Crusades

Volume 3, 2004

Published by ASHGATEfor theSociety for the Study of the Crusades

and the Latin East

Crusader Inscriptions from Southern LebanonDenys Pringle

Cardiff University

In his corpus of crusader inscriptions from the Holy Land, published in 1974, thelate Fr Sabino de Sandoli, OFM, assembled over 400 inscriptions relating to theCrusader kingdom of Jerusalem, including lead seals and masonry marks. I Thegeographical coverage of the corpus, however, was restricted to the modern politicalentities ofIsrael, the Palestinian territories and Jordan, thus leaving out the northernpart of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem now lying in southern Lebanon.i Thepresent paper attempts to make good that omission by listing all those inscriptionsfrom southern Lebanon that are known to the author. A comprehensive corpus ofcrusader-period inscriptions from Lebanon and Syria, however, still remains adesideratum.

As almost all the inscriptions listed here have been published before in someform or other, their texts are presented as editions, accompanied where possible byfacsimile drawings. Two Frankish epitaphs, reportedly found respectively in Sidorr'and in the paving of the 'Umariyya mosque (the former crusader cathedral) inBeirut," have not been traced. Also excluded are the Frankish masonry marks thathave been recorded on the Sea Castle in Sidon" and on the crusader cathedral inTyre,6 as well as lead seals.'

The closest parallels elsewhere in the Latin Kingdom for the epitaphs from Tyreand Sidon (nos. 2-14) come from Acre, where a similar mixture of Latin and French

I Corpus inseriptionum erueesignatorum Terrae Sanetae (1099-1291): testo, traduzione eannotazioni, ed. Sabino de Sandoli, Pubblicazioni dello Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectiomaior 21 (Jerusalem, 1974); cf. P. Thomsen, "Die lateinischen und griechischen Inschriften der StadtJerusalem und ihrer nächsten Umgebung", Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 43 (1920),138-58; 44 (1921),1-61,90--168.

2 Corpus, p. lxiii.3 C. Virolleaud, "Les Travaux archeologiques en Syrie en 1922-1923", Syria 5 (1924), 113-22

(p.116).4 M. de Vogüe, Les Eglises de la TerreSainte (Paris, 1860), pp. 373-74.5 P. Descharnps, Les Chateaux des croises en Terre-Sainte, 2. La defense du royaume de Jerusalem:

etude historique. geographique et monumentale, 2 vols. (text and plates), Bibliotheque archeologique ethistorique 34 (Paris, 1939), p. 231; H. Kalayan, "The Sea Castle of Si don", Bulletin du Musee deBeyrouth, 26 (1973), 81-89 (pI. X).

6 Denys Pringle, "The Crusader Cathedral of Tyre", Levant 33 (200 I), 165-88 (fig. 10).7 See Le comte Chandon de Briailles, "Trois sceaux du clerge franc de Beyrouth'', Bulletin du Musee

de Beyrouth 3 (1939), 13-24; idem, "Bulle de Clerernbaut de Broyes, archeveque de Tyr", Syria 21(1940),82-89; idem, "Matrices de sceaux francs", Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth 9 (1949-50), 99-106;idem, "Bulles de l'Orient latin", Syria 27 (1950), 284-300; G. Schlumberger, F. Chalandon and A.Blanchet, Sigillographie de l'Orientlatin (Paris 1943).

131

132 DENYS PRINGLE

texts is to be found." Inmost cases these record the name and status of the deceasedand the time of death. Dates given include 1190 (no. 7), 1202 (no. 8), 1266 (no. 9)and 1272/4 (no. 11). Nationalities include two from Italy (nos. 3, 7) and oneapparently from France (no. 6), while the occupations represented include twoknights (nos. 4, 9), a m(aistre?) (no. 5), a woollen cloth merchant (no. 6), and adeacon (no. 12). In one case (no. 2) the name of the deceased is not given; thiswas possibly because the stone formed part of a composite tomb, in which furtherdetails concerning the dead person were given in a separate text. Two of the epitaphsinclude an invitation to pray for the soul of the dead man (nos. 9, 11).9

The graffiti from chapel walls in Beirut and Tyre (nos. 1 and 15) are evidence ofa lively pilgrim traffic from the later twelfth century onwards, though at least oneof those in Tyre appears to have been left by someone who participated in thesiege of Acre (1189-91) (no. 15b), as also may another which appears to refer tothe squire of a knight of Jerusalem (no. 1St).

