberal element g.Balance b/w four schools h.Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni Khilafat-al-Khulafa2.Political work a.Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire b.Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs won over Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula c.Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 17613.Social work a.Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent b.Concept of reorientation of Muslim society i.Basic social justice ii.Removing social inequalities iii. c.Concept of economy i.Production of wealth ii.Consumption of wealth iii.Distribution of wealth iv.Exchange of wealth4.Literary work a.Izalat-al-Akifa b.Khalifa-al-Khulafa c.Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf d.Master piece of literature 1738 e.Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah f.Quranic translation in Persian g.Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer h.Hujjat-ul-Balagha about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

Quoted by SM Ikram I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a rational manner.

Q NO 2:SYED AHMAD SHAHEED BARELVI (1786 1831)

Inheretor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz Birth at Rai Barally in 1786Father Shah Illam UllahInspired by Shah Abdul Aziz1810 joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar 1818 wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem

ConditionPunjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims NWFP by Sikhs

ObjectivePurification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles

Jehad MovementHQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826 Battles 1.OKARA 1826 2.HAZRO 18273.Yar Muhammad ConspiracyHe joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000Tried to poision Syed AhmadKilled by Mujahideen in 18294.BATTLE FOR PESHAWARRanjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad5.HAZARA II 1830Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrestedDeclaration of Khilafat (1830)1.Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from PeshBALAKOT BATTLE 18311.Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed

Causes of Failure 1.Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjits army training & modern war strategy2.Outdated weapons of Mujahideen 3.Financial sources of Ranjit Singh4.Misudnderstaning created by Ranjit Singh5.Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing who did spy, revolt & slaughtered Mujahideen6.No support for poors Zakat collection7.Islamic laws during war compulsory girls & widow marriage8.Severe punishment9.Pathans were against Wahabisim

Dr. Sachin Sen The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the subcontinent. __________________

Q NO 3:

FARAIZI MOVEMENT

Wide scale ignorance of Muslims resulted in Hindu emergence in 19th century. 1. Haji Shariat Ullah (1781 - 1840)Left for Arabia in 1799 influenced by MBA Wahab started Faraizi Movement stress on Faraiz - when back denied concept of Peer-Mureed opposed Zamindar levied taxes Harassed by them left Najabari Death in Faridpur

2. Dudu Mian(Mohsan Ud Din Ahmad) divided Bangal into circles and appointed Khalifa opposed tax of Durga and land Khas Mehal occupied on his direction established his own state harassed by Zamindars thorough false charges died in Sep 1824

3. TITU MIR (1782-1831)Nisar Ali (Titu Mir) born in Bengal Visited Makkah in 1819 and influenced by Syed Ahmed Barelvi. On arrival back, he started preaching He made a fort in Narkalberia, asked followers not to give beard tax (Kishan Rai) Kishan attacked but defeated 183 British army attacked Narkalberia and killed Titu Mir.

Organization:1.Security of Peassantory Lathibardar Political branch2.Social Justice Punchayat Religious branch

Doctrine: 4 steps 1.Tauba2.Fraiz3.Tuheed4.Dar-ul-Arab

Khalafat System:1.Ustaad2.Uprasta Advisor to Ustaad3.Superintendent Khalifa 10 G K4.Gaon Khalifa 500 families__________________

Q NO 4: ALIGARH MOVEMENT

The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of 1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British crown. After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This spawned a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.

Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India. He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 27 Mar 1898)Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather Ex Mughal PM)Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine

Joined govt in 1839 after fathers death in a clerical job 1841 promoted as Sub-Judge 1846 transferred to Delhi Chief judge in 1846 was offered an estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected 1877 member of imperial council 1886 University of Edinburgh LL.D degree 1888 Knighthood

Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement

Objective:1.Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus2.Cooperation with the British government

1.Schools Muradabad (1859)Ghazipur (1863)2.Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)(to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)1866 Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill & friendship)Muhammadan Educational ConferenceEstablished in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members3.Muhammadan Educational ConferenceEstablished in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali as members1869 went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge 4.Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)to impart modern knowledge to Muslims 5.Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24th May, 1874, MAO High school established 1877 got status of college western, eastern and Islamic education 1920 status of University

Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement1.Muslims should avoid active politics 2.wrote "Loyal Muhammadans of India "2.Sir Syed wrote Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind "

Causes of WOI 18571.Non representation of Indian in legislative councils 2.Conversion of Indian into Christianity 3.Mismanagement of Indian army 4.Ill advised measure of govtConsequence: Indian membership in Act 18613.1866 Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh to express grievances of Indians to govt.4.Indian Patriotic Association 1888 forum for those who did not join Congress5.Muhammadan Political Association 1903 Against Hindu Revivalist movements a.Arya Smaj Hindustan 1977b.B G Tilak Cow Slaughter c.Shudhi - d.Shangtahn -

Religious Services of Aligarh Movement 1.Wrote Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle in response to William Muires objectionable remarks in Life of Muhammad2.Philosophical commentary Tabaeen-al-Kalam on bible point out similarities 3.Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed having positive attitude towards religion

Social services of Aligarh Movement 1.Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend2."Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab " Muslims can eat with Christians 3.Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu protecting Urdu4.Established Orphanage houses

Pioneer of two nation theoryAdvocate of Hindu Muslim unityUrdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his viewsShakespeare dialogue

Features of Aligarh Western & Eastern EducationIslamic EducationResidential CollegeEuropean and Indian staffNon-Muslim students Loyalist Disposition

Aligarh Movement after Sir Syeds death1.1889 Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud (son) as joint sec. 2.After Sir Syeds death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak manager resigned 3.Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to govt handled the conflict b/t two groups Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) & Muhammad Ali Johar Died in 19074.Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse Nawab resigned in 1912 health5.Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919- college student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat.

Q NO 5:TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND (Apr 1866)Aligarh movement was cooperating with BritishChristians working to convert Muslims into ChristianityApr 1866 Madrasah established at Deoband 2nd to Al Azhar CairoFounder Haji M. Abid floated the idea Collection of fund Managing committee Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana M Yaqoob Maulana Shabir A Usmani taughtMaulana M Qasim first principal worked devotedly Madrasah came to known as Qasim al Uloom I DeobandMadrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullahs father) and British education systemProduced Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi, Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan

Political Services of DeobandJamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad Usmani Muslim leagueJamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind Madni group lead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti Kafayat Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad Congress

Educational Services of Deoband

A great religious Madrasah 2nd to Al AzharPrincipals Maulana M Qasim (1880) Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi Sheikh ul Hind M. Mehmood Ul Hassan.

Deoband and Aligarh

Policy towards British Political role of Muslims Emphasizing area of education

Rapprochement with Aligarh

Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the meeting Swap of education religious and westernJamiat-i-Milia (1920)__________________

Q NO 6:NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)

Aligarh acquisition of western educationDeoband religious educationNeed for balanced schoolCommittee was formed in 1892 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894 functioned in 1898Founder Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked out a liberal program

ObjectivePromoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims, Work to remove secretarial differences British govt opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political institute)

Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli NohmaniShibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq opposing Sir Syed while his father influenced by Sir SyedJoined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883 Impressed Sir Syed Asset to Aligarh some serious differences Man of arrogance and sensitive resigned in 1904Associated with Nadva used his expreince to bring reform gave training in writing (Syed Suleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)Established academyDar-ul-MusanifinDifferences arouse resigned__________________

Q NO 7ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM LAHORE (Sep 1884)Sikh raj in Punjab Muslims backwardness250 Muslims established for educational guidance influenced by AligarhFounder Khalifa Hameed-ud-Din first president Dr. M Nazir & Munshi Abdur RehimMuthi bar atta scheme for funding

Objectivepolitically Establishing educational institute Counter Christian missionariesOrphanage housesStable Muslim societyPreserve Muslim cultureOrganize Muslims

Educational Services Established several primary schools on Aligarh pattern 15 schools by 1894Madrasa tul Muslimin (Islamia High School Sheranwala Gate) in 1889Islamia College for women Lahore in 1938Islamia College Railway road, Islamia College civil lines, Islamia College cant, Hamayat I Islam Law College & Center for adult education Lahore

Political ServicesStudents of Islamia College Railqway road body guard of the Quaid role in 1940 resolution MSF led by Hamid NizamiSINDH MADRASAH, KARACHI (1886)Syed Hasan Afandi (President of Centeral Mohamadan Association of Karachi influenced by Sir Syed) established Hassan died in 1896 Wali Muhammad took over1n 1943 Board of the Madrasah decided to rename as Sindh Muslim College Quaid got education from this institute .

