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CSE 581: Module 2 - Hardware. Raghu Machiraju Slides: Courtesy - Prof. Huamin Wang, CSE, OSU. Architecture. Keyboard and mouse. Graphics card. Power. CPU. Hard drive. DVD ROM. Memory. Raster Graphics Systems. Raster: Images are represented by an array of picture elements (pixels). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CSE 581: Module 2 - Hardware
Raghu Machiraju
Slides: Courtesy - Prof. Huamin Wang, CSE, OSU
Architecture
CPU
Memory
Power
Hard drive
DVD ROM
Keyboard and mouseGraphics card
Raster Graphics Systems
Raster: Images are represented by an array of picture elements (pixels).
1 bit: black & white8 bits: 256 levels of gray32 bits: 16 million colors (true color)
Frame Buffer
Screen resolution Pixel format Refresh rate
Size of Frame Buffer
• For example, the screen is 1960×1080 with 24 bits per pixel, how big is the frame buffer?
• Frame buffer may store other information, such as depth values.
Number of pixels × Bits per pixelScreen resolution Pixel format
1960×1080×24=51M bits = 6M bytes
A Prototype Graphics System
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Frame buffer Frame buffer in main memory?
An Early Graphics System
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Graphics card/video card/display card
Graphics memory
Graphics memory: on-board frame buffer for faster access
An Early Graphics System
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Graphics card
Graphics memory
A processor dedicated for graphics processing Graphics processor (GPU)
Companies Building Graphics Cards
Comparison
(Flops: Floating-point operations)
Evaluation
Graphics Pipeline: Software
Graphics Pipeline: Hardware
Geometry stage Rasterization stage
Graphics Bus Interface: Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Graphics card
Graphics memoryGraphics processor (GPU)
PCI bus
Other peripherals:wireless card,sound card,
…
133MB/s
Problems with PCI
• PCI bus becomes a bottleneck!– Shared with other devices.– Lots of data from main memory to graphics
memory: textures, geometry…– Example: 2M triangles, 90 bytes each =>
180 MB > 133 MB (PCI bandwidth)
Graphics Bus Interface:Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Graphics card
Graphics memoryGraphics processor (GPU)
PCI bus
Other peripherals:wireless card,sound card,
…
AGP 1.1: 533 MB/sAGP 3.0: 2133 MB/s
AGP bus132 MB/s
Features of AGP
• No local bus congestion.• Faster data transfer (20 times faster than PCI).• More geometry can be transferred.• Direct execution of many operations from the
man memory.
Graphics Bus Interface: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI-e)
System bus (motherboard)
CPU Memory
Video controller
Graphics card
Graphics memoryGraphics processor (GPU)
(Shared, parallel) PCI-e bus
Other peripherals:wireless card,sound card,
…
3GB/s
Readings & Labs
Textbook: Chapter 1 & 2
