Cruise Report for A1-98-SC Southern California Earthquake … · 2009-05-07 · Cruise Report for A1-98-SC Southern California Earthquake Hazards Project By William R. Normark 1,

Cruise Report for A1-98-SCSouthern California EarthquakeHazards Project

By William R. Normark1, Robert G. Bohannon

1, Ray Sliter

1, Gita Dunhill

1, David W.

Scholl1, Jane Laursen

2, Jane A. Reid

1, and David Holton

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Open-File Report 99-152

1999

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S.Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code.Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does notimply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

1U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025

2Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark

OF 99-152: cruise A1-98-SC (August 9 to 23, 1998)

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INTRODUCTION

Project description

The focus of the Southern California Earthquake Hazards project, within theWestern Region Coastal and Marine Geology team (WRCMG), is to identify thelandslide and earthquake hazards and related ground-deformation processes thatcan potentially impact the social and economic well-being of the inhabitants of theSouthern California coastal region, the most populated urban corridor along the U.S.Pacific margin. The primary objective is to help mitigate the earthquake hazards forthe Southern California region by improving our understanding of how deformation isdistributed (spatially and temporally) in the offshore with respect to the onshoreregion. To meet this overall objective, we are investigating the distribution, character,and relative intensity of active (i.e., primarily Holocene) deformation within the basinsand along the shelf adjacent to the most highly populated areas (Fig. 1). In addition,the project will examine the Pliocene-Pleistocene record of how this deformation hasshifted in space and time. The results of this study should improve our knowledge ofshifting deformation for both the long-term (105 to several 106 yr) and short-term (<50ky) time frames and enable us to identify actively deforming structures that mayconstitute current significant seismic hazards.

Study area

The active field program for this hazards project is intended to focus on thoseareas with the greatest potential for impact on the Southern California populace: 1)the coastal strip (coastal zone and continental shelf) between Los Angeles and SanDiego, where much of the hazard appears to be associated with strike-slip or oblique-slip faults; 2) active faults within the Santa Monica, San Pedro, and San Diego Troughbasins, where more extensive sedimentation has left a greater stratigraphic record;3) the offshore extension into the Santa Barbara Channel of the fold and thrust belt ofthe Western Transverse Range; 4) the boundary (Channel Islands region) betweenthe inner California Borderland (strike-slip dominated deformation) and the SantaBarbara Channel (thrust and fold deformation). Figure 2 shows a generalizeddepiction of faults in the southern California region. Over the last decade, both site-specific studies and regional tectonic syntheses for the borderland have identified thegeneral distribution of the offshore (and related onshore) fault systems (e.g., seeClarke et al., 1985; Ziony and Yerkes, 1985; Vedder et al., 1986; Vedder, 1987;Wallace, 1990; Legg, 1991; Crouch and Suppe, 1993; Clarke and Kennedy, 1997;Dolan et al., 1997; Pinter et al., 1998; and Bohannon and Geist, 1998).

Cruise A1-98-SC, the subject of this report, focused on the western part of area 2noted above (Fig. 1) and discusses the first completed field program for the project.During the first year of the project, FY 1997, an expedition (S1-97-SC) was initiated tosurvey the same area, but equipment failure terminated the primary geophysicaloperation after only 30 hours (Fig. 3A). The planned trackline survey for the A1-98-SCsurvey was intended to take advantage of the survey pattern begun during cruise S1-97-SC. Tracklines were plotted at a 2 km spacing aligned perpendicular to the shelf


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break and basin slope and on an "orthogonal" set aligned to intercept major structuralfeatures that are oblique to the trend of the basin slope and shelf edge (Fig. 3B).

In addition to the primary survey grid (Fig. 3B), several transects were planned totie the high-resolution geophysical data to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015(Figs. 1 and 3; ODP Leg 167 Shipboard Scientific Party, 1997). Site 1015 wascontinuously cored to 150 meters below the sea floor. Based on a previous Huntecdeep-tow boomer survey in the western Santa Monica Basin, Piper et al. (in press)correlated the boomer seismic-stratigraphy with the Site 1015 cores. Normark andPiper (1998), using age control based primarily on Site 1015 and comparison withSite 893 in Santa Barbara Basin (ODP Leg 146 Shorebase Scientific Party, 1994;Kennett and Venz, 1995), show that the deep-tow boomer system typically resolvesreflectors as old as 20 ka in the basin floor and lower slope areas of Santa MonicaBasin. Normark and Piper s (1998) correlation of the basin-wide seismic stratigraphycan thus provide estimates of timing for movement on folds and faults during theHolocene to the extent that the seismic stratigraphy can be extended thoughout theeastern part of Santa Monica basin.

OPERATIONSThis section gives an overview of the vessel, equipment, personnel, and key

operational events during the cruise. For general cruise operational information, referto FACS files accessible at:

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a198sc/html/a-1-98-sc.meta.html

Research platform

The FY 1998 field program was conducted using a leased vessel, the 156-ft-longM/V AURIGA, owned and operated by F/V North Wind, Inc. The M/V AURIGA, whichwas initially designed as an offshore oilfield supply vessel, is currently outfitted as anAlaskan crab-fishing boat. There are no laboratory compartments on the M/V AURIGA,but the large open fantail area is amenable to installation of standard containershipping vans, each of which was outfitted for specific scientific function (Fig. 4). TheM/V AURIGA was staffed with a ship’s crew of six, and during the cruise, the ship’screw provided an excellent level of support to the project activity throughout the fieldoperation.

For the cruise A1-98-SC, three of the four scientific vans installed on the M/VAURIGA were the mainstay of the project survey activities: (1) an electronicslab/underway-watch van for operating the navigation system and primary geophysicalinstruments, (2) a mechanical shop used for maintaining the air compressor for theseismic-reflection sound source and the winches and davits used for launch andrecovery of both the Huntec deep-towed boomer as well as the streamer and soundsource for the high-resolution reflection profiling system; and (3) a small office van.Figure 4 shows the layout of equipment on the vessel. The science vans and allassociated deck equipment, including winches, davits, high-pressure aircompressors, etc., were loaded during a four-day mobilization period at RedwoodCity, CA.



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The geophysical survey was set for 9 to 23 August, 1998, departing and returningto Fish Harbor on Terminal Island in the port of Long Beach. Most of the scientificparty embarked at Fish Harbor in late morning 9 August.

Scientific Party

The scientific party for A1-98-SC included four personnel from the southernCalifornia earthquake hazards project of WRCMG, two USGS volunteers, and fourtechnical-support personnel from the WRCMG Marine Facilities staff (Table 1). Inaddition, there were three contract personnel, one to oversee operation of the deep-tow boomer and two to provide a 24-hour watch for marine mammals.

Operational Log

Figure 3B shows the general plan for survey lines during the cruise. Equipmentproblems, however, during the initial startup period for operations, which commencedimmediately after clearing the approaches to the port of Long Beach, required aseries of modifications to the proposed survey grid. Within the first week, three returnvisits to Fish Harbor were required, initially to allow a commercial compressortechnician to diagnose and on a second visit, to effect repairs. The third return to portwas required to pick up parts to allow repairs for the multi-channel streamer. Figure 5shows the final survey tracklines; the tracklines colors distinguish the differentcombinations of equipment used.

Table 2 shows the milestones for the main activities and comments on theeffect(s) on the intended cruise operations. Date and time are given in Julian Day(JD) /Greenwich Mean Time (GMT); subtract 7 hours for local time.

Table 2 does not log the activities of the marine-mammal observers fromCascadia Research Collective. The observers were responsible for recordingsightings of marine mammals and determining when any mammals covered by theMarine Mammal Protection Act came close enough to the seismic-reflection soundsources to require cessation of survey activity. The protocols for shut down of thesound sources were established prior to departure, and the decision to shut downwas solely the responsibility of the marine-mammal observer and was not the subjectof veto by the geophysical watchstanders. The basic protocols requiring shutdownwere when baleen whales approached within 200 m and when odontocetes (e.g.,dolphins) or pinnipeds (e.g., seals) were within 100 m. The protocol area was not asimple radius from the sound sources but an egg-shaped area that extended forwardof and along the sides of the vessel by the stated protocol range.

Sea lions, dolphins, and whales were all observed numerous times during thesurvey, requiring shutdowns as frequently as several times a day. Most shutdownswere on the order of 5 to 10 minutes in length. Shutdowns tended to occur in thesame general areas on each transit, e.g., dolphins feeding in waters above the upperslope, so it was not practical to attempt to retrace the trackline and acquire themissing data. Information on equipment shutdowns for both the Huntec and MCSequipment, caused either by mammal sightings, change of equipment, travel insidethe 3 mile limit for the MCS, or port visits is given at


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http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a198sc/nav/a-1-98-sc.nav_lines

Appendix 1 is the report provided by the Cascadia Research Collective detailingthe activities of the marine-mammal observers.