Q NO 8ISLAMIA COLLEGE, PESHAWAREdward College (1888) was a Christian missionary need for institute for Muslims Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Dar-Ul-Uloom-Islamia in 1902 Sahibzada Abdul Qayum established Funding committee in 1912 Dar-ul-Uloom raised to Islamia College PeshawarQaid got education from this institute Sahibzada called Sir Syed of NWFPIslamia College has major contribution in 1947 referendum

Q NO 9:THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: TWO-NATION THEORY

The ideology of Pakistan stems from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality by resisting all attempts by the Hindu society to absorb it. Muslims of South Asia believe that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but also two social orders that have given birth to two distinct cultures with no similarities. The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began the period of Muslim self-awakening; Allama Iqbal provided the philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. When they realized that their future in a 'Democratic India' dominated by Hindu majority was not safe; they put forward their demand for a separate state. As early as in the beginning of the 11th century, Al-Biruni observed that Hindus differed from the Muslims in all matters and habits. He further elaborated his argument by writing that the Hindus considered Muslims "Mlachha", or impure. And they forbid having any connection with them, be it intermarriage or any other bond of relationship. They even avoid sitting, eating and drinking with them, because they feel "polluted". The Ideology of Pakistan has its roots deep in history. The history of South Asia is largely a history of rivalry and conflict between the Hindus and Muslims of the region. Both communities have been living together in the same area since the early 8th century, since the advent of Islam in India. Yet, the two have failed to develop harmonious relations. In the beginning, one could find the Muslims and Hindus struggling for supremacy in the battlefield. Starting with the war between Muhammad bin Qasim and Raja Dahir in 712, armed conflicts between Hindus and Muslims run in thousands. Clashes between Mahmud of Ghazni and Jaypal, Muhammad Ghuri and Prithvi Raj, Babur and Rana Sanga and Aurangzeb and Shivaji are cases in point. When the Hindus of South Asia failed to establish Hindu Padshahi through force, they opted for back door conspiracies. Bhakti Movement, Akbars diversion.

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

WHAT IS AN IDEOLOGY?A political ideology is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred political order, either existing or proposed and offers a strategy (Institution, processes, program) for its attainment.An ideology offers an interpretation of the past, explanation of the present and a vision of the futureIdeology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.

HOW IDEOLOGY EMERGESWhen thinking of a nation or a social group is rejected.An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that they are being mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the prevailing ideology no longer satisfies them

STEPS OF IDEOLOGY EVOLUTIONoConsciousnessoAnalysis of current situationoCreating new thinkingoLegitimate De-legitimate oRole of Leadership

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGYIt is a motivating force It provides a common plate form.BASIS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTANBased on ideals of IslamHistorical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction.It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a Democratic India dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state.Hindu British were exploiting Muslims in India. So Muslims adopted this ideology to save their identity and culture from total elimination.

TWO NATION THOERYTwo-nation concept was based on Nationhood which was there long before Pak Ideology. Muslim Traders Attackers Rulers (Qutb Ud Din Abik, Ghaznavi) Sufis (Al Hajveri, Sheikh Ahmad Serhandi) Based on fact that Muslims were separate nation having their own culture, civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life.Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart.The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).The Muslims were put into the backwardness with the help of Hindus. This was one Due to British and Hindu exploitation they were forced to safe guard their national and relational identity.Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is pioneer of two nation theory. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadership who could protect the Muslims rights on the Western political lines.Two Nation Theory means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to their faith and creed established on the Islamic principals. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. (All India Muslim League)The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards

EVOLUTION OF PAKISTAN IDEOLOGYBritish expansion had more deepening impact on Muslims as The people who were important in history are no longer important KK AzizUrdu Hindi controversy under Congress leadership in 1867 in BanarsRevivalist movements against Muslims Bakhti, Deen e Elahi, Shuddi and Shanghtan movementHindu attitude Partition of Bangal and its repealPolitical experience of Muslims under congress ministries in 1937-39

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN1.Enforcement of sovereignty of Allah Almightya.Quaid said We do not demand Pakistan to acquire a piece of land, but we wanted a homeland where we could introduce Islamic principals2.Establishment of Islamic democracya.Quaid at Sibbi in 1948 It is my firm belief that our salvation lied in following the golden rules of conduct as given by our great law giver, the prophet of Islam. Let us lay the foundation our democratic system on Islamic ideals and practices3.Revival of Muslim image and Identity4.Protection of Muslim culture and civilizationa.Urdu Hindi controversyb.Shuddi and Sanghtan Movements 5.Two Nation Theory6.Establishment of a balanced economic systema.All highly courts and military positions were reserved for Hindus.b.Agriculture and Industry was dominated by Hindusc.Islamic system has the benefit for poor as well as rich Zakat, Ushar.

Q NO 10:PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND QUAID E AZAM1.He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a visionary leadership.2.Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal3.He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he was member of both the political parties. 4.Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920.

5.His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:oSeparate ElectorateoOne-third Seats in Central Legislatureoprotection of minority rights

6.In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929. 7.1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separate nation. Started mobilizing masses.8.1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehro on performance of ML in elctions. Quaid said Muslims are third party in India91939 Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a role as a nation.10.March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely Time and Tide. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations? 2. What should be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?11.He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and rights of minorities.

12.Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived its ethical foundation from Islam where the source of guidance and inspiration for constitution making and governance is going to be Islam

13It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and of course we got used to it for such a long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to remove. The Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nation by every definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation. 23rd March 1940.

14India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religion, philosophies. Social customs and literature. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from different sources of history 23rd March 1940

15.We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct outlook on life and of life By all canons of International law we are a separate nation. 1942

16.The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland 1942

17.We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam Feb 1942

18.Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideology as well which has to be preserved. June 1945

19.I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will not be made on the basis of Shariat. Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago. Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association__________________

Q NO 11:PAKISTAN IDEOLOGY AND ALLAMA IQBALMen like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuriesHis first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-Yatim.At initial stages Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas and his poetry contained verses like Tarana-i- Hind.He wet Europe for higher education in 1905-08. Lived in England and got Phd from Munich University. He stayed in Hindenburg where he wrote poem Daraye Nekar key kenare.Represented Muslims in second and third round table conferences in 1931 and 1932.Gave the famous Allah Abad Address which late on provided base for Lahore resolution. I am fully convinced that Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate homeland as they cannot live with Hindu in the United India.Religion and politics are not distinct from each otherAllaha Abad Address. India is a continent of Human beings belonging to different religions. To base a constitution on the conception of homogenous India is to prepare her for civil war. I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interest of the Muslims of India and Islam. The formation of consolidated North west Indian state appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of N.W. India.