In editing the texts the following conventions have been observed:

[.] lacuna on the stone, the number of suspended stops indicating the assumednumber of missing letters.

( ) expansion of an intentional contraction.(> expansion of an unintentional contraction or accidental omission.~ doubtful reading, where only part of the letter survives.

BEIRUT

J Graffiti in the chapel of St Saviour or St Barbara

Various graffiti, including chrisms and monograms in Latin characters, werescratched over the wall paintings inside the excavated chapel of St Saviour, or StBarbara, in the thirteenth century and possibly later.l" In addition, the followingletters were found scratched above and to the right ofthe aureoled head of Christ in arepresentation of the Virgin and Child (Fig. I):

8 Corpus, pp. 299-318, nos. 404-20. Note that no. 407 is from Ascalon: see Denys Pringle, "KingRichard J and the Walls of Ascalon", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 116 (1984), 133-47; repr. inDenys Pringle, Fortification and Settlement in Crusader Palestine (Aldershot 2000), ch. 3. For furtherdiscussion of no. 417, see also Joshua Prawer, "A Crusader Tomb of 1290 from Acre and the Last Arch-bishops of Nazareth", Israel Exploration Journal24 (1974), 241-51.

9 Cf. Corpus, nos. 404, 416-17.10 1. Lauffray, "Forums et monuments de Beryte (suite)", Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth 8

(1946-48), 7-16 (pp. 8, 11-12, fig. 2); Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom ofJerusalem: A Corpus, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1993-), I: 118; L. Nordiguian and J.-C. Voisin, Chateaux eteglises du moyen age au Liban (Beirut, 1999), pp. 371-72.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON 133

Fig. I Beirut: Graffito (no. 1) from church of St Saviour, or St Barbara (after J.Lauffray, Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth 8 (1946-48), p. 12)

huet deaqs [...

This seems most likely to represent a name, such as Hu(gu)et de Aq(ui)s.Alternatively it might possibly be expanded as: h(ab)ue(ri)t de aq(ui)s. Themeaning of such a phrase, however, appears obscure, though it is possible that thetext continued on the area of missing plaster to the right.

SIDON

2 Verseepitaph

From the Bustan al-Franji, or garden of the Freres de Terre Sainte, on a marblearch."

t Hie iacet in pulchro pietatis norma sepulchroqui studunit semp(er) Domino servire libenteret quod suppleret que lex divina iuberetomnia quippe dabat Xpo (Christo) que danda putabat

Here lies in a beautiful tomb a model of piety, who forever strove to serve the Lord freely,and because he fulfilled those things which divine law commanded, he gave to Christ allthose things indeed which he considered ought to be given.

Renan identified the deceased as an archbishop of Tyre on the basis of the doublecross:" this argument, however, is far from convincing.

11 E. M. Renan, Mission en Phenicie, 2 vols. [text + plates by M. Thobais] (Paris, 1864--74), 1:391.12 Ibid.

134 DENYS PRINGLE

3 Epitaph from a tomb made by orfor Domenico Baronilla

This text was noted by Renan, but its precise provenance is unknown.':'

... ]a Veneticus D(omi)nicus Baronilla nomin[e ...

... ] sepulcrum istud composuer(it) t[ ...

. . .the Venetian, Domenico Baronilla, by name ...

.. .will have made that tomb ...

4 Epitaph

This text was also recorded by Renan. 14

... ]1... ]eo miles

... qui r]equieseit ... ] m(ens)e

... ] knight [... who] lies [... ] in the month [of...

Lines 3-4 might alternatively read ... qui r]equie[scat in pace (may he rest inpeace).

5 Epitaph of Jo[sep}h Timeron

Marble slab (33 x 29 cm), found in Sidon in 1923 and removed to the NationalMuseum, Beirut (Fig. 2).15

!ci] gist mesire Josep]h Timeron, fi(ls)si]re Angorrant, m(aistre)... , q]ui trespassa ;!nl'incarjnacion Ih(es)u Cdis]tm cc ]i

[Here] lies Sir Jo[sep]h Timeron, son of Sir Enguerrand, m(aster of ... ), who passed away(in the) year of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, [12 .. ].