Equipment Review

A brief description of and operational parameters for the primary survey equipmentused during the cruise are given below. For specific times of operation and changesin system operation, refer to the FACS file found at:


Shipboard positioning systemPosition data was collected with the USGS-designed YoNav Navigation system,

which can accept a wide range of input data including GPS, LORAN C (eitherhyperbolic or rho-rho), transit satellites, and microwave frequency, shorebased,transponder systems. The YoNav system is a PC-based data-acquisition and displayprogram written in Microsoft C/C++ designed to provide navigation services on almostany DOS platform. The YoNav system incorporates a real-time trackline display andline-generating software for both the ships’ bridge and scientific personnel and isdescribed in detail in Gann (1992). The display shows the ship’s position relative tothe desired survey line; the captain and mates on the M/V AURIGA quickly adapted tothe position display and were able to stay within defined line parameters most of thetime. An added advantage of the YoNav system is that the display could also be set toshow one or more of several reference-data layers including bathymetric contours,shaded-relief images from multibeam-sounding data, tracklines of previous surveys,and compilations of seafloor structural features.

The YoNav system worked well, using GPS input to provide position data every sixseconds for 24 hrs/day . The preferred mode of operation was differential GPS, butboth the shorebased reference-GPS stations used during the survey (Long Beachand Point Loma) would periodically shut down resulting in a noticeable degrading ofthe ability to keep within the 50-m cross-track limits set for line-following by the bridgewatch. Most of the periods without differential GPS were limited to a few minutes ortens of minutes; during the last two days of surveying, however, the differential GPSreference was commonly unavailable for several hours at a time. The intervalswithout GPS commonly show as ’wiggly’ lines in the track plot of Figure 5.

The complete navigation file can be obtained at:

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a198sc/nav/a-1-98-sc.065

HuntecA high-resolution Huntec DTS boomer system towed between 6 m and 160 m

below the sea surface (depending upon the water depth) was used to image theupper few tens of milliseconds of strata with a resolution of better than 0.5 ms (0.4 m).Power output was 350 Joules, with a firing rate that was also dependent on waterdepth, ranging from 0.75 sec over the shelf and upper basin slopes in 0.25 sec

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/lion/a/a198sc/nav/a-1-98-sc.nav_lines

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/lion/a/a198sc/nav/a-1-98-sc.nav_lines

http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/lion/a/a198sc/nav/a-1-98-sc.065


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intervals to 1.25 sec over the deeper parts of the basins. Returning signals werereceived with a 5-m-long Benthos 10-element hydrophone array. Signals were filteredat 800-6000 Hz and recorded at a 0.25 sec sweep. The data were recorded both onpaper using an EPC recorder and on magneto-optical disc. The average surveyspeed of about 3.8 kt (7 km/hr) resulted in a shot spacing between 1.5 and 2.5 m forthe deep-tow boomer profiles.

The Huntec system operated throughout the cruise with the exception ofshutdowns for the three return visits to Long Beach for replacement parts and servicefor the multichannel-seismic system components and interruptions due to mammalinterference. The Huntec was also off briefly during the sound-source-measurementexperiment during the 18th of August (see Table 2).

Multichannel seismic-reflection system (MCS)As a result of equipment problems, the multi-channel seismic-reflection (MCS)

profiling activity during the cruise used two different sound sources and two differentstreamers to receive signals. The primary sound source was a 35/35 in3 double-chamber GI gun firing every 12 seconds at a pressure of about 3000 psi. A Sureshotsystem was used to fire the gun in "harmonic mode" wherein the second chamber isdelayed relative to the initial trigger pulse in order to achieve the cleanest signal byminimizing the bubble pulse. The most efficient settings for the Sureshot control aregiven in Table 3. The GI gun was towed 12 meters behind the vessel and suspendedfrom a float to maintain a depth of about 1 meter. Catastrophic failure of the gunresulted in changing to the backup sound source, a 40 in3 Bolt airgun, which wasdeployed for the last 48 hours of data collection. This airgun, which had a wave-shape kit to reduce the effect of the bubble pulse, was towed at a depth of about 4meters using 2000 psi air pressure and fired at a six-second shot rate.

The primary streamer for the MCS operation was a 24-channel ITI streamer with10-m-long groups and 3 phones per group. This streamer was unusable for the firstpart of the survey because of extensive corrosion of the wiring in the termination box ofthe deck cable; this problem had gone undetected during a ’thorough’ quality-controlcheck by the manufacturer in the few weeks prior to departure of this cruise. Thebackup receiving system, a 24-channel ITI streamer with 6.25 m groups and 1 phoneper group, was used initially until repairs could be effected on the primary streamer.Failure of the GI gun late in the survey as noted above meant that three combinationsof sound source and streamers were used during the operation: primary soundsource with backup streamer, primary sound source and streamer, and backupsound source with primary receiver. Table 3B reviews the operational periods for theequipment.

Data were collected using a STRATAVIEW digital recording system and aGeometrics marine controller. Shots were triggered by the YoNav system. Data wasrecorded in SEGD format on 2-gbyte DAT tapes using a 1 msec sample rate and athree second record length. A 60-Hz notch filter was used; otherwise all frequencybands were passed. A total of approximately 250 hours (20 gigabytes) of data werecollected.


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Bathymetry ODECA 3.5-kHz chirp-source reflection-profiling system was installed on the M/V AURIGA

to provide a continuous water-depth profile and as a backup high-resolution seismic-reflection system should the Huntec system fail. The rapid sweep rate (0.25 sec) ofthe Huntec system coupled with the lack of a direct measurement of the tow depth ofthe Huntec vehicle prevents a rapid and accurate measure of the water depth. Duringtransects across the basin slopes, when the water depth would change rapidly, theHuntec recording system requires frequent time-delay changes. An independentmeasure of the water depth is desirable to avoid using the Huntec as a bottom-sampling device. The ODEC (Ocean Data Equipment Corporation) system wastested early in the cruise during the period of repairs for the air compressor. TheODEC 3.5 kHz system, however, provided too much interference with the Huntecsignal, especially at shallower water depths where the Huntec had to be towed closerto the sea surface (and, therefore, closer to the ODEC tow fish). The system was notused again during the cruise.

A summary of the locations of cruise information is given in Table 4.


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OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC-REFLECTION DATAThis section briefly examines how the data obtained met the objectives of the

project by providing a stratigraphic framework for evaluation or structural features.The sampled survey lines are selected to illustrate the three combinations of primaryand secondary sound sources and streamers used to obtain the multi-channelseismic-reflection data. Figure 6 shows location of the three profile segmentsselected for Figures 7, 8, and 9 with respect to the shaded relief map showing basinand slope physiography.

Survey line 30, which is oriented north-northwest, is a slightly oblique crossing ofthe northeastern margin of Santa Monica Basin in the area where the structural stylechanges from oblique or strike slip to a more compressive setting related to theTransverse Ranges (Wright, 1991). The segment of line 30 that is showncontiguously in Figure 7A and B is from the lower continental slope, and the nearly flatdip of the sea floor and subbottom reflectors result from this slope-parallel transect.The terrace at the righthand side of the profile segment in 7A is the wall of the smallsubmarine canyon at the left edge of 7B. This canyon might mark the surfaceexpression of a fault. In this profile, which crosses the canyon at a low angle, thereappears to be a contrast in character of the sedimentary package on either side of thefault; in Figure 7A, the deeper reflections are short and chaotic, contrasting with thoseto the south-southeast that are more continuous and more gently dipping (Fig. 7B).

The deep-tow boomer data of Figure 7C provides detailed stratigraphy for theupper 50 m of the section seen in Figure 7A. To the north-northwest, a thin cover (3 mto 5 m thick) of undisturbed sediment overlies a zone of disrupted and chaoticreflectors that might result from faulting or from gas trapped in the section. There issome indication of this zone of disruption down to a depth of 0.9 sec (water delay) inthe multi-channel profile of Figure 7A. Between this zone of chaotic reflectors and theupper edge of the submarine canyon to the south-southeast, there are local strong,but discontinuous, reflectors that probably result from trapped gas in a zone from 20to 30 mbsf. These discontinuous strong reflections conform to the bedding surfacesexcept where the bedding dips south-southeast approaching the canyon (righthandend of Fig. 7C) and are commonly observed on the deep-tow boomer profiles in waterdepths of 400 to 500 m in the western part of Santa Monica Bay. The sedimentsonlapping the dipping reflector package has slight positive relief and might be anoverbank deposit (levee) of turbidity currents moving through the canyon. Thesouthern margin of the canyon shows abrupt truncation of the slope reflectors to adepth of at least 80 mbsf; the narrow, steep walls of the canyon do not permit a clearinterpretation of whether this is an expression of the fault observed in the multi-channel record. The sediment drape observed in Figure 7C forms a markedunconformity through much of Figure 7D.