I have been a staunch advocate of putting an end to the religious distinction from the country. But now I believe that the protection of separate national identity is in the best interest of Muslims and Hindus. Since the Muslims are a separate nation with their separate cultural values and religious trends, and they want to have a system of their own linking, they should be allowed to live under such system __________________

Q NO 12DECLINE OF MUGHAL RULEThe death of Alamgir in 1707 is generally regarded as the beginning of the gradual decline, and ultimately fall, of the once extensive, prosperous and powerful Mughal Empire. Although it took nearly 150 years before the House of Babur finally disappeared from the scene, the cracks that had appeared at Alamgir's death widened. His son Muazzam, who ruled from 1707 to 1712, succeeded Aurangzeb Alamgir. He took for himself the title of Bahadur Shah. He ruled for five years and momentarily revived the Mughal Empire. But the Marhatta's power increased and they became the unchallenged rulers of Deccan. In the province of Punjab, the Sikhs under Guru Govind Singh became a force to reckon with. One of the reasons that power centers kept springing up outside Delhi was the frequent change in the succession of Empires. Nearly 17 kings were crowned during the period spanning from 1707 to 1857. The weakened Mughal Empire invited havoc in the form of the Persian king Nadir Shah, in 1738-39. On his orders a general massacre of the citizens of Delhi was carried out, resulting in the death of 30,000 people. Another threat to the Mughal Empire came from the Afghans of Rohilkhand, lying northeast of Delhi. By the middle of 18th century, the Rohillas became independent of the Mughal rule. At the same time the Jats also raised their heads against the central rule. Taking advantage of this chaotic situation, the East India Company began strengthening its military capabilities. They conspired with Hindu traders and moneylenders against Nawab Sirajuddullah of Bengal to take over his principality. The Battle of Plassey of 1757 is considered a major breakthrough for the British in the Sub-continent. It paved the way for the company's rule in Bengal, and hence the whole of India ultimately came under the company's rule. In the 19th century, Muslims like Syed Ahmad Brailvi and Shah Ismail carried out Jihad against the Sikhs, as did Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Deccan against the British. However, they failed in their efforts to stop the downfall of the Muslim rule. The final crunch came after the war of 1857 when the Mughal rule officially came to an end and India came under the direct rule of the British crown. The Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent in the time of Aurangzeb Alamgir, but it collapsed with dramatic suddenness within a few decades after his death. The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to a combination of factors; firstly Aurangzeb's religious policy is regarded as a cause for the decline of the Mughal Empire as it led to disunity among the people. Although the policy did lead to weakening of the empire but the major cause of decline was the lack of worthy and competent successors after him. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated over a period of time. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak and lacked the character, motivation and commitment to rule the empire strongly. They had become ease loving and cowardly. They totally disregarded their state duties and were unable to detain the declining empire from its fall. The absence of any definite law of accession was another important factor. The war of successions not only led to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of money and prestige of the empire over a period of time, but to its eventual fall. The degeneration of the rulers had also led to the moral degeneration of the nobility. Under the early Mughals, the nobles performed useful functions and distinguished themselves both in war and peace. But the elite under the later Mughals was more interested in worldly pursuit and self-enhancement. The nobles who had once been talented men with integrity, honesty, and loyalty, turned selfish and deceitful. Growth of hostile and rival clique in the court also undermined the strength of the government. Widespread corruption in the administration started and taking bribes became common. One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the deterioration and demoralization of the army. The military had not only become inefficient but also lacked in training, discipline and cohesion. The army was out-dated in regard to equipment. It consisted of contingents maintained by various nobles, which was the main source of Army's weakness. As the weakening of the nobles occurred, so did the army. This was because of the soldiers, instead of identifying and uniting as Mughal Indians, identified themselves with different ethnic groups like Persian, Afghans and Central Asians. The Mughals had no navy and only maintained small ships that were no match for the well-equipped ships of the foreign traders. It was this weakness that the French and the British used to their advantage, and were eventually able to establish their control over India.Another factor contributing to the decline was the financial position of the Mughals, which had become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions and luxurious style of living had depleted the once enormous treasury and had led to financial bankruptcy. During the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire had expanded to reach its maximum size. This vast area had become impossible for one ruler to control and govern from one center. It was during the later Mughals that Deccan, Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa declared their independence. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, resulted in further weakening of the empire. The already weakened empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French, which proved to be the last nail in the already drowning empire's coffin. The British and French, who had initially come as traders, took full advantage of the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.

CAUSES OF THE FALL OF MUGHAL EMPIRE1.Weak Successors of Aurangzeba.All merry making and unable, except Bahadar Shahb.Left work to their Wazirs2.Vastness of the Empirea.Aurangzeb empire practically impossibleb.Afghanistan to Asaam, Kashmir to Maysor c.Lack of effective means of communication3.Absence of a Definite Law of Successiona.Akbar was only unopposed among 20 rulersb."The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his fortune against his brothers." Erskine 4.Deterioration of Morality of Mughal Emperorsa.Fond of wine and women 5.Degeneration of Nobilitya.Degeneration into sects and costs Iranian, Toranian and Indian 6.Deterioration of Armya.Abundance of wealth and comfortb.Loss of confidence c.Demoralization 7.Corrupt Administrationa.Ministers, nobels and officers accepted bribes 8.Stoppage of Adventures from Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistana.This provided a change for Army to be lazy 9.Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdalia.Nadir Shah 1739 (looted for 57 days) b.Ahmad Shah Abdali 1754 67 (5 times) 10.Aurangzeb's Policy in Deccana.Golkonda and Bijapur served as a check to Maraths before conquest11.Absence of Naval Powera.British and Portuguese had strong naval power12.Intellectual Bankruptcy a.17th & 18th century European saw industrial revolution b.Mughals did not pay attention 13.Plight of the Common People and Peasantsa.Bad economic conditions led to discontentment 14.Rise of Marathasa.Emergence of Maraths in 17th centuryb.18th century they extended their influence to Delhi 15.Rise of Sikhsa.During the reign of Jahandar Shah (1712 13) and Farrukhsiyar (1713 19) 16.Rise of Hindus of Rajputanaa.Rajput of Mewar and Marwar distressed by Aurangzeb 17.Outdated war equipment and tactics a.Failed to keep pace with modern developments b.Lack of modern weapons led the failure of battle of Plassy and Buxer 18. Advent of English East India Companya.Got trade access in Aurangzebs reign i.Portuguese - suppressed by Aurangzeb ii.British