13 Ibid.14 Ibid.15 Virolleaud, "Travaux", p. 116; Camille Enlart, Les Monuments des croises dans le royaume de

Jerusalem: architecture religieuse et civile, 2 vols. + 2 albums of plates, Bibliotheque archeologique ethistorique 7-8 (Paris, 1925-28),2:338-39, fig. 455, pl. 144; Pringle, Churches, 2:320.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON

Line 2: In the photograph published by Enlart, the first legible letter is clearly h,allowing the restoration of the name Jo[sep ]h. His photograph, however, hadevidently been retouched prior to publication and the reading is therefore notentirely certain. Enlart himself restored the letter as e, which would allow thealternative possibilities of Jo[rg]e, Jo[ffr]e or Jo[ss Je. Line 3: Enlart curiously tookthe letter following Angorrant (Enguerrand) to be c, which he interpreted as thebeginning of c[hevalier]. His photograph, however, shows m, or possibly an, as inthe following line. Furthermore, the colon following the letter indicates that it iseither a complete word or a contraction of one. Possibilities might include m(ajour),rn(aistre), or perhaps rn(aistre) / (le) ray (majordomo). Line 6: Enlart recognized thefinal letter as I, but it is scarcely visible on the photograph. The text seems to haveended with a colon, of which only the upper dot remains.

YI So:O( e S I tl e :)0H·.t;1 en e 11On:Fl j :B :f17 GOn np' t.: 01 ·V J% 11e ~DPI ~ S (j :rn·ffaJOn:Jl)v:rrr -t

Fig.2 Sidon: Epitaph (no. 5) of Jolseplh Timeron (traced from C. Enlart, LesMonuments des Croises (Paris 1925-28), fig. 455

135

136 DENYS PRINGLE

--~

\\\\

Fig.3 Sidon: Epitaph (no. 6) of Herb(er)t of Arnbrej.] (traced from Ch. Clermont-Ganneau, Archives de L'Orient latin 2.1 (Paris 18M), pI. Il.e)

6 Epitaph of Herber! of Ambre[.

Marble slab (31 x 31 cm), forming part of the Lycklama collection in the museumin Cannes and recorded there by Ch. Clermont-Ganneau in 1879. The letters aredispersed between two pairs of open shears flanking a cross of Lorraine (Fig. 3).16

Hiercq(u)ies] c lit

16 Ch. Clermont-Ganneau, "Nouveaux monuments des croises rccueiIIis en Terre Sainte", AOL 2.1(Paris, 1884),457-64 (p. 462, pl, Il.c); Enlart, Monuments, 2:339, fig. 128, pl. 139 bis; Pringlc, Churches,

2:320.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON 137

HerQ(ertjusDarnbre].

Here lies Herbert of Ambre[.).

Line 5: Clennont-Ganeau read the last line as d 'Ambra .... The last visible letter,however, seems more likely to be e, with sufficient space remaining for a finalletter.

In early medieval England, shears appearing on tombstones appear to have reflectedan earlier pagan tradition in which such artefacts were placed inside the grave;normally they indicated that the deceased was female." By the thirteenth century,however, such symbols more usually indicated the dead person's trade orprofession. Since Herbert dArnbre].] was evidently male, this also seems to be thecase here. The broad shears with blunt ends illustrated on the stone may be identifiedas fullers' shears, used in the cloth trade for shearing the surface of newly wovencloth to give it a smooth finish. IS They would thus appear to indicate that the deadman was involved in the woollen cloth trade. His place of origin may perhaps havebeen Ambcrt, a small town in the Auvergne south-east ofClennont-Ferrand, whosemedieval industries included paper and cloth-making."

TYRE7 Epitaph of Peter, SO/1 of Sergius of Capua (or Campania) (1/90)

Marble plaque (15 x 15 x 4 cm) (Fig. 4). Now in the Muscc du Louvre, Paris.20

+ H[i]c [r]cq(u)icscit Petrus, fili(us)S(er)gii C(a)p(u)ani. Obii;anno d(omi)nic(ae) nat(ivitatis) m?CO nonag(csimo) ind(i)c(tione) viii

+ Here lies Peter, son of Sergio of Capua. He died in AD 1190, indiction VIII.