Figures 8A, 8B, 8D and 8E show two segments from the southern part of surveyline 42, which obliquely crosses line 30 and extends into the basin where pondedturbidites from Hueneme and Dume fans in the basin plain were cored at ODP Site1015 (Figs. 5, 6). The turbidites are thought to rest on crystalline basement of the


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Catalina Schist complex, which floors Santa Monica Basin and may be the strongreflector observed at 1.6 to 1.7 sec depth in Figure 8A. A small anticline that deformsthe seafloor and underlying sediment is the major structure observed near the baseof the Santa Monica Basin margin (Fig. 8B). There is some indication at depth (belowabout 1.4 sec. in Fig. 8B) that both flanks of this fold might be faulted. The internalstructure of the core of the anticline is not resolved in the deep-tow boomer profile(Fig. 8E), but the record is consistent with faulting on the basinward flank of theanticline and deformation of the youngest sediment in the basin. The boomer profilein Figure 8D suggests that an incipient anticlinal structure is gently uplifting the basinfill slightly farther out in the basin, but the deeper structure in the turbidite basin fill isunclear (Fig. 8A).

The northeastern margin of Santa Monica Basin is characterized by a gentlewedging of the youngest sediment fill, which onlaps the Miocene basement that isclearly exposed on the adjacent shelf (Figure 8C). The shelf edge is not well shownin this example of the multi-channel data, but folding of the older (presumably)Miocene strata is clear.

The well-stratified character of the basin fill as seen in Figure 8D is typical of theentire basin plain area (Piper et al., 1999). Resolution of the bedding is about 40 cmwith acoustic penetration to depths of 50 m to 80 m depending on the coarseness ofthe sediment section. The lithostratigraphy observed in the ODP cores at site 1015(Fig. 6) has been correlated with Huntec deep-tow boomer profiles previouslyacquired in Santa Monica Basin (Normark and Piper, 1998; Piper et al., 1999). Theearlier survey data did not directly cross the ODP Site 1015, so the existing correlationis based on extrapolation of key reflectors in the boomer records from tracklines nocloser than 5 km. Figure 8D shows a part of the Huntec data from line 42, and thetentative correlation with the stratigraphic framework of Normark and Piper (1998) isshown; their correlation suggests that reflector J is about 16 ka and reflector O isabout 5 to 8 ka. The possible deformation related to the incipient anticline in Figure8D would thus be as young as reflector M, which they suggest is 12 ka.

The segment of multi-channel seismic-reflection data from line 83 (Figure 9A) is aparallel to the general bathymetric contours across the upper basin slope south of theLong Beach shelf. The orientation of this line is at a high angle to the local structures,which include the Palos Verdes fault. One of the branches of a complex submarine-canyon system that trends south across the shelf and slope is imaged at thenortheastern end of the profile shown in Figure 9A. In part, the position and trend ofthese canyons might be controlled by several young faults. Southwest of the canyonsystem, the Huntec boomer data provide excellent details of the stratigraphy andstructure in the upper 40 to 90 m of the slope sequence. The small basin feature inFigure 9B, for example, appears to be a growing syncline with less deformationprogressively higher in the sediment fill. A chaotic layer whose irregular surfaceunderlies the basin floor at about 5 m depth is probably a debris flow from theexposed and truncated strata immediately upslope to the northeast. The southwestedge of the basin is probably fault controlled, and some of the youngest reflectorsappear to be truncated at the basin edge (Figure 9B).


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Farther southwest, both the multi-channel and boomer profiles show folding andfaulting on the San Pedro Basin slope (Figure 9A and C). The probable offsets seenin the strong subbottom reflector in the Huntec profile of Figure 9C mimic the deeperstructures seen in Figure 9A.

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARYAs shown in the examples discussed above, the seismic-reflection systems

deployed for the 1998 earthquake-hazard survey generally provided satisfactoryinformation for defining structures in the upper kilometer of sediment and basementin the inner basin areas. As expected, the only initial difference observed in theappearance of profiles from the three configurations of the multi-channel system isthe somewhat more pronounced ringing with the air gun sound source, e.g., compareFigures 7B and 9A, which are in similar water depths. The extended period of surveywithout the multi-channel system, particularly during the first week of the cruise, mayresult in a need to conduct additional studies in the Santa Monica Bay area. Thesystem was working well for the work southeast of the San Pedro shelf, where thetrackline spacing was designed to identify the major structures in order to provideguidance for followup surveys.

The Huntec deep-towed boomer obtained excellent data quality throughout thesurvey with little degradation in quality over the deeper basin areas of the survey. Thestratigraphic tie to upper 75 m of the section cored ODP Site 1015 might permitrelatively precise age assignments for deformation along the northern Santa MonicaBasin margin. It does not appear, however, that the boomer data collected during thiscruise will permit extension of the ODP stratigraphic control farther southwest into SanPedro Basin without additional survey effort.


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REFERENCES CITEDBohannon, R. G. and Geist, E., 1998, Upper crustal structure and Neogene tectonic

development of the California continental borderland: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.110, p. 779-800.

Clarke, S. H., and Kennedy, M. P., 1997, Analysis of late Quaternary faulting in the LosAngeles Harbor area and hazard to the Vincent Thomas Bridge: CaliforniaDept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 97-10,50p, 10 figures, 5 plates.

Clarke, S. H., Greene, H. G., and Kennedy, M. P., 1985, Identifying potentially activefaults and unstable slopes offshore: In Ziony, J. I. (Ed), Evaluating earthquakehazards in the Los Angeles region: an earth-science perspective: U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360, p. 347-496.

Crouch, J. K. and Suppe, J., 1993, Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Los AngelesBasin and inner California Borderland: a model for core complex-like crustalextension: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 105, 1415-1434.

Dolan, J. F., Sieh, K., Rockwell, T. K., Guptill, P., and Miller, G., 1997, Active tectonics,paleoseismology, and seismic hazards of the Hollywood fault, northern LosAngeles basin, California: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 109, p. 1595-1616.

Gann, J. T., 1992, YoNav: Your own integrated navigation system for DOS platforms,U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-565, 62p.

Kennett, J. P., and Venz, K., 1995, Late Quaternary climatically related planktonicforaminiferal assemblage changes: Hole 893A, Santa Barbara Basin,California. In Kennett, J. P., Baldauf, J. G., and Lyle, M. (Eds), Proc. ODP, Sci.Results, 146 (Pt. 2): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), p. 281-293.

Klitgord, K.D., and Brocher, T., 1996, Oblique-slip deformation in the San Pedro Basinoffshore Southern California: EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, v. 77, p.F737.

Legg, M. R., 1991, Developments in understanding the tectonic evolution of theCalifornia Continental Borderland: SEPM Society for Sedimentary GeologySpecial Publication 46, p. 291-312.

Normark, W. R., and Piper, D. J. W., 1998, Preliminary evaluation of recent movementon structures within the Santa Monica Basin, offshore southern California: U. S.Geological Survey Open File Report 98-518, 60 p.

Pinter, N., Lueddecke, S. B., Keller, E. A., and Simmons, K. R., 1998, Late Quaternaryslip on the Santa Cruz Island fault, California: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 110, p.711-722.

Piper, W. R., Hiscott, R. N., and Normark, W. R., 1999, Outcrop-scale acoustic faciesanalysis and the latest Quaternary development of Hueneme and Dume submarine

fans, offshore California: Sedimentology, v. 46, p. 47-78.


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Shipboard Scientific Party, 1997, Site 1015, In Lyle, M., Koizumi, I., Richter, C., et al.,Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 167: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), p.223-237.

Shorebased Scientific Party, 1994, Site 893, In Kennett, J. P., Baldauf, J., et al., Proc.ODP, Init. Repts., 146, pt. 2: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), p.15-50.

Vedder, J. G., 1987, Regional geology and petroleum potential of the SouthernCalifornia Borderland, In Scholl, D. W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J. G., eds.,Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western NorthAmerica and Adjacent Ocean Basins --- Beaufort Sea to Baja California,Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources Earth ScienceSeries, v. 6 (Houston, TX), p. 403-447.

Vedder, J.G., Greene, H.G., Clarke, S.H., and Kennedy, M.P., 1986, Geologic map ofthe mid-southern California continental margin --- Area 2 of 7, In Greene, H. G.and Kennedy, M. P., eds, 1986, California continental margin geologic mapseries: Sacremento, CA (California Division of Mines and Geology), scale1:250,000.

Wallace, R. E., ed., 1990, The San Andreas Fault System, California: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1515, 283 pp.

Wright, T. L., 1991, Structural geology and tectonic evolution of the Los Angeles Basin,California: Association of American Petroleum Geologists Memoir 52, p. 35-134.

Ziony, J. I., and Yerkes, R. F., 1985, Evaluating earthquake and surface-faultingpotential: In Ziony, J. I. (Ed), Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angelesregion: an earth-science perspective: U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 1360, p. 43-91.


