CSLOs - HCC Learning Web

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

CSLOs Course Student Learning Outcomes (CSLOs) for BIOL 2320 LECTURE:

1. Describe distinctive characteristics and diverse growth requirements of

prokaryotic organisms compared to eukaryotic organisms.

2. Provide examples of the impact of microorganisms on agriculture,

environment, ecosystem, energy, and human health, including biofilms.

3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control

microbial populations.

4. Explain the unique characteristics of bacterial metabolism and bacterial

genetics.

5. Describe evidence for the evolution of cells, organelles and major metabolic

pathways from early prokaryotes and how phylogenetic trees reflect

evolutionary relationships.

6. Compare characteristics and replication of acellular infectious agents

(viruses and prions) with characteristics and reproduction of cellular infectious

agents (prokaryotes and eukaryotes).

7. Describe functions of host defenses and the immune system in combating

infectious diseases and explain how immunizations protect against specific

diseases.

8. Explain transmission and virulence mechanisms of cellular and acellular

infectious agents.


Syllabus

1. BIOL 1406 PreRequisite Form Signup

2. Discuss Main Points in Syllabus

3. Why so many RULES ?

4. NO CELL PHONES

MOBILE DETOX CLASS


MOBILE DETOX CLASS


Syllabus

GRADING3 lecture exams (3 out of 4 -lowest dropped) 20 % each 60%District Final Exam (Comprehensive and Mandatory) 10%MasteringBiology Assignments/Homew 20%

Comprehensive Case Study Script (SAVE BUGGS) Includes Class Quiz/Group Discussion/Activities ~7.5%Attendance/Conduct ~2.5%

TOTAL 100%

Extra Credit:

EC1: Virtual Research Project Modules (Scientific Method/Application/Debate Assignment) 1.0%EC2: TBA (at instructor’s discretion) 1.0%

FINAL DEPT EXAM stats – Average 50 %, top 80 %

Even 70 % in final can get A


Bloom’s TaxonomyThe different levels

describe the types of

assessments we use in

class.


Traditional-Learning vs Active-Learning

HCC is a learner-centered college, which means that instructors

don't just lecture, but include the students in the learning process.

There is a major movement in higher education called “the learning

college” movement or community-centered learning. Learning has

become learner, or student-centered rather than instructor-

centered.

This can happen in many ways, including questioning, activities,

and student discovery strategies. Students who are engaged gain

a deeper understanding of the material.


CCSS ACTIVITY

SAVE (UNCLE) BUGGS


17 Chapters

Chapter 2 and 5 is

selfstudy (BIOL1406)

CONCEPTs

FACTs


CONCEPT

FACT

What is the Difference between ?


CONCEPT

FACT

On your way to work you used ______to notify

your instructor that you are running late.

(A) laptop

(B) email

(C) cell phone

(D) smoke signaling

Most of cell phone are ______-based.

(A) windows

(B) android

(C) iOS

(D) Black berry


Bloom’s Taxonomy

CONCEPTs

FACTs

EXAMs

Quizzes

Mastering Microbiology

Format of questions

based on

PowerPoint® Lecture

Presentations prepared by

Mindy Miller-Kittrell,

North Carolina State

University

C H A P T E R


A Brief

History of

Microbiology

1

CSLO 1. Describe distinctive

characteristics and diverse growth

requirements of prokaryotic

organisms compared to

eukaryotic organisms.

CSLO CHECK


What are Microorganisms ?

Or

What are Microbes ?

CONCEPT 1.1

Microbiology is study of

microorganisms


Bacteria

Microbes ?

Red Blood Cells

Microbes ?

need a microscope to see them = microscopic

Entire living organism is microscopic


Microbes are really small – measured in microns

1 millimeter = 1000 microns

Microbe pictures come with scale

CONCEPT 1.2How small are Microbes ?How small is a micrometer or micron ?

1 µm (micrometer) = 1.00 µ (micron)


Red Blood Cells

~10 um

1.5mm = 1500 micron = 1500 bacteria

width of penny can hold 1500 bacteria

~1 um


Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

(lay-won-hook)

1674: First to see the microbial world

FACT 1.1

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/leeuwenhoek


Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoek's microscope.