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Q NO 13WAR OF INDEPENDENCEBy 1845, the British Empire had expanded from Bengal to Sindh, and all that remained free was Punjab. The Sikhs were ruling over Punjab and after the Second Sikh War in 1848, the British gained control over the Indus. The Koh-i-Noor diamond that Ranjit Singh had worn in his headdress now became a part of the crown jewels at Westminster. The War of Independence broke out in January and March 1857. The British army had recruited local Indians in their forces. These soldiers were issued cartridges greased with fat from tabooed animals. The soldiers refused to use these cartridges. In 1857, starting with an uprising in Meerut, soldiers in the British Army in Bengal launched a full-scale mutiny against the British. This mutiny spread swiftly across the Sub-continent. Initially, the Indian soldiers were able to push back the British forces. The British army was driven out of Delhi and the Indian soldiers took control of the city. Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal King, was compelled to lead the freedom fighters. In Bahadur Shah Zafar, the rebels found a symbol of freedom, but a mere symbol was all he was. Wanting to spend his days writing poetry, the man was in no way even a remnant of the glory of his forefathers. He proclaimed himself the Emperor of the whole of India. The civilians, citizens and other dignitaries took oath of allegiance to the Emperor. The Emperor issued his own coin and appointed his sons to key posts. The initial success of the freedom fighters gave a boost to the War of Independence. The Indian army captured the important towns of Haryana, Bihar and Mahdya Pardesh. However, the British forces at Meerut and Ambala put up a resolute resistance to the royal army and held them back for several months. The British proved to be a formidable foe with their superior weapons and better strategy. The freedom fighters badly lacked in adequate resources and their planning proved to be extremely brittle. The royal forces were finally defeated. The British army entered Delhi and the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar went into hiding. The British quickly regained control of Delhi. They ransacked and destroyed the city. They took revenge in the most gruesome manner by killing innocent people indiscriminately. A wide scale massacre of the inhabitants of Delhi was carried out to avenge the killings of the British soldiers. The Mughal emperor was captured from his sanctuary, the tomb of Emperor Humayun. The emperor's sons were slaughtered in cold blood. Their bodies were beheaded and their heads were presented to the aging emperor in prison. Bahadur Shah was imprisoned in Rangoon, Myanmar, where he breathed his last. After the War of Independence in 1857, the British government assumed sovereignty over the lands of the British East India Company. The British control over the Sub-continent grew in the next 50 years and culminated in the British Raj. Queen Victoria's Indian realm continued to expand, until Hunza, the remote kingdom bordering China, fell into British hands in 1891, bringing the expansion to its zenith. The British delineated the frontier separating British India from Afghanistan in 1893. The resulting Durand Line cut straight through the tribal area of the Pathans. The British left the tribal areas to govern themselves under the supervision of British political agents. The British thus became masters of India, where for nearly 800 years Muslims had ruled. However, their attitude towards the Muslims was that of antipathy. According to Hunter, a prominent historian, "The Muslims of India are, and have been for many years, a source of chronic danger to the British power in India". The British attributed the war of 1857 to the Muslims alone. As a result, property belonging to Muslims was confiscated and they were denied employment opportunities everywhere in the army, revenue department, and judiciary. The British administrators deliberately followed a discriminatory policy against the Muslims, even in filling minor jobs. Advertisements inviting applications for government jobs specifically mentioned that Muslims would not be appointed. Hunter admits that the exclusion of the Muslims was so complete that in the government offices of Calcutta they could not accept a post higher than that of a porter, messenger, filler of inkpots and mender of pens. By a series of revenue and financial measures, the British smashed the political and social position of the Muslims. In the province of Bombay, the government appointed "Inam Commission" to inquire into the land grants of the Muslim times. The Commission took away 20,000 estates from the Muslims and thus ruined many families and institutions of the community. The Company's commercial policy eliminated the Muslims from internal and foreign trade. When the Europeans came to the Sub-continent, the Muslim merchants lost much of their commerce with foreign countries. But they maintained their hold on internal trade and their commercial activities extended to the Persian Gulf and the coastal territories of the Arabian Sea. During the Company's rule, the Muslim traders were pushed out of this area as well by the competition of the Company's traders who enjoyed many special concessions. The newly introduced English system of education had many drawbacks for the Muslims, mainly because it made no provisions for religious education. As a result, they stayed away from it. Thus, within a few years of loss of political power, the Muslims lost all avenues of employment, were dispossessed of their estates and deprived of the benefits of education. A highly cultured community turned into a backward and poor people. In their place British-educated Hindus began to occupy positions in governments offices formerly held by the Muslims.

Q NO 14:Goal of MLTo protect religious and cultural identity of the Muslims of IndiaThe founding session chaired by Nawab Waqar ul Malik Seconded by Maulana Zaffar Ali Khan and Hakeem Ajmal Khan Change in Strategy 1913Causes1.Annulment of Bengal partition2.Balkan war (Italy-Turkey)3.Libya Italy war4.Demolition of a Mosque at Khanpur5.Realization by both parties to achieve their same goal6.Role of Quaid

Updated Strategy1.Self-government under the crown 2.Good relations and cooperation with any organization working for same

Q NO 15:KHILAFAT MOVEMENTBackground: The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements. Introduction:Religio-political movementExtra territorial attachments based on IslamFirst movement which involved common manShowed Islam is mobilization forceGoals:1.Ottuman empire should be kept intact2.Territorial solidarity 3.Control of holy places

Muslim Media:1.Zamindar by Zafar Ali Khan2.Comrade & Hamdard Maulana M Ali Johar3.Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Urging Force1.Concept of Muslim Ummah2.Emotional attachments with institution of Khilafat

Why Cooperation?1.To be one force against British2.Rowlett Act 19193.Jawalianwala Garden Tragedy Apr 1919

Triggering factors1.Rowlett Act April 1919a.Report by Sydney Rowlatt to counter terroristsb.Featuresi.Accused have to prove himself not guilty ii.No legal assistance to accusediii.No right to appeal iv.Prosecution can produce witness of a dead personc.Quaid resigned from Central Legislative Assembly

2.Jallianwala Bagh Tragedya.Gandhi entrance in Punjab bannedb.Protest on April 13, 1919 in Amritsarc.Gen. Dyre ordered fire killed 379, injured 1200 in 10 minutesd.Britian imposed Martial Law in Amritsar, Lahore, Gujrat e.Hunter committee recommended forcibly retirement of Gen. Dyr

Events: 1.Khilafat Day Oct 27, 19192.Khilafat Committee formed by Hakim Ajmal Khan & Dr. M A Ansari July 1919a.I. Khilafat Conference Delhi Gandi & Nehru participated Nov 1919i.No participation in victory celebrationsii.Boycott of British goodsiii.Non cooperationALLAMA IQBALS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS AT ALLAHABAD.Important points: 1.Decline of Muslim Ummah in general and Muslims of India in particular 2.Islam is a complete code of life. And Muslims are a nation. 3.There is no harmony between Muslims and Hindus in India. 4.A separate homeland for the Muslims of India comprising of Punjab, sindh, Balochistan and NWFP. a.He Said I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Provinces, Sindh and Balochistan into a single State. Self-Government within the British Empireor without the British Empire. The formation of the consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of the North-West India. b.Two Nation Theory 5.Suggestions for the constitution. (He was against the central legislative assembly and wanted assembly of representative of federal States). 6.Muslim Representation in the British Indian Assembly shall be 1/3rd.

Hindu Reaction: An editorial in daily Partab, Lahore wrote about Allama Muhammad Iqbal that he is a dangerous Muslim of North Western India. In Daily Inqalab, Lahore a Hindu Columnist wrote Iqbal Wanted to snatch the country of Hindus from them and to give it to the Muslims. Muslims supported his ideas. News papers like Daily Hindu and Daily hamdam supported him and propagated his message and ideas through the Subcontinent.

Iqbal earned the title of Dreamer of Pakistan for Himself.

Q NO 16:ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES [1930-33]Introduction: Lord Irwin invited the leaders of political parties of India. Objective: To formulate future constitution of India in the light of suggestions given by the Indian Leaders. Civil Disobedience Movement (April 1930): It was launched by Gandhi because at that point he demanded implementation of Nehru report in Toto. The civil disobedience movement was declared illegal and Gandhi was arrested.

First Round Table Conference:(12 November 1930 to 19th January 1931)Muslim Leaders: following Muslim leaders participated. Quaid-e-Azam. Sir Agha Khan Muhammad Ali Jauhur. Maulvi Fazl Haq. Sir Muhammad Shafi Important decision made in conference:

1.Approval of federal system for India (Executive will be responsible to legislature). 2.Fully representative government, responsible to provincial and federal legislature will be made. (Note: In Nehru report Hindu Wanted Strong Central Govt. while Muslims demanded for loose federation in Jinnahs 14 Points). 3.The princely states will also be supported. 4.Saprus proposal of dominion status and abolition of diarchy in the provinces. Deadlock: Deadlock occurred on the distribution of subjects in the federal system

Gandhi Irwin Pact: From 17-19 February 1931 talks were held between Gandhi and Irwin. An agreement was signed on 5th March 1931 between Gandhi and Irwin. Why these Talks were held and Agreement was signed? Because of the failure of civil disobedience movement. Governments desire for congress participation in round table as congress was absent in first round table conference. Salient features of Gandhi Irwin Pact: 1.The congress will call of civil disobedience. 2.The congress will attend second round table conference. 3.The government will withdraw all cases against congress and release prisoners. The pact shows that the British government was anxious to bring the congress to round table conference. It was triumph of the congress and Indian Nationalism.