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FIGURE CAPTIONSFIGURE 1: Physiography of the southern California borderland showing the major

basins and islands. The primary study area (red lines) for data collectionfor the offshore earthquake hazards project includes the innermost basinsand islands and extends from the western margin of Santa Barbara Basinto the Mexican-U.S. EEZ boundary southwest of San Diego. The area of the1998 survey that is the subject of this report is also shown (Figs. 2 and 5).

FIGURE 2: Generalized fault pattern for the inner southern California borderlandmodified from Legg (1991).

FIGURE 3: (A) Trackline map showing seismic-reflection data available to the projectthat was used for cruise-planning purposes. (B) Pre-cruise plan of surveytracklines for A1-98-SC. The survey priorities were to complete the SantaMonica Basin grid first with 2 km line spacing and then move to the areabetween Palos Verdes Peninsula and Dana Point on a 4-km grid.

FIGURE 4: Photos of the M/V AURIGA showing placement of the laboratory vans andother deck equipment and the M/V MARLIN, which was used for the sound-source-parameter measurements. (A) M/V AURIGA; (B) deck equipmentviewed from fantail showing primary multi-channel streamer (yellow cableon reel) with the core van in background, and the Huntec winch (center right)with the air compressor in back; (C) deck vans (view aft) with office van inforeground supporting inflatable boat, mechanical shop behind to left,electronics van behind to right, and the core van (far right); (D) M/V MARLIN,a diving support boat used for the sound-source measurements.

FIGURE 5: Trackline plot for A1-98-SC survey. The Huntec deep-tow boomeroperated during all of the survey. The high-resolution multi-channel systemwas not operational during the first 4 days of the survey; the different colortracklines indicate the different combinations of sound-sources and andstreamers (see operational log (Table 2) for details.

FIGURE 6: Shaded relief map of the inner basins of the California borderlandbetween Port Hueneme and Dana Point. Locations of the multi-channelseismic-reflection and Huntec deep-tow boomer profiles in Figures 7 to 9are shown.

FIGURE 7: (A and B) Contiguous sections of multi-channel seismic-reflection datafrom Line 30 showing data obtained with the primary sound source (GI gun)and the backup streamer; see Table 2. Possible fault control of SantaMonica Canyon is indicated. (C and D) Huntec deep-tow boomer profilesalong the same contiguous sections shown in A and B providing details ofstratigraphy for the upper 50 m of sediment along the basin slope.Prominent but discontinuous reflections at varying stratigraphic levels thatprobably reflect gas-charged horizons are prominent in C; section in Dshows the resolution of stratigraphic detail that is typical for Huntec recordsfrom basin-slope settings during the cruise. Profile locations in Figure 6.


14

FIGURE 8: (A, B, and C) Non-contiguous sections of multi-channel seismic-reflectiondata from Line 42 obtained with the primary sound source and primarystreamer; see Table 2. An anticlinal structure near the base of the SantaMonica Basin slope (B) is deforming turbidite fill in the basin. Section Cshows deformation in older, presumed Miocene-age sedimentary section.(D and E) Huntec deep-tow boomer profiles along the same sectionsshown in A and B providing details of stratigraphy for the upper 50 m ofsediment along the basin slope. The letters along the left margins of bothprofiles identify the depth to the key reflectors correlated with the sedimentcored at ODP Site 1015 (Normark and Piper, 1998). Profile locations inFigure 6.

FIGURE 9: (A) Section of multichannel seismic-reflection data from Line 83 obtainedwith the backup Bolt air-gun sound source and the primary streamer; seeTable 2. This slope-parallel section shows evidence for multiple faults andassociated deformation. The Huntec profiles (B and C) from two parts ofthe profile in A show extensive areas of truncation of slope sediment andpossible mass-wasting deposits in the upper 50 m of sediment. Profilelocations in Figure 6.

Seaw

ard limit

of project w

ork area

Limit of A

1-98-SC

survey area (see F

ig. 2)

200200

200

200

200200

200

200

200

200

200

120°

119°

118°

117°

34°

33°

Santa B

arbara

SA

NTA

BA

RB

AR

A B

AS

IN

San M

iguel I.Santa R

osa I.S

anta Cruz I.

Anacapa I.

San

Nicolas I.

Begg

Rock

SA

NTA M

ON

ICA B

AS

IN

SAN PED

RO

BASINS

antaB

arbara I. S

antaC

atalina I.

San

Diego

CATALIN

A BASIN

BASEOF

CONTINENTALSLOPE

750

750

750

750

750

750

750

SANTA CRUZ BASIN

SAN NICOLAS BASIN

San

Clem

ente I.

750

750PATTON BASIN

Patton Ridge

TANNER BASIN

SAN

CLEM

ENTE

BASIN

OD

P 893

OD

P 1015

GE

OG

RA

PH

Y A

ND

PH

YS

IOG

RA

PH

Y O

F T

HE

CA

LIF

OR

NIA

CO

NT

INE

NTA

L BO

RD

ER

LA

ND

CO

NT

OU

RS

IN M

ET

ER

S

0100

KILO

ME

TE

RS

Los Angeles

200

SAN DIEGO TROUGH

FIG

UR

E 1

EE

Z lim

it

-119˚30'-119˚00'

-118˚30'-118˚00'

-117˚30' 33˚30'

34˚00'

34˚20'

Santa B

arbaraC

hannel

Santa M

onicaB

asin

San Pedro Basin

500m

500m

1000m

1500m

Point

Dum

e

OD

P-1015

Palos V

erdesP

eninsula

SantaCruzB

asin

CatalinaRidge

Dana

Point

FIGURE 2

-- 16:30

Sproul 1997 - S

1-97-SC

LA

RS

E 1994 - E

15-94-SC

Lee 1990 - L1-94-SC

Parizeau 1992 - (G

SC

) 91-062 O

ilcity 1969 - O1-96-S

C

Pre-1998 tracklines in the S

anta Monica

and San P

edro Basins

contour interval 100 m1998 w

ork area

FIGURE 3A

Santa C

atalinaIsland

Palos V

erdes

Peninsula

Point

Dum

e

New

port B

each

Dana

Point

119˚

33˚ 30'

34˚

117˚ 30'118˚

118˚30'33˚ 30'

Santa M

onica Basin

500m

500m

Catalina R

idge

OD

P-1015

San P

edro Basin

500m

Transverse M

ercatorS

cale not determined

Not for navigation

(octopus/jane/scalif/script.a198sc )

Plan

ned

tracklines, A

198SC

Santa M

onica orthogonalS

anta Monica norm

alS

an Pedro at 042°

San P

edro at 085°Lines for Leg 2T

racklines, previous cruises (see Figure 3A

)

FIGURE 3B

Catalina R

idge

Palos V

erdes

Peninsula

Point

Dum

eD

anaP

oint

119˚

118˚

33˚30'

118˚30'34˚

117˚30'

Santa M

onica Basin

OD

P-1015

Santa C

atalina Island

AB

C

D

FIGURE 4

38

36

3112B12C

3313

1

14A39

4244

46

49

45

43

40

5452

5153

56

4829C

3028

29B

14

2955

5711

504841

4142

45

46

57

12

12A

13A 4

10

2

9

3

3

2832

211520

1918

17

1624

23

3534

2525A

26

37A

80A

74

72

75

73

71

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

8614

7170

67

66

66

6569

70

68

22

39

39

27

27

6463

76

77

60

47

6

78

58A

22

0

44

33˚30'

Santa M

onica Basin

San P

edro Basin

500m

Catalina R

idge

Point

Dum

e

Palos V

erdes

Peninsula

ODP

1015

Fish

Harbor

Santa C

atalina Island

-118°-117°30'

-118°30'34°

-119°

33˚30'

Dana

Point

FIGURE 5

from JA

R: A

7.a198sc.OF

R

A198S

C T

racklines

Huntec system

onlyM

CS

with black stream

erM

CS

with yellow

streamer

40 in3 airgunS

ystem shutdow

n due to m

amm

als

Defined w

ork areaT

hree mile lim

it contour interval 100 m

octopus/jane/scalif/script.a198sc

Area of

sound-source m

easurements

Fig

. 9F

igs. 8

A,D

Fig

. 8C

Fig

s. 7B

,DF

igs. 7

A,C

Fig

s. 8B

,E

FIGURE 6

Santa C

atalinaIsland

Point

Dum

e

New

port B

eachD

anaP

oint

119˚

33˚ 30'

34˚

117˚ 30'118˚

118˚30'33˚30'

Santa M

onica Basin

500m

500m

Catalina R

idge

Peninsula

Palos V

erdes

line 30 part 1 ffid: 6244 - 6437H

time range: 226/2201-226/2235

V tim

e range: 600ms - 1300m

stim

ing lines every 100 ms first line at: 700m

s24m

shot interval = 1200m

every 50 ffidsV

ariable area plot bandpass = 20-40-200-250

agc window

= 200m

s

FIGURE 7A0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

Round trip travel time (sec)

01.0

Kilom

eter

NN

WS

SE

V.E. x 4.8

Edge of subm

arinecanyon

Figure 7C

FIGURE 7B

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4


01.0

Kilom

eter

V.E. x 4.4

NN

WS

SE

Santa M

onicaC

anyon

line 30 part 2 ffid: 6446-6607H

time range: 226/2235-226/2313

V tim


stim


s24m


every 50 ffidsV


agc window

= 200m

s

Figure 7D

kmm

01

Water

delay(m

sec)650

750

025

NN

WS

SE

FIGURE 7C

V.E. x 14.3

Disrupted

reflectionsG

as zones?