Lens Specimen holder

http://physicsmuseum.uq.edu.au

/van-leeuwenhoek-microscope-

replica

Leeuwenhoek made

simple microscopes

Often made a new

microscope for each

specimen


Figure 1.3 The microbial world.

"animalcules“ = protozoa

“beasties“ = bacteria

Leeuwenhoek observed a

drop of pond water

Pond Scum Under the Microscope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MFGGBBxSf8


Real “beasties“


Leeuwenhoek’s saw all of the following microorganisms

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Algae

• Small multicellular animals

Except viruses

FACT 1.1


cell(s) are of 2 types

All living organisms have cell(s) – except viruses

(1) prokaryotic (2) eukaryoticMembrane around nucleus

Membrane-bound organelles

CONCEPT 1.3

What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?


Prokaryotic

bacterial cellsNucleus of

eukaryotic cheek cell

Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus (dark blue) and two human cheek cells.


3 major types of living

cellular organisms – called domains

321

CONCEPT 1.4What are the 3 domains ?


321prokaryotic

eukaryoticMembrane around nucleus


CONCEPT 1.5

Which organisms belong to

the 3 domains ?

Membrane around nucleus



Figure 1.13

(a) Domain Bacteria

(c) Domain Eukarya

2 µ

m

(b) Domain Archaea

2 µ

m

100 µm

Kingdom

Animalia

Kingdom

Plantae

Kingdom

Fungi Protists

ALL microbes ALL microbes

Some Eukarya are microbes

Prokaryotic


What are the differences and

similiarities between

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells ?

Use self-study guide

CONCEPT 1.6


• Internal membrane present

Membrane around DNA = nucleus


• Cell wall maybe present and

may contain cellulose

• Cilia, Flagella maybe present

• Internal membrane absent

No Membrane around DNA

– i.e. no nucleus

No Membrane-bound organelles

• Cell wall maybe present but

does not contain cellulose

• Flagella maybe present

prokaryotic eukaryotic

CONCEPT 1.6


Which are the

Prokaryotic

Microbes

and

Eukaryotic

Microbes

FACT 1.2

FACT 1.3


Figure 1.13

(a) Domain Bacteria

(c) Domain Eukarya

2 µ

m

(b) Domain Archaea

2 µ

m

100 µm

Kingdom

Animalia

Kingdom

Plantae

Kingdom

Fungi Protists


Prokaryotic


Prokaryotic Microbes

• Bacteria and Archaea • Unicellular and lack nuclei

• Much smaller than eukaryotes

Most have cell walls but

• Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan;

• Archaeal cell walls composed of polymers other than

peptidoglycan

FACT 1.2


Figure 1.13

(a) Domain Bacteria

(c) Domain Eukarya

2 µ

m

(b) Domain Archaea

2 µ

m

100 µm

Kingdom

Animalia

Kingdom

Plantae

Kingdom

Fungi Protistsmicrofungi

microplants: Algaemicroanimals: Protozoa


Prokaryotic


Eukaryotic MicrobesFACT 1.3

Algae (microplants)

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Photosynthetic

• Categorized on the basis of pigmentation

and composition of cell wall


Eukaryotic Microbes

Fungi (microfungi)

• Obtain food from other organisms

• possess cell walls

Molds

multicellular;

grow as long

filaments;

Yeasts

unicellular

FACT 1.3


Eukaryotic MicrobesFACT 1.3

Protozoa (microanimals)

• Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure

• Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts

unicellular

Pseudopods

cell extensions that flow

in direction of travel

Most are capable of locomotion by:

Cilia

numerous short

protrusions that propel

organisms through its

environment

Flagella

extensions of a cell

that are fewer,

longer, and more

whiplike than cilia


But there are also microbes without cells

Cellular microbes Acellular microbes

e.g. virusese.g. bacteria

So microbes can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic

And they all are madeup of a cell

CONCEPT 1.7 What are Acellular microbes ?


Virus

Bacterium

Virusesassemblinginside cell

Figure 1.9 A colorized electron microscope image of viruses infecting a

bacterium.

Viruses (acellular microbes)


Characterisitics of

cellular vs acellular microbes

CONCEPT 1.8


https://www.you

tube.com/watch?

v=ZrIrf5bAAT4&f

eature=youtu.be

youtube-History-Micro


Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology FACT 1.4

*


The Golden Age of Microbiology (late 1800 to 1900)

• Scientists searched for answers to four

questions

1) Is spontaneous generation of microbial life

possible ?