Second Round Table Conference ( 7 September 1931to 1st December 1931)Gandhi was the sole representative of All India National Congress Allama Iqbal participated in 2nd round table conference because of the death of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhur. Allama Iqbal in his speech said in 2nd round table conference. Two committees were formed i.e. 1.Conference on federal structure. 2.Conference on Minorities. Gandhis showed stubborn attitude to secure India as one nation. Gandhi claimed that he represented all India and dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representatives. Hindu Muslim relations embittered. Communal problems Remained Unsolved Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in second Round table conference and decided to remain aloof from the Indian politics and to practice as a professional lawyer in England.

Communal Awards, August16, 1932. Because of the deadlock over communal issues British government announced communal awards. Communal representation of Muslims: oJinnahs demand for 1/3rd of the British seats in central legislature was accepted. oSindh was awarded the status of separate province. oPrinciple of Wieghtage was applied (Muslim lost majority in Punjab, Sikh got advantage in Punjab, Europeans got advantage in Bengal because of principle of Wieghtage).

Communal Scheme for Non Muslim: oAward declared untouchables as a minority and thus the Hindus depressed classes were given a number of special seats. And as result oSeparate electorates for scheduled class Hindus were approved. Hindu Reaction: Gandhi took fast until death on account of accepting scheduled class Hindus as separate nation and giving them right of separate electorate. Dr. Ambedkar, leader of untouchable made an agreement to withdraw from the right of separate electorate under Poona Pact. Gandhi ended his fast.

Third Round Table Conference/ Joint Select committee (17th November to 25th December 1932)

Quaid-e-Azam did not participate. Sir Agha khan participated. In third round table conference reports of various communities were scrutinized. It was decided to setup a federal legislature in India consisting of elected representatives of the British India and of the representatives of the state to be nominated by respective ruler.

The report of three round table conferences was published in a white paper in 1933 and later on it was discussed in the British parliament. As a resulted a bill was drafted which was approved and became Indian Act of 1935.

CONGRESS RULE IN THE PROVINCES

Elections 1937 Muslim League manifesto (i) 1935 Act is unworkable; (ii) ML would get maximum benefit out of it. The manifesto was same but two things; Urdu Language and separate electorates. The manifestos show that there was not unbridgeable gape. Yet, there was no such a will.The League manifesto was clearly an offer for cooperation. Had the congress accepted the offer, the whole constitutional scene would have been different. IH Qureshi

Provincial elections: Congress 706 out of 1771 seats (26/58 Muslim seats, so only 5% of Muslims)Muslim League 102 out of 482 Muslim seats (26% Muslim votes)

CONGRESS RULE Congress refused to formed ministries till July 1937 on the basis of GGs discretionary powers in Muslims favor. The period of less than two and a half years, from July 1939 to October 1939, when congress ministries ruled eight of the eleven Indian provinces was extremely crucial in the history of Hindu Muslim relations.

A.Refusal to Form Coalition GovernmentThe Election results had strengthened this hope, for congress had not bothered to contest more than a small number fraction of Muslim seats and not won even a majority of that. Therefore, everyone looked forward to the formation of congress league coalition in all Hindu Majority provinces. The refusal of the Congress to cooperate belied all such hopes.

In July 1937, Congress formed governments in 6 provinces. In NWFP, Khudai Khidmatgar and Congress formed a coalition government. In the Muslim majority provinces, the Muslim League could not form the governments. The Muslim League desired to be in government in the U.P. but the Congress consented to a conditional support:1.Dissolve AIML Parliamentary Board2.AIML members not to function as a separate group3.AIML members to express allegiance to the Congress.Definitely the above-mentioned terms were a device to subvert the existence of the Muslim League. Therefore, no agreement was possible on this issue.Nehru told Chaudhary Khaliq uz Zaman in May 1937, : The Hindu Muslim question is confined to a few Muslim intellectuals, landlords and capitalists who were cooking up a problem which did not in fact exist in the mind of the masses. IH Qureshi: Nehrus mistake lay in his attempt at killing Muslim nationalism with ridicule. Later events were to show the folly of his attitude, for it created nothing but bitterness and bad blood.

B.The Muslim Mass Contact Movement:

Along with its refusal to share power with the Muslim League the Congress pursued anti-Muslim League policy in another direction as well. Its power among masses should be weakened and finally broken. Thus began the ambitious but short lived campaign. This philosophy was followed by Nehrus statement that, power was now crystallized in only two opposing ranks Congress for Indian nationalism and British for imperialism. Other parties do not count.

Comment: Maulvi Abdul Hakeem, Punjab Moderate Muslims Association, warned Muslims against this and called it conversion of Muslims.

C.Dictatorship of the CongressThe outstanding constitutional feature of the congress provincial government of the 1937-39 was that they did not conform to the kind of parliamentary govt envisaged in the Act. The congress provinces were not autonomous. Congress ministers were not allowed to act independentlySir Banirjee says, Gandhi was a dictator by proxy, he did not rule directly but he was accepted as religious obligation.

D.Policies of the Congress Governments: (July 1937-Nov. 1939) First all Congress governments in the provinces launched anti-Muslim drive basicaly to exclude the ML and other Muslim organizations from the government making process. The Congress leaders had come to know that the ML had got roots in the masses. They started Muslim Mass Contact movement to defame the ML in their favour. They were making cultural and educational policies that promoted the Hindu culture and symbols in the name of Indian culture. They introduced Banda-Mataram anthem from Annandmath in the institutions and offices etc. The Hindi language was given top most importance in their policies. Wardha Educational Scheme was to convert Muslims into Hindus through primary educational literature. Projection of Hindu heroes like Gandhi and distortion of Muslim history became their moral creed. They folowed the policy of discrimination in services or new recruitment for jobs.In the UP, the provincial government had directed the local administration to consult the local congress leaders. The Congress ministries adopted overal negative and cruel atitude, especialy towards the Muslim activists. This unjust treatment compeled the Muslims to be disciplined in every sphere of life.

Muslim Response:The Muslims were well aware of the theocratic inclination of the Hindu people. They arranged a close monitoring of the government. They publicized their policies and raised the issues. The mobilization of Muslims on these matters required keen probe to colect the original facts of the Hindu atrocities.

1.The Pirpur Report:On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML appointed an eight-member commitee under the presidentship of Raja Syed Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented its report on, November 15, 1938. It tried to dig out the cruelties of the Congress ministries in seven provinces. The report took up the Congress support to the rival Muslim organizations, intimidation and threats to the pro-Muslim League people.

2.The Sharif Report, March 1939The ML deputed Mr. Shareef with members to investigate the injustices under the dictatorial rule of the Hindus. This report mainly colected the facts, concentrating on il treatment of the government with the Muslims in Bihar.