Overbank

deposits

kmm

01

Water

delay(m

sec)700

800

0

25

850

NN

WS

SE

FIGURE 7D

V.E. x 12.8

Santa M

onicaC

anyon

Side

echoes?

Truncationat canyon

margin

FIGURE 8A1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8


01.0

Kilom

eterS

WN

E

V.E. x 3.6

Top of Catalina

Schist?

line 42 part 1 ffid: 1107 - 1241H

time range: 228/1635-228/1701

V tim

e range: 1100ms - 1800m

stim


s24m


every 50 ffidsV


agc window

= 200m

s

Figure 8D

FIGURE 8B

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7


01.0

Kilom

eter

V.E. x 4.5

SW

NE

Anticline

line 42 part 2 ffid: 1305 - 1454H

time range: 228/1714-228/1744

V tim

e range: 1000ms - 1700m

stim


s24m


every 50 ffidsV


agc window

= 200m

s

Figure 8E

FIGURE 8C

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


01.0

Kilom

eter

SW

NE

V.E. x 4.4

line 42 part 3 ffid: 1679 - 1757H

time range: 228/1833-228/1848

V tim


stim


s24m


every 50 ffidsV


agc window

= 200m

s

kmm

01

Water

delay(m

sec)1150

1250

0

25

SW

NE

FIGURE 8D

V.E. x 10.3

ON

J

LM

Incipientanticline?

km

01

Water

delay(m

sec)1050

1150

0

25

m

SW

NE

FIGURE 8E

V.E. x 11.8

JL

N

FIGURE 9A0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3


01.0

Kilom

eter

NE

SW

V.E. x 12.1

Canyon

tributary

line 83 ffid: 3154 - 4024H

time range: 234/1715-234/1844

V tim


stim


s12m


every 50 ffidsV


agc window

= 200m

s Adjacent traces stacked....2:1

Figure 9B

Figure 9C

km

01

Water

delay(m

sec)400

500

0

25

600

m

NE

SW

FIGURE 9B

V.E. x 13.7

Debris

flow?

?

km

01

Water

delay(m

sec)400

500

025 m

600

700

NE

SW

FIGURE 9C

V.E. x 5.6

?

?

?


15

Table 1. Scientific PersonnelName Affiliation Responsibilities

Bill Normark USGS, Menlo Park, CA Chief Scientist

Bob Bohannon USGS, Menlo Park, CA MCS watchstander

Gita Dunhill USGS, Menlo Park, CA Navigator and generalwatchstander

Larry Kooker USGS, Menlo Park, CA Electronics Technician

Jane Laursen Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark;USGS volunteer, Menlo Park, CA

Navigator and generalwatchstander

Walt Olson USGS, Menlo Park, CA Mechanical Technician

Fred Payne USGS, Menlo Park, CA Electronics Technician

Jennifer Quan Cascadia Research Collective,Olympia, WA (contracted activity)

Marine Biologist; marinemammal observer

Lisa Schlender Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA (contracted activity)

Marine Biologist; marinemammal observer

Dave Scholl Scientist Emeritus, USGS volunteer,Menlo Park, CA

MCS watchstander

Ray Sliter USGS, Menlo Park, CA MCS watchstander

GrahamStandan

Geoforce Consultants; Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada(contracted activity)

Technical support forHuntec deep-towedboomer

Hal Williams USGS, Menlo Park, CA Mechanical Technician


16

Table 2. Operational LogLocal time is 7 hours behind GMT

DATE/TIMEJD/GMT

ACTIVITY

221/~1700 M/V AURIGA arrives at Fish Harbor (berth #261)221/~2130 Depart Fish Harbor222/~0130 Launch Huntec deep-tow boomer222/0225 Begin slow speed holding pattern near SOL 01 while compressor

repairs are initiated; logged as SOL 00 for Huntec data222/0645 Initiate survey with Huntec only. Based on forecast that compressor

repairs would take many hours, made decision to survey objectivesin Santa Monica Basin for which MCS data are not critical

222/0900 SOL 01; Huntec only223/1422 EOL 11; this completes tie lines to ODP Site 1015 and lines

requested for cruise A2-98-SC; SOL 12 using planned survey grid(Fig. 3B)

223/~1900 Call to compressor specialists suggests that we will need to returnto port for repairs; set JD224/1600 (12 Aug./0900)

224/1405 EOL 16; pull in Huntec fish; underway to Fish Harbor224/1530 Docked at Fish Harbor (berth #261)224/1930 Depart Fish Harbor224/2000 SOL 17; resume survey with Huntec only225/1733 EOL 23; stop surveying and return to Fish Harbor for compressor

repairs225/~1830 Tie up at Fish Harbor, berth #261225/~1930 Depart Fish Harbor225/~2000 Launch GI gun and start firing; work on tuning GI gun bubble

suppression (see Appendix 1)225/2050 Launch streamer; tow points for GI gun and streamer are too close

to Huntec tow point, which is from middle of A-frame; change towpoints for GI gun and streamer to outside of bulwarks

225/2140 Huntec back on; the change in tow points provides a satisfactorywindow for scope of Huntec tow cable. No seismic signal isreceived from the MCS streamer and the Geometrics recordingsystem also isn’t operational. After ~2.5 hours, it is discovered thatextensive corrosion in a connector box at one end of the deck cableis the cause; connections to the preamps in streamer are gone.Bottom line: ITI did not repair streamer despite assurances of aquality-control check and a $10k charge.

226/0018 SOL 24; again with Huntec only. During this operation,modifications in the MCS recording system allow data to be storedon magneto-optical discs. Problem: not enough discs for both MCSand Huntec for rest of cruise.


17

DATE/TIMEJD/GMT

ACTIVITY

226/0526 While underway on Line 26, start collecting multi-channel datausing the backup streamer (see section on Equipment Review).Operational plan modified to reduce data rate: go to 1 ms samplingrate and limit to 3 sec data (pre-cruise plan was 0.5 ms and 4 sec.)

226/1500 Decide that we will have to return to port again; there are not enoughoptical discs and CDs on board to continue collecting multi-channeldata, even with the reduced data rate. Geometrics system won’twrite to tape drives, therefore, data are not compatible with ProMax

227/1521 EOL 36; slow and pull gear to transit to Fish Harbor again.227/1625 Arrive Fish Harbor. A good Samaritan, Fred Payne’s supervisor

while he worked for the FAA, agreed to pick up our Federal Expresspackages and deliver them to Fish Harbor. Unfortunately, thepackages included only the items provided by Marine Facilities; theadditional optical discs shipped from the manufacturer were notreceived.

227/1742 Depart Fish Harbor227/1902 On station; slow to stream gear227/1931 SOL 37 using both Huntec and multi-channel systems. Repairs

started on the deck cable for the primary streamer. This repairrequires a total rebuild of the connector box on the deck cable.

228/~0600 Slow ship to retrieve the backup streamer; deploy primary streamer;see section of Equipment Review for descriptions of streamers.Primary streamer works well; at this point, the survey beginsutilizing the equipment planned for the cruise.

228 ’Standard’ operations - survey with Huntec and multi-channelsystems

229 ’Standard’ operations until temporary shutdown of multi-channelsystem; compressor 4th-stage temperature sensor shuts downoperation. Multi-channel system is off for about 1 hour.

230/1500 EOL 57. Pull in all gear; change to flank speed to meet Jon Childsfor the sound-source parameter measurements.

230/1720 Change to steerage on station. J.Childs radios that he seesAURIGA; gear transfer for the sound-source measurements iscompleted by JD230/1800 (1100 18 Aug).

230/2120 GI gun source measurements completed. Launch Huntec for nextexperiment

230/2150 Complete Huntec source-parameter measurements231/0106 Resume standard survey operations with Huntec and multi-channel

system232/~2100 Temporary shutdown of multi-channel system; compressor 4th-

stage temperature sensor shuts down operation. Multi-channelsystem is off for about 1 hour.


18

DATE/TIMEJD/GMT

ACTIVITY

233/0142 GI gun literally blew apart; Changed to Bolt 40 in3 air gun with wave-shape kit; several hours lost because changeout included newhose packages and first air gun failed after brief operation; problemis failure of shaft-seal parts.