2) What causes fermentation ?

3) What causes disease ?

4) How can we prevent infection and disease ?


Figure 1.13 The scientific method, which forms

a framework for scientific investigation or

research.

Results

H E R accept OR not accept

experimentation is key

CONCEPT 1.9


Q1- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life

possible ?

Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments

NO

But Critics

said

1) sealed

vials did not

allow enough

air for

organisms to

survive and

2) prolonged

heating

destroyed

the "life

force"

Is there growth of microbes ?

CONCEPT 1.10


Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur.


Figure 1.12 Pasteur's experiments with "swan-necked

flasks."

There is NO spontaneous generation

of microbes

Cells come from “parent” Cells

CONCEPT 1.11


Cell theory

Core Principle of Biology

The Cell Theory states:

All living organisms are composed of cells.

They may be unicellular or multicellular.

The cell is the basic unit of life.

Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not

derived from spontaneous generation.)

“cells”

in a cork


• Q2- What Causes Fermentation?

• Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners

• Vintners funded research of methods to promote

production of alcohol and prevent spoilage during

fermentation

• Some believed air caused fermentation; others insisted

living organisms caused fermentation

Louis Pasteur used scientific method to find the

cause of fermentation of grape juice into wine.

CONCEPT 1.12


Figure 1.14 How Pasteur applied the scientific method in investigating the nature of fermentation.

Yeast – alcohol

Bacteria – acid

CONCEPT 1.13


• Pasteur's experiments led to the development

of pasteurization

Began the field of industrial microbiology or

biotechnology (Intentional use of microbes for

manufacturing products)

Process of heating liquids just

enough to kill most bacteria

FACT 1.5What is pasteurization ?


Table 1.1 Some Industrial Uses of Microbes


Live Yeast cells are used for fermenting

grapes = wine, grains = beer

But can you use Yeast Extracts ?

Eduard Buchner, a scientist, demonstrated

that fermentation does not require living

cells because enzymes promote chemical

reactions

He began the field of biochemistry and the

study of metabolism

CONCEPT 1.14


Q3- What Causes Disease?

• Pasteur developed germ theory of disease (microbes

cause disease)

now applies to infectious diseases only

• Robert Koch developed etiology (study of causative

agents of disease)

• also developed experimental microbiology

CONCEPT 1.15 FACT 1.6


Robert Koch also developed the field of

experimental microbiology

• Simple staining techniques

• Use of Petri dishes

• Techniques to transfer bacteria

FACT 1.7


How to find out What Causes Disease?

• Koch's 4 postulates (illustrated on next slide)

1) Suspected causative agent must be found in

every case of the disease and be absent from

healthy hosts

2) Agent must be isolated and grown outside the

host

3) When agent is introduced into a healthy,

susceptible host, the host must get the disease

4) Same agent must be found in the diseased

experimental host

CONCEPT 1.16


Figure 14.7 Koch's postulates.

Diseased subjects

Agent not typically found

in healthy subjects

Healthy subject

Bacterial

colonies

Petri plate

Streaked plates

Injection The cultured agent must cause

the disease when it is inoculated

into a healthy, susceptible

experimental host (animal or plant).

1

2

3

4

The suspected agent must be present

in every case of the disease.

The agent must be

isolated and grown

in pure culture.

The same agent must

be reisolated from the

diseased experimental host.

1

2

3

4


Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the "Golden Age of Microbiology" and the Agents of Disease They Discovered


• How Can We Prevent Infection and

Disease?

• Semmelweis and handwashing

• Lister's antiseptic technique

• Nightingale and nursing

• Snow – infection control and epidemiology

• Jenner's vaccine – field of immunology

• Ehrlich's "magic bullets" – field of chemotherapy

Especially prevent

NOSOCOMIAL

Infections

CONCEPT 1.17

FACT 1.8


FACT 1.8

Figure 1.19 Some of the many scientific disciplines and applications that arose from the pioneering work of scientists just

before and around the time of the Golden Age of Microbiology.

Documents

CSLOs - HCC Learning Web