3.The Fazl-ul- Haq Report: (December 1939)A. K. Fazl-ul-Haq published a pamphlet entitled Muslim Sufferings Under the Rule of Congress and made many alarming revelations e.g. forbidding of Azan, atacks in mosques, noisy processions of the Hindu scoundrels, forbidding of the cow-slaughter etc. This pamphlet responded the indictments by the Congress on the Muslims.All the reports described the Congress government as an atempt to create Hindu Raj that wanted to overwhelm the Muslim culture and their identity. It was a rigorous threat to the Muslims interests.Muslim League Activism:The Muslim League highlighted the issues and mobilized the Muslims to counter them adequately. It reorganized the Muslim community to cope with the situation. The ML arranged its session at Lucknow in October 1937. Many prominent leaders like Fazlul Haq participated in the session while Sikander Hayat and Saadulah announced their support to the ML.The Muslim leaders shed a sharp criticism on the Congress policies. They protested against the reduction of status of Urdu and other Muslim related issues. They created realization, amongst the Muslims, of what can happen under the Congress rule and urged for serious thinking about the future political and constitutional arrangements. They unearthed the real objectives of the Congress and urged the need of unity among the Muslims under the banner of Muslim League.The Second World War (September 1939) proved blessing for the Muslims in a sense that the Congress Ministries resigned in November 1939. The Muslims observed Day of Deliverance on December 22, 1939.

Reorganization of Muslim League: The ML redefined its position during the World War II. They expressed their enthusiasm that no constitution to be enforced without the consent of the Muslims. They eradicated their organizational weaknesses and refined their objectives keeping the experiences of the Congress ministries.

Intellectual Commentary on Congress Rule and its impact

1. Short term effect of these policies:

1.It weakened the capacity of responsible government. In democracy it is public opinion which rules but in congress ministries it was vice versa. 2.Provincial autonomy was nullified by the rule of the High command3.Totalitarian policies of congress made it impossible to negotiate. Totalitarianism produced arrogance which is opposed to give and take spirit.

2. Long term effects:

1.More awareness to minorities The rise of congress, to power made the Muslims feel for the first time what it was to be in a minority. They had become acutely aware of the rising tide of Hindu rule, and that produced a consolidation of political opinion and organization in India. Lothian in Asiatic ReviewThe Congress was the Indian counterpart of Nazi party in Germany. Bonarjee, A Christian

2.Constitutional safeguards: a non-entity The congress rule taught the minorities that administrative or even constitutional safeguards are no effective protection against an attitude of mind in the numerically dominant party which treats all other sections of opinion as politically-defeated antagonists. I H Qureshi

3.Strengthened Muslim Leagues power among massesThe more aggressive became the tone of congress the greater grew the confidence of Muslim League. ML countered every argument of the congress; To the congress argument of communalism narrating the hardships under congress secular ruleCongresss pledge to protect minorities ML pointed to futility of constitutional safeguardsDemocracy and freedom greater Muslim apprehension about Hindu domination4.Paved the way towards separation Slowly but relentlessly the congress was forcing the Muslim of India into separation. IH Qureshi5.Communal TensionsI foresaw that the result of the present congress party policy will be class bitterness, communal war and strengthening of the imperialistic hold as a consequence. Quaid

Q NO 17:INITIAL PROBLEMS FACED AFTER THE CREATION OF PAKISTANINTRODUCTION: Nehru told General Sir Frank Messervy in 1945, his deliberate plan would be to allow Jinnah to have his Pakistan, end gradually makes things so impossible economically and otherwise for Pakistan that they have to come on their banded knees and asked to be allowed back to India. 1. RADCLIFF AWARD (AUGUST 16, 1947):Background Representatives of Punjab Boundary Commission Pakistan India 1.Justice Din Muhammad 1. Justice Maher Chand Muhajan 2.Justice Muhammad Munir 2.Justice Tej Singh Representatives Bengal Boundary Commission Pakistan India 1.Justice Abu Saleh1. Justice C. C. Biswas 2.Muhammad Ikram 2.Justice B.K Mukarjee 3.Justice S.A Rehman Sir Cyril Radcliff was appointed as the chairman of both the boundary commissions. Both India and Pakistan were agreed to accept the decision of Radcliff in case of deadlock. As expected the representatives of India and Pakistan were unable to reach on an agreement and Radcliff announced his own decisions on 16th August 1947. Analysis of the Boundary Award The award was partial, unjust and unfair to Pakistan Radcliff Award Handed over Some of the Muslim Majority Areas that were Contiguous to the Boundary of Pakistan to India: These areas included. oSub-district of Ajnala in Amritsar district oSub-district of Nakadar and Jullundur in Jullundur district oSub-district of Ferozepur and Zira in Ferozepur district oSub-district of Batala and Gurdaspur in Gurdaspur district Radcliff award, allotted sixty-two percent of the area of undivided Punjab to India, with fifty-five percent of the population.

Radcliff Award Paved the Way for the Accession of Kashmir with India: Gurdaspur was a district contiguous to Pakistan. Out of its four Sub-District Gurdaspur, Batala and shakergarh were the Muslim majority and Pathankot was a non-Muslim majority sub-district. At the time of partition the only rail and road communication between India and Kashmir was possible through the district of Gurdaspur, if Radcliff had only awarded the Hindu majority sub-district of Pathankot to India still it would not have had access to the state of Kashmir; by assigning two Muslim majority sub-district of Baal and Gurdaspur Radcliff provided India a link with Kashmir. In 1948 India entered its forces in Kashmir through Gurdaspur and annexed the state to India. The Decision of the Punjab Boundary Commission Caused the Canal Water Dispute between India and Pakistan: Three rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab enter in Punjab from Kashmir whereas two rivers Ravi and Sutlej enter from Indian held Punjab. Radcliff drew the boundary line in such a way that it cut across the river and canals; making India and Pakistan upper and lower beneficiaries. Radcliff also handed over the Ferozepur (Sutlij) and Madupur (Ravi) head works to India.By giving the control over the river Ravi and Sutlej to India, Radcliff put the economical life of Pakistan in danger. It was not merely a theoretical possibility; it was proved by Indic by cutting off the water supply on 31st March 1948. City of Calcutta Handed Over to India: Firstly large population of Calcutta consisted of schedule east Hindus that were with Muslim League. Secondly East Pakistan was separate from West Pakistan by more than one thousand miles and for the communication point of view the port of Calcutta was very important for Pakistan. Thirdly East Bengal produced the bulk of raw jute but mostly the jute factories were situated in Calcutta. Boundary Award and Mountbatten's influence? On August 8, Mountbatten's private secretary sent a letter with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary to Evan Jenkins, the governor of Punjab. This draft showed the Ferozepur area and its headworks going to Pakistan. When the final award was released, Ferozepur was assigned to India. Infuriated Pakistanis were sure that Nehru and Mountbatten had pressured Radcliff to change his line Announcement of the Award was Delayed: The Award was to be announced on August 12, 1947 but it was mysteriously delayed till August 16, 1947.

Repercussion! India and Pakistan had no boundaries for the first two days of their existence. In some places both -Indian and Pakistani flags were raised. In some border regions whose destiny was uncertain Indian and Pakistani citizens were in the dilemma of not knowing which country they were in even on August 15. In some cases officials sent to work in territories that later became port of India or Pakistani. Many administrators joined the last-minute flow of refugees themselves, disrupting administrative system by leaving their posts empty.

Why?To avoid spoiling the joyous celebration of independence by announcing news that would undoubtedly distress' both India and Pakistan. To overlook the British responsibility for the disorder that inevitably would follow the announcement.

2. ACCESSION OF THE PRINCELY STATES:Kashmir :Area of 84,471 square miles, 77% muslims, 4 million population in 1944. The most important state was Kashmir naturally connected with Pakistan. Its ruler was Hindu while population was Muslim. The population inclined towards Pakistan but the Hindu ruler declared to join India. The Kashmiri people revolt against the ruler in Poonch area and soon it became widespread. The ruler sought Indian support. India demanded accession. On October 27, 1947 Indian troops landed in Srinagar. The people continued their struggle for independence and India promised to finally settle the matter with reference to the people under the UN Resolutions.