233/0803 Resume operations with the second Bolt air gun.233/1541 Air gun broke --- also a shaft seal part; change to third air gun.233/1657 New Bolt gun in use; resume multi-channel survey235/0403 EOL 86; pull in gear for last time.235/0610 Dock at berth #147 - West Basin, Terminal Island

A1-98-SC scientific party disembarks


19

Table 3. Menus and preferred system settings for GI gun operation (from Sureshot Program Control menus)

Q'C" , •• ""

--~ .... ,~Q'C ,--0_--~~ --~r .. , h."., -$F. _ .... ..- ... -r ... _,,* ---,..,. ... ----~'. .... r ~_ ,------,--._-

1.' ... _ "

", " ... -

-,"

.,.---- .... _ .... _--_ ... ". _ .. .... _ .. _-.,....---,-..... -.. .. _"'-._.-" ' .. ... __ . K .... __ .......

"'aKla"_..-" ___ --,,_ .. _ .. --r-_ .. ____ M_. ___ ...... __ ---_. -----_ ........... --. ..... _.-.. -... ... --... _ .... -. __ .. _._-------_ ......... _. _ .. """--__ ( __ ) .GI( __ ~

_ .. __ ... ,~ __ ~.. . '<m{" ... _ .... _-_ .... ,.. .. _...-"'--"'- . ·~_;:::,w: ... __ ... _ _ ........... _. ... ~-. "' .............. ,. ~" -____ .... ._"_ ... _K _-Gl ..... , ..... ------. .... --_ .. ----_. ....... _-....... .. -..--_IIc&_"""' ....... _ ...... -A ... _. __ ", ___ ,.._---..,,-------_ ...... ---..---_ ... , .. _ .... _ . ..--

_ Gl _____ .. _q_,,..m' .. .. · .-_ ..... , __ ... __ .. "' ... __ .... _ .. , , "' .. U __ .... , .... ,,_· .....

•. _-_ ......... ...,_ ... - ........ _."'_._,-


20

Table 4. Locations of cruise data

Web sites:

General cruiseoperationalinformation:


Survey lineinformation:


Navigationdata:


Equipmentshutdown


Within this report:

Table 1 A1-98-SC scientific partyTable 2 Operational logTable 3 Sureshot control settingsAppendix 1 Cascadia Research Collective report on mammals




http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/lion/a/a198sc/html/a-1-98-sc.meta.html


21

Appendix 1

USGS OF 99-152

Report prepared by

Cascadia Research Collective

Under contract to the USGS in support of

Cruise A1-98-SC

OF 99-152 Appendix

22

Cascadia Research Collective

FINAL RtI'ORT

l360I S4H32S l3(,()I943-7640 '~94H'026

MARINE MAMMAL OBSERVATIONS ... ~D MITIGATION ASSOCIATED W1TH

USGS SEISMIC SURv[VS IN TH~ SOIJJ1iERN CAlJFOR.~I" 81GHT IN I""

I't'<por<ol lor

U.s. C,,',';'.' S.".,. ).I, Michl_lei Rd.

101 ... 10 P.", C" '*Z'

, .. pa ..... ..,.

_. CaIa.boIUdio

u.'--.r ~ ,...

C_Io_ .. ~ ll~ W r .. "" ..... OIfOlpia. WA 'II'"

OF 99-152 Appendix

23

. /Io'TROD UCTJON

from 9 10 n !log",t 1998, tho U,S, G<olo&i<ol S.""y coodl>Ctod .. i<mk "",,"'0)" in tho PlI<if,< 0<, .. j ... off 1.<1. Anil.I •• «I invnti&>" eorll>;juak< hazard>. o.tail. on tho putpO$<J

..... 'p«if><a!ion. of' .... «luipm<nl used ~ "" .. ribod bolo ... , All • part of thi. p<oj«1. C_i. R ... on:h was <OOI .... 1¢<! l»o tho USGS kI moni .... marl ... 1IlOI!llIUI. rn,., tho ......... y plotf.,.", ..... l"<',id< mitigation "" im.,..." on mario< lIWTImal.l»o requc>lina shulOo"'" of tho ooun<I ..,.....,.., wl><n marin< lIWTImol. ,,'<fC <10 .. 10 tho Opt,..,;.,.,., w. IqIOt1 ...... tho ... .sults of lIIi. marlo< momma) mitii'ti"" ond monilOri"ll provun CO<II!oct<d in <OfIi""'''ioo willi th< USGS LM Anil,l .. survq'"

BACKCROUND ON OV I;U U" P ROJECT A/',D SOUND SOURCE DESCRIPTIOS

11>< fOllow;"i bM:k~ "" tht ""<roI1 proj<c1 ..... IO'Jlld ><>III'« d .. <riptioo wa> P<O"Oi<d by usas:

11>< foouo of the Soothern CoHo"". E ... hquak< Hozard.< proj""t i. to identify the LorWIid< ond oaI1hquak, b>l/l'ds and ... lotod if<>Wld-dcl'onmtioo proc<sse, that """ tho p<>IrntioJ to impoet tho ..,.iOJ and «<>nOmi, ",,11.l><i"ll of the inllabi .... ts of tho Southc:m Colifomia ,,,,,,,tal "pon, 11>< primary obje<ti .... to .... Ip mitigal< tl>< earthquake hazard> for the Southem C.liforni ... pon by imp'''''in, "'" ~i "iI of how ddonn .. ion i. distributed (spotiolly ODd 1<"porally) in the otT..,.". wilh .npc<;' to the OIIllhore ~ion.

11>< ""ive field ptoiI""" for tho MOC:I foo.,," 011 tho>< or<OJ with tho JffiI"SI impoc1 p<>IrntioJ 011 the Soulhom California PQ!>UIoc, : I) 11>< 00"",1 strip .coutal zon< ond con';",,"ioJ wlf) bot"'""" Lot AnJeI ....... S"" mOilo,

........ much of the ha=d _ .... «I I>< cwo<iatod with strik ... lip or oblique •• lip faults;

2) .... 'i" foull< wi'hin ''''' San", M""ioa. San Pedro, ..... San m'ilo TrouaJI baoins, " ' ...... ""'''' ,"ensi" sodim,nl.a!ioo Iw I.ft • ifOater ",",i""",,it =0«1;

J) 11>< ofubore ext<n>ioo in'o tho SUI" B~. Chanr>el of tho fuld one! thru<! belt; 4) 11>< bouncWy (Chanr>el Island. '"iioo) i><IW",," tbe illl\<' California BonIerlone! ( . triko-slip

dominated deformation) ond the S .. '" Barlwo C1Iann<I (thrwt one! fold deformation).

T...,kli ..... we .. plonnod ot. 2 '<m ' pa<in& aligned perpendkul ... to the wlf break ..... '-in "ope ond on on .~. itl aligned to ;""'r«pI major Slnl<tunJ f,.,!JUS that or<

oblique to 1110 !r<:nd of tht win .Iop< ODd wlf edJ •.

11>< FY 1998 fi~ld ptoiI ......... cooductod uoin& ol.ased ,.....1. the 156.f\.IOIIi MIV AU RIGA. o"ntd and opera"" l»o Frv N<>nh Wind, Inc. T"".......d tr.>rwnissk>n.< we .. used:

Hynloc' A hilj.h.resolotion Huntee Drs boo ... , .yst<m. towed \>01",""" 6 m and 160 m below the sea outface (d<pcndinil upon tho wa1<'t dtplh), ,,'OJ used 10 ;ma~. the "I'P<f few , .... of rnilliOOOODds of ....... with ... ..,Iution of bcUo:, than O.S .... (0.4 m). Power ""'put ... IS )50 loul .. (54(1) "ith • f,rini rote that was al", dcpendc:nt "" water depth. n/lii"ll in 0.25 :ooc: inte<VaJ. from (1.75 ..., O"Of tho .... If and upper '-in . Iope. to 1.25 "'" OV<l" the do<per pa/U of tho baoino. R<twnilllj . ilJflOl. "'m: .... iverl "ith . 5·m·Iong B<nthoo 10-01,., .. , hydrop/lon<

OF 99-152 Appendix

24

om.y. Signo.l, were foltend .. 8(lO..(j()()() It~ and re<orOed at. O.2~ 00< '''-«1', n.. dat ........ ....,ord<d l>oIh on paper ",ina on EPC «<»rd<'t and on mogneto.<>pIiool dioo. Tho ... r"ll< ..... '.Y sp<ed of abo'" l.S U (1 krnlhr) re,.I'«I in • silo! ' pa<ina bclwcon I.S and 2.S m for the doep-to'" booma profiles,