Line 3 might equally read S(er)gii C(am)pani (Sergius of Camp ani a).

17 Lawrence Butler, "Symbols on Medieval Memorials", Archaeological Journal 144 (19l\7l.246-55 (pp. 252-53).

IX E. Carus-Wilson, "The Significance of the Secular Sculptures in the Lane Chapel, Cullompton",MediemlArchaeolog:ol (1957l,104-17(pp. 104-9).

19 K. Baedeker, Southern France including Corsica: Handbookfor Travellers, 6th cd. (Leipzig.1914), p. 221.

20 Clermont-Ganneau, "Nouvcaux monuments", p. 460, pI. l.c; Enlart, Monuments, 2:370; PringJc,"Crusader Cathedral of Tyre", p. 185.

138 DENYS PRINGLE

Fig.4 Tyre: Epitaph (no. 7) of Peter, son of Sergius of Capua (or Campania) (tracedfrom Ch. Clennont-Ganneau, AOL 2.1 (Paris 1884), pI. Le)

8 Epitaph o{Thomas Debontomas and his brother Obertus (1202)

This text was recorded by Renan.21

+ Anno D(omi)ni m" cc" ii" m(en)semaii die xx obiitThomas Debontomas et fr(ater) ei(us) k(alend)isSepte( m)br( is) Obert( us)

Thomas Debontomas died 20 May AD 1202, and his brother Obertus on 1 September.

21 Renan, Mission en Phenicie, 1:545.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON 139

Fig.5 Tyre: Epitaph (no. 9) of Bartholomew Chayn (or Caym) (from J. N. Sepp,Meerfahrt nach Tyros (Leipzig, 1879), p. 264)

9 Epitaph of Bartholomew Chayn (or Caym), knight of Tyre (1266)

Large marble slab, now in the Musee du Louvre, Paris (Fig. 5).22

+ Ici gist mess ire Bert-helme Chayn, ch(evalie)r de Sur, (qu)itrespassa en I' an de I'incarna-tion N(ost)re Seignor Ih(es)u Cristm cc lxvi, samadi au seir, lepremier ior de jenvier, la-quel amme selit ...

+Here lies Sir Bartholomew Chayn, knight ofTyre, who died in the year of the incarnationof Our Lord Jesus Christ 1266, on the evening of Saturday the first day of January. May hissoul ...

The casalia of Farachyen (al-Frakhiya) and Cafardebael (Kafar Dab'al), whichBartholomew Chayn (or Caym) held from the king and in which the Venetians also

22 M. H. Chehab, Tyr a l'epoque des croises, 2. Histoire sociale, economique et religieuse (Paris,1979), p. 477; Clermont-Ganneau, "Nouveaux monuments", pp. 459-60; Pringle, "Crusader CathedralofTyre", p. 185, fig. 28; Hans Protz, Aus Phönizien (Leipzig, 1876), p. 336; J. N. Sepp, Meerfahrt nachTyros zur Ausgrabung der Kathedrale mit Barbarossa 's Grab (Leipzig, 1879), p. 264.

140 DE:-.iYS PRI~GLE

Fig.6 Tyre: Inscribed headstone (no. 10) from a grave (from 1. N. Sepp, Meerfahrtnach Tyrus (Leipzig, 1879), p. 261)

had a part share, are referred to in Marsilio Zorzi's survey of Yeneti an properties inTyre in 1243.23

10 Headstone from a grave

Carved on what appears to have been the headstone for a grave capped by a rosette inrelief, found at the site of the crusader cathedral in Tyre (Fig. 6).24

tHocestsepulcru(m)[00 .

This is the tomb [of ...

2J O. Berggötz. Der Bericht des Marsilio Zorzi: Codex Querini-Stampalia lV3 (J064), KielerWerkstücke, Reihe C: Beiträge zur europäischen Geschichte des frühen und hohen Mittelalters 2(Frankfurt am Main-Berne-New York-Paris, 1991), pp. 155, 160; Chehab, Tyr ci l'epoque des croises,2:477-78.