Hyderabad : Hyderabad was one of the richest Hindu Majority state covering 82000 sq miles of area, 260 million Revenue. Surrounded by Indian Territory. The state was situated in the south of India. Their rulers were Muslim who were called Nizam. Nizam wanted to maintain independent status for his state but as being Muslim he had desire to accede with Pakistan if ever need arose. Due to the important position of the state, Mountbatten the first governor general of India put pressure on Nizam to accede with India but Nizam refused to do so. On September 13, 1948 just two days after the death of Quaid-e-Azam Indian forces entered in Hyderabad and occupied it forcibly. Pakistan submitted a complaint in UNO against the illegal action of India which is still pending.

Junagadh: Junagadh was a small Hindu majority state covering 3337 sq miles of the area. It situated 300 miles down to the coast of Karachi Indian coast of Kathiawar. The Muslim rulers ruled the state. After independence the request for the accession with Pakistan by its rulers was accepted by the Quaid-e-Azam. Indian government reacted sharply and an economic blockade of the state of Junagardh was imposed that resulted in food shortage. By the end of October 1947 the rulers of the state of Junagadh were forced to leave the state. On 9th November 1947 the Indian army occupied the state. Pakistan took that matter in UNO where it is still pending.

3. REFUGEES AND ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM:Hindus were angry over the division of the Subcontinent whereas Sikhs were unhappy over the loss of their religious places. Sikhs and Hindu armed with deadly weapons slaughter the man woman and even the small children. Condition in East Punjab was worse than anywhere else where rulers of the states of Alwar, Kapurthala, Patiala and Bharatpure played the most inhuman role in that human tragedy. Due to the communal violence millions of Indian Muslims leaving there property started migrating towards Pakistan. Apart from communal violence another reason for the migration of Muslims was their desire to live in a newly established Islamic state. The arrival of refugees created problem for both the countries but the issue was more serious in the nascent state of Pakistan that was already facing no of problems. It was estimated that only West Pakistani received 5.5 million refugees and one sixth of the entire population of West Pakistan consisted of refugees. It caused economic and administrative problems, as Pakistan did not have sufficient resources to provide food, shelter and medical aid to the growing no of refugees. Quaid-e-Azam moved his headquarter to Lahore to give special attention to this problem. Quaid-e-Azam relief fund was also created in which rich people were asked to donate. Temporary relief camps were also established.

4. CANAL WATER DISPUTE:It had its origin in Radcliff Award which drew the boundary India and Pakistan in way that it cut across the rivers and canal making India the upper beneficiary and Pakistan the lower beneficiary, It also handed over the control over two important head works over river Ravi (Madhupure Head works) and Sutlej (Ferozpure Head works) to India. India proved it by stopping the flow of water in March 1948. Dispute was finally settled when an agreement called Indus Basin treaty. The treaty was signed between Ayub Khan the president of Pakistan and Nehru the Indian Prime Minister on September 19, 1962. According to that agreement India was allocated the use of two Eastern Rivers namely Ravi and Sutlej whereas three western Rivers Indus, Jehlum and Canab were given to Pakistan. To overcome the shortage of water World Bank, India and other friendly countries provided Pakistan financial assistance to construct two dams, five barrages and seven link canals.

5. DIVISION OF ASSETS:Military Assets:It was announced on July I, 1947 that Indian army assets would also be divided in ratio 65 to 35 in India's favour it was with reference of the communal balance present in the British Indian Army. Field Martial Auchinleck was appointed as incharge of the distribution of military assets. Whatever Pakistan received was nothing but scrap and out of order machines, broken weapons, unserviceable artillery and aircraft. There were 16 ordnance factories and all were located in India. Pakistan was given 60 million rupees towards its share in the ordnance factories. Later an ordnance factory was established in Wah. Pakistan received six Armour divisions to India's fourteen, eight artillery divisions to India's forty and eight infantry divisions to India's twenty one. Pakistan also received Staff College in Quetta and Service Corps College at Kakul, which latter became the Pakistan military Academy.

Division of financial assets: At the time of division there was cash balance of 4 billion rupees in the reserve Bank of India Pakistan was to get 750 million however after the protest of Pakistan, India agreed to pay 200 million rupees. As the war between India and Pakistan had started on the issue of Kashmir India again stopped the rest of the amount by saying that Pakistan could use it to buy arms. After the protest from Pakistan and the threat of hunger strike by Gandhi, Nehru was forced to pay another 500 million rupees. However the remaining 50 million rupees are still not paid.

6. ISSUE OF NATIONAL LANGUAGE:Immediately after the establishment of Pakistan language controversy was started between East and West Pakistan when the members of the Constituent Assembly belonged to East Pakistan demanded that instead of Urdu, Bengali should be made national language of Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan then the Prime Minister of Pakistan refused to accept the demand, which created resentment among East Pakistan. Refusal of the demand ultimately transformed into a political movement. In March 1948 while addressing at Dhaka, Quaid-e-Azam declared, Urdu and Urdu alone would be the national language of Pakistan". Advice of Quaid-e-Azam temporarily took the heart out of language movement but the issue was not settled. It exploded latter after the death of Quaid-e-Azam.

7. ISSUE OF PAKHTOONISTAN:At the time of partition N.W.F.P was controlled by the "red shirts" the ally of Congress. The Khan Brothers, Dr Khan Sahib and Abdul Ghaffar Khan, were their leaders. Despite the 1947 referendum in which the people of the region voted to join Pakistan, the leaders of the" red shirts" demanded union with Afghanistan or complete regional autonomy. The Afghan Government also supported the issue by saying that the "Pakhtoons" or pathans living in both Afghanistan and Pakistan belong to the same race and the "Pakhtoons" of Pakistan wanted to be the part of the union with Afghanistan called "Pakhtoonistan". 8. CONSTITUTION MAKING 9. DEATH OF QUAID-E-AZAM:Despite of all the problems, Pakistan continued to march under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. Nobody can deny that in the early year predominant leadership of Quaid-e-Azam was a source of strength for Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam died on 11th September 1948. After the death of Quaid-e-Azam though there were great leaders too, but unfortunately none of them was of the caliber of Quaid-e-Azam.

THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE QUAID-E-AZAMJinnah played an important role in establishing the new country in the world community. He lived only for a year after the creation of Pakistan but even then he did what an ordinary man can not achieve in whole life. In August 1947 few people expected Pakistan to survive as an independent nation and many Indian Politicians actually worked to make that survival even more difficult. Yet Thanks to his unflagging efforts Pakistan not only survived, but prospered.JINNAH AS A LEADER: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Held the post of Governor General. This Was intended to be a ceremonial position with few duties. The Governor-General was to be a figurehead acting as an inspiration to nation. The Quaid-e-Azam, however, took the role of chief executive in the new government. He chaired cabinet meetings and was the president of the constituent assembly. Jinnah struggled hard for establishing Pakistan on sound footing in all respect. He proved to the world that he is a real leader who has shown guidance to million Muslims of subcontinent.BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NATION: The Quaid immediately set about dealing with those problems that Pakistan Faced after partition.1.He stressed the need for everyone in Pakistan to work together to creat the nation. He said people should not think of themselves as fpr example, Punjabi, or Bengali. Instead they should think, feel and act as Pakistanis and be proud of it. He toured all the areas of Pakistan to get across the message that Everyone of us should think feel and act as a Pakistani and we should be proud of being Pakistani alone.