, ) : " i ,i row><! IOIlI'Cn and ''''' difT=n' i • JIIlS inJ oouble-clwnbe, 01 iWl firina .very 12...:o...a .. a ,"0 " ,,"< PI;' A Surosbor. oy ..... woo uoed to fire tho i "" in "harmonio rnod<" whr:rein tho lIO<ond clwnbor is "'!aye<! ",Iotive to tho ini' ial tri~ pulse in otd<r to ""~ tho cI ....... oi&nal by minimiz.i", the bubbl. pulse, Tho most .ffioi.n, se!tinll' for the SW'<5hot ootltrol ...., gi vrn in (1'_ J). n.. vi II"" .. cas towed ~ m.ters behi,..j the v....,1 and """"nded fn>m 0 lioa, '0 maint.ain a <lept/l of ab<>ut I mct<,. C .... trophi< f, ilun: of tho IlWl ""ulted in <hangin& to the b.ooo:kup row><! sourte ••

40 in] Bolt ai<iWl. which "' .. <kployed for tho I .. , 48 """" of d ... oollection. Thi s oillW\. which hod a .... , .e-.... po ki' to Kduce tho effect of tho ... We pulse. ".... tow«! . r • depth of .bout 4 ......... u.oin, 2000 I"i ai, 1"""'''''' and f,KdOl' 'i~-so<ond sIIoI ra' . ,

Tho prinury ~ for tho mo. opention .. ' .. a 24..,h""",,1 m strurne:r "ith IO-m_ Ion; VOOI" and J phones por sroup. Thi. SI>«m ... ".... unusable for the Ii .... pan of the survq"

booo ... of . , ,..,.ive eorrosk>o of 11>0 wirina in the .. nninotion box of the deck ubi •. Tl>e b«k"" re<civina 'Y.tem. a 24-dwmc:1 ITI lItreunc, "im 6.2S m II'OIlPS and I phone pcr VOOp "u uoed initiolly Wl, iJ repo.in oould be effected on the primary _amer, Foilun: of the: GJ i"" lot< in the """,oy .. noted .row meant that t!\reo wml» ... tions of oound """"'" and _ ........ were wed durinll the """ration: primary sound sowc. wi th bockup streamer. prinury row><! ..,...,.;e and .... IUIl<l. and backup oound IOUtC< " i th primary «c';"".

Dolo ...... ooll«ted winK' SlRATAV1EW dill' '''' «cordinll 'Y ... m and. Geometries marine <,,"trolla. Shots were triiieKd by the YoN," .yStem, 0. .... cas =<>rdcd in SEGD format on 2-,bY'< DAT tape. ""na' 1 .,... ..... 1'1. rat. and , three serond record leni</>. A 61).

Hz notch folt .. WOO wed. ot/>erw; .. on f""l""""l' ban<b were ptiIOd. A totol of ..",""' , ...... Iy 250 """" (2Q aigabyl<S) of data wen: oollected.

OF 99-152 Appendix

25

Tho objt<ti,'es of tho mati .. ....."m.1 SI..:iy ~ .. follows:

I. Mi'i",'" imp""" on matino mammal. by moni1Olinll the: _DCC of"'"'" .peei .. from 1ht .~ ship and f'¢<I"'Slinll sIoUl.oown of the: oir"iun orn.y whon mati .... m>ll\l'llal. "'= I<el'I wilhin spe<ifi«l saf<!y ZOO<> .. ~1inl distances 010>< <IlO~ '0 I"',"miolly ..... ph)'licolly injury.

2. Mi'ijJo" impa<" by i<kn'ifyi", potemiolly sons",ve "' ... to morinc mammal. tha1 should he: avoided 0< "",,<y«l only duri"ll doylillh, hours.

l. Doc"""'"t !he: numbcf of ""imob of ... h 'pee'"' ~nt in !he: vicini ty of sound =i .. io,,",

4, Eval ..... !he: rcactioru of mati"" m.tmrn. I. to tilt sound transmi:ui"". at diff=n' di,t.anc<. from 1ht .ir lIun """y.

OF 99-152 Appendix

26

MET IIOOS

Tho "'oearch effort coruined "f 0 .... "· .. .,... nadt dim:,ly from the .. ismic ...... 1 (A"'Iga) to pro,'ide m;,ii', i"", iIoo:wnent mari"" montm.lI. exposed 10 the o.ir ~UDS, and """,ilOr reac<iom of mari ... ",om",ob dOl< I" the ";""ic rurvey ""ssel. Obxrvo1ionJl wen: oooducl<d from . pLatform in fronl of tho brid,e1ha1 put the oboer> ..... ey. ~I " 7.~ III at.:w. ,he ...... r. Thil <xI<mOI platform provided .. ""lIml .,.;. ibility 10 the hoot and , ides and only oIiglUly obscurod ,'wbility 10 the ",or. The platfonn W>J ""or the front of the: """",I 6 .• m behlD<! the bow and 41 III from the....., ofll>< ""ssel .

ObsorvotionJ ,,~'" oond.":te..l from tho I<i""ic 'fl:l<' (Auriga) 24 ho:>urs . day ",t..n .. i""k op<r>tion. ,.,'". undorwoy. Two ot>oono ... "'= ploced ,bout the xi>mic ...... 110 provide the miti~"ion de><ribed 01>0 .. and i"'h<t data OIl II>< Sp«;cs. number. and ~,ion 0

marin< rnammob to .... xi>mic v .... l. Eoch ot>oono., ""rte..l duti"~ .i. boon of doylip, and .i. houn of <I.vl<ncs>. Durin& daylillh, oboer>'''''''', ~ u$Od T=<> ldl) bif>O<ulon with i.t<mOl c""'P"''' and rctkks 10 re<otd the horizontal and vertical anaJe to ' ismi"", Nipt. time opemionJ ....,.. cond"",«l with • comn><"r<ial l\aDd· ... kl lip' m~ticotion Ie"l"'. 0Me"", .. would .. =h the ""'. c;.". fo .... V<l and to either . ide of the >hip for mari"" mammal, .

Dat.o on oW'V<y effort and .ip",,>:. ,,~ "'c~ on . rim,L«t =oolin~ infomutioft 10 It.d surv.y .ffon whiclo io<l""". obs<n<er on d",y and WUIber conditions (Buufon ... ...... wiD<! speed, cloud rover, ..... 11 ~ih'. pre<'p;!ation. "';, ibility. <1<.). roo <lOch >iihtinc tho lime, bearin;: and ",.ide ",odin;: to 'ipling. Sp«i .... i""'P hz<. ' ,lTf_ benavior and orientation

""". r=:orded.

DiS12nce' 10 oiib.in~. ""' .. o.alc..ated .. ing II>< "<1'Iio.al anlj.k 10 , ... mimal (I=ed on .ither the 1'<Iicl. ",odin!: ohn>ugIo'be bi"""ulan or. _ "'Ip clinorn<l<.r for cl""" "ibnn,,) ond the known oI .... ion obov •• t,o " ....... ThU "U II><n.oed to oval ... ,. whether. oillh.in;: ..... wi"". the m";II01;"" .. fOly ,.,.... •.

MitigatiOllweJY "'...,.

I. For pilUtipeds and 0d001O« ... (!oothc:d <<laO ..... ) oeiomic oper>tioru would be shut do""n when '" mimal ...... xen do>< 10. dimr>ce of 100 '" or I ....

2. For my>lic .... (balorn whales). the .. f<ty ,.,.... "' .. 200 m.

To allow • ~uick <kt<rmi .... i"" of __ .. feJY """" ,,~'" e.olcul. ' e..I in thr<. 1If<. oround the ship ODd .he .. feJY di:nanc. w.u opplied usln;: Ih< cloo<" part of Ih< sh;p or """y. Three diff<r<nt cut..,tT di513nce5 (bued on d,SIan« ond "'ale from tho oil""" ... ) "'='

OF 99-152 Appendix

27

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OF 99-152 Appendix

28

Rf..sUtTS .4.ND DISCUSSION

Shutodo ...... for nurine mammal mitii>li<>n

Srilmi< operation> were: rcq .... ed 10 ... shut down on 01.-'" ~ rei ..... 10 til< pr<><no:< of marl"" mammal> (foble I)_ A.l1 rcq"",,«1 shutdowlls WOfi: _ .. animal. W<f< in do .. proximity 10 the xi"",ic , .... 1. Eight of til< shut-dowM .... '" f", eomm«l dolphins (fi"" oftll<m IPI""'""'hi", 10 bow·ride) IIt>I! three " .. n: for California ... lions.