24 Clermont-Ganneau, "Nouveaux monuments", p. 459 n. 7; Pringle, "Crusader Cathedral of Tyre",p. 185, fig. 27; Sepp, Meerfahrt nach Tyrus, p. 261.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FRO~1 SOUTHERN LEBANON 141

S6laßO]\:l6u:L~KIRmt!:nf{:

Fig.7 Tyre: Epitaph (no. 11) of a knight (from P. M. Bikai, Bulletin du Musee deBeyrouth 24 (1971), p. 88, fig. I)

11 Epitaph of a knight (1272/4)

From the Greek Catholic church. White marble slab, II x 12 x 3.2 cm (Fig. 7).25

Seignor 1[ .et lxxii[ pries por l'arme de l[ui .

Lord [ ... ] and 72 (or 73, 74) [ ... pray for] his soul [ ...

If lxxii is part of a date, it would presumably be 1172/4 or, more likely, 1272/4.

25 Patricia M. Bikai, "A New Crusader Church in Tyre", Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth 24 (1971),83-90 (p. 88, fig. I, pI. X1.I).

142 DE~YS PRINGLE

p~Ian:nIR~eJl8Tl1litG :D6;1R

Fig.8 Tyre: Epitaph (no. 12) of Payen the Deacon (adapted from P. M. Bikai, Bulletindu Musee de Beyrouth, 24 (1971), p. 88, fig. 2)

J 2 Epitaph of Payen the Deacon

From the Greek Catholic church. Blue-white marble slab, 14.5 x 12 x 4 cm (Fig. 8).Although only the right-hand part of the inscription survives, it appears to have beenset out below a two-armed cross flanked by single-arm crosses with dots in thequarters. Between the crosses, a shallow rectangular recess cut into the stone seemslikely to have been intended to receive a metal insertion."

+ Jt +ici gist ... [Paien dia.c-re

... ]giemart de la... qui t[respassa en

l'an m cc .... le ... ] ior cn

26 Ibid., p. 88, fig. 2, pI. XI.I.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON 143

Here lies ... ] Payen the Deacon [ ... ] Tuesday of the [ ... who] departed in [the year 12..on the .. ]day in [ ...

Line 2: The name could possibly read Da(m)ien, though the tail of the p isreasonably distinct. Itmight perhaps have been preceded by a title, such as Frere.Alternatively it is possible that Paien was a family name and was preceded by a firstname. If so, this would raise the further possibility that the deceased was related toGodfrey Payen (see no. 13 below). A canon of Sidon named Paguanus is referredto in 1170/7 but there is no particular reason to connect him with this man.

13 Epitaph of Godfrey Payen

From the Greek Catholic church. Stone 19 x 23 x 4.3 cm (Fig. 9).28

Hie r~[q(uiescit)Gaufr[iQUs Paggnus g(ui)obiit i]!l~.... lm

Here lies Godfrey Payen, who [died i]n ...

Lines 5-6 might have read: q(ui) [obiit i]n pa[rasceve ... ] or pa[scha ... ] (who diedon Good Friday/at Easter), followed by the year or [a]m[en]. Alternatively, butperhaps less probably: q(ui) [iit in paradisu]m (who has passed into Paradise).Godfrey may possibly have been related to the deceased in no. 12 above.

14 Epitaph

From the Greek Catholic church.i"

.. , requiesci]t i(n) pace [ ...

15 Graffiti in the chapel of St Saviour

The chapel of the Saviour was constructed outside the walls of Tyre soon after thefall of the city in 1128. Itwas built over the spina of the Roman circus and enclosedthe base of a column upon which Jesus was supposed to have sat.30 The internal

27 RRH, p. 125, no. 475.28 Bikai, "New Crusader Church in Tyre", p. 88, pI. XI.3.29 En1art, Monuments, 2:373, fig. 483.30 Pringle, Churches, vol. 3 (forthcoming). My investigation of this building in May 1998 was

facilitated by an Archaeology Research Grant awarded by the Humanities Research Board of the British

144 DENYS PRINGLE

Fig.9 Tyre: Epitaph (no. 13) of Godfrey Payen (traced from P. M. Bikai, Bulletin duMusee de Beyrouth, 24 (1971), pl. XI.3)

walls are covered with smooth white plaster, into which Western pilgrims - andothers literate in Greek and Arabic - have scratched graffiti. These includerepresentations of crosses, shields, ships and a number of monograms and names(Figs. 10-14). Full publication of this important collection of graffiti will requirefurther more detailed study. In the meantime, however, the following identifiablenames may be noted:

Academy. I am also most grateful to Dr Camille Asmar, head of excavation in the Direction General desAntiquites, for permission to examine and record the remains and to Mr Ali Badawi, the department'slocal officer, for his unfailing assistance.

i.:=e.;;:=00-00...o1iCl.=-=u

....•

150 DENYS PRlNGLE

(a) simon umlom

The significance of this name is unclear; but just below it in much smaller letters iswritten:

(b) hie fuit stephan(us) eoeh T(n)assjslia] aeeone[nse]

Stephen Coch was here in the siege (or assize?) of Acre

The word assisa or assisia usually means assize. In this context, however, the wordseems more likely to refer to the siege of Acre by the army of the Third Crusade,which lasted from August 1189 until July 1191.31 Tyre was the base from which thecampaign against Acre was initially launched and the main port through whichthe crusaders' camp was supplied with men and materials.

(c) Georgii de [ ...

(d) hie fuit he!!(rieu)sde podio d[..]feno

Henry de Podio d[..]erio was here

The name could alternatively be read as Herbe[rtu ]s, since the form of the thirdletter is somewhat unusual. John, son of a certain Henry de Podio (of Le Puy?),however, is listed among the knights ofRoard, lord of Ha ifa, in an act concerning thegranting of the unlocated village of Digegie to the Hospital in 1201.32 It is uncertainwhether he is the same as John Dupuis, sergeant of the king of France, whosetombstone was built into the Hermann Struck House in Haifa in the 19205.33

Richius of ... , parish priest, was here

Ce) h(ie) fuit r[i]ehi(us) d[e ... [jo pleba(nus)

It is possible that this man also belonged to the de Podio family.

(f) hie fuitjacob[us] se(ut)ifer_Ih[eru]s[a]l(im)it(an)i Will[elmi ...

31 Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, 1.26; 3.17-18, ed. William Stubbs, RS 38.1 (London, 1864), pp. 62,231-33; trans. Helen 1.Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 70,218-21.

32 RRH,pp.208-9,no. 784.33 + lei: gist: lohan : / dou :Puis: serga / (n)t: dou :puissa(n)t : / ray: de: Fra(n)ce: IProies: par:

I lame (Here lies John Dupius, sergeant of the powerful king of France. Pray for his soul). This text onlycame to light after the publication of Fr de Sandoli's Corpus. See Jerusalem Post (26 Feb. 1976), p. 3;Journal d'Israel (16 April 1976), p. 8; Anon., "Epitaffo del sergente Giovanni di Le-Puy", La TerraSanta 53 (1977), 15-16; Pringle, Churches, 1:222.

CRUSADER INSCRIPTIONS FROM SOUTHERN LEBANON 151

James, squire ofWilliam of Jerusalem, was here.

This text is written in small letters, similar to (b), below a shield. Unfortunately alarger inscription in Greek letters, which has still to be deciphered, partly obscuresthe second line, the reading of which is therefore not at all certain. It is possible thatWille/mus, or a contraction of the same name, was followed by a noun such as militisor equitis indicating his position; however, it would perhaps be over-speculativeto attempt to identify him, for example, with one of the marshals of Jerusalem ofthat name, who are mentioned in charters between 1159 and 117934 and in 127335

respectively, or with the constable of Jerusalem mentioned in 1263.36

(g) hie fuit fi

This text is preceded by a triangle containing three roundels below a line andsunnounted by a cross. It appears to be incomplete, as though the writer wasinterrupted in the middle of a word.

34 RRH, pp. 87-88, no. 336 (1159), and passim; RRH Ad, pp. 36-37, no. 590b (1179).35 Gulielmus de Caneta, maresehalcus regni Iherosomitani: Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici: ex tabularii

regii Berolinensis codice potissimum, ed. Ernest Strehlke, introduction by Hans E. Mayer (Toronto,1975), p. 118, no. 126.

36 GuilleIme, seignor dou Boutron et conestable dou dit reyaume [de Jerusalem]: ibid., p. 114,no.123.