2.Quaid-e-Azam was as opposed to religious intolerance as he was to provincialism and racialism. Even after the movement of refugees Pakistan had millions of non Muslims and India had millions of Muslims. The Quaid called himself the PROTECTOR GENERAL of religious minorities and his advice was often sought by the non-Muslims. He was determined that Pakistan should be seen as a land of tolerance and said that Islamic ideas about justice and equality demanded that any non Muslims who chose to remain in Pakistan should be treated fairly, not prosecuted. 3.To help the newly arrived refugees he set up a relief fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as possible. The people were quick to response with donation in cash and kind. 4.To emphasize rule of Pakistan in the world community, the Quaid secured the membership of the country into the United Nations organization (UNO) in September 1947. This helped it gain recognition and support among the other nation of the world. BUILDING A GOVERNMENT:The Quaid-e-Azam knew that there was a great deal of work to be done in establishing a governmental and administrative framework for Pakistan. No Problem Could be solved Unless the country had an administration that could take decisions about the problem and make sure that those decisions were carried out.1. Liaqat Ali Khan was appointed Prime Minister, and a cabinet was formed. A Constituent Assembly was set up. One of its tasks was to begin framing constitution for the new Pakistan.2. Karachi became the capital of Pakistan and the central secretariat was set up to run the country. Those people with government experience who chose to move from India to Pakistan were brought to Karachi on special trains and airplanes.3. The civil services were recognized. In order to run the administration smoothly the civil service rules were drafted.4. The Quaid was determined that government officials should have the right attitude to their work. He informed them that they had to remember that they were the servants of the people, not the rulers of the country. It was therefore essential that they worked with national spirit. This was particularly important because the officials found that they had no office equipment, no furniture, and very little stationery. For many years the Pakistani civil service worked under extremely difficult conditions.Building an Economy: 1. As Pakistan was denied its full share of the wealth of the old british India and their was much work to do in converting Pakistan from an almost completely agricultural country to one with the degree of industrial development. An important step on this path came 1st July 1948 when the Quaid established the State bank of Pakistan, to help develop the economy.2. In 1948 Jinnahs Industrial policy statement made it clear that he, and the government, saw that it was important to set up industries in Pakistan, as quickly as possible.3. The Quaid also reached a compromise with India in the Canal Water Dispute which ensured that Pakistans agriculture would not be denied precious water supplies. He also helped persuade the Indian government to hand over the agreed share of financial asserts from pre-partition India. ESTABLISHING NATIONAL SECURITY: Although Pakistan had been given poor military equipment and it lacked senior cadre officer for the army, the Quaid worked to ensure that the new country was able to defend itself. 1.The Pakistan Army needed more officer and the gaps were filled by offering temporary commissions and using British officers. He was determined that the army should know that its role was to be the servant of people and warned it that you do not make national policy. The Quaid did not want to see Pakistan become a military dictatorship. 2.Although Pakistans Army was ill equipped, the Quaid was not afraid to use it, and the army saw its first action in Kashmir. Despite being outnumbered and having inferior arms and ammunition, it stood up well and held its own in fighting. CONCLUSION: The Quaid died on 11 September 1948. Despite his failing health he had worked tirelessly to establish his new country. By the time of his death a new government and administration had been taken to unite the diverse people into single Pakistani nation and the steps made in developing Pakistans economy. Equally significant was that by the end of 1948 the first fighting had taken place against troops from Pakistans great rival, India. As the English newspaper, the times wrote shortly after his death: No succeeding Governor General can quite fill his place as FATHER OF NATION such was the greatness of Quaid.

HAD THERE BEEN NO QUAID, THERE WOULD HAVE BRRN NO PAKISTAN: __________________

Q NO 18CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

Constitution is a set of basic principles and framework for governance and exercise of political power and legal authority. It clarifies the scope of power, relationship among various institutions within the government and society. It has precedence over ordinary laws and cannot be changed like ordinary laws. The Government of India Act (1935) was modified and promulgated in the newly state of Pakistan. The elected members in the 1946 elections made the first Constituent Assembly that faced grievous circumstances.

Major IssuesThe major issues, the first constituent assembly faced, were about:1. Federalism2. Representation3. Separate or Joint Electorate4. The National Language Issue5. Parliamentary or Presidential system6. The Islamic or Secular State

1.FederalismThere was consensus on federalism but yet there were many issues to be setled. The main was that Pakistan consisted of two territorial parts, East Pakistan (with more population, less territory but administratively one unit) and West Pakistan (administratively 4 units). Federalism is meant to accommodate such kind of diversity maintaining the unity of the state or country.

2.Division of power:It was the most difficult question that how the power would be divided between Centre and the Provinces. The heritage of British rule gave the tradition of a Strong Centre. But the provinces were demanding more Autonomy and Provincial Rights.In the Interim Constitution and the 1956 Constitution tradition of strong centre continued.

3.RepresentationRepresentation at the federal level was another conflicting issue because East Pakistan and West Pakistan were different in population and size. On the other hand there was diversity in Western part of Pakistan. The provinces of West Pakistan were also different in population and size. Al of them were sensitive to their representation and provincial autonomy.To have a Standard Formula for the representation of units and population the Constituent Assembly (CA) formed a Basic Principle Commitee (BPC) on March 12, 1949. The primary task of this commitee was to frame a set of basic principles for the future constitution of Pakistan.a.First BPC Report:This commitee presented its first report on 28th September 1950. According to this report two houses of the parliament were proposed. The lower house was to be elected on the basis of POPULATION and the upper house was to be elected on the basis of equal representation for al the provinces of Pakistan namely East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan. Equal powers were proposed for the both Houses. No mention of National Language was made. East Bengal opposed this report and Liaqat Ali Khan withdrew it.

b.Second BPC Report:BPC presented its final report on 22nd December 1952. According to this report two Houses of the Parliament wil enjoy the equal status and powers. It proposed equal representation to East and West wing.This report also faced reaction in both the wings of Pakistan. The principle of parity was not appreciated in both East Pakistan and Punjab.

c.Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula:Muhammad Ali Bogra immediately after assuming the office of the Prime Minister presented a formula to resolve the deadlock in constitution making. According to this formula Pakistan would have a bicameral legislature. In upper house there would be EQUAL representation to each of five units. In lower house population wil be represented. In this way more representation was given to East Pakistan.

Both wings would have equal strength in joint sessions of the two houses.

:: Reaction to Bogra FormulaIt was welcomed in both parts of the country. The principle of parity and representation of the population was appreciated. It also solved the problem of national language by suggesting Urdu and Bengali both as national language.

:: One Unit of West Pakistan October 1955One Unit of West Pakistan was established on 14th October 1955. The provinces of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan would be amalgamated in one unit to establish parity between the two parts of the country.

4.Separate or Joint ElectorateSeparate electorate was adopted on the demand of Muslims in 1909 by the British Government. But the minorities did not favour this after independence. Religious elements supported this as a part of heritage.East: decided for Joint Electorate.West: Separate electorate.1957: Joint Electorate was adopted for al Pakistan by the National Assembly.

5.The National Language IssuePre-independence: Muslim elite al over India adopted Urdu. In 1948 Jinnah declared that Urdu would be the national language but provinces could use their languages.Opposition against Urdu was there in East Bengal. This became more pronounced after the death of Jinnah as controversies erupted on constitution making. Language Movement started in East Pakistan February, 1952. There was a complaint about anti Bengali language atitude of the federal government. Two-language formula was adopted in 1954. Since 1973 Urdu was adopted as national language along with the support for development of regional languages.

6.Parliamentary or PresidentialThere was a consensus for parliamentary system. But there was a limited demand for presidential system. Supporters of Presidential system became dominant after the 1958 military takeover. The 1962 Constitution was a Presidential constitution.

7. The Islamic or Secular StateFrom the very beginning of Pakistan Movement there was an agreement that the state wil have close relationship with Islam. Muslims defined their national identity with reference to Islam and its heritage. Some opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly, and a few secularists.There was a BROAD AGREEMENT that the state wil identify itself with Islam. The Constituent Assembly took time to define the precise relationship between the state a