Only ) of the II sh",_ W<T< req..med .. ni~. Thi. likoly n:OoctNl the poot<, ';ilhti"& «>o<Ii,io". at "iiht thot modo: i, hard 10 _ marin< m.arnmob even within the .... ..,.. to<I<S. T .... of these Ihn:< shut_ ,,~'" d"" It.: ",<k ' '''< of dolphins ridins the bow WIIVO of til< ,· .... t

Thon: w<'" 133 ,iJhtinp of 6.31 J rnari". mammal. 001 i""'''''i", the 98 ..... iJhtill&' made from the ,flN'IgD dun", the IIII'V<J" {Table 21. TIl<>< n:pn:se"lod ....... o iJht Sp«i<, of marl ... mammal.. Common <lolpbins ond Cal iforni . _ lion< WOfi: roost freq ..... tly Jiih1«l. Oth<r lorKe whale >peeie, includ<d hwn~k IIt>I! mink. ,,1IaI •• and k"""" , iJhtinp of bh", IIt>I! poslIibly fin whale> made 01100& di.unc .. from th< , .... t O\bo, sm.aIlot «1><0""'_ common dolphins included Cuv;"'· , ... oked ",-lIaIo. Ri>so's <lolpbin. IIt>I! oitl>er a 0.11". or hort>or porpoi ... Tho only orhc:r piMipal S«t\ bosid< Californi .... ,''''''. was oonbrnt fur ",. , •.

S iJhtin.g, ., niJht 0.=: f .. I . .. common with only the three ';ihti"p 0I0k 10 the_ that n:sult<d in M1.,odowm. 11><>< involved common dolphins bmlTi<!inK !hot """Id I>< t.:on:1l1t>1! • C.hfomi .... Ii"".

A di.prnpOl1ionat. numt><t of marln< mill""'." wc:'" h<odo:d .way from the , .... 1 '" """"'"" 10 1<>",-0111 the vnsel or pe.p<"d;':ulllrlO the direction 10 the "" ... 1 (fab~ 4). For both Jiih'ill&' IIt>I! rdiihti",' animal. W<J< beaded ''''''y about twioo .. ofien '" ""y of the orhc:r tbn:< directi,", q.....J""' ... MOSI of the ' '''''''y off"" "''U «>o<Iuct<d with .ithe, the Hunk< op<mi", or both tl>e H\U'O«< IIt>I! oi'WW' _ins. Thi, make> it hard to evalu.tl< whether ani_I. W<f< n:aoti"g 10 the "" ... ' or one: or both of Iho ><><ODd> ~.

Mloi". owrunal ..... '" ,iiht'" ""i0i«l in • v"-;..,.. of h< ... vioco (Tobie 5). Tho mojority of "ihuo&O or>.! n:si;htinll' w<'" of ."i_l. j..Jgcd 10 be ciibo:, f .. , or slow trnciini- Tho next

most common behovior was hauled (nwoy of the Californi .... Ii,,",,). Ani ...... ""0'" obo ..... millinll. _i", in Iho O&m< 1Il<" ODd likely indicatilli feedin!!. COmmotl dolphins ""' .. >«" bo..ndinll "" ,i. occaOOns. A nwn .... of I ... eo""",n ....... i.,... w<'" ..... im;1\>(!ini • mink. whal. Iutlll<' f<eding ODd • hwnpbocl:. thai ""as ..... "",,,,run!! on five ocus>ons. I' was 1101 poosil>l. 10 j \>(!ll<' if ""Y of throe ... havioco could hove be<n "",1«1 I<>£orvey "",i,i,i ...

OF 99-152 Appendix

29

DISCUSSION

Th< .pr<;" «><Ounleml dUli"ll !I>e ''''''ey;I i. conoi.len, "';,h w .... "".Id be <xpr<1ed in !I>e rq;KHr., I:\oIh common dolpl'lino and Colifornia ... liO<\O on: comideml tho mo<I oomJnOfl

mati .. ",."..,..1, in nurohor< .... t .... of Sou\IIcm Colifom;". Siglni"" of Wlidentified oolphi ... ,,_ olIO lik.ly """'""'" oolpl'li .. ..." &I di_ • • Ih>' did "'" ollow spe<i<s identification. Ilo<h RiIllO', oolphin< ond Cu,i.,", beaked "'-. _n. r .... liO'><> in tho study. If< mol<

'ypical of doe"", -. .. olI tho oontinerttal .tIelf odie. Th< . igltlil\& or 0 p<U<n'iol 1Iarbo, porpoix ""'" surpri.il\& ond "'~ ",<>rod ... po .. ible OalI"]>O<'JlOi" primarily bee •• ", harbor _ix .... ienerally considorod to "'" OCCW" """" ofP";nl Cooo.",ion.

Th< .iab'i"" of II<V<raJ lori< \Io.loeOOj)lerid wllalcs are of in ...... , and iOOk ... u.... .pr<i<-$ w ... praon' in !I>e "lIdy ..... <i<'Pile tho PfO'imity of tho ""'"<Y' to ohooo. H""'pback. bl .... ond fin whales .... tho most c"""""'" Ia.-i' booI ..... '''Il0l •• IhaI f~ off Californi .. Roc • ., ~phio:: identif>Ca1KHr. .... ""'" CODdoc'od by C.,.><Ii. hao iOOk>led • _I .. i"" of obou1 100 humpback whol", fecdil\& off C.lifomio eoch """""" (CalatnbQl;.idi, .., oJ. 1996, 19'1n Mos. of _ are i .ncra/ly C<>ntcn1nr.ted from tho S ..... Borboro ChOIInel """h dUlina Ihe 1Wnm<r. Aboul 2.000 bl ... u.hol ........ irnatod 10 '"""" offCalif"",i .. 0<1< of Ihe ...... of hia/l<" bl ... whale dollSi'y OII)"wh .... in tho world (Calombokidi. ond Sleiiet" I9'lS. t 9'17).

CONCLUS IONS AND RECO~I~IENDA T IONS

OveraU. tho """'.,.. PfO,ided ,-a/uobIo infotrl\atioo 00 lhe spe<ics of morine mammob prnert. in tho ourvey .... . They ,",,,, JIfO"idod JOn>< Pf01«1KHr. f""" j)Olenlial imPfl<" """"Kh £h .. -downs when morine mammal. "",. _~ cIooo to tho W>""'y .... <I. Altho.1!h """pie "'" ""' ..... 11 the .. ~. yielded data Oft the ~ of .. v<ra/ spe<i<o 10 •• orv<y , ,,,,,,I. N iihl-1;"", OperOIiOflO ...... of hmiled val ... in "ibtil\& marin< mammal, ox ",""in3 -""'Iioos of ",,,,,,ion> of marine mammal .. Th< few sil!hti"" made &I n'gh' ..... 11od in 111m: .I" "..so,...,.. .-ttklt pro..-idod some mitill&lioo of imPfl<IS. Th< low """,b<-r of ' ;l!hti1l.ll' ond oI1 .. ..so,,'DI &I

nil!ht. how,,,,",. indkaled th ... obo<rvalj""" W<1'< of ooly limi ted .ffoCli ........ In tho 1ilnIr<:;, ,..,.,Id be more .ff«,ive to ben .. staff <Ia)"lil!h' $hi!to on<! "'" risk oomPfOmi.in.j the .. .,.,..",.,i""" ro. tho lirniled . ffcetivrness of niibl """"""a1",,,,,

OF 99-152 Appendix

30

c.wnboljdis,}, """ 011 SI';~. 199'. !'<Ip.Jlotion esli ..... o of humpbaock and blue .._I/Iroua~ p/>:>Io-""","f_ioo from 1991 SYrVCy. off Colifomi.a. Repon 10 SouIh_ Fishorin Sciene< Con,." Notional Maline Fisllerio Service, la Jolla, Colifom;'. 3<\pp.

C~ .. J. oM G.!!. Steiger. 1997. HI"" "''IW<s. Woridlif. Sai .. Library. Voyqa I'T<S<. MN. 12]!!1.

CWmboi<Odi<. , ., 0.11. S,.ii"', 1.11.. E,'""",,, K.R, FI)·on. K.c. Bolcomb, D.E. Oaridi<. P. B_1. I .M. Sl>aley. C.S. Bohr. 0, ,on zq..." M,E. Dahlboim, J.M. Walt<. J.D. Dart ina. G . Ellis. """ G,". Gr=>. 1996. In"""hong. and oolotion of hurnpbacl:: ..offCalifomi. """ otho-< N""h P.,if", f«<lOnj] ~ Mmno Momma! Sciene< 12:21~· n •.

cmmb<>kidi>., J., T. Ch2nd1"', K. I!um ........ G,II. Slei~. and L. Scldende:r, 1998. H"""""",k and Ill .. ,,1\01< ~i. icl<mif",otioo'I: Rcpon of re>earclI in 1997. Final r<pon to SoUIhwesc Fisheries Sci<na: C<II1Cf, Olympic c.-. N>lionaI Marine S .... <uari ... UniV<nily ofCoIifomi ... Sonta Cruz. and Corn<II Universily. C_i. Rose"",'" 2 1 1~ 'II Fourth Ave.. Ol)"mpio, 'II A 9SSOL 41]!!1.

OF

99-152 Appendix

31

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99-152 Appendix

33

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Documents

Cruise Report for A1-98-SC Southern California Earthquake … · 2009-05-07 · Cruise Report for A1-98-SC Southern California Earthquake Hazards Project By William R. Normark 1,